© 2003 prentice hall, inc.1 chapter 9 the courtroom work group and the criminal trial
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 9 The
Courtroom Work Group
and the Criminal
Trial
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Courtroom Work GroupProfessionals• judge• prosecuting attorney• defense attorney• bailiff• court reporter• clerk of the court• expert witnesses
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Courtroom Work Group
• lay witnesses • jurors• defendant(s)• victim(s)
OthersOthers
Courtroom Work Group
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Professionals
• primary duty - to ensure justice takes place
• rules on matters of the law
• decides on admissibility of evidence
JudgeJudge
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• maintains discipline in court• sentences offenders
found guilty• determines guilt when jury is not
used
ProfessionalsJudgeJudge
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The chief judge handles administrative responsibilities if there is no court administrator. • hires staff• ensures adequate training of new
judges and staff• generally manages
court operation
Professionals
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Judicial Selection
Federal Level
• appointed by the President of the U.S.
• confirmed by the U.S. Senate
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Three methods of selection:• popular election • gubernatorial
appointment• Missouri Plan
State Level
Judicial Selection
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Missouri Plan• The Missouri Plan incorporates
elements of both popular election and appointment.
• When a vacancyoccurs, the public votes to retain the judge or to have a new appointment made.
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• Non-partisan committee creates a list of possible candidates.
• Final list sent to the governor’s office.• The governor appoints from list
submitted.• After a specified time period, the
appointed judge stands for the election unopposed.
Missouri Plan
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Judges: QualificationsAt general and appellate levels:At general and appellate levels:
• be a member of the state bar • be a licensed attorney• hold a law degree (in most
states)• attend training
sessions
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Prosecuting Attorney
Also called:Also called:
• solicitor• district attorney• state’s attorney• prosecutor
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Prosecutor
Federal prosecutors are called U.S. attorneys.
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Prosecutor
•At the state level, most prosecutors are elected for a four-year term. •Five states appoint their prosecutors.
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ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities
Prosecutor
•presents information/ evidence to the grand
jury•decides which charges are
to be filed against the defendant
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Prosecutor
Responsibilities Responsibilities
• introduces evidence against defendant at trial•directs testimony of witnesses for the state
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• argues in favor of conviction
• files appeals on behalf of state to appellate court
Prosecutor ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities
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• argues briefs before appellate court
• makes presentations to parole boards
Prosecutor ResponsibilitiesResponsibilities
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Brady v. Maryland (1963)
The U.S. Supreme Court held that the prosecution is required to disclose to the defense exculpatory evidence that directly or indirectly relates to claims of either guilt or innocence.
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U.S. v. Bagley (1985)
The Court ruled that prosecution must disclose any evidence that the defense requests.
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U.S. v. Bagley (1985)
To withhold evidence, even when it does not directly relate to issues of guilt or innocence, may mislead the defense into thinking that such evidence does not exist.
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Prosecutor Liability
U.S. Supreme Court ruled that “state prosecutors are absolutely immune from liability…for their conduct in initiating and presenting the State’s case.”
Imbler v. Pachtman (1976)Imbler v. Pachtman (1976)
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Burns v. Reed (1991)Court held that a “state prosecuting attorney is absolutely immune from liability for damages…for participating in a probable cause hearing, but not for giving legal advice to the police.”
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In this case, the prosecutor told police it would be alright to hypnotize a defendant, who then confessed while hypnotized.
Burns v. Reed (1991)
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The defendant charged that evidence obtained while she was hypnotized was inadmissible, and that prosecutor knew this.
Burns v. Reed (1991)
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Abuse of DiscretionBy virtue of their position, prosecutors may be ethically challenged as follows...
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Abuse of Discretion• not prosecuting friends• accepting guilty pleas for
drastically reduced charges for personalconsiderations• overzealous prosecution to
gain visibility for possible re-election
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• scheduling activities to make life difficult for defendants, in an attempt to put pressure on them to plead guilty• discriminating against minorities
Abuse of Discretion
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Defense Counsel• represents the accused• participates in plea
negotiations• prepares an
adequate defense• calls witnesses
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• disputes case presented by prosecutor
• presents arguments at time of sentencing
• files appeals
Defense Counsel
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Types of Defense CounselTypes of Defense Counsel
• private attorneys• court appointed
counsel• public defenders
Defense Counsel
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Criminal Defense of the Poor
Important Court CasesImportant Court Cases
• Powell v. Alabama (1932)
• Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)
• Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
• Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972)
• In re Gault (1967)
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Powell v. Alabama (1932)Powell v. Alabama (1932)
The Court required that states provide defense counsel for those defendants who are unable to employ their own counsel and are charged with a capital offense.
Criminal Defense of the Poor
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U.S. Supreme Court established the right of indigent offenders to have legal counsel appointed for them in all federal cases.
Criminal Defense of the Poor
Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)Johnson v. Zerbst (1938)
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This case extended the right to appointed counsel for indigents in all felony cases.
Criminal Defense of the Poor
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
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The U.S. Supreme Court extended the right to indigent offenders to have legal representation in any case where a person could lose their liberty (this included misdemeanor cases).
Criminal Defense of the Poor
Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972)Argersinger v. Hamlin (1972)
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The U.S. Supreme Court extended the right to legal counsel for juveniles charged with a delinquent act.
Criminal Defense of the Poor
In re Gault (1967)In re Gault (1967)
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Criminal Defense of the Poor
Three Types of ProgramsThree Types of Programs
• court assigned counsel
• public defenders
• contract attorneys
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Court Assigned CounselFee paid based on state rate (most widely used).Fee paid based on state rate (most widely used).
Fee is usually low, raising questions about the level of commitment of defense attorneys.
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Court Assigned Counsel
Roster of local attorneys who are willing to take cases under established fees.
Fee paid based on state rate
(most widely used).
Fee paid based on state rate
(most widely used).
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Public Defender Program
uses full-time salaried attorneys
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• 28% of counties nationwide use this system exclusively.
• 64% of counties nationwide use public defenders as part of their system.
Public Defender Program
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Contract Attorneys
• Local attorneys are maintained on
contract to handle all cases.
• They are the least widely used form for indigent defense.
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Indigent Offender Representation
2.3% of all money spent on criminal justice is used to pay defense counsel for indigent offenders.
Faretta v. California (1975)Faretta v. California (1975)
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Indigents are not required to accept counsel. They may waive their rights and represent themselves.
Indigent Offender Representation
Faretta v. California (1975)Faretta v. California (1975)
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1% of federally charged defendants represent themselves.
3% of defendants charged at the state level represent themselves.
Indigent Offender Representation
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The Ethics of Defense
ABA Ethical Guidelines
• Canons of Professional Ethics
• Model Code of Professional Responsibility
• Model Rules of Professional Conduct
• Standards for Criminal Justice
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Bailiff• charged with ensuring
order in the courtroom• announces entry of judge• calls out names of
witnesses
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maintains control over the defendant if person has not been released on bail
Bailiff
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maintains physical custody of and supervises jury during deliberations and sequestering
Bailiff
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Local Court Administrators
• facilitate the smooth running of courts in particular judicial districts or courts• provide uniform
court management
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• relieve judges of many routine and repetitive tasks
• manage jurors
• track lengthy cases and identify bottlenecks in court processing
Local Court Administrators
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Court Reporter• Another name for court
reporter is “courtstenographer.”
• They create a written record of all court proceedings.
• Transcripts are necessary if an appeal is to be filed.
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Clerk of Court• maintains all records of criminal
cases• prepares jury pool and issues jury
summonses• subpoenas witnesses• during trial, marks
physical evidence for identification
• swears in witnesses
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The Expert Witness• A person who has special
knowledge and skills in an established profession or technical area.
• Generally, this person is a paid professional.
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OutsidersNon-professional courtroom participantsNon-professional courtroom participants
• jurors
• victim
• defendant
• lay witnesses
• press
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Crosby v. U.S (1993)Crosby v. U.S (1993)
The Court held that a defendant may not be tried in abstentia, even if he/she was present at the beginning of the trial, where absence is due to escape or failure to appear.
Defendant
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The Criminal Trial
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The Criminal TrialTrial Initiation: Speedy Trial Act/CasesTrial Initiation: Speedy Trial Act/Cases
• Klopfer v. North Carolina (1967)
• Barker v. Wingo (1972)
• Strunk v. United States (1973)
• U.S. v. Taylor (1988)
• Doggett v. U.S. (1992)
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Klopfer v. North Carolina (1967)
Civil Disobedience Trial
Duke University professor involved in protest against
segregated facilities.
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• There was a long delay in the trial.
•Court ruled that a speedy trial is a fundamental guarantee of theU.S. Constitution.
Klopfer v. North Carolina (1967)
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Baker v. Wingo (1972)•Court held that the 6th
Amendment guarantees right to a quick trial. • The 6th Amendment
could illegally be violated even if
defendant does not object to delays.
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U.S. Supreme Court held that denial of a speedy trial
should result in dismissal of all charges.
Strunk v. U.S. ( 1973)
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Speedy Trial Act (1974)• Phases began in
1974 and became fully operational in 1980.
• Prosecution must seek indictment or information within
30 days of arrest.
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• Trial must begin within 70 days after indictment.
• The trial can be extended to 180 days if the defendant is not available or witnesses cannot be called within the 70 day limit.
Speedy Trial Act (1974)
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U.S. v. Taylor (1988)• Drug dealer escaped following
arrest.
•Court ruled that when delay is the result
of actions by the defendant, the 70 day rule does not apply.
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Doggett v. U.S. (1992)
•Defendant indicted on drug charges in 1980.
•Defendant left the country until 1982, when he returned.
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• Doggett lived openly in the U.S. until 1988 when he was re-arrested after a credit check revealed he was wanted.• Court ruled that there was
negligence on behalf of the federal government and overturned the lower court conviction.
Doggett v. U.S. (1992)
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“Even delay occasioned by the Government’s negligence creates a prejudice that compounds over time, and at some point, as here, becomes intolerable.”
Doggett v. U.S. (1992)
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Jury SelectionVoir Dire Process
• Prospective jury members are called one at a time and are questioned by both the prosecution and defense to determine suitability.
• Jurors are expected to be unbiased and free of preconceived notions about guilt or innocence.
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Both the prosecution and defense can use challenges to remove prospective jurors from jury pool.
Both the prosecution and defense can use challenges to remove prospective jurors from jury pool.
• challenge to the array
• challenge for cause
• peremptory challenge
Jury Selection
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ChallengesChallenge to the ArrayChallenge to the Array
• This challenge claims that the pool from which potential jurors are to be selected is not representative of the community.
• Typically, this is a motion filed by the defense prior to the actual voir dire.
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Challenge for Cause• This challenge claims that a prospective juror cannot be
impartial or fair.• Typically, each side has an unlimited number such challenges.• Courts have held that opposition to the death penalty may
mean a person cannot reach a conclusion based solely on the evidence.
Challenges
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Peremptory ChallengePeremptory Challenge
• This challenge removes potential jurors without the need to
give a reason.
• This challenge is limited in number.
• Federal government and states vary in number allowed.
Challenges
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Scientific Jury Selection• The use of social science
research techniques to select members of a jury.
• Focus groups and surveys are used to assess the likelihood that an
individual will be predisposed to a particular outcome.
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The Trial Process• opening statements
by prosecution and defense
• presentation of evidence –
first by the state, then
defense
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The Trial Process
• testimony of witnesses: victims, police officers,
defendant, specialists• closing arguments by
prosecution and defense
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• judge’s charge to the jury
• jury deliberations and the verdict
The Trial Process