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7Political PartiesOrganizing Politics
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Learning Objectives 7Show how the relationship between organization and political power explains political parties and interest groups
Assess the trends regarding party identification and loyalty of voters
7.1
7.2
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Learning Objectives 7Trace changes in political parties over the course of American history
Outline the functions and perceptions of the two major American political parties, explain how the parties are financed, and assess their changing role in the electoral process
7.3
7.4
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Learning Objectives 7Differentiate among the three political arenas in which the parties battle
Describe changes in the function of the national party conventions
7.5
7.6
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Learning Objectives 7Evaluate the role of third parties within the U.S. electoral system
Determine why the American two-party system has persisted
7.7
7.8
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The Power of Organization
Political organizations Parties Interest groups
Informal division of functions Parties – elections Interest groups – policy
7.1
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7.1 Which political organization is more concerned with winning elections than influencing policy?a. Interest groups
b. Political parties
c. Both are concerned with elections
d. Neither is concerned with elections
7.1
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7.17.1 Which political organization is more concerned with winning elections than influencing policy?a. Interest groups
b. Political parties
c. Both are concerned with elections
d. Neither is concerned with elections
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Realignment
Dealignment
Party Loyalty in Voting
Red States, Blue States
7.2Party Voters
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FIGURE 7.1: Political democracy: Organizations as intermediaries
7.2
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Donkey and elephant 7.2
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Realignment
Dealignment
Party Loyalty in Voting
Red States, Blue States
7.2Party Voters
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FIGURE 7.2: Party identification in the electorate
7.2
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FIGURE 7.3: Who backs whom?: Social-group support for the Democratic and Republican parties
7.2
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FIGURE 7.4: Who voted how?: Republican, Democratic, and Independent voters in presidential elections
7.2
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Party Voters
Realignment
Dealignment
Party Loyalty in Voting
Red States, Blue States
7.2
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FIGURE 7.5: Red states, blue states 7.2
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7.27.2 How many definite party realignments have occurred in U.S. history?
a. 4
b. 6
c. 3
d. No one knows for sure
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7.2 How many definite party realignments have occurred in U.S. history?
a. 4
b. 6
c. 3
d. No one knows for sure
7.2
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Emergent Party System: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans System of ’24: Jacksonian Democrats and
Whigs System of ’60: Battlefield Sectionalism
and Republican Dominance System of ’96: Gilded Age Realignment
7.3American Parties: A Historical Perspective
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Republican Split, Democratic Win System of ’32: New Deal Democratic
Party Turmoil and the Great Dealignment Reagan ’80 as Realignment 1992 to Today: Era of Polarization A Nation Divided Recent Realignment?
7.3American Parties: A Historical Perspective
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© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emergent Party System: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans System of ’24: Jacksonian Democrats and
Whigs System of ’60: Battlefield Sectionalism
and Republican Dominance System of ’96: Gilded Age Realignment
7.3American Parties: A Historical Perspective
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FIGURE 7.6: Change and continuity: American party system, 1789-2012
7.3
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© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emergent Party System: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans System of ’24: Jacksonian Democrats and
Whigs System of ’60: Battlefield Sectionalism
and Republican Dominance System of ’96: Gilded Age Realignment
7.3American Parties: A Historical Perspective
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© 2016,2014,2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Emergent Party System: Federalists and Democratic-Republicans
Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans System of ’24: Jacksonian Democrats and
Whigs System of ’60: Battlefield Sectionalism and
Republican Dominance System of ’96: Gilded Age Realignment Republican Split, Democratic Win
7.3American Parties: A Historical Perspective
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System of ’32: New Deal Democratic Party
Turmoil and the Great Dealignment Reagan ’80 as Realignment 1992 to Today: Era of Polarization A Nation Divided Recent Realignment?
7.3American Parties: A Historical Perspective
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Inspiring confidence 7.3
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System of ’32: New Deal Democratic Party
Turmoil and the Great Dealignment Reagan ’80 as Realignment 1992 to Today: Era of Polarization A Nation Divided Recent Realignment?
7.3American Parties: A Historical Perspective
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System of ’32: New Deal Democratic Party
Turmoil and the Great Dealignment Reagan ’80 as Realignment 1992 to Today: Era of Polarization A Nation Divided Recent Realignment?
7.3American Parties: A Historical Perspective
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Power of unity 7.3
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System of ’32: New Deal Democratic Party
Turmoil and the Great Dealignment Reagan ’80 as Realignment 1992 to Today: Era of Polarization A Nation Divided Recent Realignment?
7.3American Parties: A Historical Perspective
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American Parties: A Historical Perspective
System of ’32: New Deal Democratic Party
Turmoil and the Great Dealignment Reagan ’80 as Realignment 1992 to Today: Era of Polarization A Nation Divided Recent Realignment?
7.3
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7.37.3 Since the 1960s, the Republican Party has gained which elements of the electorate?a. Southern whites
b. Social conservatives
c. Business owners
d. All of the above
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7.3 Since the 1960s, the Republican Party has gained which elements of the electorate?a. Southern whites
b. Social conservatives
c. Business owners
d. All of the above
7.3
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“Responsible” Parties in Theory But Winning Prevails over Principle Party and Ideology Erosion of Traditional Party Functions Divided Party Government Party Finances Partisan Tilt of Campaign Contributions Parties as Organizers of Elections
7.4Political Parties and Democratic Government
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Early Party Conventions Party Primaries Types of Primaries Party Caucuses Americans Elect Internet Primary General Elections
7.4Political Parties and Democratic Government
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“Responsible” Parties in Theory But Winning Prevails over Principle Party and Ideology Erosion of Traditional Party Functions Divided Party Government Party Finances Partisan Tilt of Campaign Contributions Parties as Organizers of Elections
7.4Political Parties and Democratic Government
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FIGURE 7.7: Why parties drift to the center
7.4
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FIGURE 7.8: Why parties polarize 7.4
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“Responsible” Parties in Theory But Winning Prevails over Principle Party and Ideology Erosion of Traditional Party Functions Divided Party Government Party Finances Partisan Tilt of Campaign Contributions Parties as Organizers of Elections
7.4Political Parties and Democratic Government
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TABLE 7.1: Who votes for the parties? Party and ideology among voters
7.4
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“Responsible” Parties in Theory But Winning Prevails over Principle Party and Ideology Erosion of Traditional Party Functions Divided Party Government Party Finances Partisan Tilt of Campaign Contributions Parties as Organizers of Elections
7.4Political Parties and Democratic Government
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TABLE 7.2: Where’s the money?: Party finances in millions
7.4
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“Responsible” Parties in Theory But Winning Prevails over Principle Party and Ideology Erosion of Traditional Party Functions Divided Party Government Party Finances Partisan Tilt of Campaign Contributions Parties as Organizers of Elections
7.4Political Parties and Democratic Government
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TABLE 7.3: Who finances the parties?: Contributors to the Republican and Democratic parties by sector
7.4
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Early Party Conventions Party Primaries Types of Primaries Party Caucuses Americans Elect Internet Primary General Elections
7.4Political Parties and Democratic Government
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Early Party Conventions Party Primaries Types of Primaries Party Caucuses Americans Elect Internet Primary General Elections
7.4Political Parties and Democratic Government
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Political Parties and Democratic Government
Early Party Conventions Party Primaries Types of Primaries Party Caucuses Americans Elect Internet Primary General Elections
7.4
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7.4 How were party nominees originally selected?
a. By caucuses in each state
b. By nominating conventions
c. By primary elections
d. By party leaders
7.4
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7.47.4 How were party nominees originally selected?
a. By caucuses in each state
b. By nominating conventions
c. By primary elections
d. By party leaders
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Party-in-the-Electorate Party-in-the-Government Party as Organization National Party Structure State Party Organizations County Committees
7.5Where’s the Party?
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Party-in-the-Electorate Party-in-the-Government Party as Organization National Party Structure State Party Organizations County Committees
7.5Where’s the Party?
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FIGURE 7.9: Where’s the party? 7.5
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Party-in-the-Electorate Party-in-the-Government Party as Organization National Party Structure State Party Organizations County Committees
7.5Where’s the Party?
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Where’s the Party?
Party-in-the-Electorate Party-in-the-Government Party as Organization National Party Structure State Party Organizations County Committees
7.5
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7.57.5 What is the party-in-the-electorate?
a. Local party committee members
b. Voters who consistently vote for one party
c. Delegates to party nominating conventions
d. Elected officials who are loyal to their party
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7.5 What is the party-in-the-electorate?
a. Local party committee members
b. Voters who consistently vote for one party
c. Delegates to party nominating conventions
d. Elected officials who are loyal to their party
7.5
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Convention Delegates Making Party Rules Party Platforms Selecting a Running Mate Campaign Kickoff Volunteers: Life of the Party
7.6National Party Conventions
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Conventions produce memorable moments
7.6
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Convention Delegates Making Party Rules Making Party Rules Party Platforms Selecting a Running Mate Campaign Kickoff Volunteers: Life of the Party
7.6National Party Conventions
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FIGURE 7.10: Ideologies of party activists compared to voters
7.6
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Convention Delegates Making Party Rules Party Platforms Selecting a Running Mate Campaign Kickoff Volunteers: Life of the Party
7.6National Party Conventions
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Spouse as candidate 7.6
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National Party Conventions
Convention Delegates Making Party Rules Party Platforms Selecting a Running Mate Campaign Kickoff Volunteers: Life of the Party
7.6
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7.6 What are superdelegates?
a. Really good delegates
b. Delegates who are chosen via local elections
c. Delegates who have served at more than 10 conventions
d. Delegates who are not pledged to a candidate
7.6
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7.67.6 What are superdelegates?
a. Really good delegates
b. Delegates who are chosen via local elections
c. Delegates who have served at more than 10 conventions
d. Delegates who are not pledged to a candidate
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Third Parties in the United States
Ideological Parties Protest Parties Single-Issue Parties Splinter Parties Anti-Party Party Third-Party Prospects
7.7
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Ideological Parties Protest Parties Single-Issue Parties Splinter Parties Anti-Party Party Third-Party Prospects
7.7Third Parties in the United States
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Ideological Parties Protest Parties Single-Issue Parties Splinter Parties Anti-Party Party Third-Party Prospects
7.7Third Parties in the United States
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Ideological Parties Protest Parties Single-Issue Parties Splinter Parties Anti-Party Party Third-Party Prospects
7.7Third Parties in the United States
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Table 7.4: Opposing the two-party system: Twentieth-century, third-party presidential votes
7.7
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7.77.7 Which party split the Republican vote in the presidential election of 1912?
a. Socialist
b. Prohibition
c. Progressive
d. Reform
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7.7 Which party split the Republican vote in the presidential election of 1912?
a. Socialist
b. Prohibition
c. Progressive
d. Reform
7.7
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Why the Two-Party System Persists
Cultural Consensus Winner-Takes-All Electoral System Legal Access to the Ballot
7.8
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Why the Two-Party System Persists
Cultural Consensus Winner-Takes-All Electoral System Legal Access to the Ballot
7.8
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7.7 What is the main reason that we have a two-party system?a. Cost of elections
b. Winner-take-all elections
c. Third parties legally prohibited
d. No new ideological space to take out
7.8
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7.87.7 What is the main reason that we have a two-party system?a. Cost of elections
b. Winner-take-all elections
c. Third parties legally prohibited
d. No new ideological space to take out
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Discussion Question
What role do parties play in the electoral process? How has it changed over time?
7