금속 및 플라스틱 표면처리 -...
TRANSCRIPT
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11-1480523-001800-01 NIER-GP2013-449
EU (IPPC) BAT
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
Reference Document on
Best Available Techniques for the
Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics
-
EU (IPPC) BAT
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
Reference Document on
Best Available Techniques for the
Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics
-
IPPC Reference
Document on Best Available Techniques for the Surface
Treatment of Metals and Plastics (2006. 8, European
Commission) .
-
BAT (BREF)
(Reference Document on Best Available Techniques) (Code)
(Large Combustion Plants) LCP
() () (Mineral Oil and Gas Refineries) REF
(Production of Iron and Steel) I&S
(Ferrous Metals Processing Industry) FMP
(Non Ferrous Metals Industries) NFM
(Smitheries and Foundries Industry) SF
(Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics) STM
(Cement and Lime Manufacturing Industries) CL
(Glass Manufacturing Industry) GLS
(Ceramic Manufacturing Industry) CER
(Large Volume Organic Chemical Industry) LVOC
(Manufacture of Organic Fine Chemicals) OFC
(Production of Polymers) POL
- (Chlor - Alkali Manufacturing Industry) CAK
-,
(Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers Industries)LVIC-AAF
-
(Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals - Solids and Others Industry)LVIC-S
(Production of Speciality Inorganic Chemicals) SIC
/
(Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical Sector)CWW
(Waste Treatments Industries) WT
(Waste Incineration) WI
() () ()
(Management of Tailings and Waste-Rock in Mining Activities)MTWR
(Pulp and Paper Industry) PP
(Textiles Industry) TXT
() (Tanning of Hides and Skins) TAN
(Slaughterhouses and Animals By-Products Industries) SA
, (Food, Drink and Milk Industries) FDM
(Intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs) ILF
(Surface Treatment Using Organic Solvents) STS
(Industrial Cooling Systems) CV
(Emissions from Storage) ESB
(General Principles of Monitoring) MON
(Economics and Cross-Media Effects) ECM
(Energy Efficiency Techniques) ENE
-
i
(STM) (Best Available Techniques, BAT)
(Council Directive) 96/61/EC (IPPC Directive) 16(2)
. , , BAT ,
. ,
, .
BAT .
(Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, IPPC)
96/61/EC I 2.6
30 m3 . 30
m3 IPPC .
I
, .
,
. .
.
, .
(hardening) ( (hydrogen de-embrittlement) ) (hot-dip galvanising): BAT
(BAT Reference Document, BREF) .
BREF , .
(): STS BREF . (Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics, STM)
, , ,
.
. (Printed Circuit Board, PCB)
.
STM ,
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
ii
. PCB , , (: , ),
.
22 %, 9 %, 8 %, 7 %, 7 %, (
) 7 %, 5 %, 5 %, 30 % .
, , ,
32, 2 (still rolls), .
, .
(jigs or racks), ( )
(barrels or drums) . PCB .
, PCB
.
, 2000 1,050
640,000 .
4,000 2
.
30 % , 18,000
(IPPC IPPC) EU 15 . 55 % ( ),
( ). 10 80
, .
, .
STM .
(:
, ,
). , , ,
, .
,
.
. ,
, .
.
. . ,
-
iii
(: NPE PFOS)
. (Adsorbable organic
halogen compounds, AOX) . ( EDTA )
. , , ,
(local level) .
STM , NOX, HCl, HF
, 6 6 (mist) (electroless)
PCB (etching) . ,
, . .
(: , )
(: ) .
. ,
. PCB 60 . ,
PCB .
(m2) .
/ .
, ( )
. , , ,
. ( .
4 % ). ,
.
, 300,000 ( 16)
. .
BAT
( ,
), , ,
, , .
.
200 18 .
1. : STM
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
iv
.
, , ( )
.
2. , :
, .
3. :
.
(drag out) ,
.
4. :
.
.
5. 6. : :
.
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7. : ( )
. .
8. : , ,
.
9. : IPPC .
.
10. : .
.
11. : .
12. : .
13. - : ,
. .
14. PCB: PCB , PCB
.
-
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15. : .
.
16. : .
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.
17. : .
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( ).
18. : .
BAT
BAT (5), 4 IV
BAT 2(11) BAT . 5
, BAT .
BAT .
, BAT BAT . BAT
.
BAT
BAT . ( ) , .
BAT
, , BAT.
BAT
.
BAT
. BAT
.
BAT.
,
.
.
m2 3~20 L .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
vi
.
. , 6 BAT.
(zero discharge) , BAT .
BAT
.
BAT , ( )
. , ,
. ,
BAT.
BAT STM .
3 4 .
BAT *
, ,
mg/L
Tin ECCS Zn Zn-Ni
Ag 0.1~0.5
Al 1~10
Cd 0.10~0.2
CN free 0.01~0.2
Cr(VI) 0.1~0.2 0.001~0.2
Cr total 0.1~2.0 0.03~1.0
Cu 0.2~2.0
F 10~20
Fe 0.1~5 2~10
Ni 0.2~2.0
Phosphate as P 0.5~10
Pb 0.05~0.5
Sn 0.2~2.0 0.03~1.0
Zn 0.2~2.0 0.02~0.2 0.2~2.2
COD 100~500 120~200
Total Hydrocarbons 1~5
VOX 0.1~0.5
Suspended Solids 5~304~40
()
* (daily composites) ,
.
-
vii
BAT. .
(bay door) ,
BAT.
BAT
BAT.
(Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA) BAT.
EDTA , EDTA BAT
. (Perfluorooctane sulphonate, PFOS)
(floating surface) PFOS
BAT. .
, 6 .
BAT .
BAT ,
. .
6 . BAT 3 -
, 6
. 6 , 6
(closed loop) ,
BAT. (passivation) BAT
, - 6 6 BAT.
(degreasing) ,
BAT. ,
BAT( ). (aqueous) ,
BAT.
4
BAT.
, BAT.
.
(sealing baths)
BAT .
BAT.
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
viii
BAT .
, BAT BAT.
- (polishing) (edge polishers) (edge masks)
PCB , BAT BAT.
(dry resist) : (developer)
:
(Emerging techniques)
,
. 5 6 . 3
.
3 3 .
, .
6 2 .
. PCB
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.
160 ( )
.
. .
BAT .
-
ix
, .
. .
6 PFOS , , , , /
6
BREF .
, ( ) , 3
R&D .
. .
, .
.
. .
(Research and Technological Development, RTD)
, ,
. BREF
.
IPPC (European Integrated Pollution Prevention Control Bureau, EIPPCB)
( ).
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
x
1.
(the Directive), IPPC
(Council Directive) 96/61/EC . ()
.
BAT, EU
. 16(2) (European Commission,
EC) . BAT IV
.
2. IPPC BAT
, BAT
IPPC .
, .
, .
I
.
.
,
.
.
, BAT
3 .
2(11) BAT
, ,
(emission limit values) ,
. 2(11)
.
-
xi
(techniques), (technology)
(the way) .
(available) , , EU
,
.
(best) .
IV BAT
. BAT (measure)
.
16(2) .
3 .
, (parameters)
(technical measures) . 9(4) ,
(environmental quality standard) , ,
, BAT .
.
11 EU BAT
.
3.
16(2) BAT, , BAT
EU .
25 BAT
, (limit
values) EU
.
(EU ) 16(2) (Information
Exchange Forum, IEF) (Techinical
Working Group, TWG) . 16(2) EU
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
xii
.
16(2) ,
. BAT
.
4.
, (Commission) .
.
5.
BAT . BAT
BAT
.
.
1 2 . 3
.
4 BAT BAT
.
, , ,
IPPC .
.
5 BAT
. BAT 9(8)
. .
,
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.
,
.
-
xiii
,
. 5
. ,
.
.
BAT ,
. (Institute for Prospective
Technological Studies, IPTS) IPPC (European Integrated Pollution Prevention Control
Bureau, EIPPCB) .
Edificio Expo, c/Inca Garcilaso, s/n, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain
: +34 95 4488 284
: +34 95 4488 426
e-mail: [email protected]
: http://eippcb.jrc.es
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xv
i
x
xIiii
1. 1
1.1 2
1.2 4
1.2.1 4
1.2.2 5
1.2.3 5
1.2.4 5
1.2.4.1 5
1.2.4.2 6
1.2.4.3 6
1.2.5 7
1.3 7
1.3.1 7
1.3.2 9
1.3.3 (offset) 13
1.3.4 13
1.3.5 13
1.4 15
1.4.1 15
1.4.2 16
1.4.3 17
1.4.4 17
1.4.4.1 19
1.4.4.2 20
1.4.4.3 , AOX 20
1.4.4.4 20
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EU (IPPC) BAT _
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1.4.4.5 20
1.4.4.6 21
1.4.4.7 21
1.4.4.8 21
1.4.4.9 21
1.4.4.10 21
1.4.5 22
1.4.5.1 22
1.4.5.2 22
2. 23
2.1 /- 27
2.1.1 27
2.1.2 28
2.2 29
2.3 31
2.3.1 31
2.3.1.1 (linishing) (polishing) 31
2.3.1.2 (abrasive blasting) 32
2.3.1.3 (deburring) (tumbling) 32
2.3.2 33
2.3.2.1 33
2.3.2.2 ( ) 34
2.3.2.3 34
2.3.3 35
2.3.4 (aqueous cleaning) 35
2.3.5 36
2.3.5.1 (air knife) 36
2.3.5.2 37
2.3.5.3 37
2.3.5.4 (hand wiping) 37
2.3.6 , 37
2.3.7 39
2.3.8 , 39
2.3.9 (stripping) 40
2.3.10 () 40
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xvii
2.3.10.1 40
2.3.10.2 41
2.4 41
2.5 43
2.5.1 43
2.5.1.1 43
2.5.1.2 43
2.5.1.3 44
2.5.1.4 (brass) 44
2.5.1.5 (bronze) 45
2.5.2 45
2.5.2.1 47
2.5.2.2 48
2.5.2.3 49
2.5.2.4 49
2.5.2.5 49
2.5.2.6 49
2.5.3 49
2.5.3.1 (6 ) 50
2.5.3.2 (3 ) 51
2.5.3.3 51
2.5.3.4 52
2.5.4 52
2.5.4.1 53
2.5.4.2 (cyanide-free) 53
2.5.4.3 54
2.5.4.4 54
2.5.5 55
2.5.6 56
2.5.7 57
2.5.7.1 57
2.5.7.2 58
2.5.7.3 58
2.5.7.4 59
2.5.7.5 59
2.5.8 ( ) 60
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EU (IPPC) BAT _
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2.5.8.1 60
2.5.8.2 61
2.5.8.3 62
2.5.9 - 62
2.5.10 64
2.5.11 (lacquering) 64
2.5.12 64
2.5.13 65
2.5.13.1 67
2.5.13.2 68
2.5.13.3 , , 69
2.5.13.4 69
2.5.14 70
2.5.14.1 70
2.5.14.2 70
2.5.14.3 70
2.5.14.4 70
2.5.15 71
2.5.15.1 71
2.5.15.2 71
2.5.16 71
2.5.16.1 73
2.5.16.2 73
2.5.16.3 75
2.5.17 75
2.5.17.1 (VI) 76
2.5.17.2 (VI) 76
2.5.17.3 , (VI) 76
2.5.17.4 (VI) 76
2.5.17.5 (VI) 77
2.5.17.6 (III) 77
2.5.17.7 (topcoating) 78
2.5.18 78
2.5.19 (Bright dipping) 79
2.5.20 (blacking) - 79
2.5.21 80
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xix
2.5.22 - 80
2.5.23 81
2.6 82
2.6.1 (hot water) 82
2.6.2 83
2.6.3 (air knife) 83
2.6.4 83
2.7 , 84
2.7.1 84
2.7.2 84
2.7.3 85
2.7.4 85
2.7.5 85
2.7.6 - 85
2.7.7 - 85
2.7.8 - 86
2.7.9 86
2.7.10 () 86
2.7.11 / 862.7.12 86
2.7.13 87
2.7.14 87
2.7.15 87
2.7.16 87
2.8 87
2.8.1 87
2.8.2 Core 87
2.8.3 88
2.9 882.9.1 89
2.9.2 89
2.9.3 89
2.9.3.1 89
2.9.3.2 (pickling) 90
2.9.4 - 91
2.9.5 94
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EU (IPPC) BAT _
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2.9.6 94
2.9.7 94
2.9.7.1 94
2.9.7.2 - 94
2.9.8 95
2.9.8.1 95
2.9.8.2 95
2.9.8.3 97
2.9.8.4 98
2.9.8.5 98
2.9.8.6 99
2.9.8.7 100
2.9.8.8 101
2.9.8.9 102
2.9.8.10 103
2.9.8.11 104
2.9.8.12 (looper) 104
2.9.9 104
2.9.9.1 105
2.9.9.2 106
2.9.9.3 107
2.9.9.4 108
2.9.9.5 (differential marking) 108
2.9.9.6 (reflow) - 109
2.9.9.7 109
2.9.9.8 110
2.9.10 ( - ECCS) 111
2.9.10.1 111
2.9.10.2 113
2.9.10.3 113
2.9.10.4 114
2.9.10.5 114
2.9.11 114
2.10 114
2.10.1 (graining) 115
2.10.2 115
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xxi
2.10.3 115
2.10.4 116
2.11 116
2.11.1 120
2.11.1.1 120
2.11.1.2 ( ) 120
2.11.1.3 120
2.11.2 121
2.11.2.1 121
2.11.2.2 (drilling) 122
2.11.2.3 123
2.11.2.4 (pth, through hole plating) 126
2.11.2.5 129
2.11.2.6 131
2.11.2.7 (lamination) 131
2.11.2.8 (resist stripping) 132
2.11.2.9 134
2.11.2.10 135
2.11.2.11 136
2.11.3 138
2.11.3.1 138
2.11.3.2 139
2.12 139
2.12.1 140
2.12.1.1 140
2.12.1.2 140
2.12.1.3 141
2.12.1.4 141
2.12.2 141
2.13 142
2.13.1 142
2.13.1.1 145
2.13.1.2 145
2.13.1.3 146
2.13.1.4 146
2.13.1.5 - 146
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EU (IPPC) BAT _
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2.13.1.6 147
2.13.1.7 147
2.13.1.8 (, ) 149
2.13.1.9 149
2.13.1.10 150
2.13.1.11 150
2.13.1.12 150
2.13.1.13 150
2.13.1.14 150
2.13.1.15 () 151
2.13.2 151
2.13.2.1 151
2.13.2.2 151
2.13.2.3 152
2.13.2.4 152
2.13.2.5 152
2.13.2.6 152
2.13.3 152
2.13.3.1 153
2.13.3.2 153
2.13.3.3 153
2.13.3.4 154
2.13.4 154
3. 155
3.1 - 155
3.2 - 156
3.2.1 156
3.2.2 157
3.2.3 1573.2.3.1 - 157
3.2.3.2 158
3.2.3.3 159
3.2.3.4 159
3.3 162
3.3.1 162
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xxiii
3.3.1.1 170
3.3.2 174
3.3.3 175
3.3.3.1 182
3.3.4 187
3.4 187
3.4.1 (ECCS) 187
3.4.2 - 190
3.4.3 192
3.4.3.1 PCB 192
3.4.3.2 192
3.4.3.3 PCB 196
3.4.3.4 PCB 196
3.4.3.5 PCB 196
4. BAT 198
4.1 199
4.1.1 199
4.1.1.1 EMS 207
4.1.2 208
4.1.3 211
4.1.3.1 213
4.1.4 216
4.1.5 217
4.2 , 218
4.2.1 , , 2184.2.1.1 (Oil tight) 220
4.2.2 221
4.2.3 222
4.3 224
4.3.1 2244.3.1.1 224
4.3.1.2 225
4.3.1.3 225
4.3.1.4 226
4.3.2 - 227
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4.3.3 (Jigging) 228
4.3.4 229
4.3.5 - 230
4.4 230
4.4.1 231
4.4.1.1 231
4.4.1.2 DC 232
4.4.1.3 233
4.4.1.4 233
4.4.2 234
4.4.3 235
4.4.4 237
4.4.4.1 237
4.4.4.2 239
4.4.5 240
4.4.5.1 , / 240
4.4.5.2 241
4.4.5.3 243
4.5 244
4.6 244
4.6.1 244
4.6.2 245
4.6.3 () 2464.6.4 248
4.6.5 251
4.6.6 252
4.7 253
4.7.1 253
4.7.2 255
4.7.3 255
4.7.4 (pre-dipping) 255
4.7.5 257
4.7.6 258
4.7.7 259
4.7.8 / 260
4.7.8.1 260
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xxv
4.7.8.2 261
4.7.9 262
4.7.10 263
4.7.10.1 266
4.7.10.2 (static) 268
4.7.10.3 2 270
4.7.10.4 271
4.7.11 272
4.7.11.1 275
4.7.11.2 275
4.7.11.3 278
4.7.11.4 280
4.7.11.5 - 281
4.7.11.6 - 284
4.7.12 285
4.7.13 (zero discharge) 288
4.8 288
4.8.1 288
4.8.2 289
4.8.3 291
4.9 - 292
4.9.1 EDTA () 293
4.9.2 (NPE PFOS) 294
4.9.3 2954.9.4 297
4.9.4.1 297
4.9.4.2 298
4.9.4.3 298
4.9.4.4 299
4.9.5 299
4.9.6 6 300
4.9.7 6 301
4.9.8 302
4.9.8.1 6 302
4.9.8.2 (cold chromium) - 6 303
4.9.8.3 3 304
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EU (IPPC) BAT _
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4.9.8.4 3 306
4.9.9 (chromium free) 3084.9.10 310
4.9.10.1 6 311
4.9.10.2 3 311
4.9.10.3 (chromium free) 312
4.9.11 313
4.9.12 ( ) 313
4.9.13 314
4.9.14 314
4.9.14.1 3144.9.14.2 315
4.9.14.3 (aqueous) 316
4.9.14.4 (week emulsion) 317
4.9.14.5 318
4.9.14.6 318
4.9.14.7 319
4.9.14.8 pH 321
4.9.14.9 321
4.9.15 322
4.9.16 323
4.10 : , , ,
324
4.11 330
4.11.1 334
4.11.2 335
4.11.3 (Retardation)( ) 335
4.11.3.1 337
4.11.4 338
4.11.5 340
4.11.6 341
4.11.7 342
4.11.8 - 343
4.11.9 - 343
4.11.10 3454.11.11 345
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xxvii
4.11.12 347
4.11.13 348
4.11.13.1 () 348
4.11.13.2 349
4.11.13.3 350
4.11.13.4 351
4.11.13.5 353
4.11.13.6 ( ) 355
4.11.13.7 357
4.11.13.8 358
4.11.14 358
4.11.14.1 358
4.11.14.2 359
4.11.14.3 362
4.12 362
4.12.1 362
4.12.2 3654.12.3 367
4.12.4 367
4.13 BAT 3674.13.1 367
4.13.2 367
4.14 3684.14.1 368
4.14.2 369
4.14.3 369
4.14.3.1 369
4.14.3.2 370
4.14.4 370
4.14.4.1 370
4.14.4.2 371
4.14.5 (squeeze roll) 371
4.14.6 372
4.14.7 372
4.14.8 () 372
4.14.9 372
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4.14.10 372
4.14.11 373
4.14.12 - 373
4.14.13 (conductor roll) 374
4.14.14 (edge polisher) 374
4.14.15 (edge mask) 375
4.14.16 376
4.14.17 376
4.14.17.1 376
4.14.17.2 377
4.14.17.3 378
4.14.17.4 378
4.14.17.5 378
4.14.18 379
4.14.18.1 379
4.14.18.2 380
4.14.19 380
4.14.20 381
4.15 381
4.15.1 381
4.15.2 382
4.15.3 ( ) 382
4.15.4 PCB 382
4.15.5 383
4.15.6 384
4.15.7 (- ) 385
4.15.8 387
4.15.9 () 388
4.15.10 389
4.15.11 389
4.16 390
4.16.1 390
4.16.2 391
4.16.3 () 393
4.16.4 393
4.16.5 395
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xxix
4.16.6 396
4.16.7 396
4.16.7.1 397
4.16.7.2 398
4.16.7.3 399
4.16.8 400
4.16.9 401
4.16.9.1 401
4.16.9.2 401
4.16.9.3 402
4.16.10 403
4.16.10.1 403
4.16.10.2 405
4.16.10.3 406
4.16.11 407
4.16.12 407
4.16.12.1 408
4.16.12.1.1 408
4.16.12.1.2 409
4.16.12.2 410
4.16.12.2.1 411
4.16.12.2.2 412
4.16.13 , 413
4.17 414
4.17.1 414
4.17.2 416
4.17.3 416
4.17.4 418
4.18 418
4.18.1 419
4.18.2 , 420
4.18.3 422
4.18.4 425
4.18.5 425
4.18.6 426
4.19 426
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EU (IPPC) BAT _
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5. (BAT) 429
5.1 BAT 430
5.1.1 430
5.1.1.1 430
5.1.1.2 431
5.1.1.3 431
5.1.1.4 432
5.1.1.5 432
5.1.2 , 432
5.1.2.1 / 433
5.1.3 434
5.1.4 - 434
5.1.4.1 4345.1.4.2 435
5.1.4.3 435
5.1.4.4 436
5.1.5 436
5.1.5.1 436
5.1.5.2 436
5.1.5.3 437
5.1.5.3.1 437
5.1.5.4 438
5.1.6 439
5.1.6.1 439
5.1.6.2 440
5.1.6.3 440
5.1.6.4 441
5.1.6.5 441
5.1.7 442
5.1.8 442
5.1.8.1 442
5.1.8.2 , 442
5.1.8.3 443
5.1.8.4 444
5.1.9 444
5.1.10 444
-
xxxi
5.1.11 447
5.1.12 447
5.2 BAT 447
5.2.1 (jigging) 447
5.2.2 - 447
5.2.3 - 448
5.2.4 449
5.2.5 449
5.2.5.1 EDTA 449
5.2.5.2 PFOS (perfluorooctane sulphonate) 449
5.2.5.3 450
5.2.5.4 450
5.2.5.5 450
5.2.5.6 451
5.2.5.7 6 451
5.2.5.7.1 451
5.2.5.7.2 6 452
5.2.5.7.3 () 452
5.2.5.7.4 - 452
5.2.6 (polishing) (buffing) 452
5.2.7 452
5.2.7.1 453
5.2.7.2 453
5.2.7.3 453
5.2.7.4 453
5.2.8 453
5.2.9 - 453
5.2.10 6 453
5.2.11 454
5.2.12 4545.2.13 (PCB) 454
6. 457
6.1 456
6.2 6 3 457
6.3 (VI) (III) 459
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
xxxii
6.4 460
6.5 461
6.5.1 LDI (Laser Direct Imaging) 461
6.5.2 HDI (High Density Interconnect) 462
6.5.3 (Embedded Passive) 462
7. 463
7.1 463
7.2 463
7.3 464
7.4 464
7.5 R&D 467
469
476
8. 490
8.1 490
8.2 PFOS 492
8.3 493
8.3.1 495
8.4 497
8.4.1 497
8.4.1.1 497
8.4.1.2 498
8.4.2 498
8.5 502
8.5.1 A 502
8.5.2 C 512
8.5.3 D 517
8.5.4 E 521
8.5.5 F 529
8.5.6 G 536
8.5.7 H 545
-
xxxiii
8.5.8 K 552
8.5.9 L 558
8.6 566
8.7 5678.8 - 571
8.9 573
8.10 6 3 576
8.11 580
8.12 NOx 591
8.13 593
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
xxxiv
1.1 . 8
1.2 . 8
1.3 . 9
1.4 EU 15 ( ECCS) (kt). 10
1.5 ECCS . 11
1.6 EU 15 /- (kt). 12
1.7 EU 15 - (kt). 12
1.8 1999~2002 PCB , (USD). 14
1.9 PCB . 14
1.10 2002 PCB . 15
2.1 . 23
2.2 . 24
2.3 2 . 25
2.4 . 28
2.5 : . 30
2.6 . 32
2.7 PCB . 42
2.8 . 63
2.9 . 66
2.10 . 68
2.11 . 89
2.12 . 92
2.13 . 92
2.14 . 93
2.15 . 95
2.16 . 96
2.17 . 97
2.18 . 98
2.19 . 100
2.20 . 105
2.21 . 106
2.22 . 106
2.23 . 107
-
xxxv
2.24 . 109
2.25 . 110
2.26 . 111
2.27 ECCS . 112
2.28 . 117
2.29 . 119
2.30 . 124
2.31 . 125
2.32 . 125
2.33 . 129
2.34 . 130
2.35 . 132
2.36 . 133
2.37 . 134
2.38 . 136
2.39 . 137
2.40 . 137
2.41 HAL (hot air levelling). 138
2.42 . 144
2.43 . 147
2.44 pH . 148
3.1 ECCS . 188
3.2 - . 190
4.1 . 215
4.2 . 223
4.3 . 241
4.4
. 254
4.5 . 256
4.6 . 257
4.7 ( ). 264
4.8 3 . 267
4.9 3 4 1 L w. 268
4.10 3 . 268
4.11 1 L (L). 269
4.12 2 . 270
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
xxxvi
4.13 C1 C2 . 270
4.14 : . 271
4.15 . 273
4.16 . 276
4.17 . 278
4.18 . 280
4.19 . 281
4.20 . 286
4.21 . 317
4.22 . 334
4.23 . 336
4.24 . 338
4.25 . 342
4.26 . 344
4.27 . 351
4.28 . 355
4.29 . 360
4.30 . 363
4.31 . 386
4.32 . 412
4.33 . 420
4.34 . 422
4.35 (W0.5 m). 423
4.37 ( ). 423
4.38 ( ). 424
8.1 A . 504
8.2 A . 511
8.3 A . 511
8.4 C . 513
8.5 C . 515
8.6 D . 519
8.7 D . 520
8.8 E . 523
8.9 E . 526
8.10 E . 528
-
xxxvii
8.11 F . 531
8.12 F . 534
8.13 G . 538
8.14 G . 542
8.15 H . 546
8.16 H . 549
8.17 K . 554
8.18 K 6 . 556
8.19 K . 557
8.20 L . 560
8.21 L . 564
8.22 UK . 580
8.23 , SE2000. 580
8.24 () . 581
8.25 . 582
8.26 . 583
8.27 . 584
8.28 . 585
8.29 . 586 8.30 . 587
8.31 . 588
8.32 . 589
8.33 . 590
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
xxxviii
1.1 3
1.2 EU 15 ECCS 2000 () 10
1.3 EU 15 ECCS 11
1.4 18
2.1 93
2.2 94
2.3 123
2.4 (desmearing) 127
3.1 (watts/m2) 156
3.2 158
3.3 158
3.4 159
3.5 159
3.6 160
3.7 160
3.8 161
3.9 162
3.10 163
3.11 ACEA 164
3.12 CETS (VOM) 165
3.13 165
3.14 166
3.15 8.5 ( ) 166
3.16 167
3.17 168
3.18 9 169
3.19 30 IPPC 170
3.20 ( BAT ) 173
3.21 176
3.22 177
3.23 - 177
3.24 CETS 178
3.25 3 178
-
xxxix
3.26 180
3.27 181
3.28 185
3.29 ECCS 189
3.30 ECCS 189
3.31 191
3.32 : 193
3.33 PCB 196
3.34 PCB 197
4.1 198
4.2 246
4.3 250
4.4 , 380 mm (8 mm ) 250
4.5 , 380 mm (2 mm ) 250
4.6 253
4.7 ( 1L L )
263
4.8 265
4.9 300
4.10 (VI) 301
4.11 309
4.12 325
4.13 326
4.14 332
4.15 348
4.16 360
4.17 365
4.18 398
4.19 415
5.1 439
5.2 BAT 443
5.3 445
5.4 446
6.1 Cr(VI) Cr(III) 457
8.1 490
8.2 (mg/L), (CETS) 493
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
xl
8.3 Helsinki Water Co. Helcom 494
8.4 494
8.5 PCB 495
8.6 PCB 495
8.7 A 505
8.8 A , 506
8.9 A 507
8.10 A 508
8.11 A 509
8.12 A 509
8.13 D 521
8.14 E 524
8.15 E , 524
8.16 E 527
8.17 E 527
8.18 E 1 m2 528
8.19 F 530
8.20 F 532
8.21 F 532
8.22 F 533
8.23 F 535
8.24 F 535
8.25 G 539
8.26 G 540
8.27 G 540
8.28 G 542
8.29 G 543
8.30 G 1 m2 544
8.31 H 547
8.32 H 548
8.33 H 550
8.34 H 550
8.35 H (/m2) 551
8.36 K 553
8.37 K 555
8.38 K 555
-
xli
8.39 K 557
8.40 L 561
8.41 L , 562
8.42 L 563
8.43 L 564
8.44 L ( ) 565
8.45 L 565
8.46 569
8.47 NOx (SCR) : (2001) 592
-
xliii
IPPC 96/61/EC 1 2.6
, 30 m3
.
30 m3 IPPC
. .
30 m3 .
, .
,
. 1 2:
.
( ) .
.
. .
( , ) BREF . BREF .
.
() BREF .
-
1.
1
1.
BC 4000 .
( ) AD 13 , AD
1200 . 19 (electrodeposition)
[4, Cramb, 5, Hook and Heimlich, 2003,
41, 2003].
.
( )
, , ( 1.1 ) [118,
ESTAL, 2003]. 2 1960 .
.
. .
. .
.
, .
.
, ( )
(depositing) .
(PCB) , (
) .
.
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
2
.
1.1
.
. ,
.
.
, ()
22 %, 9 %, 8 %, 7 %, 7 %,
7 %, 5 %, 5 %, 30 % [121, France, 2003].
1.1 .
-
1.
3
1.1
, , (: , , , ,
), ,
(TV, Hi-fis, , , )
l
l
(: ), ( ),
( ), ,
, [157, ACEA, 2004]
l
l
l
, ()l
l
,
( )
,
,
, , , [124, Germany, 2003]l
l
( EU )
(: ), [157, ACEA, 2004]
l
l
()
( EU )
l
l
l
,
IS
l
l
(, ,
, )
, ,
, , (hollowware),
l
l
[111, ACEA, 2003], ,
, , ,
l
l ( )
l ,
,
[118, ESTAL, 2003]
,
, , ,
, , , ,
,
, [111, ACEA, 2003]
l
l (
)
l
l
(
, )
, ( , ), IS
l
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
4
1.2
1.2.1
18,300 (IPPC
IPPC) , .
(SMEs, [61, EC, 2002]). 10~80,
440,000.
. 10,000 (55 %) ( ). 8,300 (45 %)
, .
( 1.1 ). .
2 [3, CETS, 2002,
104, UBA, 2003]. (SIC) 3471 , ,
, .
() .
, ( , NOSE-P 105.01 [2, EC,
2000]).
.
, .
( ) ,
. ,
.
1 , ,
.
, .
.
. 2,008 mm . (reel-to-reel)
, . (
) .
.
.
, .
(,
-
1.
5
, 2 ) . IPPC 1 2
[1, EC, 1996].
, (21 %)
(24 %) . 1.5 m3
2,250( ), 10 m3 1,260 [121,
France, 2003].
1.2.2
. (
) .
, 20~40
( 5 ). 20 [111, ACEA,
2003].
1.2.3
. , ,
. .
. ,
, .
. , ,
.
, 6~20 [157, ACEA, 2004].
.
.
1.2.4
1.2.4.1
.
,
.
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
6
,
(: ) .
. .
,
.
. (: )
.
1.2.4.2
.
(: ) ,
. (:
)
.
.
. 2001 2002
30 % .
( , TWG).
, 2005 6 PCB 2000
. ,
PCB .
[122, UBA, 2003].
(high density interconnect, HDI)
(multilayer board, MLB) PCB
. PCB , ,
, (1.3.5 ).
1.2.4.3
[88,
EIPPCB] 4.9 .
.
. 3 .
.
-
1.
7
. ,
.
. .
.
. // .
1.1 1.2 ,
.
1.2.5
.
( )
1.3
1.3.1
EU 15 EU 15 6
460 . [9, ESTAL, 2002].
1 1 m2 [118, ESTAL, 2003].
1.1
.
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
8
1.1 .
[9, ESTAL, 2002]
Batch Batch
(1,000)
1.2 .
[9, ESTAL, 2002]
-
1.
9
1.2 1996~2000 batch ( , 2 ) batch
.
1.3 .
[9, ESTAL, 2002]
1.3.2
EU 15 4 , (ECCS:
electrolytic chrome coated steel), - [19, Eurofer, 2003].
, , 145~265 mm [116, Czech-Republic, 2003].
.
(ECCS, Electrolytic tin plate and electrolytic chromium coated steel)
. EU 15
(ECCS) 2000 4,800 kt. ECCS
1.2 1.4 .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
10
(1,000)
1.4 EU 15 ( ECCS) (kt).
APEAL [19, Eurofer, 2003] 1)
1.2 EU 15 ECCS 2000 ()
2000 (kt)
nd =
2000 ECCS (kt)
nd =
nd nd
281 12
nd nd
nd nd
886 207
802 147
69 nd
nd nd
283 67
nd nd
612 51
76 nd
494 61
nd nd
588 147
4,091 692
EUROFER [19, Eurofer, 2003]
1) APEAL: - Association of European Producers of Steel for Packaging - 7 4
. , ECCS 90 % .
-
1.
11
ECCS 30 15,000
. 9 . EU
1.3 .
1.3 EU 15 ECCS
nd =
ECCS
nd =
nd nd
1 1 *
nd nd
nd nd-
5 5 *
3 1
1
nd nd
nd nd
nd nd
4 2 ( ) *
1 0
4 1 *
nd nd
2 1
* ECCS [119, Eurofer, 2003]
[19, Eurofer, 2003]
1.5 5 EU 15
ECCS . 48 %
(: , ).
1.5 ECCS .
APEAL [19, Eurofer, 2003]
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
12
( -)
1970 , .
.
1.6 EU 15 /- (kt).
[19, Eurofer, 2003]
- 2001 5.37 Mt. EU 15
1.7 .
1.7 EU 15 - (kt).
[19, Eurofer, 2003]
() .
2005 6 .
[99, EC, 2000].
-
1.
13
, 8,000 t/yr ( 145~265 mm)
(, , , ) [116, Czech-Republic, 2003].
1.3.3 (offset)
.
. .
[38, Ullmann, 2002/3].
(pre-sensitised) ( ). 180106 m2.
wipe-on . 30106 m2.
1.3.4
kt (kiloton) .
, , , , , (sealing), (tunnel etching)
[118, ESTAL, 2003].
1.3.5
2002 PCB 316 4 (USD),
2000 418 2,400 (USD) 24.3 % ( 1.8 ) [122, UBA, 2003].
2002 18.0 %. 1.3
%, 26.4 %, 25.1 % 29.2 %.
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
14
/
/
1.8 1999~2002 PCB , (USD).
[122, UBA, 2003]
PCB
2002 PCB 34 2,200 434 29,000 .
. 1999 612, 2002
434 . 80 % 750 ,
( 1.9 ).
150
150~750
750~2,500
2,500
1.9 PCB .
[122, UBA, 2003]
-
1.
15
1.10 2002 .
14.2 %
11.5 %
18.6 %
10.7 %
24.3 %
20.7 %
1.10 2002 PCB .
[122, UBA, 2003]
high-tech PCB PCB
.
(1.2.4.2 ).
1.4
1.4.1
STM .
(: ,
, ).
, ,
, , .
,
. ,
. ,
.
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
16
. , () .
.
,
,
, ( )
. BAT
.
.
. ,
, , ,
.
1.4.2
,
(, ) .
( ) .
(process waters) .
()
.
. .
,
[44, France, 2003]. 1992 2002
1.2 % , 5 % [21, France, 2003].
Thames Water plc [Tempany,
2002 #18]. ,
.
,
. [113,
Austria, 2003]
. ,
-
1.
17
, , [158,
Portugal, 2004].
.
. .
, , .
.
.
1.4.3
( ).
, , .
( ) .
[111, ACEA, 2003].
(direct current, DC) ( ) (drawing)
. .
.
. .
, [158,
Portugal, 2004].
,
.
1.4.4
, .
[111, ACEA, 2003]. 1.4
.
.
.
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
18
1.4
:
.
; 8.1
Cr(VI)
Pb Cd EU .
;
AOX
AOX ( ) :
;
, , , (
(NP/NPE) ) ,
PFOS
NPE , PFOS , 8.2
;
EDTA , EDDS, NTA, , Quadrole ;
, , , , , , NOx , ;
(TRI) .
(PER) (CFC-113) Methylene chloride ;
-
1.
19
, , , , ,
. (end-of-pipe) .
1.4.4.1
.
. .
,
. ,
.
.
( ) , 6
(, , , , ) [114,
Belgium, 2003]. IPPC [2, EC, 2000]
, 6 EU ,
(PARCOM)( - (OPSAR)) [12, PARCOM, 1992] 4
( 8.1 ).
(Water Framework Directive) [93, EC, 2000]
. , ,
(2.5.5 ) .
(Marketing and Use Directive)
[144, EC, 1976].
.
6 .
(2.5.3 ).
(MACs) . 6
pH . 6
3 . [99, EC, 2000,
EC, 2003 #98] 6 ( ) .
3 2) [105, EC, 1967]
.
( ) .
(MACs) .
2) R40: , R42/43: .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
20
[144, EC, 1976, CETS, 2003
#115].
. [99, EC, 2000, EC, 2003 #98]
.
1.4.4.2
.
.
,
(1.4.4.5 ). PARCOM [12,
PARCOM, 1992].
1.4.4.3 , AOX
.
AOX [104, UBA, 2003]. OSPAR
[131, OSPAR, 2002 ongoing].
. pH
.
1.4.4.4
, (: ) ,
.
. (NPE) [38, Ullmann,
2002/3]. , 2005 1 17 [115, CETS, 2003] NPE
OSPAR ,
[30, EC, 2003]. PFOS 6
/
. ( 8.2 , [109, DEFRA, 2004])
OECD .
1.4.4.5
EDTA [73, BSTSA]
.
. EDTA .
EDTA [22, Fraunhofer, 2002].
-
1.
21
1.4.4.6
. .
.
. , (NOx)
. NOx
. . .
1.4.4.7
, ,
. [121, France,
2003] .
1.4.4.8
. 1,1,1- ,
.
[70, Ellis, 2001].
.
. [97, EC, 1999] VOCs ,
BREF BAT [90, EIPPCB].
[113, Austria, 2003].
1.4.4.9
.
.
. , .
1.4.4.10
[92, EC, 1991, 100, EC, 2000].
1 300,000 3)( 1 16).
3) EU 15 Eurostat 1 %
.
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
22
. .
, ( )
(2.13.2 ).
1.4.5
1.4.5.1
.
.
.
1.4.5.2
.
. , (: ),
.
-
2.
23
2.
,
. 2.1
. ( , 2.5.16 )
.
(drilling) . L ( ) 500 m3
( ) .
[124, Germany, 2003] [111,
ACEA, 2003].
1
2
2.1 .
( 2.27 ) (
2.2 ) .
2.7 ( )
, 4.33 2
.
, .
() ,
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
24
.
, (: , , , , , ,
) .
.
, 40 .
(16 m3)
() (26 m3)
(12 m3)
(5 m3)
, ,
,
(0.5 m3)
2.2 .
2.3
. ,
(2.1).
(2.2 ) . (2.3 ) ,
.
. (2.4 ) (
) . (2.6
) (2.1 ).
.
-
2.
25
.
. 2.8 , 2.9
, 2.10 , 2.11
.
, (2.13 )
(3.2 ) ( ) .
2.1 ,
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8 :
2.9
2.10
2.11
- ( )
2.3~2.10 ( )
2.12
2.3 2 .
.
(, ) 2 () DC, AC DC
.
(-ve) (cathode) (+ve)
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
26
(anode) . () ()
. .
( )
. [11, Tempany, 2002, 34, Brett,
2002, 35, Columbia, 2002, 36, IUPAC, 1997].
(, ) .
(: ) (2.5.13 ). . .
( M+ H+) (-ve)
. 2 . (: Cl-) (+ve)
[118, ESTAL, 2003, Ireland, 2003 #125].
M X .
DC
-
2.
27
2H2O 4H
+ + O2 + 4e-
M+ + e- M
4OH- O2 + 2H2O + 4e
-
M+ + e- M
,
. .
( ) () : ,
4 .
( )
2 .
2 (anode): ( ) .
. .
(anode): () . .
.
(: ) .
2.1 /-
2.1.1
, ,
( ) .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
28
. ( )
. ( ) (
2.4 ) [111, ACEA, 2003]. .
, .
. .
( (reel-to-reel) ) ( )
.
2.4 .
[ACEA]
2.1.2
, , ,
. , IPPC
IBC (intermediate bulk container) 2.5~210 L
. IBC ,
.
(bag)
. 25 kg , , ,
. (silo) .
[111, ACEA, 2003].
( )
-
2.
29
( ) .
.
.
BREF [23,
EIPPCB, 2002].
,
2.2
, 3
[104, UBA, 2003].
- - -
( ).
( ) ,
.
( 2.4 ).
. .
( )
[128, Portugal, 2003].
. U V cradles
. ,
.
2.5
. 2 .
2 .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
30
: . ,
.
: . .
.
.
.
2.5 : .
Graingorge S.A., France and Agence de leau Seine-Normandie
,
.
6 8 .
( ) .
. ,
. .
cladle .
.
.
.
2,080 mm 32 [119, Eurofer, 2003].
(2.9 ).
-
2.
31
25, 2,200 mm 3 mm [118, ESTAL, 2003].
.
.
(: , , , ,
) [38, Ullmann, 2002/3].
2.3
, .
, . (
) .
[6, IHOBE, 1997].
BREF [86, EIPPCB].
,
[104, UBA, 2003].
[73, BSTSA].
,
[73, BSTSA].
2.3.1
2.3.1.1 (linishing) (polishing)
[121, France, 2003, Finland, 2003
#120]. .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
32
.
.
2.6 .
Producmetal S.A., France and Agence de leau Seine-Normandie
.
.
2.3.1.2 (abrasive blasting)
(grit)
. .
.
. (
) [113, Austria, 2003].
2.3.1.3 (deburring) (tumbling)
.
[73, BSTSA]. ,
.
.
, , , [73,
-
2.
33
BSTSA].
COD
. , .
.
[121, France, 2003].
2.3.2
, .
.
, ,
. [118, ESTAL, 2003,
Finland, 2003 #120, P G Sheasby, 2002 #132]:
, .
. . bloom .
.
, 1.4.4.1 2.5.3
.
pH
(4.16.2 ).
.
[73, BSTSA].
.
, 6 .
(NOx) .
.
2.3.2.1
, , , ,
, , .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
34
, , , .
,
. , () ( DC)
. , .
.
. (, ,
) ( diethylene glycol monobutyl ether)
. [133, Hensel, 2002, 134, CEN/BSI, 1997, 135, Swain, 1996, 136, Webber and Nathan, 2000],
[137, ISO/BSI, 2000]
, .
. .
,
. ( ).
2.3.2.2 ( )
.
. ,
. (40~95 )
200~400 V DC .
.
2.3.2.3
2.
. ( 2.5~5.0 m).
.
. .
. 2
.
, , .
-
2.
35
80 .
2.3.3
(chlorinated hydrocarbone, CHC), , , ,
[90, EIPPCB, 104, UBA, 2003], [73, BSTSA]. CHC
,
. (
) [73, BSTSA, 90, EIPPCB].
.
(cold cleaning): . , .
.
(vapour phase): . ,
. CHC.
. .
, , ,
.
, , , .
.
[73, BSTSA]. .
.
CHC
[93, EC, 2000, 97, EC, 1999].
[73, BSTSA].
2.3.4 (aqueous cleaning)
.
, (40~90 ) .
, , , .
( ) [3, CETS, 2002,
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
36
104, UBA, 2003].
.
.
. , ,
. ,
.
.
.
. (tensides)
. (: - ).
40 [160, ESTAL, 2004].
: 50~90
.
( ) pH .
( ) . pH
.
[161, Assogalvanica, 2004].
pH
.
,
[73, BSTSA].
.
[73, BSTSA], (4.16.2 ).
2.3.5
2.3.5.1 (air knife)
[73, BSTSA].
, .
-
2.
37
.
.
.
2.3.5.2
batch
.
2.3.5.3
Cryoclean ,
.
, [115, CETS, 2003, 116, Czech-Republic, 2003].
-78 8 mm 3 mm CO2 .
100~300 m/s . .
.
.
.
. (
) .
. (, ,
) . . .
2.3.5.4 (hand wiping)
.
.
[73, BSTSA].
2.3.6 ,
[73, BSTSA].
BREF [86, EIPPCB]. , ,
.
, . .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
38
, , .
. .
+ + .
.
+ + .
( ) ( ) .
.
[73, BSTSA].
.
[73,
BSTSA]. .
8 % 12 %, 2.5 %.
[104, UBA, 2003].
.
.
.
. ,
.
. 25 %
. . 60 .
[159, TWG, 2004].
. 18~22 % .
30~35 .
.
. 20~25 % HF 35~40
.
, 150 g/L .
-
2.
39
.
.
,
[158, Portugal, 2004].
.
. [124, Germany, 2003].
2.3.7
.
[118, ESTAL, 2003].
,
. .
20 g/L .
2.3.8 ,
.
,
. O2 H2
[73, BSTSA].
2 .
.
.
[3, CETS, 2002]. [159, TWG, 2004].
.
, .
.
,
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
40
[20, VITO, 1998].
2.3.9 (stripping)
[73,
BSTSA]. [73, BSTSA].
( ) .
.
.
. [73, BSTSA],
. .
.
. .
.
. . ,
.
, ,
( ) .
2.3.10 ()
(2.11 ) (2.5.8 )
.
2.3.10.1
[3,
CETS, 2002, 77, BSTSA].
(20 % ) (10 % ),
(, ) .
PCB , (pumice)
[125, Ireland, 2003].
-
2.
41
pH .
2.3.10.2
. ( 380 g/L) [73, BSTSA],
(380 g/L) . ABS
[3, CETS, 2002].
.
Cr(III) Cr(VI) .
6 .
2.4
.
.
, , .
[159, TWG, 2004].
[3, CETS, 2002].
2.7 6 [65, Atotech, 2001].
(2.12.2 ).
4.6 4.7 . ,
, .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
42
-
3
3
3
/
2.7 PCB .
(Atotech Deutschland GmbH)
.
( 4.16 ). .
, . . ( ) . ,
.
. 2 ( ).
-
2.
43
2.5
2.5.1
[3, CETS, 2002] , .
. (2.11
).
2.5.1.1
. 15~20
g/L . 2~3 m .
(6~8 m) 25~50 g/L .
,
.
40~60 g/L.
. 90 g/L
.
.
.
90 g/L .
.
2.5.1.2
[124, Germany, 2003].
, ,
.
50~60 g/L 60~90 g/L.
,
. (micro-throwing power)
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
44
. 180~200 g/L
20 g/L.
.
.
pH .
2.5.1.3
. (110 g/L)
(400 g/L) . (10 g/L) (3 g/L) [124, Germany,
2003].
,
.
, .
pH
. . 10
[129, Spain, 2003].
.
.
.
2.5.1.4 (brass)
, .
.
8~15 g/L 5~30 g/L .
-
2.
45
70~90 g/L pH 10 . 65~80 %
.
.
2.5.1.5 (bronze)
.
.
. [124, Germany, 2003].
4~10 g/L , 4~20 g/L
1~4 g/L 6~10 g/L . 2
.
.
[98, EC, 2003, 99, EC, 2000].
. 40 g/L
.
.
pH,
.
2.5.2
[73, BSTSA] .
, ,
.
( ) 7
.
/
/ ,
. (99 %) (1 %) .
.
, .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
46
.
.
,
,
PTFE .
-, - - .
. , DVD, .
.
. 2.5.8 .
1.4.4.1 .
(4.3 ). .
( ).
.
.
.
[92, EC, 1991, 100, EC, 2000].
, , , ,
.
(2.3 )
(, ) .
-
2.
47
(2.5.1 ) .
(
) .
.
2.5.2.1
, -
. (240~375
g/L) (35~60 g/L) (30~45 g/L) . 25~70
50~60 . pH 3.5~4.5.
.
, (pitting)
.
.
.
, .
. (1 mL/L
) (1 mL/L ) 10 mL/L 10~20
mL/L .
.
.
, , .
. 100 %
96~98 % .
( ) .
.
.
(: ) , .
(Fe) pH
(Cu Zn) (4.11.9 ).
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
48
.
.
.
.
,
.
2.5.2.2
.
. (
) .
(2,000 m ) .
.
4 350~600 g/L ( )
. (35~45 g/L) (1~15 g/L)
.
pH .
35
A/dm2 70 .
(pitting) .
.
.
. pH
.
.
.
-
2.
49
.
.
2.5.2.3
.
125 mL/L 240 g/L (6) 20~30
Wood .
.
2.5.2.4
. ( )
.
(100 g/L 70 g/L ) Woods ( )
.
2.5.2.5
.
2.5.2.6
- -
.
.
- 2 3
.
10~14 % -
10 (2.5.4
).
2.5.3
[3, CETS, 2002] (
) ( ) .
(1.3.2 ).
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
50
, ,
. 0.1~0.4 m
[73, BSTSA, 124, Germany, 2003] 2~13 [73, BSTSA].
.
6 3 [122, UBA, 2003].
( )
( , , [73, BSTSA] , )
. 6 .
6 . 6 1.4.4.1
. 3 (AOX)
.
.
Cr(III) Cr(VI) 4.9.6 .
8.10 .
6
6 .
[73,
BSTSA]. PFOS , [73, BSTSA].
.
, Cr(VI) Cr(III) .
Cr(III) .
2.5.3.1 (6 )
6 ( 2 % )
(0.8~5.0 g/L) (80~400 g/L) .
. 0.7~0.8 m 7~8 [113, Austria, 2003]. , CrO3/ (20~45 )
[73, BSTSA]; [124, Germany, 2003].
-
2.
51
6 .
2.5.3.2 (3 )
3 III
. 6 200 g/L 20 g/L 3
.
3 6
(4.9.8.3 ) [124, Germany, 2003].
3 6 .
6 . AOX
.
6 .
.
6
[115, CETS, 2003, 124, Germany, 2003].
[124, Germany, 2003]
. .
. 90 %
.
3 pH .
2.5.3.3
[113, Austria, 2003]
. .
(2.5.11 ). 6 (350~520 g/L)
(, ) . 1 m .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
52
6 .
.
2.5.3.4
[3, CETS, 2002, 74, BSTSA] (180~350 g/L)
.
(1.8~6.0 g/L) ( 2 % ) ( 2 % )
( 25~33 % [73, BSTSA]
25~27 %). (,
) ( , )
.
6 .
(50~60 ) ,
.
. [73, BSTSA].
2.5.4
[3, CETS, 2002, 78, BSTSA] ,
,
. (: ) , , , , ,
, , () (1.1 ).
(2.5.17 ). 2.5~18 m [159, TWG, 2004].
. .
. 0.0001 %
1 g . EN 1179: 99.995 % .
0.003 % 3 g 0.0003 % [124, Germany, 2003].
-
2.
53
.
. .
.
(4.16.10 [124, Germany, 2003]).
2.5.4.1
() .
(10~30 g zinc/L), (80~120 g/L) (5~100 g/L) .
14 pH (anode) .
- .
[73, BSTSA].
.
( 6~8 V, 10~15 V)
[73, BSTSA]. (4.11.4
), .
2 A/m2 50~75 % [73,
BSTSA] .
.
.
.
.
2.5.4.2 (cyanide-free)
() . (5~15 g
zinc/L) (100~150 g/L) .
[73, BSTSA].
.
( 6~8 V, 10~15 V)
.
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
54
65~70 %, . 2 A/m2
70~85 % [129, Spain, 2003, CETS, 2003 #115].
.
.
PFOS [73, BSTSA].
(2.13.3
[113, Austria, 2003].
(, ) .
[113, Austria, 2003].
2.5.4.3
, , .
.
(30~55 g zinc/L), [124, Germany, 2003] (130~180 g/L)
[116, Czech-Republic, 2003], (10~40 g/L) . (anode)
. 93~96 % .
[73, BSTSA].
.
.
pH
.
.
4
. ,
(Personal communication, D. Hemsley).
2.5.4.4
, (1.1 2.9 ).
-
2.
55
.
- (1 % Fe) - (3 % Co) ( ) - (15 %
Ni). 10~14 %
10 .
, (1~2
g/L) .
[115, CETS, 2003].
.
.
.
.
100 % ( ) .
- ,
.
, [73,
BSTSA].
2.5.5
[114, Belgium, 2003, 115, CETS, 2003, 121, France, 2003] ,
. .
,
.
, ,
(1.4.4.1 8.1 , [105, EC, 1967]).
.
. .
.
.
, , .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
56
:NaOH: 20 g/L; NaCN: 120 g/L; : 20~30 g/L; : 20~35
: : 250 g/L; : 60 g/L; : 25 g/L; : 20~35
:: 52~85 g/L; : 50~120 g; : 18~30
:: 114 g/L; : 112 g/L; (EDTA, NTA): 180 g/L
. [114, Belgium, 2003], 8.1 .
(: ,
8.3 ). . Fe2+
, .
.
. : , , [114, Belgium, 2003, 121, France, 2003].
2.5.6
.
(ductile) .
.
[73, BSTSA].
, (1.3.2 2.9.9 ).
(2.11 ), [73, BSTSA], .
1, ,
(: (methane sulphonic acid, MSA) )
13 % [73, BSTSA]. 1,
( 1 )
[73, BSTSA].
.
(60/40, 90/10, 95/5)
[73, BSTSA].
- .
, [73, BSTSA]
-
2.
57
. .
-
.
.
.
MSA , COD
( ) [73, BSTSA].
.
MSA [73, BSTSA].
2.5.7
[3, CETS, 2002, 75, BSTSA] 19 .
(, , ) . 1 m .
. ,
.
2.5.7.1
[73, BSTSA] (1
). , , .
.
- .
(K[Ag(CN)]2) . (15~20 g/L) 100~160 g/L
30~65 g/L . 200 g/L
.
.
.
.
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
58
.
.
.
2.5.7.2
[73, BSTSA] , .
, , , , , , , , ,
, .
, KAu(CN)2 .
pH 2~6 g/L .
, , .
. .
.
1~2 g/L , pH 1 (III) (KAu(CN)4)
. .
.
,
. 8~15 g/L
.
.
.
.
.
TA Luft
( II) [125, Ireland, 2003].
2.5.7.3
- (75~80 % Pd/25~20 % Ni) [73 BSTSA]
. .
-
2.
59
,
. , /
.
(II) 2 (4~20 g Pd/L), [73,
BSTSA] . , .
.
.
.
2.5.7.4
.
.
.
( 0.5~>8 m) ( 0.05~0.5 m) 2.5~20 g/L (III) (III) .
.
.
.
.
2.5.7.5
, .
(anode) (anode basket) .
6~40 g/L , ,
, , .
.
.
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
60
2.5.8 ( )
BS EN ISO 4527:2003, [73, BSTSA] .
[101, CEN, 2000] . .
. .
.
. . (: ) .
. [73, BSTSA],
.
[69, NCDPPEA, 2003].
[73, BSTSA].
2.5.8.1
( 2~10 g/L) . (10~50
g/L) [73, BSTSA].
( 10~50 g/L) . 0.03 %
1~5 mg/L, [73, BSTSA]. 3 mg/L
.
[99, EC, 2000].
- 2~15 % .
.
( )
. 350~750 (Knoop)
-
2.
61
,
.
, , ,
2.5.8 .
.
(6~8 MTOs, metal turnovers).
. .
.
. .
. ,
.
.
. [124, Germany, 2003].
2.5.8.2
, (, )
[73, BSTSA].
(2.3.10.2 ) . (
2~5 g/L) , , (dimethylaminoborane) (10 g/L )
. (pH 3~6 )
(pH 8~10 ) .
(PCB) [73, BSTSA] 2.7 .
.
.
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
62
2.5.8.3
(2.11 ) [73,
BSTSA].
. ,
.
(, 2.3 ).
. 5~8 m/h. (15~20 g/L), EDTA (10~15 g/L)
(5~10 g/L) (: (3~5 g/L)) 2~5 g/L .
.
( ).
EDTA EDTA .
EDTA EDTA
[22, Fraunhofer, 2002].
[73, BSTSA].
2.5.9 -
[38,
Ullmann, 2002/3]. . (i)
(ii) ,
. .
Cu2+ + Fe0 Cu0 + Fe2+
,
.
.
, , .
0.1~0.2 m [121, France, 2003] (2.11.3.2 ). (mirror)
-
2.
63
( , vapour phase deposition). 2
.
, [38, Ullmann, 2002/3] [116,
Czech Republic, 2003]. (SnCl2)
. (AgNO3) ( )
. ( 12~17 m ) . (Ag) m . . 1835 .
(Sn) Ag .
. (mercaptosilane)
.
50~70 m (lacquer) . .
2.8 .
()
2.8 .
(SVUOM, Czech Republic)
: ,
[116, Czech-Republic, 2003].
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
64
, [73, BSTSA] (2.5.6
2.5.7 ). .
2.5.10
: , E-coat, Elpo, .
[90, EIPPCB] .
. (: )
, 2.5.17 4.9.10.2 3
6
. ,
[124, Germany, 2003].
.
(2.4, 4.6 4.7) (4.11) (2.12.2 4.4.5) (2.12.1.1 4.2.3) (2.13.1 4.16)
2.5.11 (lacquering)
(: ) ,
(2.5.17 ). ,
[124, Germany, 2003].
(2.5.10 ) [76, BSTSA].
(topcoating) 3
() (2.5.10 ).
. BOD TOC
.
2.5.12
(2.9.5) (electrostatic) .
-
2.
65
2.5.13
.
1,000 . ,
(Al2O3) . , , (tantalum) (niobium)
[3, CETS, 2002, 45, France, 2003] [118, ESTAL, 2003].
( 90 %) . ,
: , /, /
[73, BSTSA].
.
(DC), (AC), AC DC .
.
1 .
.
2.9 , 2.10 .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
66
50 5~10
2 g/m2
50 20~25
60~70 g/m2 Al
HNO3100~150 g/L 3~5
Rd: 1,000
20
10~50H2SO4:180~200 g/L
0.5 g/m2 Al
25
3~15 1 g/m2
50 3~5
1 g/m2
20
10~50H2SO4 150 g/L
30 g/L
Rd: 5,000~10,000
10015~50
Rd: 5,000
Rd: 5,000~10,000
2.9 .
[45, France, 2003] Rd
(2.5.14 ).
2.5.15 .
-
2.
67
( ) . ,
.
3.3.1 .
2.5.13.1
, , ,
[118, ESTAL, 2003] .
17~22V 205 , 19040
g/L H2SO4. 5~30 m . , .
( 2.10 ). (2.5.15 ).
25~250 m . 5 [73, BSTSA]. .
. .
. , [118, ESTAL,
2003]. , PFOS [159, TWG, 2004],
PFOS ( 8.2) [109, DEFRA, 2004].
.
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
68
1 2 1
1 2
3 4
/ ( ) 1 2
2.10 .
2.5.13.2
.
. .
[73, BSTSA].
30~100 g/L . 38~42
. ,
. 2~5 m .
-
2.
69
.
.
.
.
1.4.4.1 , 2.5.3 6
[118, ESTAL, 2003] [116, Czech-Republic, 2003].
2.5.13.3 , ,
[73, BSTSA] .
Mg(OH)2 MgO . 25 m .DOW-17 . .
.
. , . ,
93~100 50 g/L Na2Si4O9 15 .
HAE .
.
. 20~30 Na2Cr2O7/NH4HF2 40~60
.
(DOW-17 ) .
2.5.13.4
.
, , [132, Sheasby and
Pinner, 2002].
, .
, (fracture toughness) .
.
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
70
2.5.14
[118, ESTAL, 2003]
,
. , 2
, [118, ESTAL, 2003]. 4 [3
CETS, 2002, 45, France, 2003].
2.5.14.1
, (light resistance)
.
. .
. (weather resistance)
15 m [118, ESTAL, 2003, Sheasby, 2002 #132].
.
2.5.14.2
(AC) .
1~5 m , . .
. , . 0.5~15
. .
[73, BSTSA] [118, ESTAL, 2003].
.
2.5.14.3
. 2 (
/ )
.
2.5.14.4
.
-
2.
71
Al-Si Al-Fe-M
.
, .
[73, BSTSA]
2.5.15
.
. .
( [138, QUALANOD, 1999, ESTAL, 2003 #118] ).
2.5.15.1
, (boehmite)
. (boehmite) .
( 95~96 ) 1 m 3 . [118, ESTAL, 2003, CETS, 2003 #115].
2.5.15.2
. 60
.
.
. (Qualanod
[138, QUALANOD, 1999, ESTAL, 2003 #118]).
25~35 .
[73, BSTSA].
.
[159, TWG, 2004]. [73, BSTSA].
2.5.16
[38, Ullmann, 2002/3, 71, BSTSA] (conversion coating),
. ,
.
(cold forming): , (, , ; ; , ,
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
72
) . [86, EIPPCB] .
: (: ) , (2.9.6 2.9.8.9 ).
[86, EIPPCB] .
: , , .
: . , , , .
: [90, EIPPCB]. : ,
. 1~6 m . () .
0.05~5 g/m2.
, .
.
,
(2.9.6 ).
(2.3 ) [116, Czech-Republic,
2003].
. Cr(VI) Cr(III)
. 2.4
.
pH , , ( )
[124, Germany, 2003] .
.
.
.
, , ,
-
2.
73
2.5.16.1
. ,
(pH 4~6) , , (: , ,
), (: ) (:
) . () Fe2+ .
. .
. .
( cleaner-coater).
.
. , .
2~15 g/L . , (flooding) .
40~70 25~35 . 5~10(
) 1~3( ). (thin)
(0.2~0.4 g/m2) (thick) (0.6~1.0 g/m2) .
. .
2.5.16.2
( ),
. . ,
( ). pH 2~3.5 . . ,
, , .
.
Zn2+ 1.2 g/L, Ni2+ 1.0 g/L, H3PO4 + H2PO4- 15 g/L NO2
- 0.1 g/L
pH 3.2 . 95 .
10 .
5 .
(pickling reaction)
.
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
74
Fe + 2H+ Fe2+ + H2 for Fe Zn + 2H+ Zn2+ + H2 for Zn
.
AlOOH + 3HF Al3++ 3F- + 2H2O; Al + 3H+ Al3++ 3/2H2
(acceleration)
.
[159, TWG, 2004].
H2 + 2Ox 2HOx; Fe2+ + H+ + Ox Fe
3+ + HOx for Fe
(complexation)
, Al3+ .
3 mg/L .
,
.
Al3++ 6F- AlF63- for Al
pH . ,
,
. .
3Zn2++ 2H2PO4- + 4H2O Zn3(PO4)24H2O + 4H
+
2Zn2+ + Fe2++ 2H2PO4- + 4H2O Zn2Fe(PO4)24H2O + 4H
+
AlF63- (III)
63 (trisodium hexafluoroaluminate) .
3 (tertiary zinc phosphate) .
. (II)
.
Fe3+ + H2PO4- FePO4 + 2H
+ for Fe, AlF63- + 3Na+ Na3AlF6 for Al
.
.
-
2.
75
3~4 g/L Zn2+ , 0.7~1.5 g/L Zn2+( )
. , .
(phosphosphylite) , (hopeite)
(
) . , 3 (trication)
. [38,
Ullmann, 2002/3].
, [90, EIPPCB].
, (III) 5~8 g/L
( ). 50~60
30 , .
2.5.16.3
, (II) .
2.5.17
[3, CETS, 2002, 104, UBA, 2003]
, , , , ,
, , ,
. ()
. (Cr2O42-) 6
,
.
.
- 6 (Cr(VI)) 3 (Cr(III)) ,
[118, ESTAL, 2003].
0.1~2 m . . .
(topcoating) (2.5.17.7)
.
, , , , , ,
, .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
76
Cr(VI) 1.4.4.1 .
Cr(VI) 2.5.3 .
2.5.17.1 (VI)
6 (Cr(VI)) .
Cr(VI) .
.
2.5.17.2 (VI)
. ,
, , , . ,
.
2.5.17.3 , (VI)
.
. ,
,
. .
.
.
2.5.17.4 (VI)
- .
- [118, ESTAL, 2003]. , pH,
. ,
[118, ESTAL, 2003, CETS, 2003 #115].
.
Cr(VI) (Personal communication, ESTAL).
Cr(VI) .
-
2.
77
2.5.17.5 (VI)
. .
, .
2 .
. .2.5.17.6 (III)
3 6
20 . (conversion coating) 6
, 6 [118, ESTAL,
2003].
3 ,
6 .
3 .
6 3
.
(VI) .
, 120,
240 . , (sealer)
. (, ) (-
, - -) . 200 4
90 % .
(VI)
[124, Germany, 2003].
, () 6
.
6 3 ,
[124, Germany, 2003]. .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
78
. 6 ,
.
6 . . (VI)
.
Cr(III) .
Cr(VI) Cr(III) .
Cr(III) Cr(VI) 10.
Cr(VI) 2. Cr(III) [113,
Austria, 2003].
Cr(VI) Cr(III)
Cr(VI) [73, BSTSA].
2.5.17.7 (topcoating)
6 3 .
(: , (2.5.10) (2.5.11)) (: )
.
.
, Cr(III) [124, Germany,
2003]. .
2.5.18
[3, CETS, 2002] ,
. , .
. .
,
. (, , )
.
, (tumbling)
(2.3 ).
-
2.
79
.
.
2.5.19 (Bright dipping)
(2.5.21
) [18, ESTAL, 2003, 159, TWG, 2004].
2.5.20 (blacking) -
,
[38, Ullmann, 2002/3].
.
.
pH . ,
.
(75 wt-%) (25 wt-%) 480~840 g/L
. 121~149 . 25 wt-% ,
12 wt-% 13 wt-% .
.
.
.
, .
370
/ . ,
.
60~90 Inox , - 125~130
NaOH/NaNO2 [113, Austria, 2003].
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
80
(75 wt-%) (25 wt-%) 120 g/L 93~100
. (II) .
, .
( ) (2.3 ).
,
. (85 wt-%) (15 wt-%) 120 g/L 93~100
5~10 .
.
Alzac Juratka .
() .
2.5.21
.
[104, UBA, 2003].
.
[118, ESTAL, 2003, 132, Sheasby and Pinner, 2002].
.
40~50 ( 80 ) 10~15 % .
.
.
pH .
, .
, NOx .
2.5.22 -
( ).
, .
,
-
2.
81
. .
4~10 % 40~90 ,
.
never-dump long-term use .
.
. . , , .
(jigging)
.
[118, ESTAL, 2003, 132, Sheasby and Pinner, 2002, 138, QUALANOD, 1999]
[159, TWG, 2004].
2.5.23
[47, France, 2003] ( )
. ,
. . 0.5~3 mm/h
. ,
.
.
. , ,
, .
.
: (, ) : (20~50 g/L) (50~70 g/L) :
.
: 100~150 g/L NaOH : 80 , 110 : 70~90 g/L Al
, .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
82
, .
.
. .
.
(: ) : (: )
.
70 g/L .
, NaAlO2.
2.6
2.6.1 (hot water)
[3, CETS, 2002]
.
.
.
( ).
. 60
.
-
2.
83
60 . 90
.
.
, .
.
.
2.6.2
.
.
. 60~80 .
.
,
80 . 100
. ,
. .
100 % [124, Germany, 2003].
.
2.6.3 (air knife)
.
. 2.3 .
2.6.4
100 % ( ) ,
.
[159, TWG, 2004].
[124, Germany, 2003]
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
84
2.7 ,
,
.
. .
(: ).
4 . . ,
(4.7 ) [162, USEPA, 2000].
2.7.1
. , (, )
() .
,
( ).
(: ) (
).
.
2.7.2
.
batch , .
.
.
.
.
-
2.
85
2.7.3
.
2.7.4
. ,
.
. .
.
.
.
2.7.5
(:
). (: )
.
.
.
2.7.6 -
.
(2.7.8 ).
10 mg/L ,
10~100.
2.7.7 -
(: Cr(III) Cr(VI)) .
.
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
86
2.7.8 -
- (resin-funtional groups) .
,
(2.7.6 ) [3, CETS, 2002], [159, TWG, 2004].
,
. 3~4.
2.7.9
.
.
2.7.10 ()
() . ( )
. ( ) .
2.7.11 / 1 . 2
1 .
.
2.7.12
.
.
(MF) 0.02~10 m ( >100,000) .
(UF) (0.005~0.1 m) .
(NF) .
.
-
2.
87
2.7.13
. ,
[3, CETS, 2002].
.
2.7.14
( ) .
2.7.15
1 .
. (: Cu Al)
. (: ) .
.
2.7.16
.
2.8
2.2 .
2.4~2.6 .
.
2.8.1
, 2.3 .
2.8.2 Core
Core .
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
88
.
(marking), [121, France, 2003].
2.8.3
.
.
2.9 [73, BSTSA, 86, EIPPCB]. .
32 2,080 mm [119, Eurofer, 2003].
(, , )
. .
.
.
[90, EIPPCB] .
,
. ,
. .
.
. . -
- (/ )
- ( (anode)
)
- (edge trimming)
( ). ( ) .
- (wringer roll) (drag-over)
-
.
2.11 . .
-
2.
89
(: ,
, )
(: , )
(: , , / , )
(:
)
(: ( , ), , )
2.11 .
2.9.1
. .
,
(, )
.
. .
(seam welding) : (anode)
. .
.
2.9.2
2.4 . .
2.9.3
2.9.3.1
( ) (
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
90
) .
.
, .
(2.3 ). ,
.
, ,
. ,
.
.
2 . .
2 . .
H2 , O2 .
.
2.3.4 .
, .
2.9.3.2 (pickling)
.
(plating section) . ,
,
. 2.3 [86, EIPPCB] .
50 g/L () .
(Na2SO4) ( ) [113,
Austria, 2003].
-
2.
91
2.3.6 .
2.9.4 -
. , , ,
, . 2 .
. .
, .
.
: . . .
: . : () . . : 180 . : ( ) . : ( ) . : .
,
. 4 .
3 .
. ,
.
, .
2 . Gravitel ,
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
92
. , .
2.12 .
. ,
.
, . .
(carousel) ,
.
2.13 .
. .
-
2.
93
.
, . 2
. .
2.14 .
. ,
. 2.1 .
.
2.1
(A/dm2)
(m)
(mm)
(m/sec)
60~120 5~12 0.5 1.0~4.0
30~90 2.5~3.5 0.3
-
EU (IPPC) BAT _
94
.
2.2
(mm)
16~26
Gravitel 7~14.5
7~15
10~20
2.9.5 , . (
) .
.
2.9.6
( )
, (2.5.16 ),
(2.5.17 ) (2.9.5 ) .
.