© 2011 pearson education, inc. running water earth, 10e - chapter 16
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Running WaterEarth, 10e - Chapter 16
![Page 2: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hydrologic Cycle
• The hydrologic cycle is a summary of the circulation of Earth’s water supply.
• Processes involved in the hydrologic cycle are:
• Precipitation• Evaporation• Infiltration• Runoff• Transpiration
![Page 3: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hydrologic Cycle
![Page 4: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Sources of Earth’s Water
![Page 5: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Running Water
• Begins as sheet flow• Infiltration capacity is controlled by:– Intensity and duration of rainfall– Prior wetted condition of the soil– Soil texture– Slope of the land–Nature of the vegetative cover
• Sheet flow develops into tiny channels called rills.
![Page 6: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Running Water
• Drainage networks• Land area that contributes water to the
stream is the drainage basin.
• Imaginary line separating one basin from another is called a divide.
![Page 7: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Drainage Basin
![Page 8: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Continental Divide
![Page 9: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Streamflow
• Streamflow• Two types of flow determined primarily by
velocity:– Laminar flow
– Turbulent flow
• Factors that determine velocity– Gradient, or slope
– Channel characteristics, including shape, size, and roughness
![Page 10: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Streamflow• Streamflow
• Factors that determine velocity–Discharge is the volume of water moving past a
given point in a certain amount of time.
• Changes from upstream to downstream• Profile–Cross-sectional view of a stream–Viewed from the head (headwaters or source) to
the mouth of a stream
![Page 11: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
World’s Largest Rivers Ranked by Discharge
![Page 12: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Streamflow
• Changes from upstream to downstream• Profile– Profile is a smooth curve.
–Gradient decreases downstream.
• Factors that increase downstream–Velocity
–Discharge
–Channel size
![Page 13: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Maximum velocity
![Page 14: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Longitudinal Profile of Kings River, California
![Page 15: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Changes in Channel Properties
![Page 16: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Streamflow
• Changes from upstream to downstream• Factors that decrease downstream–Gradient
–Channel roughness
![Page 17: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Work of Running Water
• Stream erosion• Lifting loosely consolidated particles by: –Abrasion
–Dissolution
• Stronger currents lift particles more effectively.
![Page 18: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Work of Running Water• Transport of sediment by streams
• Transported material is called the stream’s load.• Types of load–Dissolved load– Suspended load–Bed load
• Capacity is the maximum load a stream can transport.
![Page 19: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Stream Transport
![Page 20: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Work of Running Water
• Competence • Indicates the maximum particle size a stream
can transport
• Determined by the stream’s velocity
![Page 21: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Work of Running Water
• Deposition of sediment by a stream• Caused by a decrease in velocity–Competence is reduced.
– Sediment begins to drop out.
• Stream sediments–Generally well sorted
– Stream sediments are known as alluvium.
![Page 22: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Work of Running Water
• Deposition of sediment by a stream• Channel deposits–Bars
–Braided streams
–Deltas
• Floodplain deposits–Natural levees form parallel to the stream
channel by successive floods over many years.
![Page 23: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
A Braided River in Alaska
![Page 24: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Work of Running Water
• Deposition of sediment by a stream• Floodplain deposits–Back swamps
–Yazoo tributaries
• Alluvial fans–Develop where a high-gradient stream leaves a
narrow valley
– Slope outward in a broad arc
![Page 25: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Base Levels and Graded Streams• A base level is the lowest point to which a
stream can erode.• Base levels and graded streams• Two general types of base levels:
1. Ultimate (sea level)2. Local or temporary
• Changing conditions causes readjustment of stream activities.
– Raising base level causes deposition.– Lowering base level causes erosion.
![Page 26: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Adjustment of a Base Level to Changing Conditions
![Page 27: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Raising base level causes deposition
![Page 28: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Running Water
• Stream valleys• The most common landforms on Earth’s
surface
• Two general types of stream valleys:1. Narrow valleys
» V-shaped
» Downcutting toward base level
» Features often include rapids and waterfalls.
![Page 29: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
V-Shaped Valley of the Yellowstone River
![Page 30: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Running Water
• Stream valleys• Two general types of stream valleys:
2. Wide valleys
» Stream is near base level.
» Downward erosion is less dominant.
» Stream energy is directed from side to side forming a floodplain.
![Page 31: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Side way erosion
![Page 32: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Running Water
• Incised meanders and stream terraces• Incised meanders–Meanders in steep, narrow valleys
–Caused by a drop in base level or uplift of the region
• Terraces–Remnants of a former floodplain
–River has adjusted to a relative drop in base level by downcutting.
![Page 33: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Depositional Landforms
• Features created by stream deposition• Deltas
• Floodplains–Erosional floodplains
–Depositional floodplains
• Meanders–Cut bank and point bar
–Cutoffs and oxbow lakes
![Page 34: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Formation of a Delta
![Page 35: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Meanders on the White River, Arkansas
![Page 36: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Incised MeandersColorado River, Canyonlands NP, UT
![Page 37: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Oxbow Lakes on the Green River, Wyoming
![Page 38: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Depositional Landforms
• Features created by stream deposition• Natural levees
• Alluvial fans
![Page 39: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Natural Levees
![Page 40: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Alluvial Fan in Death Valley, California
![Page 41: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Running Water
• Drainage pattern• Pattern of the interconnected network of
streams in an area
• Common drainage patterns–Dendritic
–Radial
–Rectangular
–Trellis
![Page 42: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Drainage Patterns
![Page 43: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Drainage Patterns
• Headward erosion and stream piracy• A stream can lengthen its course by either:–Building a delta
–Headward erosion
• Headward erosion may result in stream piracy, which is the diversion of the drainage of one stream into another.
![Page 44: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Floods and Flood Control
• Floods and flood control• Floods are the most common and most
destructive geologic hazard.
• Causes of flooding–Result from naturally occurring and human-
induced factors
![Page 45: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Floods and Flood Control
• Floods and flood control• Types of floods–Regional floods
– Flash floods
– Ice-jam floods
–Dam-failure floods
![Page 46: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Flooding, Salt River, AZ
![Page 47: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Floods and Flood Control
• Floods and flood control• Flood control–Engineering efforts
»Artificial levees
» Flood-control dams
»Channelization
–Nonstructural approach through sound floodplain management
![Page 48: © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Running Water Earth, 10e - Chapter 16](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052603/56649f335503460f94c508ea/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
End of Chapter 16