© 2010, tescc day 1 1. © 2010, tescc “how has the geography of texas affected its economics and...
TRANSCRIPT
© 2010, TESCC
DAY 1DAY 1
1
© 2010, TESCC
““How has the geography of How has the geography of Texas affected its Texas affected its
economics and culture?”economics and culture?”
Natural Resources: Oil, natural gas, timber, farmland, water, etc.
Location: Access to the Sea, river (later highways) transportation routes
Culture: Cultural crossroads with Mexico
Climate: moderate temperate zone makes it appealing to live year round, good rainfall
© 2010, TESCC
Is this just unique to Is this just unique to Texas or does Texas or does
geography affect geography affect cultures everywhere? cultures everywhere?
Has it always done Has it always done that? Can geography that? Can geography
even impact even impact government? How? government? How?
© 2010, TESCC
Greek and Roman Greek and Roman Timelines HandoutTimelines Handout
©2010, TESCC
The Legacies of The Legacies of Ancient GreeceAncient Greece
© 2010, TESCC
Traditions, skills and knowledge of a culture that get passed on to people in the future
Martin Luther King’s legacy is
Civil Rights
What is a legacy?
A gift from the past
something a culture is known for
© 2010, TESCC
The Legacies of Ancient The Legacies of Ancient GreeceGreece.
philosophyphilosophy
OlympicsOlympics
epicsepics
trial by jurytrial by jury
democracydemocracyscientificmethod
scientificmethod Socratic
MethodSocraticMethod
marathonmarathon
HippocraticOath
HippocraticOath
tragedycomedy
tragedycomedy
Greekmythology
Greekmythologyclassificationclassification
theatertheaterarchitecturearchitecture
© 2010, TESCC
DemocracyDemocracy
Athens developed the first democracy.
Greek word meaning “power of the people”
A government where the people have the right to make decisions about leaders and laws
The U.S. government is based on Athenian democracy.
© 2010, TESCC
Democracy in Democracy in AthensAthens
Democracy in Democracy in AthensAthens
Athens had the first democratic constitution. (A set of rules for how the government should run.)
All men over 20 years old could participate in the Assembly. (The lawmaking group)
Each year 500 names of citizens were drawn to be on the Council of Five Hundred who ran the daily business of Athens.
© 2010, TESCC
Trial By JuryTrial By JuryWhen a group of citizens decides if a person is innocent or guilty of a crime
Serving on a jury was a citizen’s duty.
About 500 jurors for a trial
Jurors were paid for service.
© 2010, TESCC
EpicsEpics
Long poems written about gods, heroes, and history of a culture
Wrote the Iliad about the Trojan War
Homer most famous author of Greek epics.
The Odyssey about a Trojan War hero, Odysseus
In the 17th - 19th Centuries, a “Classical Education” included the Study of Latin and Greek. Students learned Greek by translatingthe Iliad and Odyssey; therefore, students grew up reading the stories of Greek Heroes.
© 2010, TESCC
Greek MythologyGreek MythologyMyths are stories about gods & goddesses that were used to explain events in nature.
Hephaestus
Poseidon Hades Hermes
Hera Apollo Artemis
Athena Demeter Aphrodite Ares
Zeus
12 Major Gods & Goddesses of Mt. Olympus
© 2010, TESCC
TheaterTheaterGrew out of festivals dedicated to Dionysus and developed into stories that were acted out
Theater was carved into a hillside.
Only male actors but women could watch
Plays were performed at festivals and became competitions.
Actors wore masks to show gender, age & mood.
© 2010, TESCC
Tragedy & Tragedy & ComedyComedy
Types of plays first developed by the Greeks
Tragedy: Plays about suffering
Comedy: Plays with a happy ending that poke fun at certain types of people
Aeschylus
Aristophanes
© 2010, TESCC
Olympic GamesOlympic GamesFestival held in Olympia to honor Zeus
Every four years - began 776B.C.
Called a truce from war
Only men: Women couldn’t watch
Won an olive wreath
Olympians swore not to cheat.
Winners were heroes.
© 2010, TESCC
Olympic GamesOlympic GamesFoot races
Boxing
Warrior’s Race
WrestlingPentathlon
Javelin
Discus
Messengers & Trumpeters
© 2010, TESCC
MarathonMarathon
Greeks defeated the Persians at Marathon.
Pheidippides ran to Athens (about 26 miles) to announce the victory.
He reached Athens, cried out Nike! (“victory”), and fell over dead.
Footrace that is 26 miles
© 2010, TESCC
ArchitectureArchitecture
CorinthianDoric Ionic
The art and science of building
Greeks well known for using three styles of columns in their buildings.
© 2010, TESCC
ArchitectureArchitecture
The design of many buildings today has been influenced by the classical style of the Greeks.
.
Why would many U.S. government buildings have been built using Greek architecture?
© 2010, TESCC
PhilosophyPhilosophy
Love of wisdom; trying to figure things out through learning and reasoning
Socrates Socratic Method
Plato
Aristotle
Political Science
Science & Logic
© 2010, TESCC
Socratic MethodSocratic Method
Teaching through step-by-step questions that are designed to lead the student to the truth
Socrates was a Greek philosopher who wanted people to question and think for themselves.
Athenians were afraid and threatened by his ideas, so he was tried and put to death.
© 2010, TESCC
ClassificationClassification of Living of Living ThingsThings
A system of grouping plants and animals that have similar characteristics
Developed by Aristotle
Helps scientists to handle a lot of info.
Still used today
© 2010, TESCC
Scientific MethodScientific Method
Process used by scientists to study something
1CollectInfo
2FormHypothesis
3TestHypothesis
© 2010, TESCC
Hippocratic Hippocratic OathOath
A list of rules about practicing medicine that doctors today still promise to follow
Hippocrates was the “Father of Scientific Medicine”
Believed that disease came from natural causes not evil spirits
Keep the secrets of patients
Never give poisons
Do their best for the sick
Honor their teachers
Above all, do no harm!
© 2010, TESCC
Legacies of Ancient Legacies of Ancient GreeceGreece
Now that you are aware of them, you will see the legacies of the ancient Greeks cropping up all over the place!
© 2010, TESCC
ASTRONOMYASTRONOMY
26
Many Greek scientists, such asEratoshenes, made discoveries inastronomy that were not accepted until much later in history.
© 2010, TESCC
Map of Ancient Greek World Map of Ancient Greek World (Southern Italy, Greece and Asia Minor)(Southern Italy, Greece and Asia Minor)
© 2010, TESCC
© 2010, TESCC
© 2010, TESCC
© 2010, TESCC
Map of Athens and Map of Athens and Piraeus Piraeus
in Socrates and Plato's in Socrates and Plato's timetime
----------------------
Map of Central Greece and Peloponnese -----
© 2010, TESCC
DAY 2DAY 2
32
©2010, TESCC
33
The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic
© 2010, TESCC
Latin- Early settlers of RomeEtruscans- Northern Italy
Eventually take control of Rome and build it into a great city.Build it on 7 hills for protection.
509 BCE- Romans drive Etruscans out.
34
Early RomansEarly Romans
© 2010, TESCC
The Forum- The central The Forum- The central public square used for public square used for government meetings.government meetings.
Republic- a government Republic- a government without a kingwithout a king
Not a true democracy Not a true democracy because of elected because of elected representatives by the representatives by the people.people.
35
Roman GovernmentRoman Government
© 2010, TESCC
36
Roman governmentRoman government
Patricians- wealthy landowners that controlled the republic.Consuls- two individuals that directed the daily affairs of government and led the army.
One-year terms
© 2010, TESCC
37
The SenateThe Senate
300 member council of patricians that made laws and served Rome.
Most powerful part of The Republic.
© 2010, TESCC
38
The PlebeiansThe Plebeians
The common people (common farmers, artisans, merchants)Had no say in governementAllowed to take part in the assembly, but had less power than the Senate.Twelve Tables- 451 BCE
Plebeians have Roman laws written.Gives common people some protection against unfair patrician decisions.
© 2010, TESCC
39
The Roman ArmyThe Roman Army
Superior due to its discipline and organization.Used a tight battle formation used by Greek foot soldiers.
Opponents used mob warfare.
Legion- basic army unit.
© 2010, TESCC
40
Roman AlliancesRoman Alliances
How did Rome maintain its alliances with former enemies?
1. Granted Roman citizenship to allies.2. Allowed allies to keep local
government.3. Gave protection and maintained order
in Italy.
© 2010, TESCC
41
The Punic WarsThe Punic Wars
264-202 BCE- Series of wars between Rome and Carthage
Carthage- North African city founded by Phoenicians.
First Punic WarRome- superior armyCarthage- superior navyRome gains Sicily- makes it a province (territory outside of Italy)
Second Punic WarHannibal invades Italy.
© 2010, TESCC
42
HannibalHannibalCarthaginian generalInvades Italy from the north via the Alps with elephants.Battle of Cannae
Hannibal pulls back from Rome.Romans believe he is retreating and follow.Hannibal surrounds and defeats.
Scipio- Roman general attacks CarthageHannibal tries to return home.Defeats Hannibal at the Battle of Zama.
© 2010, TESCC
Romans burn it because it represented Hannibal.Survivors sold into slavery.Becomes a Roman province along with Greece and the Mediterranean.
43
Destruction of CarthageDestruction of Carthage
© 2010, TESCC
Hannibal’s invasion destroyed the farms.Newly conquered lands begin to import food into Rome.
Farmer income declines.Latifundia (large estates) created.
44
The Roman Republic in The Roman Republic in CrisisCrisis
© 2010, TESCC
Tiberius GracchusElected to tribune promising aid to the farmers.Called for taking land and distributing it to the landless.
Limit farm size
Gaius GracchusGives grain to the poor.Opened more land to farmers.Secured more rights for the middle class.
45
The Gracchus BrothersThe Gracchus Brothers
© 2010, TESCC
Romans originally stayed united due to their fear of Carthage
No Carthage– nothing to fear
Senate unable to provide effective leadership.
Patricians become more concerned w/ keeping their power and wealth.
Slave revolts !
46
More turmoil…More turmoil…
© 2010, TESCC
47
SpartacusSpartacus
73 BCEProclaims war on Rome in attempt to free the slaves.2 years of successful revoltsEventually killed along with 6000 followers.
© 2010, TESCC
48
The rise of dictatorsThe rise of dictators
Dictator- one person w/ absolute powerMilitary loyalty came from loyalty to Rome.Gaius Marius
Ensures loyalty of troops by promising loot from conquered lands.
Lucius SullaRival to MariusBloody wars over powerDefeats Marius and becomes dictator of Rome.
© 2010, TESCC
49
First triumvirateFirst triumvirate60 BCE- Three army generals unite to rule Rome.
Pompey Crassus Julius Caesar
Caesar becomes consul and commands the Roman legions in Gaul.
Conquers Gaul (France) and England.
Pompey gets support from Senate.Orders Caesar to return home w/out the army.
Caesar invades Rome w/ army and defeats Pompey.
Becomes a “hero of the empire.”
© 2010, TESCC
50
Julius CaesarJulius CaesarReforms Rome1. Reorganized government with him as
dictator.2. Lowered taxes.3. Makes governors responsible to him.4. Grants citizenship to conquered peoples.
March 15, 44 BCE- Caesar assassinatedStabbed in the Senate “Beware the Ides of March.”
© 2010, TESCC
Mark AntonyLepidusOctavianCreated by Mark Antony.
Falls in love w/ Cleopatra, queen of Egypt.
Octavian crushes the combined fleet of Antony and Cleopatra.
51
Second triumvirateSecond triumvirate
© 2010, TESCC
52
OctavianOctavian31 BCE- creates the Roman EmpireAllows Senate to keep some power, but he would retain sole rulership.Changes name to Augustus
“honored and majestic”
Takes title of “Caesar”“first citizen”
© 2010, TESCC
53
The Roman EmpireThe Roman Empire
Augustus gains control of the following:
MilitaryTakes complete control ofGives veterans bonuses of land.
ProvincesSupervised all the governors.
Loyalty to RomeGranted citizenship to more conquered peoples of Europe.
© 2010, TESCC
54
Pax RomanaPax Romana
““The Roman Peace”- 27-180 ADThe Roman Peace”- 27-180 ADPeriod of peace and prosperity.Period of peace and prosperity.
Julio-Claudian dynastyJulio-Claudian dynastyNo real line of succession to the No real line of succession to the throne.throne.
First four emperors after Augustus First four emperors after Augustus that were either related to him or that were either related to him or his wife.his wife.
Not as good as Augustus.Not as good as Augustus.
© 2010, TESCC
55
TiberiusTiberius14-37 ADAugustus’ stepsonPlots and violence become common in Roman politics.
© 2010, TESCC
56
CaligulaCaligula
Cruel and insaneRules for 4 years
Assassinated by his imperial guard.
© 2010, TESCC
57
ClaudiusClaudius
41-54 ADRestores order to the Roman Empire.
© 2010, TESCC
58
NeroNeroClaudius’ stepsonBecomes Emperor at age 17.Becomes bloodthirsty and violent.
Murders own mother for criticizing his mistress.
Rome burns in 64 AD.Nero blames the Christians.
Army rebels against him, and he commits suicide.
© 2010, TESCC
59
VespasianVespasian
The year after Nero’s death, 2 emperors are assassinated and 1 commits suicide.Chosen by military as emperor of Rome.Restores discipline in the army and the administration of the Empire.
Puts down revolts in Judaea and Gaul.
© 2010, TESCC
66 AD- Jews revolt against Rome.Jerusalem captured and Holy Temple is destroyed.Masada- 1000 Jews take refuge in a mountain fortress.
2 year siege- falls to Rome in 73 AD.All the Jews inside commit suicide.
60
Judean revoltJudean revolt
© 2010, TESCC
Vespasian's sons rule for almost 10 years.Senate chooses Nerva as the new emperor in 96 AD.Establishes the adoptive system.
Adopts a son and declares him the heir to the throne.
61
NervaNerva
© 2010, TESCC
62
TrajanTrajan
98-117 ADAdopted son of Nerva.Spanish-bornWise and popular
Eases tax burden.
Empire reaches its greatest size.
© 2010, TESCC
63
HadrianHadrian
117-138 ADDevoted to protecting the Empire, rather than expanding it.Creates Palestine out of Jewish territory.
Encourages non-Jews to live there.
© 2010, TESCC
Last of the adopted emperors.“Good Emperors”
Many border wars with the Germanic tribes.Abandons the adoptive system and chooses his own son as the new emperor.
Commodus- unfit to ruleEnd of the Pax Romana
64
Marcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius
© 2010, TESCC
Empire stretched from Asia Minor to the Danube and Rhine Rivers to Great Britain.Roman governors
Enforced Roman law and settled provincial disputes.
65
The Height of the Roman The Height of the Roman EmpireEmpire
© 2010, TESCC
66
Roman ProsperityNew roads, drained swamps, irrigation systems for the deserts.
Roman CitizenshipBy 212 AD, virtually all free people in the Empire became Roman citizens.
The Height of the Roman The Height of the Roman EmpireEmpire
© 2010, TESCC
The Roman EmpireThe Roman Empire
67