2-1 copyright 2010 mcgraw-hill australia pty ltd ppts to accompany claiborne & drewery, human...
TRANSCRIPT
. 2-1Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development
Chapter 2
Development in families
.
The family: a complex, constructed ecology
⢠The family is nested within a complex set of political, social, historical and cultural settings
⢠The family is an important repository of resources for learningâ A family has its own stories, meanings, preoccupations
⢠Relationships within the family are multi-dimensional
⢠Family relationships change over time⢠Families are broader than the nuclear âidealâ
2-2Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development
.
The influential ecology of the family
⢠The family sets in place patterns of relationship and learning that will influence how we go on, sometimes through our entire lives
⢠Culture lives through family⢠Meanings are presented and developed within and
through family life⢠Familiar or habitual ways of behaving, including
emoting, relating and interacting, are usually established first in the family
2-3Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development
.
Dominating ideas about family
⢠There are many powerful beliefs about what is right in family life
⢠These ideas vary from culture to culture, and moment to moment in history
⢠If people think that their ideas reflect the ânaturalâ order, they will try very hard to maintain that order
⢠Developmental psychologists advise on what is ânormalâ in family life
2-4Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development
.
Family as committed relationship
⢠Genetic relationshipâ Your biological parents will always be your biological
relatives
⢠A place of nurtureâ What counts as nurture is a focus of study in human
development
⢠Sharing economic livelihoodâ Different cultures have different approaches to shared
livelihood
⢠Families are held together by emotional tiesâ In some cultures (but not all), love is the foundation of the
family, and holds it together
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-5
.
Whanaungatanga: maintaining common history and identity
⢠Ancestral connections to land (tōrangawaewae)⢠Iwi connections: whakapapa (genealogy)⢠Common language (A.Durie, 1997)
⢠Manaaki : the capacity for care and respect of every member
⢠Tohatohatia: the capacity to share, generosity⢠Whakamana: empowering its members⢠Whakatakoto tikanga: envisioning the future
(M.Durie, 1997)
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-6
.
Levels of relationship in MÄoridom
⢠Iwi: a people, tribe or nation; persons with shared ancestry and history
⢠HapĹŤ: an extended family grouping⢠WhÄnau: group of people who relate closely to
one another⢠WhÄngai: to adopt a child from within the broader
whÄnau; a person adopted into the whÄnau
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-7
.
Iwi roles and responsibilities
⢠KaumÄtua: responsible elder⢠Kuia: elder woman⢠MÄtua: adult, father (signal of respect)⢠Pakeke: adult, worker⢠Rangatahi: youth, younger person⢠Tuakana: elder brother (of a male), elder sister (of
female)⢠Teina: younger brother (of a male), younger sister
(of a female)⢠Tamaiti: child⢠Tamariki: children
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-8
.
Demography of MÄori whÄnau
⢠Before 1960, average 6+ births per wahine⢠Fewer marriages per head of population⢠By 1990, down to about 2, similar to PÄkehÄ
women⢠2000s 2.6+ births per wahine⢠Median age of giving birth 26 years⢠Median age for PÄkehÄ women: 30 years, and
average less than 2 births per woman.⢠In 2006, tamaiti aged under 15 >35% of MÄori
population in Aotearoa (compared with 20% for PÄkehÄ)
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-9
.
Social changes and the family in NZ
⢠Families are spread around the country and around the world
⢠Lengthening lifespan means more generations are alive at the same time
⢠More women are going out to work⢠Child-bearing and child-rearing are taking a
smaller proportion of a womanâs lifespan⢠Many nuclear families have two parents in the paid
work force⢠Single person households, and households with
one parent and children, are increasing
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-10
.
What is best for families?
⢠More mothers are working outside the home⢠More families have both parents in paid work⢠More generations are alive at the same time BUT⢠There are more single person households⢠Fewer families where the mother stays home and
the father goes out to work ⢠There are more single parent families⢠Most single parent families are led by a woman at
or approaching mid-life⢠Many children live in poverty
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-11
.
Effects of immigration
⢠Immigration means adjustment â but we donât all want to lose our culture of origin
⢠Intergenerational families are more common in âless-developedâ countries
⢠Attitudes differ in whether children in the family are expected to contribute to the family business
⢠Immigration may mean some generations are left behind
⢠This can also happen when young people leave Aotearoa and settle elsewhere
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-12
.
Influential theories of development
⢠Does the nuclear family form serve development better than other forms?
⢠Theorists Freud and Erikson have helped support the idea that what happens to you in childhood has an enduring influence on who you will become
⢠Most Euro-Western cultures accept that quality of relationships within families is important
⢠Understanding of âqualityâ relationship is a cultural construct
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-13
.
Maternal deprivation
⢠Concept proposed by John Bowlby â Studies of displaced and homeless children in two world
warsâ Children were often kept lying in cotsâ Distress of these children was ascribed to lack of
mothering
⢠Can you think of other reasons why these children would be distressed?
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-14
.
Theory of attachment
⢠Attachment forms the basis for development:â To develop a sense of self (individuation)â To become socially competentâ To be assured enough to explore their environment
⢠Tests for attachment include:â Strange situation experiment
⢠Children may be categorised as:â Securely attached â Avoidant â Ambivalent or resistant
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-15
.
Developments in attachment theory
⢠These traits are seen as patterns of relating with others
⢠Recently hypothesised to persist into adulthood⢠Possibly reflected in patterns of intimate relating⢠Bonds with significant others are often seen as
lacking in young offenders⢠Developing the capacity for attachment has
become a therapeutic goal in clinical work with offenders
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-16
.
Critiques of attachment theory
⢠Many cultures expect responsibility for childrenâs upbringing to be shared
⢠This includes working class families who often share care of children
⢠Many children in middle and upper class 19th century England were brought up by nannies or in boarding schools
⢠Children may have several significant others⢠Quality of care is found to be more important than
who is doing the caring
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-17
.
Fathers
⢠Research continues to suggest that mothers spend more time than fathers caring for children
⢠How to offer quality care is learned⢠Both mothers and fathers can learn how to care for
even very small children⢠We do not espouse the idea that mothers have a
genetic or ethological advantage⢠Fathers can be good âmothersâ!⢠Fathersâ role in childrenâs lives is related to
structures of paid work in society
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-18
.
Do families âbreak downâ?
⢠The idea that families work best with a mother and a father in the same home may be correct
⢠It has been found that conflict in families is more destructive of childrenâs well-being than the presence of both parents
⢠Children can recover well from separation and divorce of their parents
⢠Parents will always be the parents of their children⢠The quality of parentsâ cooperation (or lack of it)
after separation affects the children more than the separation itself
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-19
.
Different family forms
⢠There are many different kinds of family⢠Couples without children can be the target of
social pressure⢠There is no evidence to suggest that children
growing up in âRainbowâ families are deprived⢠Single parent families are often under stress
because of lack of income (see also chapter 10)⢠Single parent families can be just as healthy or
unhealthy an environment for children as two parent families
⢠The quality of care is important
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development 2-20
.
Complex constructionist ecology
⢠Developmental outcomes are the result of complex interactions in families and outside them
⢠Complexity: within the family there are many different relationships and many influences at work
⢠Thinking ecologically: the family is nested within a complex of other networks of relationship
⢠The quality of care for children is the primary issue in developmental outcomes
⢠Development is constructed. Mothering and fathering are products of multiple influences; quality of parenting is not inevitable or ânaturalâ.
2-21Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PPTs to accompany Claiborne & Drewery, Human Development