unstats.un.org · 2015. 9. 2. · contents page i. introduction a. background

NOTE

Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. The first 14 editions of this publication were issued without series symbols. ST/ESA/STAT/SER.X/42

UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION

Sales No.E.10.XVII.5

ISBN-10: 92-1-161536-4 ISBN-13: 978-92-1-161536-4

Enquiries should be directed to:

SALES SECTION UNITED NATIONS

NEW YORK, NY 10017 E-mail: [email protected]

Internet: htpp://www.un.org/Pubs

Copyright © United Nations, 2009 All rights reserved

The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities.

CONTENTS

Page I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background................................................................................................................................................................................... vi B. System of National Accounts..................................................................................................................................................... vi

C. Scope of publication .................................................................................................................................................................... vi

D. Collection of data ......................................................................................................................................................................... vii

E. Comparability of the national estimates................................................................................................................................... vii

F. Nomenclature ................................................................................................................................................................................ vii

G. Country coverage......................................................................................................................................................................... viii

H. Country groupings........................................................................................................................................................................ viii

I. Revisions ....................................................................................................................................................................................... ix

J. Symbols and data display ........................................................................................................................................................... ix

K. General information..................................................................................................................................................................... x

II. ESTIMATION METHODS

A. Background................................................................................................................................................................................... xi B. Data sources for estimation in national currency.................................................................................................................... xi

C. Backcasting of official data........................................................................................................................................................ xii

D. Estimation based on sources other than official data............................................................................................................. xii

E. Conversion to United States Dollars ......................................................................................................................................... xiii

F. Conversion to 1990 prices .......................................................................................................................................................... xiv

G. Economic and regional aggregates............................................................................................................................................ xiv

H. Data Quality .................................................................................................................................................................................. xiv

III. ANALYTICAL TABLES

A. ESTIMATES OF MAIN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AGGREGATES AT CURRENT PRICES

Description of analysis in Table 1A and Table 1B................................................................................................................. 3

iv

Table 1.A. Estimates of gross domestic product in United States dollars by major area, region and country ............................................................................................................................................................. 5

Table 1.B. Estimates of per capita gross domestic product in United States dollars by major area, region

and country...................................................................................................................................................... 9 B. PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF MAIN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AGGREGATES AT

CURRENT PRICES: INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES OR AREAS

Description of analysis in Tables 2 and 3 ................................................................................................................................ 15

Table 2. Gross domestic product by type of expenditure........................................................................................ 17

Table 3. Gross value added by kind of economic activity...................................................................................... 70 C. GROWTH RATES OF MAIN NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AGGREGATES AT CONSTANT PRICES

OF 1990

Description of analysis in Tables 4, 5 and 6............................................................................................................................ 127

Table 4. Average rate of growth of gross domestic product by ma jor area, region and country..................... 129

Table 5.A. Average rate of growth of gross domestic product by type of expenditure -Household final consumption expenditure ............................................................................................................................. 133

Table 5.B. Average rate of growth of gross domestic product by type of expenditure - General

government final consumption expenditure .............................................................................................. 138

Table 5.C. Average rate of growth of gross domestic product by type of expenditure - Gross fixed capital formation ............................................................................................................................................ 143

Table 5.D. Average rate of growth of gross domestic product by type of expenditure - Exports of goods

and services..................................................................................................................................................... 148

Table 5.E. Average rate of growth of gross domestic product by type of expenditure - Imports of goods and services..................................................................................................................................................... 153

Table 6.A. Average rate of growth of gross domestic product by kind of economic activity - Agriculture,

hunting, forestry and fishing........................................................................................................................ 158 Table 6.B. Average rate of growth of gross domestic product by kind of economic activity - Mining,

manufacturing and utilities ........................................................................................................................... 163

Table 6.C. Average rate of growth of gross domestic product by kind of economic activity - Manufacturing................................................................................................................................................. 169

Table 6.D. Average rate of growth of gross domestic product by kind of economic activity -

Construction.................................................................................................................................................... 176

Table 6.E. Average rate of growth of gross domestic product by kind of economic activity - Wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotels........................................................................................................ 181

Table 6.F. Average rate of growth of gross domestic product by kind of economic activity - Transport,

storage and communication.......................................................................................................................... 187

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Table 6.G. Average rate of growth of gross domestic product by kind of economic activity - Other activities ........................................................................................................................................................... 192

D. IMPLICIT PRICE DEFLATORS OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT: INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES

OR AREAS (INDEX NUMBERS 1990=100)

Description of analysis in Table 7 ............................................................................................................................................. 199

Table 7. Implicit price deflators of gross domestic product in United States dollars and in national currency ........................................................................................................................................................... 201

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I. INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND 1. This is the thirty-ninth issue of National Accounts Statistics: Analysis of Main Aggregates1,2 presenting a series of analytical national accounts tables for more than 200 countries and areas of the world. Like the previous issues, it has been prepared by the Statistics Division of the Department for Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat with the generous co-operation of national statistical offices. It is issued in accordance with the recommendation of the Statistical Commission at its first session3 that the Statistics Division should publish regularly the most recent available data on national accounts for as many countries and areas as possible. 2. This publication presents , in the form of analytical tables, a summary of the principal national accounts aggregates. These aggregates, based on official national account data, are supplemented with estimates prepared by the Statistics Division. 3. The National Accounts Statistics: Analysis of Main Aggregates publication is published as the second part of the series of publications on national account data by the Statistics Division. The first part of this series is the National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables4,5, which shows detailed national accounts statistics provided to the United Nations as official data. Prior to 1982, detailed national accounts statistics and analytical national accounts tables were published as two volumes of a single publication, the Yearbook of National Accounts Statistics. B. SYSTEM OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS 4. This publication is the tenth issue based on the United Nations National Accounts Questionnaire (NAQ) introduced in October 1999, which in turn is based on the System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA)6.

5. The 1993 SNA was unanimously recommended to the United Nations Economic and Social Council by its Statistical Commission at its 24th session in March 1993. Similar to the recommendation made in 1968 for its predecessor, A System of National Accounts (1968 SNA)7, the Council in its resolution 1993/5 of 12 July 1993 recommends that Member States use the 1993 SNA in the international reporting of comparable national accounts data. However, it should be highlighted that the Council went a few steps further in 1993 and also recommends that Member States consider using the 1993 SNA: (a) as the standard for the compilation of their national accounts

statistics, (b) to promote the integration of economic and related statistics, and (c) as an analytical tool. In 2003 the Statistical Commission called for an update of the 1993 SNA. The first 17 Chapters of the updated SNA, comprising the accounting rules, the accounts and tables, and their integration was approved by the Statistical Commission in 2008; Chapters 18 to 29, comprising the interpretations and extensions of the accounts and tables of the System, was approved by the Statistical Commission in 2009. The updated SNA, called the System of National Accounts 2008 (2008 SNA)8 was finalised in September 2009. It is expected that countries would start compiling national accounts data according to the 2008 SNA by 2010. 6. The national accounts estimates provided in this publication are compiled according to either the 1993 SNA or the 1968 SNA. Specifically, 132 countries, representing an estimated 95.5 per cent of the total world gross national income (GNI) in 2008 and 86 per cent of the world population, had implemented the 1993 SNA. 7. The form and concepts of the statistical tables in the present publication generally conform to the recommendations by the 1993 SNA. C. SCOPE OF PUBLICATION 8. The tables of the publication include analysis of data on gross domestic product (GDP) by different structural components. The types of analysis presented are classified into four major categories listed below: I: Analysis of the level of total and per capita GDP Table 1.A Estimates of gross domestic product in United States dollars by major area, region and country Table 1.B Estimates of per capita gross domestic product in United States dollars by major area, region and country II: Analysis of the percentage shares of GDP by type of expenditure and gross value added by kind of economic activity Table 2 Gross domestic product by type of expenditure Table 3 Gross value added by kind of economic activity III: Analysis of economic development expressed in terms of real growth of GDP and its components by type of expenditure and gross value added by kind of economic activity Table 4 Average rate of growth of gross domestic product by major area, region and country Table 5.A – 5.E Average rate of growth of components of gross domestic product by type of expenditure

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Table 6.A – 6.G Average rate of growth of value added by kind of economic activity IV: Analysis of price development reflected by implicit price deflators of GDP Table 7 Implicit price deflators of gross domestic product 9. The analytical tables presented in this publication are based on a homogeneous data series for each country. These data series are based on official data and estimations that have been applied to produce a consistent time series for each country. The design of these data tables facilitates cross-table analysis, as well as, analysis and comparisons of multiple countries or regions. 10. The data provided in this publication, as well as additional analytical data, are available on the web at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama or http://data.un.org. D. COLLECTION OF DATA 11. To collect national accounts data, the Statistics Division annually sends the United Nations National Accounts Questionnaire (UN-NAQ) to countries and areas . The countries are requested to provide the latest available national accounts estimates and to indicate where the scope and coverage of the country estimates differ for conceptual or statistical reasons from the definitions and classifications recommended by the 1993 SNA. Data obtained from these replies are supplemented by information gathered from correspondence with national statistical offices and from national source publications. Countries are also requested to provide a brief overview of the sources and methods to compile their national accounts. 12. In order to lighten the reporting burden of countries, UNSD obtains data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) on behalf of their constituents. E. COMPARABILITY OF THE NATIONAL ESTIMATES 13. Every effort has been made to present the estimates of the various countries or areas in a form designed to facilitate international comparability. To this end, important differences in concept, scope, coverage and classification have been described in the footnotes for individual countries. Such differences should be taken into account to avoid misleading comparisons. 14. Data contained in the tables relate to the calendar year for which they are shown, except in the following cases:

A: Year beginning 1 July, t; ending 30 June, t+1 Australia, Bhutan, Gambia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Puerto Rico and Saudi Arabia B: Year beginning 1 April, t; ending 31 March, t+1 Bermuda, India, Myanmar and New Zealand C: Year beginning 21 March, t; ending 20 March, t+1 Afghanistan and Iran D: Year beginning 1 July, t-1; ending 30 June, t Bangladesh, Botswana, Egypt, Swaziland and Tonga E: Year beginning 8 July, t-1; ending 7 July, t Ethiopia F: Year beginning 16 July, t-1; ending 15 July, t Nepal G: Year beginning 1 October, t-1; ending 30 September, t Haiti, Micronesia (Federated States of), Marshall Islands F. NOMENCLATURE 15. The information for the countries and areas shown in this publication reflect what is provided to the Statistics Division as of September 2009. 16. Designations, which have changed in recent years, are as follows: Hong Kong SAR of China - Pursuant to a Joint Declaration signed on 19 December 1994, the United Kingdom restored Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China with effect from 1 July 1997; the People's Republic of China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over the territory on that date. Macao SAR of China - Pursuant to a Joint Declaration signed on 13 April 1987, Portugal restored Macao to the People's Republic of China with effect from 20 December 1999; the People's Republic of China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over the territory on that date. Zaire - All data for the former Zaire are shown under the country name of Democratic Republic of the Congo. Czech Republic, Slovakia - Data for Czech Republic and Slovakia are shown separately under the appropriate country name. For period prior to 1 January 1993, data for the former Czechoslovakia are shown under the country name Czechoslovakia (Former). Yugoslavia (Former) - Following the adoption and the promulgation of the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro by the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 4 February 2003, the name of the State of

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the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was changed to Serbia and Montenegro. All data for former Yugoslavia prior to 1 January 1992 refer to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia that was then composed of six republics. After that date, when available, data for the republics, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia are shown separately. On 3 June 2006, Serbia and Montenegro formally dissolved into Montenegro and Serbia which are now shown separately from 1990 onwards. Kosovo, formally part of Serbia, is compiling its own National Accounts Statistics and included as a separate territory in this issue, starting with 1990. USSR (Former) - In 1991, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics formally dissolved into fifteen independent republics (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan). When available, data are shown for the individual republics. All data for the former USSR are shown under the country name USSR (Former). Germany - On October 1990, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic united to form one sovereign State under the designation Germany. Yemen - In May 1990, Yemen and Democratic Yemen united to form a single State. Since that date they have been represented as one country with the name "Yemen". Ethiopia, Eritrea – In 1993 Eritrea separated from Ethiopia to form a new state. Ethiopia refers to Ethiopia excluding Eritrea while Ethiopia (Former) refers to Ethiopia including Eritrea. G. COUNTRY COVERAGE 17. The 1993 SNA defines economic territory as the relevant geographical area to which the concept of residence is applied. The 1993 SNA also indicates that the economic territory and geographical territory can be different. Within the analytical tables, the economic territory is usually consistent with the geographic territory; the exceptions include: France - Includes French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion. Cyprus - Excludes Northern Cyprus. Serbia - Excludes Kosovo and Metohija from 1990 onward. United Republic of Tanzania - Excludes Zanzibar. Morocco - Includes Western Sahara.

Indonesia - Excludes East Timor from 1999 onward. China - Includes Main Land China; excludes Hong-Kong and Macao. China is published in this yearbook in three sections: China; Hong Kong SAR of China; and Macao SAR of China. H. COUNTRY GROUPINGS 18. There are two types of country groupings (or aggregates) presented in the tables: economic groupings and regional groupings. The tables of GDP and growth rates of GDP (Tables 1, 4, 5 and 6) include aggregations of data by economic and regional groupings as well as individual country data. Countries are presented alphabetically by region. The tables of percentage share of components of GDP and gross value added and the implicit price deflators (Tables 2, 3 and 7) only include individual country data presented alphabetically by region. 19. Standard country and area designations, as well as a basic classification of economic and regional groupings are posted on the United Nations website, http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.aspx?Content=Data/RegionalGroupings.htm. The designations employed and the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The designation "developed" and "developing" groupings are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgment about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. 20. A description of the economic and regional classifications employed in this publication is listed below: WORLD Total of developed, developing and transition economies.

DEVELOPED ECONOMIES Northern America, Europe (excluding Transition Economies in Europe), Japan, Australia and New Zealand

DEVELOPING ECONOMIES Africa, Americas excluding Northern America, Caribbean, Central America, South America, Asia excluding Japan and Transition Economies in Asia, and Oceania excluding Australia and New Zealand.

TRANSITION ECONOMIES Commonwealth of Independent Countries Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan

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Other Europe Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION

AFRICA – comprised of Eastern Africa, Middle Africa, Northern Africa, Southern Africa and Western Africa Eastern Africa – Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea*, Ethiopia*, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania (mainland), Zambia, Zanzibar, Zimbabwe Middle Africa – Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe Northern Africa – Algeria, Egypt, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia Southern Africa – Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland Western Africa – Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo

AMERICAS – comprised of Caribbean, Central America, South America and Northern America

Caribbean – Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands Central America – Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama South America – Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) Northern America – Bermuda, Canada, Greenland and United States of America

ASIA – comprised of Eastern Asia, South-central Asia, South-eastern Asia and Western Asia

Eastern Asia – China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China, Macao Special Administrative Region of China, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Republic of Korea South-central Asia – Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of) Kazakhstan*,

Kyrgyzstan*, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan*, Turkmenistan*, Uzbekistan* South-eastern Asia – Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Vietnam Western Asia – Armenia*, Azerbaijan*, Bahrain, Cyprus, Georgia*, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Occupied Palestinian Territories, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen*

EUROPE – comprised of Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Southern Europe and Western Europe

Eastern Europe – Belarus*, Bulgaria, Czech Republic*, Hungary, Poland, Republic of Moldova*, Romania, Russian Federation*, Slovakia*, Ukraine* Northern Europe – Denmark, Estonia*, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia*, Lithuania*, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Southern Europe – Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina*, Croatia*, Greece, Italy, Kosovo*, Malta, Montenegro*, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia*, Slovenia, Spain, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia* Western Europe – Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands and Switzerland

OCEANIA – comprised of Australia and New Zealand, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia

Australia and New Zealand – Australia, New Zealand Melanesia – Fiji, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu Micronesia – Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, Palau Polynesia – Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Samoa, Tonga, Tuvalu I. REVISIONS 21. The figures shown are the most recent estimates and revisions available at the time of compilation. In general, figures for the most recent year are to be regarded as provisional. J. SYMBOLS AND DATA DISPLAY 22. The following symbols have been employed:

Data not available … Category not available .. Data in units (u)

Data in thousands (t)

* since 1990

x

23. The sum of the components in the tables do not necessarily add up to totals shown because of rounding.

K. GENERAL INFORMATION 24. For further information visit the Statistics Division website at http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama. Queries regarding the AMA database or this publication can be sent to [email protected].

xi

II. ESTIMATION METHODS A. BACKGROUND 1. This section outlines the methodology employed to obtain a complete data series for each country, as well as for computing growth rates, indices and the economic and regional aggregates. 2. A basic description of the methodology related to the compilation of official national accounts data is provided in National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables. For full details on the 1968, 1993 or 2008 SNA, see A System of National Accounts (1968 SNA), System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA) and System of National Accounts 2008 (2008 SNA). 3. The System of National Accounts (SNA) consists of a coherent, consistent and integrated set of macroeconomic accounts; balance sheets and tables based on a set of internationally agreed concepts, definitions, classifications and accounting rules. It provides a comprehensive accounting framework within which economic data can be compiled and presented in a format that is designed for purposes of economic analysis, decision-taking and policy-making. The accounts themselves present in a condensed way a great mass of detailed information, organized according to economic principles and perceptions, about the working of an economy. They provide a comprehensive and detailed record of the complex economic activities taking place within an economy and of the interaction between the different economic agents, and groups of agents that takes place on markets or elsewhere. In practice the accounts are compiled for a succession of time periods, thus providing a continuing flow of information that is indispensable for the monitoring, analysis and evaluation of the performance of an economy over time. The SNA provides information not only about economic activities, but also about the levels of an economy's productive assets and the wealth of its inhabitants at particular points of time. Finally, the SNA includes an external account that displays the links between an economy and the rest of the world. B. DATA SOURCES FOR ESTIMATION IN NATIONAL CURRENCY 4. Official data, as reported by countries to the United Nations via the Statistics Division’s annual UN-NAQ, are published in the National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables publication.

5. For many countries a full set of official data is not available, thus estimation procedures are employed to obtain estimates for the entire time series. When full data is not available, a hierarchy of other data sources is used to gather information on the national accounts of a country. The data gathered are then either used directly or estimation procedures are applied to obtain the basic statistics presented in this publication. B.1 HEIRARCHY OF DATA SOURCES 6. If official data are not available, the selection of data sources is based on following hierarchy:

1) Official publications and websites of national statistical offices, central banks or relevant government ministries;

2) Official statistics disseminated by the

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) for OECD members;

3) Information provided by Permanent Missions to

the United Nations; 4) Data reported by the statistical offices of other

countries;

5) Economic surveys and estimates prepared by United Nations’ Regional Economic Commissions (i.e. UNECE, ECLAC, ESCAP, UNECA and ESCWA);

6) Publications of international organizations with a

strong focus on statistical data collection (including regional development banks), the most common sources used are: Eurostat, European Central Bank, South Pacific Community, Asian Development Bank, CARICOM, Afristat, Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States, Union Economique Monetaire Ouest Africain (UEMOA), Banque des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale (BEAC), Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB), African Development Bank, Caribbean Development Bank, ASEAN, Arab Monetary Fund, OECD for non-member countries;

7) Estimates and indicators from other international

organizations. The most common sources used are: the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank;

xii

8) Publications or websites of specialized groups, the most common sources used are: the Gulf Cooperation Council, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Committee of Central Bank Governors in SADC; the Islamic Development Bank, and the Statistical Training Centre for Islamic Countries;

9) Economic data from commercial providers and

other sources, the most common sources used are: the Economic Intelligence Unit and the United States Central Intelligence Agency;

10) Information from neighbouring countries where

no alternative source is available (Switzerland for Liechtenstein; France for Monaco; Italy for San Marino; Spain for Andorra; and some Pacific Islands for other Pacific Islands);

11) Documented estimates from other branches of the

Statistics Division;

12) Undocumented estimates from other branches of the Statistics Division (if no other source is available).

C. BACKCASTING OF OFFICIAL DATA 7. From time to time countries are providing revised data without providing a full historical time series. In these cases the data series are backcasted to derive a single, consistent time series. 8. Official data are often reported as multiple sets of time series versions. Each time series version represents a unique methodology used to compile the national accounts data (for example, a difference between two time series versions could reflect a change in currency, a switch from 1968 SNA to 1993 SNA, redistribution of FISIM, a change in the office responsible for compiling national accounts, etc.). These time series versions may not be comparable, especially when a country has shifted from the 1968 SNA to 1993 SNA. 9. When a single time series version does not exist for the entire period (1970 to t-1), then estimation procedures are used to backcast the most recently reported time series version. Backcasting is only performed when time series overlap for at least one year. The overlapping year is used to create a ratio; this ratio is then applied backwards to the previous time series version. Note that if there is a change of fiscal year between two official data time series, the older series are converted to the fiscal year type of the most recent time series prior to backcasting.

10. The same backcasting methods are applied when constant price time series versions include multiple base years or when constant price time series versions are reported as constant prices of the previous year (CPPY). CPPY data are backcasted by using the officially reported current price data and the officially reported constant price data. The data are backcasted into a single series with a fixed base year. D. ESTIMATION BASED ON SOURCES OTHER THAN OFFICIAL DATA 11. The methods involved in preparing data estimates using sources other than official data include trend extrapolation, using appropriate indices for inflating or deflating relevant data series, and share distribution of GDP. A hierarchical assessment is followed to determine which method should be used. Effort is made to keep data estimation methods consistent from year to year. D.1 TREND EXTRAPOLATION

12. Trend extrapolation is the most frequent method used for estimating data. The trend from an alternative data source is applied to official data or other estimates by applying the growth rate forward or backward (data sources are used according to the hierarchy described in section B). 13. Trend ext rapolation can also be used to form a bridge between two official data series for the purpose of backcasting. This is done when an overlapping year does not exist between two official data time series versions. The alternative source is used to create a time series version that includes an overlapping year with a second official data time series version. The backcasting procedures are then followed using this overlapping year. 14. In some cases there is no source available for some of the years in the estimation period. In these cases the average trend of the five years preceding or following a data item is used to extrapolate a value for a specific year. If there is missing data for the components of GDP for a period of time in the middle of the time series, then half of the missing years are calculated using the preceding five years and the other half are calculated using the following five years (when the gap covers an odd number of years then the middle year is calculated as the average of the preceding and following five years). D.2 PRICE INDICES

15. In cases when either data at current prices or constant prices are missing, an appropriate price index may be used to deflate or inflate the relevant data to obtain the missing data. This method is applied only when

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other reliable data sources are not available. Under this method, GDP is deflated or inflated based on a price index and the components of GDP are calculated using the share to GDP. D.3 SHARE DISTRIBUTION OF GDP 16. Another method for filling in data gaps is to apply the share distribution of GDP. Candidates for this method are countries where official GDP data exist, but data for some or all components are missing. This method requires a secondary data source for GDP and a breakdown of components. If the information is comparable , the share distribution of GDP from the secondary source is applied to the official GDP data. If official GDP values are the same as the GDP values from the secondary source, the values from the secondary source are used. 17. If a secondary source is not available, but some of the years of available data include a breakdown by component, then the average share of the preceding or following five-year period is used to estimate missing data. If there are missing data for the components of GDP for a period of time in the middle of the time series, then half of the missing years are calculated using the preceding five years and the other half are calculated using the following five years (when the gap covers an odd number of years then the middle year is calculated as the average of the preceding and following five years). E. CONVERSION TO UNITED STATES DOLLARS 23. GDP and per capita GDP data are converted to US dollars using appropriate exchange rates. As a rule, market exchange rates (MERs) obtained from the International Monetary Fund publication, International Financial Statistics are used. These are averages of the market rates communicated to the International Monetary Fund by the monetary authority of each member country or end-of-month quotations in the market of the country. MERs generally consist of three types of rates: a) market rates, determined largely by market forces; b) official rates, determined by government authorities; and c) principal rates, for countries maintaining multiple exchange rates arrangements. 24. When MERs from the International Monetary Fund are not available United Nations operational rates of exchange are used (United Nations operational rates were established for accounting purposes and are used in official transactions of the United Nations). These rates are based on official, commercial and/or tourist rates of exchange.

25. When MERs are not available or create distortions in the data, then price-adjusted rates of exchange (PAREs) are used. The results of the data in US dollars are examined to identify countries for which changes in the per capita GDP in US dollars is not consistent with the economic developments in the country as reflected by the relative movements of domestic and international inflation. To identify these countries GDP per capita and MER valuation index (MVI) of GDP are evaluated. 26. GDP per capita is evaluated using a numerical analysis and visual assessment of graphs. Countries with an annual growth factor of per capita GDP in US dollars more than 50 per cent or less than 33 per cent of the growth factor of World per capita GDP are considered for further analysis of their MER. Graphs of the per capita GDP over time, for each country, are evaluated. The graphs are used to ensure that the numerical analysis has not failed to detect a country for which the employment of the PARE may be needed and to better understand the situation of the PARE candidates identified using the numerical analysis. 27. The MVI is calculated for each country based on the following formula:

Assume, r = growth rate of per capita GDP in US$ PUS = price changes in the US E(Y2)

= expected per capita GDP (in US$) Y1 = per capita GDP in period 1

Then,

( ) 12 YPrYE US ××= and

( )22 YEYMVI = The MER of countries with an MVI above 1.2 or below 0.8 of World MVI are considered for adjustment. Graphs of the MER valuation index (MVI) are also evaluated to identify candidates for MER replacement. 28. Once possible candidates for adjustment have been identified, each case is carefully considered taking into account the economic situation in each country during the identified period. 29. PARE rates are calculated by applying GDP deflator in National Currency Unit (adjusted for US dollar price changes) to the year closest to the year in question with a realistic GDP per capita US dollars figure (for example, the year after an economic crisis ended). The PARE rate is calculated using the following formula:

xiv

Assume,

xi = exchange rate for year i ci = current price data for year i ki = constant price data for year i di = deflator

Then,

t

tt k

cd =

and

=

+

+

+

USnt

nt

USt

t

ntt

dd

dd

xPARE

30. For example: Nicaragua’s GDP per capita 1987 was 11300 US dollars, while it was 549 in 1979 and 663 in 1990. Between 1984 and 1989 the country suffered from hyperinflation while MERs were not allowed to adjust adequately to market prices. Using 1990 as a base and applying the PARE rates backwards to 1980 will result in a smooth downward slope of the GDP per capita series with a more plausible value of 740 for 1987, the year in question. 31. Inter-country comparisons of incomes expressed in US dollars should be done with caution. The comparability over time may be distorted due to fluctuations in exchange rates and domestic inflation movements.

F. CONVERSTION TO 1990 PRICES 32. Once all data have been compiled in national currency, the constant price data are converted to 1990 prices. Constant price data in national currency are then converted to US dollars using the 1990 exchange rates. G. ECONOMIC AND REGIONAL AGGREGATES 33. The economic and regional aggregates are defined as the sum of the data in US dollars for the countries, areas and territories within the economic or regional grouping. The growth rates and implicit price deflators are calculated from the economic and regional aggregates, not as an average of the country-level growth rates or implicit price deflators. H. DATA QUALITY 34. All official data received by the United Nations are checked for errors prior to incorporation in the United Nations official data database. The checking involves ensuring that aggregate indicators are equal to the sum of their components and that indicators which are represented in multiple tables are represented consistently. Footnotes are added to the data when necessary. 35. Similarly, the estimated data in this yearbook are checked for consistency by ensuring that aggregate indicators are equal to the sum of their components and that indicators which are represented in multiple tables are represented consistently. The estimates derived for each year are compared to previous years to ensure that estimates are prepared consistently from year to year. Additionally, the growth rate from year to year is analyzed to identify anomalies in the data.

xv

1 United Nations, 1968-1981, Yearbook of National Accounts Statistics. 14 volumes. New York: United Nations

Publications. 2 United Nations, 1982-2007, National Accounts Statistics: Analysis of Main Aggregates . 25 volumes. New York:

United Nations Publications. 3 United Nations, 1947, Official Records of the Economic and Social Council Supplement No. 6 (E/264), chap. VIII,

para. 42. New York: United Nations Publications. 4 United Nations, 1957-1981, Yearbook of National Accounts Statistics. 25 volumes. New York: United Nations

Publications. 5 United Nations, 1982-2007, National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables. 25 volumes. New

York: United Nations Publications. 6 Commission of the European Communities, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Cooperation

and Development, United Nations, and World Bank 1993, System of National Accounts 1993. New York: United Nations Publications.

7 United Nations, 1968, A System of National Accounts, Studies in Methods, Series F No.2, Rev.3. New York: United

Nations Publications. 8 European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development,

United Nations, and World Bank, 2009, System of National Accounts 2008. New York: United Nations Publications.

III. Analytical Tables

A. Estimates of Main National Accounts Aggregates

at Current Prices

3

Description of Analysis in Table 1A and Table 1B A. Level of total and per capita gross domestic product.

Table 1A and Table 1B present estimates of

total and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) expressed in current US dollars. The tables are intended to facilitate international comparisons of levels of income generated in production. Aggregations of data by economic and regional groupings as well as individual country data presented alphabetically by region are shown in rows. The columns list total and per capita GDP in terms of US dollars for the selected ten years 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2003 through 2008.

Official data and estimates of total and per capita GDP have been converted to US dollars as described in the section II (Estimation methods) of this publication.

For inter-country comparisons over time, it

would be more appropriate to use the growth rate information based on constant price data, presented in Table 4 of the present volume, which are more indicative of inter-country and intra-grouping comparisons of development trends of total GDP.

1970 1980 1990 2000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

World 3 288 450 11 897 621 22 262 124 32 089 338 37 291 961 41 975 038 45 424 395 49 178 037 55 276 671 60 819 579

Developed economies 2 269 612 8 249 147 17 375 013 24 518 363 28 603 453 31 789 108 33 345 483 35 041 213 38 377 405 40 939 756

Developing economies 568 525 2 636 258 4 051 792 7 175 338 8 048 272 9 329 402 10 988 905 12 741 928 15 078 202 17 540 755

Transition economies 450 313 1 012 216 835 319 395 637 640 235 856 529 1 090 007 1 394 897 1 821 064 2 339 068

Africa 86 394 429 657 500 823 595 449 697 990 842 035 979 810 1 117 914 1 290 199 1 522 761

Eastern Africa 16 077 47 290 62 001 68 259 77 091 84 797 96 813 110 736 130 257 156 764Burundi.................................................. 245 951 1 148 709 595 680 796 959 936 1 111Comoros.................................................. 20 124 244 202 324 362 387 403 465 530Djibouti.................................................. 66 301 457 553 628 666 709 770 848 981Eritrea.................................................. ... ... 735 706 870 1 109 1 098 1 211 1 316 1 476Ethiopia.................................................. ... ... 11 320 8 111 8 539 10 035 12 286 15 134 19 200 25 727Ethiopia (Former).................................................. 1 784 4 106 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Kenya.................................................. 2 195 9 165 11 037 12 604 14 905 16 091 18 769 22 479 26 950 30 552Madagascar.................................................. 898 3 265 3 080 3 878 5 474 4 364 5 039 5 515 7 417 9 330Malawi.................................................. 442 1 705 2 414 2 402 2 425 2 625 2 755 3 065 3 470 4 128Mauritius.................................................. 194 1 146 2 588 4 583 5 641 6 386 6 284 6 507 7 522 9 535Mozambique.................................................. 3 047 4 826 2 969 4 310 4 666 5 698 6 579 7 096 8 114 9 840Rwanda.................................................. 238 1 383 2 541 1 749 1 776 1 971 2 390 2 835 3 412 4 457Seychelles.................................................. 22 179 448 751 854 854 917 1 020 1 026 926Somalia.................................................. 341 568 994 2 070 2 100 2 213 2 316 2 532 2 684 2 660Uganda.................................................. 1 380 3 038 4 039 6 341 7 050 8 436 10 040 11 011 13 572 15 829U.R. of Tanzania: Mainland.................................................. 1 906 7 310 5 371 10 186 11 659 12 826 14 142 14 331 16 826 20 745Zanzibar.................................................. ... ... 109 238 276 316 350 407 473 583Zambia.................................................. 1 789 3 885 3 742 3 239 4 305 5 440 7 272 10 886 11 613 14 441Zimbabwe.................................................. 1 511 5 339 8 767 5 628 5 004 4 725 4 687 4 575 4 412 3 912

Middle Africa 7 229 29 043 42 783 35 602 49 608 60 453 72 774 84 239 99 118 123 215Angola.................................................. 2 865 5 415 10 295 9 133 13 956 15 963 19 881 24 331 30 051 34 999Cameroon.................................................. 1 157 8 869 11 846 9 287 13 622 15 775 16 588 17 953 20 619 23 247Central African Republic.................................................. 235 990 1 435 960 1 195 1 307 1 371 1 494 1 721 2 016Chad.................................................. 414 919 1 542 1 385 2 723 4 415 5 873 6 300 7 008 8 354Congo.................................................. 262 1 706 2 799 3 220 3 565 4 342 5 972 7 422 7 810 10 605D.R. of the Congo.................................................. 1 874 6 139 9 187 5 262 5 641 6 591 7 104 8 545 9 648 11 613Equatorial Guinea.................................................. 17 53 133 1 177 2 754 4 775 7 206 8 526 10 703 17 884Gabon.................................................. 368 4 871 5 426 5 100 6 055 7 178 8 666 9 546 11 412 14 320Sao Tome and Principe.................................................. 37 82 120 77 98 107 114 125 145 177

Northern Africa 25 161 145 027 190 879 262 461 268 349 312 934 368 769 425 137 501 434 623 102Algeria.................................................. 5 167 42 348 61 891 54 790 68 017 85 351 103 220 117 288 134 304 170 453Egypt.................................................. 7 587 24 057 39 412 99 601 77 109 82 429 98 323 112 152 137 520 165 546Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.................................................. 4 455 39 860 32 452 38 471 26 236 33 293 45 451 55 077 62 668 90 822Morocco.................................................. 4 421 21 030 28 855 37 022 49 823 56 948 59 524 65 640 75 223 86 591Sudan.................................................. 2 092 8 989 15 956 13 134 22 197 26 637 33 153 43 888 56 101 70 276Tunisia.................................................. 1 439 8 743 12 314 19 444 24 968 28 276 29 097 31 092 35 617 39 415

Southern Africa 18 776 84 945 119 775 144 630 182 348 235 394 263 763 280 088 308 920 301 387Botswana.................................................. 86 993 3 489 5 538 7 915 9 065 9 748 9 913 11 598 11 734Lesotho.................................................. 75 389 552 783 994 1 290 1 376 1 517 1 672 1 616Namibia.................................................. 578 2 314 2 679 3 909 4 931 6 607 7 261 7 979 8 843 8 825South Africa.................................................. 17 907 80 544 112 014 132 878 166 653 216 012 242 790 257 728 283 745 276 446Swaziland.................................................. 130 706 1 042 1 523 1 854 2 421 2 588 2 951 3 062 2 767

Western Africa 19 152 123 352 85 385 84 498 120 593 148 456 177 691 217 714 250 470 318 293Benin.................................................. 298 1 374 1 845 2 359 3 557 4 051 4 358 4 705 5 512 6 643Burkina Faso.................................................. 446 1 913 3 120 2 617 4 325 5 029 5 426 5 771 6 757 7 949Cape Verde.................................................. 64 142 308 539 814 924 1 006 1 202 1 456 1 715Côte d'Ivoire.................................................. 1 501 10 176 11 893 10 682 13 738 15 701 16 354 17 369 19 789 23 406Gambia.................................................. 97 506 710 783 509 527 629 691 823 1 057Ghana.................................................. 2 215 3 253 6 229 4 980 7 628 8 877 10 726 12 729 15 156 16 558Guinea.................................................. 518 1 360 2 818 3 112 3 621 4 014 3 257 3 285 4 039 4 970Guinea-Bissau.................................................. 98 163 233 215 239 270 301 308 357 404Liberia.................................................. 259 765 487 528 404 467 511 671 653 830Mali.................................................. 276 1 423 2 510 2 655 4 222 4 982 5 486 6 123 7 145 8 599Mauritania.................................................. 204 829 1 050 1 075 1 281 1 486 1 743 2 579 2 839 3 271Niger.................................................. 420 2 651 2 593 1 666 2 640 2 897 3 369 3 647 4 247 5 210Nigeria.................................................. 11 122 93 181 42 608 46 386 67 656 87 845 112 248 145 430 165 921 219 192Senegal.................................................. 952 3 254 6 205 4 680 6 860 8 031 8 708 9 358 11 283 13 288Sierra Leone.................................................. 419 1 231 992 926 1 427 1 419 1 487 1 650 1 953 2 324Togo.................................................. 265 1 131 1 785 1 294 1 674 1 935 2 082 2 197 2 541 2 877

Americas 1 297 205 3 852 232 7 570 605 12 688 225 13 787 788 14 936 422 16 284 932 17 663 711 18 981 122 20 017 486

Latin America and the Caribbean 185 573 813 047 1 227 654 2 194 063 2 008 725 2 308 667 2 783 110 3 263 307 3 801 835 4 410 400

Caribbean 17 389 59 196 93 252 162 556 178 469 190 432 216 019 237 579 259 833 279 493

Table 1.A. Estimates of Gross Domestic Product in US Dollars at Current Prices by Major Area, Region and Country

Major area, region and country(Millions of Dollars)

5

1970 1980 1990 2000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008



Anguilla.................................................. 3 9 54 108 118 149 170 214 266 286Antigua and Barbuda.................................................. 28 110 392 664 753 815 868 1 003 1 155 1 217Aruba.................................................. 293 493 828 1 873 2 021 2 225 2 323 2 421 2 563 2 724Bahamas.................................................. 586 1 454 3 166 5 528 5 942 6 032 6 509 6 876 7 234 7 463Barbados.................................................. 191 865 1 720 2 559 2 695 2 832 2 986 3 191 3 409 3 681British Virgin Islands.................................................. 10 28 105 759 743 832 931 1 041 1 134 1 215Cayman Islands.................................................. 22 159 852 1 734 1 924 2 027 2 316 2 442 2 643 2 822Cuba.................................................. 5 693 19 913 28 645 30 566 35 901 38 203 42 644 52 743 58 604 62 705Dominica.................................................. 23 59 167 271 263 285 299 316 336 364Dominican Republic.................................................. 1 832 8 178 9 385 23 655 20 045 21 582 33 542 35 660 41 013 45 523Grenada.................................................. 17 75 221 430 480 469 554 561 608 644Haiti.................................................. 331 1 384 2 614 3 515 2 711 3 511 3 985 4 758 6 441 7 077Jamaica.................................................. 1 586 3 036 4 822 8 949 9 399 10 135 11 152 11 989 12 894 15 084Montserrat.................................................. 6 24 67 35 38 41 43 45 46 49Netherlands Antilles.................................................. 224 943 1 980 2 856 3 020 3 104 3 271 3 438 3 648 3 810Puerto Rico.................................................. 5 647 15 956 32 287 69 208 79 209 82 809 86 157 88 902 93 263 97 466Saint Kitts and Nevis.................................................. 17 48 159 329 362 400 439 488 527 555Saint Lucia.................................................. 30 135 416 708 748 801 879 933 960 1 025St. Vincent and the Grenadines.................................................. 18 59 198 335 382 414 438 490 544 602Trinidad and Tobago.................................................. 822 6 236 5 068 8 154 11 305 13 280 15 935 19 345 21 717 24 205Turks and Caicos Islands.................................................. 10 32 106 319 410 486 579 722 829 976

Central America 49 680 259 754 320 033 706 791 781 366 845 478 939 936 1 051 919 1 139 444 1 218 340Belize.................................................. 25 195 405 832 988 1 055 1 115 1 214 1 277 1 374Costa Rica.................................................. 1 251 6 139 7 254 15 947 17 518 18 595 19 965 22 526 26 267 29 822El Salvador.................................................. 338 1 173 4 801 13 134 15 047 15 798 17 070 18 654 20 373 22 115Guatemala.................................................. 1 697 7 024 6 820 17 196 21 918 23 965 27 211 30 193 34 031 38 977Honduras.................................................. 824 3 061 3 637 7 187 8 234 8 871 9 757 10 918 12 417 14 321Mexico.................................................. 43 426 227 664 288 013 636 731 700 323 758 224 844 138 945 644 1 019 354 1 081 683Nicaragua.................................................. 971 10 444 3 025 4 143 4 406 4 790 5 215 5 634 6 239 6 961Panama.................................................. 1 147 4 054 6 077 11 621 12 933 14 179 15 465 17 137 19 485 23 088

South America 118 504 494 097 814 369 1 324 717 1 048 890 1 272 757 1 627 155 1 973 809 2 402 558 2 912 567Argentina.................................................. 31 358 75 492 141 353 284 346 129 596 153 129 183 196 214 267 262 451 333 322Bolivia.................................................. 1 010 2 696 4 868 8 398 8 082 8 773 9 549 11 452 13 120 16 701Brazil.................................................. 42 323 227 565 478 575 644 729 552 384 663 733 882 044 1 089 398 1 334 121 1 595 498Chile.................................................. 9 289 29 479 33 507 75 197 73 990 95 653 118 250 146 437 163 915 169 573Colombia.................................................. 9 599 44 452 53 606 94 053 91 702 113 774 144 580 162 347 207 786 243 744Ecuador.................................................. 1 762 12 351 11 248 15 934 28 636 32 642 37 187 41 763 45 789 52 572Guyana.................................................. 268 591 396 713 743 788 825 915 1 075 1 178Paraguay.................................................. 525 3 931 4 653 7 095 5 552 6 950 7 473 9 275 12 222 16 101Peru.................................................. 5 866 16 738 29 281 53 336 61 356 69 701 79 389 92 319 107 329 128 933Suriname.................................................. 292 891 615 946 1 274 1 477 1 785 2 136 2 425 2 869Uruguay.................................................. 2 538 10 642 9 239 22 823 12 046 13 686 17 363 20 023 24 254 32 186Venezuela.................................................. 13 675 69 268 47 028 117 148 83 529 112 451 145 514 183 477 228 071 319 889

Northern America 1 111 632 3 039 184 6 342 951 10 494 162 11 779 063 12 627 755 13 501 822 14 400 403 15 179 287 15 607 087

Bermuda.................................................. 260 919 1 997 3 378 3 730 2 980 3 265 3 483 5 855 6 432Canada.................................................. 86 303 268 889 582 735 724 916 865 907 992 230 1 132 754 1 278 682 1 429 710 1 502 198Greenland.................................................. 70 476 1 019 1 068 1 426 1 645 1 703 1 738 2 122 1 740United States.................................................. 1 025 000 2 768 900 5 757 200 9 764 800 10 908 000 11 630 900 12 364 100 13 116 500 13 741 600 14 096 717

Asia 497 837 2 441 990 5 401 118 9 089 344 9 618 016 10 848 178 11 864 386 12 846 684 14 535 658 16 735 241

Central Asia ... ... 52 915 38 439 49 244 64 618 81 673 109 986 141 213 174 569Kazakhstan..................................................... ... 29 659 18 292 30 834 43 152 57 124 81 004 104 850 132 474Kyrgyzstan..................................................... ... 2 608 1 370 1 922 2 212 2 460 2 834 3 803 5 059Tajikistan.................................................. ... ... 2 869 861 1 555 2 076 2 312 2 142 2 265 2 480Turkmenistan..................................................... ... 3 069 4 157 4 779 5 162 6 026 6 929 7 940 8 845Uzbekistan..................................................... ... 14 710 13 759 10 155 12 016 13 751 17 077 22 355 25 712

Eastern Asia 318 554 1 510 868 3 958 762 6 901 778 7 005 181 7 784 672 8 260 459 8 681 900 9 519 040 10 814 142China.................................................. 91 506 306 520 404 494 1 192 836 1 647 918 1 936 502 2 302 719 2 779 871 3 460 288 4 327 024China: Hong Kong SAR.................................................. 3 812 28 818 76 890 169 121 158 572 165 886 177 772 190 003 207 169 215 558China: Macao SAR.................................................. 158 981 3 235 6 102 7 925 10 342 11 603 14 404 18 918 21 798D.P.R. of Korea.................................................. 4 927 9 879 14 702 10 608 11 051 11 168 13 031 13 764 14 375 13 337Japan.................................................. 202 968 1 055 262 3 018 271 4 667 449 4 229 098 4 605 936 4 552 188 4 362 580 4 380 378 4 910 692Mongolia.................................................. 167 572 1 454 1 089 1 448 1 816 2 306 3 188 3 928 5 259Republic of Korea.................................................. 9 278 66 545 274 976 533 385 643 760 721 976 844 866 951 773 1 049 239 929 124

South-Eastern Asia 35 528 196 391 355 451 600 250 723 596 811 152 903 718 1 081 819 1 291 661 1 515 823Brunei Darussalam.................................................. 203 5 587 3 520 6 001 6 557 7 872 9 531 11 470 12 283 14 533Cambodia.................................................. 630 594 1 404 3 667 4 665 5 338 6 293 7 275 8 639 11 193Indonesia.................................................. 9 805 79 636 125 720 165 021 234 772 256 837 285 869 364 599 432 929 510 779Lao People's DR.................................................. 114 322 866 1 653 2 031 2 397 2 739 3 325 4 112 5 326Malaysia.................................................. 3 592 25 429 45 716 93 790 110 202 124 749 137 954 156 409 186 720 221 437Myanmar.................................................. 2 692 5 905 5 179 7 275 10 000 10 254 11 931 13 739 18 443 28 663Philippines.................................................. 6 691 32 450 44 312 75 912 79 634 86 930 98 829 117 566 144 062 168 580Singapore.................................................. 1 896 11 718 36 901 92 717 93 206 109 668 120 953 139 177 166 950 181 939

6

1970 1980 1990 2000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008



Thailand.................................................. 7 129 32 354 85 361 122 725 142 640 161 340 176 352 206 993 246 053 282 158Timor-Leste..................................................... ... 146 316 336 339 350 353 453 569Vietnam.................................................. 2 775 2 396 6 472 31 173 39 553 45 428 52 917 60 914 71 016 90 645

Southern Asia 96 053 337 317 518 861 721 372 909 378 1 061 098 1 235 202 1 391 195 1 730 599 1 927 618Afghanistan.................................................. 1 749 3 642 3 622 2 713 4 786 5 700 6 840 8 166 10 120 12 679Bangladesh.................................................. 6 196 16 729 28 137 45 470 51 690 55 950 57 628 60 309 68 599 78 999Bhutan.................................................. 63 131 279 448 631 713 827 893 1 246 1 327India.................................................. 61 470 184 761 326 796 467 788 591 332 694 981 813 321 911 376 1 142 338 1 253 860Iran (Islamic Republic of).................................................. 9 959 91 301 90 370 102 930 136 646 162 747 194 175 226 531 290 021 346 611Maldives.................................................. 24 54 198 624 692 776 750 915 1 055 1 260Nepal.................................................. 1 128 2 264 4 097 6 210 7 049 8 000 9 165 9 994 12 359 13 406Pakistan.................................................. 13 005 34 163 57 159 78 472 97 669 111 569 128 090 144 732 172 513 178 762Sri Lanka.................................................. 2 460 4 273 8 204 16 717 18 882 20 662 24 406 28 280 32 348 40 713

Western Asia 47 702 397 414 515 129 827 505 930 617 1 126 638 1 383 333 1 581 782 1 853 143 2 303 089Armenia.................................................. ... ... 2 157 1 912 2 807 3 577 4 900 6 384 9 204 11 929Azerbaijan.................................................. ... ... 6 515 5 273 7 276 8 680 13 245 20 982 33 049 46 257Bahrain.................................................. 369 3 292 4 293 8 028 9 747 11 235 13 459 15 852 18 472 21 902Cyprus.................................................. 569 2 230 5 777 9 293 13 303 15 804 16 978 18 410 21 421 24 827Georgia.................................................. ... ... 8 435 3 058 3 991 5 126 6 411 7 745 10 173 12 792Iraq.................................................. 2 328 12 484 17 051 16 775 10 621 16 844 18 159 20 647 21 288 23 709Israel.................................................. 5 981 23 369 56 923 123 680 117 845 125 773 133 203 143 807 163 958 199 497Jordan.................................................. 593 4 013 4 020 8 461 10 196 11 411 12 629 14 839 17 005 21 268Kuwait.................................................. 2 873 28 691 18 471 37 718 47 874 59 437 80 798 101 559 111 712 158 075Lebanon.................................................. 1 489 4 074 2 812 16 679 19 802 21 465 21 558 22 100 24 668 28 504Occupied Palestinian Territory.................................................. 177 1 074 1 936 4 195 3 841 4 198 4 480 4 383 4 942 6 159Oman.................................................. 268 6 256 11 556 19 450 21 543 24 674 30 905 36 804 41 639 52 584Qatar.................................................. 539 7 838 7 360 17 760 23 534 31 734 42 463 56 770 71 041 113 984Saudi Arabia.................................................. 5 014 164 306 116 622 188 442 214 573 250 339 315 583 356 630 383 638 467 601Syrian Arab Republic.................................................. 1 793 13 062 11 152 19 651 20 724 24 473 28 158 32 573 40 205 54 602Turkey.................................................. 24 444 92 477 202 546 266 560 303 008 392 156 482 986 530 917 657 277 741 448United Arab Emirates.................................................. 713 29 626 33 780 70 522 87 611 105 251 139 711 170 081 198 702 286 882Yemen.............................................. ... ... 3 723 10 051 12 321 14 460 17 708 21 298 24 748 31 070Yemen Arab Republic (Former).................................................. 398 3 955 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Yemen Democratic (Former).................................................. 154 668 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Europe 1 355 926 4 977 959 8 424 645 9 251 438 12 545 294 14 570 404 15 425 294 16 633 025 19 367 369 21 372 213

Eastern Europe 505 095 1 125 072 896 714 648 581 1 006 630 1 289 324 1 596 821 1 944 697 2 507 956 3 171 125Belarus.................................................. ... ... 18 833 10 418 17 825 23 142 30 210 36 962 45 276 60 302Bulgaria.................................................. 9 000 18 620 20 726 12 600 19 985 24 648 27 188 31 656 39 551 49 904Czech Republic..................................................... ... 37 037 56 717 91 358 109 525 124 549 142 313 173 958 217 077Czechoslovakia (Former).................................................. 16 632 48 811 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Hungary.................................................. 6 312 25 175 36 743 47 886 84 326 102 076 110 196 113 006 138 757 154 668Poland.................................................. 27 665 57 828 64 550 171 276 216 801 252 769 303 912 341 597 424 598 527 929Republic of Moldova..................................................... ... 3 969 1 288 1 981 2 598 2 988 3 408 4 401 6 047Romania.................................................. 12 075 34 599 38 511 37 025 59 466 75 795 99 173 122 696 169 286 203 317Russian Federation..................................................... ... 569 709 259 718 431 488 591 666 764 568 989 428 1 294 382 1 676 588Slovakia.................................................. ... ... 16 428 20 392 33 267 42 225 47 897 55 877 75 029 94 957Ukraine.................................................. ... ... 90 209 31 262 50 133 64 881 86 142 107 753 142 719 180 335USSR (Former).................................................. 433 412 940 038 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Northern Europe 206 576 888 610 1 723 168 2 303 436 2 982 169 3 494 100 3 672 101 3 950 963 4 569 820 4 603 901Denmark.................................................. 16 591 69 709 135 839 160 081 212 623 244 728 257 676 273 868 310 063 341 247Estonia.................................................. ... ... 5 635 5 627 9 816 11 989 13 790 16 448 20 897 23 204Finland.................................................. 11 240 53 115 139 561 121 796 164 548 188 922 195 332 209 510 245 893 272 698Iceland.................................................. 519 3 331 6 373 8 697 10 968 13 234 16 303 16 646 20 317 16 559Ireland.................................................. 4 266 21 103 47 846 96 596 157 378 184 978 201 671 222 402 260 872 272 049Latvia.................................................. ... ... 8 856 7 833 11 186 13 762 16 042 19 935 28 766 33 782Lithuania.................................................. ... ... 9 916 11 434 18 609 22 548 25 977 30 082 38 886 47 304Norway.................................................. 12 730 63 714 117 624 168 288 225 110 258 579 302 013 336 732 388 475 451 830Sweden.................................................. 35 442 132 166 244 717 245 572 311 038 357 192 366 009 393 154 453 318 478 961United Kingdom.................................................. 125 790 545 472 1 006 803 1 477 512 1 860 893 2 198 167 2 277 289 2 432 185 2 802 332 2 666 266

Southern Europe 186 737 846 059 1 928 695 1 987 718 2 853 189 3 317 071 3 484 542 3 719 993 4 288 256 4 745 149Albania.................................................. 2 347 2 219 2 222 3 640 5 696 7 305 8 159 9 082 10 871 13 119Andorra.................................................. 79 446 1 029 1 134 1 918 2 322 2 540 2 824 3 245 3 712Bosnia and Herzegovina..................................................... ... 7 755 4 527 7 100 10 022 10 763 12 264 15 148 18 389Croatia.................................................. ... ... 29 098 21 345 33 857 40 692 44 437 49 050 58 574 69 333Greece.................................................. 12 639 54 702 94 203 127 088 193 458 230 766 245 790 267 465 312 303 355 874Italy.................................................. 109 260 459 811 1 133 465 1 097 346 1 507 109 1 727 825 1 777 695 1 863 385 2 114 482 2 303 059Kosovo.................................................. ... ... 4 704 1 461 2 827 3 070 3 138 3 293 3 865 4 649Malta.................................................. 251 1 250 2 547 3 893 4 994 5 616 5 959 6 417 7 459 8 253Montenegro..................................................... ... 2 147 982 1 704 2 073 2 257 2 696 3 843 4 820Portugal.................................................. 7 754 31 458 75 278 112 650 156 407 178 960 185 449 195 005 223 338 243 495San Marino.................................................. 54 229 565 774 1 123 1 317 1 375 1 469 1 688 1 900Serbia.................................................. ... ... 32 384 8 728 19 676 23 711 25 300 29 492 40 423 50 946Slovenia.................................................. ... ... 18 092 19 890 29 058 33 724 35 695 38 899 47 179 54 383Spain.................................................. 39 801 225 984 520 938 580 673 883 633 1 044 299 1 130 170 1 232 283 1 437 916 1 604 224

7

1970 1980 1990 2000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008



TFYR of Macedonia..................................................... ... 4 269 3 587 4 630 5 369 5 816 6 371 7 921 8 995Yugoslavia (Former).................................................. 14 554 69 959 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Western Europe 457 517 2 118 219 3 876 068 4 311 703 5 703 307 6 469 909 6 671 830 7 017 373 8 001 338 8 852 039Austria.................................................. 15 261 81 464 164 851 191 200 252 024 289 039 304 001 322 771 370 686 413 500Belgium.................................................. 26 363 125 201 202 689 231 934 310 063 359 625 375 705 399 205 458 390 504 202France.................................................. 146 982 691 157 1 244 424 1 327 961 1 799 942 2 061 413 2 146 533 2 266 137 2 593 146 2 856 529Germany.................................................. 208 867 919 651 1 714 442 1 900 220 2 442 118 2 745 215 2 789 633 2 912 283 3 316 145 3 649 469Liechtenstein.................................................. 90 535 1 422 2 484 3 071 3 454 3 658 3 989 4 381 5 028Luxembourg.................................................. 1 445 5 969 12 670 20 270 29 157 34 171 37 603 42 553 49 835 53 704Monaco.................................................. 293 1 378 2 481 2 648 3 589 4 110 4 280 4 663 5 974 6 919Netherlands.................................................. 35 353 180 777 294 869 385 074 538 292 609 890 638 471 677 332 776 125 870 998Switzerland.................................................. 22 863 112 088 238 220 249 912 325 052 362 992 371 946 388 439 426 655 491 691

Oceania 51 087 195 784 364 933 464 881 642 873 777 999 869 973 916 704 1 102 323 1 171 877

Australia and New Zealand 49 398 188 957 354 443 452 269 626 914 759 542 849 955 895 003 1 077 794 1 143 286Australia.................................................. 42 961 166 090 310 528 399 612 545 654 660 151 738 812 787 418 947 365 1 016 897New Zealand.................................................. 6 437 22 867 43 915 52 657 81 261 99 390 111 144 107 585 130 429 126 388

Melanesia 1 389 5 450 7 500 9 178 11 545 13 489 14 836 16 353 18 554 22 101Fiji.................................................. 218 1 188 1 320 1 684 2 312 2 723 2 939 3 151 3 269 3 599New Caledonia.................................................. 378 1 182 2 529 3 412 4 904 5 884 6 248 6 802 7 994 9 280Papua New Guinea.................................................. 726 2 823 3 286 3 499 3 716 4 177 4 866 5 528 6 199 8 007Solomon Islands.................................................. 32 144 208 338 333 375 414 457 584 656Vanuatu.................................................. 35 113 157 245 280 330 370 415 507 558

Micronesia 65 159 353 509 556 578 608 624 658 685Kiribati.................................................. 14 24 23 46 57 65 65 63 70 78Marshall Islands.................................................. 8 27 79 108 124 131 138 144 156 166Micronesia (FS of).................................................. 19 61 145 217 228 224 232 238 238 238Nauru.................................................. 7 20 29 19 25 25 28 20 23 24Palau.................................................. 16 26 77 120 123 134 145 158 170 180

Polynesia 235 1 217 2 637 2 924 3 858 4 391 4 574 4 725 5 316 5 805Cook Islands.................................................. 9 21 59 81 143 171 184 180 211 215French Polynesia.................................................. 171 1 014 2 322 2 445 3 204 3 614 3 712 3 833 4 279 4 724Samoa.................................................. 40 112 112 231 322 385 435 449 544 534Tonga.................................................. 14 66 135 155 171 197 218 236 252 299Tuvalu.................................................. 1 5 10 12 19 23 25 26 30 32

8

1970 1980 1990 2000 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

World 893 2 683 4 209 5 248 5 871 6 526 6 977 7 462 8 288 9 012

Developed economies 2 875 9 717 19 092 25 471 29 208 32 274 33 664 35 184 38 332 40 685

Developing economies 216 800 995 1 481 1 587 1 813 2 106 2 407 2 809 3 223

Transition economies 1 702 3 496 2 738 1 297 2 114 2 834 3 614 4 631 6 053 7 780

Africa 236 892 785 728 795 937 1 065 1 188 1 339 1 545

Eastern Africa 150 331 322 271 283 304 338 377 432 506Burundi.................................................. 70 230 202 110 86 95 108 126 119 138Comoros.................................................. 82 376 557 366 550 601 628 639 720 802Djibouti.................................................. 409 886 816 758 808 842 881 939 1 016 1 155Eritrea.................................................. ... ... 233 193 210 258 246 262 275 300Ethiopia.................................................. ... ... 234 124 120 138 165 197 244 319Ethiopia (Former).................................................. 58 108 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...Kenya.................................................. 195 564 471 401 438 461 524 611 714 788Madagascar.................................................. 137 379 273 254 329 255 286 305 399 488Malawi.................................................. 98 274 255 203 188 198 202 218 240 278Mauritius.................................................. 235 1 186 2 450 3 835 4 583 5 142 5 018 5 156 5 917 7 450Mozambique.................................................. 322 398 219 236 236 281 316 332 371 440Rwanda.................................................. 63 266 355 220 205 223 266 308 361 458Seychelles.................................................. 427 2 707 6 215 9 251 10 382 10 361 11 096 12 290 12 308 11 044Somalia.................................................. 95 88 151 280 263 271 277 296 307 298Uganda.................................................. 146 240 228 260 262 304 350 371 443 500U.R. of Tanzania: Mainland.................................................. 140 392 217 307 325 348 373 368 419 502Zanzibar.................................................. ... ... 160 260 273 304 326 356 415 496Zambia.................................................. 432 673 473 309 384 474 619 906 943 1 144Zimbabwe.................................................. 290 733 838 452 400 378 376 367 354 314

Middle Africa 177 540 588 363 464 549 643 724 830 1 006Angola.................................................. 471 689 966 640 892 989 1 196 1 424 1 712 1 942Cameroon.................

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