© 2014 pearson education, inc. figure 8-1 photosynthesis provides the energy released during...
TRANSCRIPT
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-1 Photosynthesis provides the energy released during glycolysis and cellular respiration
photosynthesis
energy from sunlight
cellularrespiration
CO2
glycolysis
6 H2O6 O2C6H12O66
ATP
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-1 Photosynthesis provides the energy released during glycolysis and cellular respiration
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-2 A summary of glucose breakdown
(cytosol)
glycolysis
2 CO2
cellularrespiration
ATP
ATP
1 glucose
2 pyruvate
2 lactate
fermentation
2 ethanolIf no O2 is available If O2 is available
CO26 H2O6
O2
mitochondrion
6
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-2 A summary of glucose breakdown
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-3 The essentials of glycolysis
ATP
1 glucose
2 ADP2
1 fructose bisphosphate
ATP
2 G3P
4ADP4
2 pyruvateNADH2NAD2
Energy investment stage Energy harvesting stage
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-3 The essentials of glycolysis
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-3 The essentials of glycolysis Slide 1
1 glucose 1 fructose bisphosphate
Energy investment stage
2 ATP ADP2
Energy harvesting stage
4 ATPADP4
2 G3P 2 pyruvate2 NADHNAD+2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-3 The essentials of glycolysis Slide 2
1 glucose 1 fructose bisphosphate
Energy investment stage
2 ATP ADP2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-3 The essentials of glycolysis Slide 3
1 glucose 1 fructose bisphosphate
Energy investment stage
2 ATP ADP2
Energy harvesting stage
4 ATPADP4
2 G3P 2 pyruvate2 NADHNAD+2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-4 A mitochondrion
matrix
inner membrane
outer membrane
intermembrane space
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-4 A mitochondrion
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-5 Reactions in the mitochondrial matrix
Formation ofacetyl CoA
coenzyme Acoenzyme A
pyruvateacetyl CoA
NADHNAD
Krebscycle
NADH
NAD
3
3
FADH2
FAD
ADP
ATP
CO2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-5 Reactions in the mitochondrial matrix
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-7 The energy sources and ATP harvest from glycolysis and cellular respiration
1 glucose
Krebscycle
CO2
(matrix)
NADH
FADH2
ATP
(cytosol)
22 glycolysis
2 pyruvate
NADH2
ATP2
ATP32
2
2 acetyl CoA
NADH6
CO24
mitochondrion
O2H2O
electron transport chain
Total: 36 ATP
CoA
2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 8-7 The energy sources and ATP harvest from glycolysis and cellular respiration
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure E8-1 Glycolysis
glucose
NADH
NAD
2 Pi
Energy investment stage
ATP
ADP
glucose-6-phosphate
fructose-6-phosphate
ATP
ADP
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
Energy harvesting stage
ATP
ADP
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
2
2
2
2
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
ATP
ADP2
2
3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoenolpyruvate
pyruvate
A phosphate group is added to glucose from ATP,making it less stable and more easily broken down.
A second phosphate is added from a second ATP, forming fructose-1,6-bisphosphare. This stepproduces a symmetrical molecule that will be splitto form two substrate molecules for the remaining steps in glycolysis
The molecule is slightly rearranged, formingfructose-6-phosphate. [Numbers in the names ofmolecules refer to the carbon to which the functionalgroup (such as phosphate) is attached (left to right).]
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split into two,three-carbon molecules, each with one phosphate.Two molecules, of G3P emerge from this step, andboth continue through the pathway.
The remaining phosphate group is relocatedfrom the third carbon to the second carbon, andfurther rearrangement produces2-phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
Each 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate donates aphosphate group and energy to ADP, forming ATPand producing 3-phosphoglycerate. This stepproduces a total of two molecules of ATP.
Each G3P donates two electrons and a hydrogenion to NAD, forming the energized electron carrierNADH. An inorganic phosphate (from the cytosol) isattached to each G3P with a high-energy bond,forming 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. This step producesa total of two molecules of NADH.
Each PEP donates a phosphate group andenergy to ADP, forming ATP and converting PEP topyruvate. This step produces a total of twomolecules of ATP.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure E8-2 The mitochondrial matrix reactions
pyruvate
Glycolysis
NADH
NAD
CO2
Krebscycle
FADH2
H2O
CoA
CoA
Formation ofacetyl CoA
acetyl CoA
NADH
NAD
citrate
oxaloacetate
NADH
NAD
H2OCO2
malate
isocitrate
NADH
NAD
CO2
fumarate
succinate
-ketoglutarate
FAD ATP
ADP
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure E8-2 The mitochondrial matrix reactions
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 1
NAD+
Glycolysis
pyruvate
NADH
CoA
CO2
Formation ofacetyl CoA
acetyl CoA
CoAH2O
oxaloacetate
citrate
NAD+
NADH Krebscycle
isocitrate
malate NAD+
NADH
CO2
H2O
fumarate
-ketoglutarate
NAD+
NADH
CO2
ADP
ATP
succinateFAD
FADH2
Figure E8-2 The mitochondrial matrix reactions