© 2010-2014 - university of minnesota duluth · •exploring the diets of extinct humans through...
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www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anthfood/aftexts.html#title
© 2010-2014
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www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anthfood/aftexts.html#title
© 2010-2014
![Page 3: © 2010-2014 - University of Minnesota Duluth · •Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology • Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton • What](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021901/5b7bb57a7f8b9ab87f8e91fa/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anthfood/aftexts.html#title
© 2010-2014
![Page 4: © 2010-2014 - University of Minnesota Duluth · •Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology • Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton • What](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021901/5b7bb57a7f8b9ab87f8e91fa/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation? • Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids • Our Place in Nature • A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids • What Did Early Hominids Eat? • What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? • Summary • Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
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• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation? • Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids • Our Place in Nature • A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids • What Did Early Hominids Eat? • What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? • Summary • Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
paleontologists study fossilized remains of extinct animals and plants
paleobotanists specialize in the study of fossilized remains of plants
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you’ve seen paleontology on the chart earlier . . .
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• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation? • Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids • Our Place in Nature • A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids • What Did Early Hominids Eat? • What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? • Summary • Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
![Page 8: © 2010-2014 - University of Minnesota Duluth · •Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology • Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton • What](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021901/5b7bb57a7f8b9ab87f8e91fa/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The Cultural Feast, 2nd Ed., p. 17
NOTE: “hominids”
are now generally reclassified as
“hominins”
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NOTE: “hominids”
“We are what they ate”
The Cultural Feast, 2nd Ed., p. 17
are now generally reclassified as
“hominins” --
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• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation? • Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids • Our Place in Nature • A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids • What Did Early Hominids Eat? • What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? • Summary • Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
![Page 11: © 2010-2014 - University of Minnesota Duluth · •Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology • Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton • What](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021901/5b7bb57a7f8b9ab87f8e91fa/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation? • Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids • Our Place in Nature • A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids • What Did Early Hominids Eat? • What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? • Summary • Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• paleontology • paleobotanists • paleontologists
• primates • prosimians
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REM paleontologists study fossilized remains
of extinct animals and plants
paleobotanists specialize in the study of fossilized remains of plants
![Page 13: © 2010-2014 - University of Minnesota Duluth · •Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology • Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton • What](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021901/5b7bb57a7f8b9ab87f8e91fa/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation? • Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids • Our Place in Nature • A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids • What Did Early Hominids Eat? • What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? • Summary • Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• paleontology • paleobotanists • paleontologists
•primates • prosimians . . .
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“Primates” are a biological “Order”
comprised of
prosimians (“pre-monkeys”)
monkeys apes
humans
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hominids
are two-legged primates prehistoric and contemporary
The Cultural Feast, 2nd Ed., p. 20
now “hominins”
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http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1602/apes.html#title
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pre-monkeys (aka “prosimians”)
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monkeys
prosimians
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apes
prosimians
monkeys
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prosimians
monkeys
apes
bipedal apes
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prosimians
monkeys
apes
bipedal apes
apes that walk habitually on two legs, like you do
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humans
prosimians
monkeys
apes
bipedal apes
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prosimians
monkeys
apes
humans
bipedal apes
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“Anthropoids”
= all living and extinct
monkeys, apes and humans
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Anthropoids
apes
humans
monkeys
bipedal apes
prosimians
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“Hominoids” = all living and extinct
apes and humans
aka Hominoidea
The Cultural Feast, 2nd Ed., p. 20
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Hominoids
humans
bipedal apes
apes
prosimians
monkeys
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gibbons
orangutans
bonobos chimps
gorillas
humans
Campbell and Loy, Humankind Emerging, 8th Ed., pp. 138 ff.
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“Hominids”
= modern humans and their
nearest predecessors
aka Hominidae
The Cultural Feast, 2nd Ed., p. 20
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Hominids
humans
bipedal apes
prosimians
monkeys
apes
TRADITIONAL
CLASSIFICATION
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Hominids
humans
bipedal apes
prosimians
monkeys
apes
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Understanding Humans:
Introduction to Physical
Anthropology and Archaeology,
11th ed.
Barry Lewis, Robert Jurmain, and Lynn Kilgore
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth
Publishing
©2012
NEW
CLASSIFICATION
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NEW CLASSIFICATION
“Hominin”
= “colloquial term for members
of the tribe Hominini, the
evolutionary group that includes
modern human and now-extinct
bipedal relatives” (like “Lucy”)
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Hominin
humans
bipedal apes
prosimians
monkeys
apes
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Hominins
humans
prosimians
monkeys
apes
bipedal apes
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Lucy
and “The First Family”
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 206
example
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Lucy
and “The First Family”
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 206
example
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useful markers of the earliest hominids / hominins:
• adaptations for bipedalism . . . • reduced canine length . . .
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useful markers of the earliest hominids / hominins:
• adaptations for bipedalism • reduced canine length . . .
![Page 41: © 2010-2014 - University of Minnesota Duluth · •Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology • Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton • What](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021901/5b7bb57a7f8b9ab87f8e91fa/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
useful markers of the earliest hominids / hominins:
• adaptations for bipedalism • reduced canine length …
which is walking habitually on two legs, like you do
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useful markers of the earliest hominids / hominins:
• adaptations for bipedalism . . .
•reduced canine length
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4900946.stm
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useful markers of the earliest hominids / hominins:
• adaptations for bipedalism . . .
•reduced canine length
and canine length brings us to teeth . . .
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• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation? • Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids • Our Place in Nature • A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids • What Did Early Hominids Eat? • What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? • Summary • Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology •Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
![Page 45: © 2010-2014 - University of Minnesota Duluth · •Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology • Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton • What](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021901/5b7bb57a7f8b9ab87f8e91fa/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
www.newswise.com/articles/view/549004/?sc=rssn
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useful markers of the earliest hominids / hominins: • adaptations for bipedalism … • reduced canine length …
and this is though mostly to relate to a change in diet
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4900946.stm
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useful markers of the earliest hominids / hominins: • adaptations for bipedalism … • reduced canine length …
and this is though mostly to relate to a change in diet
![Page 48: © 2010-2014 - University of Minnesota Duluth · •Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology • Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton • What](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021901/5b7bb57a7f8b9ab87f8e91fa/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
• herbivorous (principally plants)
• insectivorous (principally insects)
• frugivorous (principally fruits)
• graminivorous (principally grasses)
• folivorous (principally leaf eating)
• proteinivorous (principally protein eating)
• carnivorous (chiefly meats)
• omnivorous (“devours” “all”)
• locavore (principally locally available foods)
REM: diet classifications
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• herbivorous (principally plants)
• insectivorous (principally insects)
• frugivorous (principally fruits)
• graminivorous (principally grasses)
• folivorous (principally leaf eating)
• proteinivorous (principally protein eating)
• carnivorous (chiefly meats)
• omnivorous (“devours” “all”)
• locavore (principally locally available foods)
diet classifications
from . . .
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apes (and monkeys) still possess conical, daggerish canines
which project well beyond the surface of the opposite teeth . . .
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Teeth of a male patas monkey
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 205
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diastema = a space in the tooth row
that accommodates one or more teeth from the
opposite jaw
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• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation? • Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids • Our Place in Nature • A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids • What Did Early Hominids Eat? • What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? • Summary • Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth
•Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
![Page 55: © 2010-2014 - University of Minnesota Duluth · •Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology • Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton • What](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021901/5b7bb57a7f8b9ab87f8e91fa/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation? • Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids • Our Place in Nature • A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids • What Did Early Hominids Eat? • What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? • Summary • Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth
•Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
![Page 56: © 2010-2014 - University of Minnesota Duluth · •Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology • Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton • What](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021901/5b7bb57a7f8b9ab87f8e91fa/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation? • Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids • Our Place in Nature • A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids • What Did Early Hominids Eat? • What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? • Summary • Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth
•Skull and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
= cranium
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 432
Modern human cranium
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• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation? • Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids • Our Place in Nature • A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids • What Did Early Hominids Eat? • What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? • Summary • Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth
• Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
![Page 59: © 2010-2014 - University of Minnesota Duluth · •Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology • Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton • What](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021901/5b7bb57a7f8b9ab87f8e91fa/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
the lower jaw =
mandible
and the little bony ridge inside running alongside the tongue is a
“mandibular torus”
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 432
Modern human cranium
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• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation? • Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids • Our Place in Nature • A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids • What Did Early Hominids Eat? • What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? • Summary • Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth • Skulls and Jaws
• saggital crest • The Postcranial Skeleton
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 245
Pongid Prognathism
(Line of greatest muscle force is shown in red)
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 245
Satittal crests and temporal muscle orientations
Hominid compared to pongid
(Line of greatest muscle force is shown in red)
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• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
• What Is Adaptation? • Using Chemistry to Infer the Diets
of Extinct Hominids • Our Place in Nature • A Brief Who's Who of the Early Hominids • What Did Early Hominids Eat? • What Can We Say About the Diets of Fossil Homo? • Summary • Highlight: Lactose Intolerance
Diet and Human Evolution
Diet and Human Evolution
• Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology
• Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton
![Page 67: © 2010-2014 - University of Minnesota Duluth · •Exploring the Diets of Extinct Humans Through Paleontology • Teeth • Skulls and Jaws • The Postcranial Skeleton • What](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022021901/5b7bb57a7f8b9ab87f8e91fa/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Postcranial =
below the head (with bipeds)
behind the head (with quadrupeds)
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., pp. 223, 128
Modern human
Postcrania
New World monkey
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Sivapithecus
Homo erectus
Australopithecus
Homo habilis
Homo sapiens
Paranthropus
dates are approximate and follow Understanding Humans 2009
1.8 mya–25,000 ybp
2.4-1.6 mya
2. 5-1 mya
4.25-2 mya
15-7 mya
Moderns (Cro-magnon …) Premoderns (Neandertal …) 500,000-28,000 ybp
165,000 ybp-present
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Sivapithecus
Homo erectus
Australopithecus
Homo habilis
Homo sapiens
Paranthropus
dates are approximate and follow Understanding Humans 2009
1.8 mya–25,000 ybp
2.4-1.6 mya
2. 5-1 mya
4.25-2 mya
15-7 mya
Moderns (Cro-magnon …) Premoderns (Neandertal …) 500,000-28,000 ybp
165,000 ybp-present
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Sivapithecus
Homo erectus
Australopithecus
Homo habilis
Homo sapiens
Paranthropus
dates are approximate and follow Understanding Humans 2009
1.8 mya–25,000 ybp
2.4-1.6 mya
2. 5-1 mya
4.25-2 mya
15-7 mya
Moderns (Cro-magnon …) Premoderns (Neandertal …) 500,000-28,000 ybp
165,000 ybp-present
anything called pithecus is an ape
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http://www.gastronomica.org/gastro/pages/sample3.2.html
Spring 2003
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Sivapithecus
Homo erectus
Australopithecus
Homo habilis
Homo sapiens
Paranthropus
dates are approximate and follow Understanding Humans 2009
1.8 mya–25,000 ybp
2.4-1.6 mya
2. 5-1 mya
4.25-2 mya
15-7 mya
Moderns (Cro-magnon …) Premoderns (Neandertal …) 500,000-28,000 ybp
165,000 ybp-present
apes are not bipeds
they’re brachiators (p. 23)
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Why bipedalism?
there are a lot of theories … several of them related to food
procurement and use …
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Why bipedalism?
there are a lot of theories . . . several of them related to food
procurement and use . . .
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Why bipedalism?
Owen Lovejoy for example, thinks it’s
ALL about food . . .
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Why bipedalism?
Owen Lovejoy for example, thinks it’s
ALL about food . . .
“provisioning hypothesis”
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bipedalism relates to long-distance walking . . .
including carrying food
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 217
Possible Factors Influencing the Initial Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids
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. . . and even non-bipeds carry food . . .
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Chimpanzee The Primates, Time-Life (1974) p. 71
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Lovejoy’s ideas on bipedalism
specifically relate to male help in carrying food
back to the “home base” . . . known as
“provisioning”
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Lovejoy’s ideas on bipedalism
specifically relate to male help in carrying food
back to the “home base” . . . this is known as
“provisioning”
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. . . note male help in
“provisioning” in
Owen Lovejoy’s “provisioning hypothesis”
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bipedalism is also related to tool use . . .
including such simple tools as a digging stick
(dibble / coa)
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bipedalism is also related to tool use . . .
including such simple tools as a digging stick
(dibble / coa)
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 217
Possible Factors Influencing the Initial Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids
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bipedalism is related to hunting
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 217
Possible Factors Influencing the Initial Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids
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Hunting / Gathering / Collecting (foraging)
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bipedalism is related to seed and nut gathering
and feeding from bushes
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 217
Possible Factors Influencing the Initial Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids
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The Emergence of Humankind 4th Ed., p. 105
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New York University Press 2005
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another consequence of our primate heritage and enlarged brain is that we are blessed and cursed
with an insensate
craving for sweets and fats
• we seem especially fond of sweet-sour foods
• in nature, ripe fruits and berries
• we love animal fats and vegetable fats equally
• nuts, seeds, oily fruits
Everyone Eats pp. 33-34
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these are high-calorie, easily digestible foods that are
most easily found in a rich patch following a burn
Everyone Eats pp. 33-34
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“So the human tendency to crave certain foods is
biologically grounded”
Everyone Eats pp. 33-34
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bipedalism and vision (visual surveillance)
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 217
Possible Factors Influencing the Initial Evolution of Bipedal Locomotion in Hominids
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Humankind Emerging, 7th Ed., p. 114
Eye Level and Sight
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Humankind Emerging, 7th Ed., p. 114
Eye Level and Sight
and if you are a hunter, this difference makes a great difference in your hunting success rate . . .
and maybe even your own survival rate
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