© 2012 w. h. freeman & co.. skin cancer © 2012 w. h. freeman & co
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
© 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.
![Page 2: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Skin cancer
![Page 3: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
© 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.
![Page 5: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Ozone production
hn
hn
O2
O2O2
O3
O O
Ozone destruction
![Page 6: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ozone production
hn
hn
O2
O2O2
O3
O O
Ozone destruction
![Page 7: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
14a–7
![Page 8: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ozone production
hn
hn
O2
O2O2
O3
O O
Ozone destruction
![Page 9: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ozone production
hn
hn
O2
O2O2
O3
O O
h
hOzone destruction
![Page 10: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
O2 + h O + O 498 kJ/mol
O3 + h O + O2 383 kJ/mol)
![Page 11: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
O2 + h O + O 498 kJ/mol <242.4 nm
O3 + h O + O2 383 kJ/mol <280 nm
![Page 12: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Chapman Mechanism(~1930, Sidney Chapman)
O2 + h O + O 498 kJ/mol <242.4 nm slow
O + O2 + M O3 + M (-106 kJ/mol fast)
O3 + h O + O2 383 kJ/mol <280 nm (fast)
O + O3 2O2
291 kJ/mol slow
O + O + M O2 + M
![Page 13: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ozone production
hn
hn
O2
O2O2
O3
O O
λ ≤ 240 nm
λ ≤ 280 nm
h
hOzone destruction
![Page 14: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
© 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.
![Page 15: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
• Intensity
![Page 16: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Transmittance
Absorbance
![Page 17: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Transmittance
Absorbance
Beer’s Law
![Page 18: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
dP(x)/dx = -κ P(x)
P(x) = exp(-κ x)
![Page 19: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
λ ≥ 280 nm
![Page 20: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
© 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.
![Page 21: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
© 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.
![Page 22: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Mean vertical distribution of the ozone concentration according toobservations at different latitudes. Note the variations in total columnabundance.
![Page 24: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
1 Dobson unit (DU) is:0.01 mm of pure O3 at 1 atm. and 0 oC
NB: what does 300 DU expand to at 10-6 atm?
![Page 31: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Ozone production
hn
hn
O2
O2O2
O3
O O
λ ≤ 240 nm
λ ≤ 280 nm
h
hWRONG EQUILIBRIUM:
Predicts TOO MUCH OZONE
![Page 33: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
X = HOx (H, OH, HOO) NOx (NO, NO2) ClOx (Cl, ClO)
![Page 34: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Catalytic destruction of ozone
© 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.
![Page 35: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Chlorine reservoirs
© 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.
![Page 36: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Chlorine reservoirs
© 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.
![Page 37: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Atomic Cl and Br as X:
Cl can destroy tens of thousands of O3 molecules each, butis mainly in inactive forms (HCl, ClONO2) in stratosphere.
RESERVOIRS:
ClO + NO2 ClONO2
Cl + CH4 HCl + CH3
CH3 does not operate as an X catalyst, since it combineswith O2 to give CO2.
![Page 38: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Recipe for ozone loss:
1. POLAR WINTER Polar vortex Isolates air
2. LOW TEMPERATURE PSC
(=Polar Stratospheric Clouds)(=Nitric acid – HNO3)
3. SURFACE CHEMISTRY Cl2
(+denoxification)4. LIGHT RETUNS
Cl* Catalytic destruction of O3
![Page 41: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
CHAPTER 02: Figure 2.1
© 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.
![Page 46: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
CHAPTER 02: Figure 2.2
© 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.
![Page 49: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
NASA projections of stratospheric ozone concentrations if chlorofluorocarbons had not been banned.
![Page 50: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Mount manitoba, June 1991
![Page 52: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
CHAPTER 02: Figure 2.10
© 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.
![Page 55: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Prefix Meaning Atoms in the Molecule
CFC chlorofluorocarbon Cl, F, C
HCFC hydrochlorofluorocarbon H, Cl, F, C
HBFC hydrobromofluorocarbon H, Br, F, C
HFC hydrofluorocarbon H, F, C
HC hydrocarbon H, C
PFC perfluorocarbon F, C
Halon N/ABr, Cl (in some but not all), F, H (in some but not all), C
![Page 56: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
![Page 59: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
© 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.
![Page 60: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
© 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.
![Page 61: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
![Page 62: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
© 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.
![Page 66: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co.. Skin cancer © 2012 W. H. Freeman & Co](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062305/56649f0c5503460f94c1f8ef/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)