Промышленный шпионаж
DESCRIPTION
История промышленного шпионажа, начиная с Древнего Китая и кончая нашими днями. В книге рассказывается о методах, к которым прибегают монополии, чтобы узнать тайны своих конкурентов.TRANSCRIPT
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..........
Jacques Bergier
L'ESPIONNAGE INDUSTRIEL
Hachette 1969
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CKHH Bbl30B», KaK «BOHHy, KOTopaH co CTOpOHbl ClllA BeJleTClI He JlOJl
JlapaMH HJlH He<jJTblO, He TOHHaMH CTaJiH, He Aa)l(e HOBeHJJ.:HMH MaWH'
HaMH, HO nOCpeJlCTIlOM TBOpQeCKOH MblCJlH, oprallH3aUHH H TaJlaHTa».
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HHe <jJpaHuy3cKOH 3J1eKTpOHHOH <jJIlPillbl «BIOJlb» - 31'0 He MIOHXCH (1938), a aHrJlo-cjJpaHUY3CI(HH npOCKT ccopy>KellHH CBcpx30yKoBoro CaMOJleTa
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>Ke np06J1eMaM H TeM >Ke BonpocaM? KOHeQHO, lla, H HHalle 6b1Tb He MO
)I(CT, BeJlb HeAapOM aBTOp KHHrH YJleJlI1J1 CTO.~bKO BHl1i1laHHl1 H JII0JlllM, II
TeXHIlKe, H MeTOJlaM npOMblWJleHIIOrO WnHOHa>Ka. 5I6J10KO - npOMblW
JleUHblH IlInHOHa)l( - OT 1I0JlOHH - COBpCiIleHHOfl HaYQHO'TeXHHlleCKOH pe
BOJIIOUHH, pa3BepHyBillcHClI B caMblX cneUH<jJHtICCKHX <jJopMax B KanHT<1
JlHCTHlJeCKOM MHpe, - Aa.neKO HC llaJlaeTI
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pone" CepBaH-ll1peH6ep, OAHa sa Apyrofl OTI(pbWaIOT coon wTa6-KllapTH
pbJ B CTpaHax 3anallHOH EoponbJ 0 ueJlllx ueHTpaJlll30BaHHoro ynpaBJle
HH5I CBOI1MH npeJlnpH5ITHl1MH. 3TOT nO-HaCToRmcMy peaJlbHblfl <jJeAepa·
* Jean Jacques Servan-Schreiber, Le defi americain, P., 1967; «The American Challenge", L., 1968; C h r i s top her L a yton. Europcan Advanccd Technology. A Programmc for Integration, L., 1969.·
17 16
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[JPOMbllllJIeHHbIH lllnHOHa)l< H COOTBeTCTBYlOl.lI.a51 KOHTp
paSDe.n.Ka HBJIHIOTCH HeH3MeHIIblMH peaJIbHOCTHMH Halllero
MHpa. 3TOMy B SHalJHTeJIbHOH Mepe 6blJI nOCDHl.l.l,eH lJHKar
CKI1H KOlIrpecc no Bonpocy 0 npHMeHeHHH HaYKH H TeXHHKI1
n pH pellleHHH nOJIHu,eHCKI1X 3a.n.a'l. Ha KOHrpecce, B lJaCT
1I0CTH, .n.eMOIICTpH pOBaJICH CKOHCTpyHpOBa HHbllJ a MepHKaH
CKOH KOMn3HI1eH «JIOKXH.n. MHCHJIC 31I.n. cneHC KOMn31IH»
npll60p, n03BOJIHI0l.ll.HH OlJeHb 6blCTpO 06blCKHBaTb nOceTII
TeJIerI SaDOJl.a, BbIHBJIHH JII060H MeTaJIJIH'IeCKHlJ npe.n.MeT,
JII06yIO KaMepy, JII060H caMonHlllYI.ll.HH npH60p.
26
)KypHaJI «AHTpenpHS», opraH <ppaHu,yscKHX .n.eJIOBbIX
KpyroB, nl1caJI 28 OKTH6p51 1967 1'.: «HaH60JIee arpeccHDHbl
MH HBJIHIOTCH HnoHu,bl. IllnHoHam cTpaH BocToKa HOCHT
cHcTeMaTHlJeCKHH H u,eHTpaJIH30BaHHbIH xapaKTep. 4TO Ka
caeTCH aMepHKaHu,eB, OHH y.n.eJIHIOT 3HalJI1TeJIbHYIO 'IaCTb
CBoero BpeMeHH B3aHMHoMY lllnHOHa)KY. XHMHH H aBTOMO
6HJIeCTpOeHHe - OTpaCJIH npOMbllllJIeHHOCTH, r.n.e oxpaHa
ceKpeToB HrpaeT BamHeHlllylO pOJIb. LtBa ro.n.a Ha3a.n. npem
.n.eBpeMeHHoe peKJIaMHpOBaIme HOBOH MOneJIH «Mepce.n.eca »
HaHeCJIO cepbe3Ilbifi ¢HHaHcoBbIH Yl.ll.ep6 epHpMe. XHl.lI.eHHH
KOJIJIeKu,HH MO.n. lllHpOKO HSBeCTHbl. KOMnaHHH «I1pOKTOp
3H.n. fElM6JI» nOXHTHJIa nOJIHblfl KOMMep'leCKHH nJIaH O.n.HOf!
epHpMbl. OnHa)J(.n.bl cj)HpMbl «PeBJIOH» H «KOTH» o.n.HoBpeMeH
HO BbmycTHJIH I<OCMeTHlJeCKOe H3.n.eJIHe o.n.HHaKOBoro o6pa3
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.n.BHmeHHe rpy30BHKoB CBOHX KOHKypeHToB». BOT npHMep He TOJIbI<O npOMbllllJIeHHOrO, HO TaKme H
3KOHOMH'IeCKOrO .1llnHOHama: B 1968 ro.n.y .n.Ba aHrJIHHCKHX
npOMblllIJIeHHHKa, no.n.rOTaBJIHBaBlllHe CJIH5IHHe CBOHX npe.n.
npHHTHH, pellll1JII1 BCTpeTHTbcH B cTpomaHllleH TaHHe Ha
BeplllHHe O.n.rIOH lllOTJIaH.n.cKoH ropbl no.n. npOJIHBHblM .n.om.n.eM. Ho HeOIOTpH Ha Bce Mepbl npe.n.ocTopOmHOCTI1, coxpa
HHTb TaHHy He y.n.aJIOCb: B aBTOM06HJIe, B KOTOpOM exaJI
O.n.HH H3 HHX, 6blJIH 3aMaCKHpOBaHbl MHKPOepOH H pa.n.Hone
pe.n.aTlJHK. CJIHHHHH, KOHu,eHTpau,HH, yBeJIH'IeHHe KanHTaJI a, HOBbIe
HaYlJHble OTKpblTHH, peKJIaMHble nJIaHbl, npoeKTbl BbmycKa
HOBblX 113.n.eJIHH, YlJpe)K.n.eHHe epl1JIHaJIOB 3a rpamlu,eH - Ta
KOB nepBblH, .n.aJIeKO He nOJIHblH nepelJeHb 06'beKTOB npo
MbllllJIeHHOrO lllnHOHama. [JPOMbIlllJIeHHble lllnHOHLI HCnOJIb3YlOT JII06ble cpe.n.CTBa:
3J1.eCb H npHMeHeHl1e HOBeHlllHX .n.OCTHmeHHH 3JIeKTpOHHKH, H
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27
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IOTCSl B nelJaTH. O.n.HaKO CJIe.n.bl HX OCTaIOTC5I B MaTepHaJIaX
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Typbl H He HMelOlUeH HHlJerO 06lUero c' .n.eMoKpaTHeH. 31'0
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wnHOHa:m:a. O.n.Ha H3 TaKHX WKOJI B CiliA He.n.aBHO .n.aJIa
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IOIUHH CTaTb wnHOHOM H HCnOJIb30BaTb HOBeHWHe npH60pbl 3JIeKTpOHHKH. H Bce 31'0 3a 22,5 .n.OJIJI.
HeKoTopble ClIHTaIOT, lJTO npOMbIWJIeHHbll1 WnHOHaR< H
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yrp03Y HallleMY 06lUecTBy. Bo BC5IKOM cJIylJae, CJIe.n.yeT 01'HeCTHCb K 3TOMy 51BJIeHHIO co BceH cepbe3HocTblO. H3BecTHo,
lJTO B CiliA .n.eTH yR<e nOKynaJIH 3JIeKTpOHHhIe npH60pbl
.n.JI5I WnHOHaR<a 11 «npHcMaTpHBaJIH» 3a CBOHMH po.n.HTeJI5I
MH I B 1962 ro.n.y aMepHKaHcKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO 06b5lBHJIO,
lJT~ 8126 ThIC. JIHU, cnoc06HblX Bbl.n.aTb npOMblWJIeHHble
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TpH KpynHhIx aMepHKaHcKHx R<ypHaJIa B HalJaJIe
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28
JII06ble ycnexH HayKH, KaK B KocMoce, TaK H Ha .n.He MO
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onepaUHH .n.OCTaTOlJHO npHMeIllaTb HeCKOJIbKO KaneJIb 3Toro
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HeCKOJIbKO CKJI5IHOK C 3THM BelUeCTBOM 6blJIO nOXHlueHO II,
Bep05lTHO, npo.n.allo no OlJeHh BbICOKOH uene.
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29
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epop B ¢opMe opraHH4eCKHX rrpo.n.yKTOB rrepeHOCI1T 3HeprHlO B >KHBble opraHH3Mbl, B tIaCTHOCTH B paCTeHI1H. J.1MeHHo 3TH
BelIJ.eCTBa rr03BOJJ5IIOT norJJOlIJ.aTb H HaKarIJJHBaTb COJlHe4HYlO
3Heprulo, 3aTeM rrpe06pa30BbIBaTb ee BO Bcex 48CTHX )KHBOrO
opraH~3Ma, XOTH MexaHH3M rror.nOlIJ.eHHH H HaKOrrJleHHH COJl
HellHOH 3HeprHH .n.aJJeKO elIJ.e He H3Y4eH. BblTb MO>KeT, aJJ
47
XHMHIUI, KOTOpbIe paCCMaTpl'IBa.7IH 3TH 5IBJleHHH non OHOJIO
rHLJeCI<HM, a He XHMHtJeCI<HM yrJloM 3peH115I, non KOTOpbIM
paCCMaTpJ-iBaeM HX Mbl, HaWJlH OpraHHLJeCKOe ¢Oc¢opHoe
coenHHeHHe, HaKanJlHBaIOw.ee Orp0l'vIHOe KOJlHlleCTBO COJlHeLJ
HOH 9HeprHH nHeM H OCBoOmK,rJ.aIOw.ee HOtIblO..Bo BCHKOM
cJlyLJae, B HaCT05Iw.ee BpeMH 3TO - nOTepHHHbIH ceKpeT.
CeKpeT OlfHU.\eHlHI aJlMa30B. A.iIMa3bI HepenKO HMelOT
uneTHble BKJIlOlfeHHH, CHH)l{aIow.He HX U,eHHOCTb. MHorO'lHC
JIeHHbI:e COBnanaIow.He CBH;leTeJIbCTBa nOKa3bIBa1OT, 'lTO B
cpenHHe BeKa aJIXHMHKaM H n03nHee rpa¢y CeH-)KepMeHY * ynaBaJIOCb O'lHw.aTb aJlMa3bI. 3TO BblnBHraeT CBoeoopa3HylO
npOOJIeMY. TeOpeTH'leCKH IlOnOOHa51 onepall.HH B03MO)l{Ha
JIHWb npH yCJIOBHH OOeCUBe'lHBaHH5I I~BeTHbIx BKJIlO'leHHH,
HanpHMep npeBpaw.eHH5I )I<eJIe3a B THTaH. Ho 3TO nOTpeoo
naJIO ObI O'leHb MomHoro aTOMHoro peaKTopa, npH I10MO'll.H I<OTOpOro MO)KHO ObIJIO ObI OOMoapnHpOBaTb aJIMa3 HeHTpo
HaNlH. YrOJIb norJIow.aeT O'leHb MaJIO HeihpOHOB, H n03TOMY
B I(alleCTBe 3aMenJIHTeJlH B peaKTopax npHMeH5IeTC5I rpalpHT.
OnHaKO HH aJlXHMHIUI, HH rpalp CeH-)KepMeH He pacnOJIara
JIH aTOMHbIM peaKTopOM. KaK ){<e OHH nocTynaJIH? 3TO TO)l{e
nOTepHHHbIH ceKpeT. 3aMeTHM, lITO 8JIXHMHKH HHKorna He
CTpeMHJIHCb npOH3BonHTb aJIMa3~.
TaKOBbl HeKOTopble H3 ceKpeTOB, 3a KOTOpbIMH rOH5IJIHCb
npOMbl!WJIeHHbIe wnHOHbI cpenHeBeKOBb51 H 3nOXH B03polK
neHHH. VI 3neCb MHe Ka)l{eTC5I HeOOXonHMbIM 3aOCTpHTb BHH
MaHHe Ha nOJIO>KHTeJIbHOH CTopOHe npOMbIWJIeHHoro wnHO
Ha)Ka. B TO BpeM5I Kal<, no npenaHHIO, MHOrO'lHCJIeHHble <pH
3H'leCKHe, XHMH'leCKHe H OHOJIOrl1'leCIme Onepall.HH HJIH
Ma HHnyJI5Ill.HH OblJIH y neJlOM onHHX JIHWb nOCB5Iw.eHHbIX,
wnHOH cpenHeBeKOBb51 HJIH 3nOXH B03p0)l{neHH5I C'lHTaJI, 'lTO
3TH onbITbl MoryT OblTb nOBTopeHbl, pa3yMeeTC5I, eCJIH oyneT
BblKpaneHO nOCTaTOlIHoe I{QJI!1'leCTBO CBeneHHH, 'lTOObI He
npHXOnHJIOCb oeCKOHe'lHO opeCTH B nOTeMKax Hayran.
Tal<HM oopa30M, eCJIH OTBJIe'lbC5I OT MOpaJIbHOH CTOpOHbI Bonpor-a, wnHOH C'lHTaJI TaK, KaK C'lHTaIOT COBpeMeHHbIH
Y'leHbIIH H TeXHHK: 3KcnepHMeHT, eCJlH OH ObIJI 5ICHO onHcaH,
MomeT OblTb nOBTopeH npyrHM 3KcnepHMeHTaTopOM. 11 He
CJIeJlyeT 3aObIBaTb, 'lTO HMeHHO wnHOHbI pacnpOCTpaH5IJIH
3TY BamHylO MbICJlb. TaKHM oopa30M, HayKa H HHnycTpH5I CBOHM pa3BHTHeM B orpOMHOH Mepe 005l3aHbI WnHOHa)l{y.
.. CCII·>Kep~,eH - }KIlBWHfl B XVIII BeKC «ral1HCrBeHHblfl rpaqJ», JlOBKHH 3BHHTIOPI1CT, a KOTOPO~I pacnpocrpaHello MHO)l{CCTDO JlereHA.npUAI. pea.
BnpO'leM, MbJ yBHnHM naJIee, 'lTO TaKHe BbInaIOl1~HeC5I YlIe
HbIe, KaK, HanpHMep, B. <ppaHKJIHH, He rHYW3J1HCb npOMbILII
JIeHHblM WnHOHa){(eM, paBHO KaK nOJIHTHLJeCImM H BOeHHbII\L
TaKHM 06pa30M, B 3noxy, npenweCTBoBaBwylO pO)KneHHIO
naTeHTa Ha H300peTeHHe, npOMblWJleHHbIH mnHOHa)l{ v.rpaJI
onpeneJIeHHO nOJIO)l{HTeJIbHYIO pOJIb.
B XVII I BeKe pO){<neHHe naTeHTa Ha H300peTeHHe Hat;aJIO
B KaKoH-To Mepe OXpaH5ITb H30opeTaTeJI5I HJIH HCCJIenOBaTe
JI5I OT BOpOB. llepmaTeJIb naTeHTa Ha H300peTeHHe Mor r;pe
CJIenOBaTb no 3aKoHy nOXHTHTeJIei1 CBoero ceKpeTa B Te'leHHe
20 JIeT, nOCJIe 'lero ceKpeT CTaHOBHJIC5I nOCT05lHHeM oome
CTBa. C Tex nop nOJIO)l{eHHe lfpe3BbI'laHHO OCJIO)l{HHJIOCb. HO
Bce-TaKH p0)l{neHHe naTeHTa Ha H300peTeHHe 3HaMeHyeT
OKOH'laHHe nepHona, KOTOpb!lH MO)l{HO OblJIO Obi Ha3BaTb KYC
TapHbIM nepHOnOM npOMbIWJIeHHoro WnHOHa)!{a.
3 rJlABA
1791-1875 rOAM
-=-~I OnbI, CT05lw.He B 3arOJI.oBKe :>TOH rJIa· ~ _ BbI, B351Tbl He CJIy'laHHO. 7 5IHBap51
1791 1.- naTa H3naHH5I <ppaHUY3CKOro 3aKOHa 0 naTeHTax Ha H300peTeHHe, BnepBbIe onpeneJIHB
wero npaBa H30opeTaTeJI5I. 1875 ron - naTa opraHH3aUHH
nOJIHll.HH Ha 3aBonax Kpynn8 B ll.eJIHX oxpaHbI ceKpeToB qmpMbl.
KOHe'lHO, 3aKOH OT 1791 rona He 5IBJI5IeTC5I nepBOH 3aKO
HOnaTeJIbHOH Mepoi:j BO <PpaHll.HH HJIH 3a rpaHHueH, HanpaB
JIeHHOH Ha 3aW.HTy npaB H300peTaTeJI5I. MbI eme BepHeMC5I
K 3TOMy Bonpocy. OnHaKO 3TOT 3aKOH, HaCKOJIbKO MHe H3Be
CTHO, 51BHJIC5I nepBbIM 3aKOHOM, noow.p5IBWHM npOMbI!WJIeH
. HbIH WnHOHa)l{ 3a npeneJIaMH <ppaHUHH. B caMOM neJIe, OH
npH3HaeT «3a BC5IKHM, KTO nepBbIM npHBe3eT BO <ppaHUHIO
I<aKOH-JIHOO HHOCTpaHHbIH npOMbICeJI, TaI<He )l{e JIbrOTbI, Ka·
KHMH nOJlb30BaJlC5I ObI ero H300peTaTeJIb»). 3TO He 'lTO HHoe,
I<aK caMoe 5IBHOe nOow.peHHe npOMbIWJIeHHOro WnHOHa)l{a.
KOHe'lHO, H no npHH5ITH5I 3Toro 3aKOHa HHOCTpaHll.eB, BJIa
nelOw.HX npOMblllIJleHHbIMH ceKpeTaMH, nooy)l{naJIH I< TOMy,
'lTOObI OHH nepee3:>KaJIH Ha )l{HTeJIbCTBO BO <PpaHUHIO. TaK,
HanpHMep, KOpOJIeBCKHH naTeHT npenOCTaBHJI B 1551 rony
HTaJIb5lHcKOMY nBop5lHHHy H3 DOJIOHbH no HMeHH TeCI<O
MYUHO npaBO «eMy onHoMy npoH3BOnHTb B Te'leHHe 10 JIeT
48 49
BCHKoro po.na CTeKJlHHHble H3.nemiH no BeHelJ,HaHcKoMy eno
c06y». To 06CT05lTeJlbCTBO, T-ITO 3TOT 6J1aropo.nHbIH .nBOp5l
HHH, BepoHTBo, nOXliTHJI cnoc06 npOH3B01l.CTBa y BeHeIJ,HaH
lJ,eB, He npHBHMaJlOCb BO BHliMaBHe. KOpOJleBCKHe naTeHTbl
Hepe.nKO OrpaHJilIHBalOTCH Jll1111b IOpH.nJilleCKoH IWAH<pHKa
llHeH CBeplllHBlllerOCH cPaKTa.
C .npyroH CTOpOHbl, 3alWB OT 7 HHBap51 1791 r., .nonoJl
HeHHbIH nOCTaHOBJleHHeM 0 ero npHMeBeHHH OT 25 MaH TOro
llie ro.na, B TO llie BpeMH 13BOJl.HT B 06pameHHe KaTeropHIO
naTeHTa Ha H306peTeHHe. nOCTaHOBJleHHe OT 25 MaH npe.ny
CM<lTpHBaeT 06ecne4eHHe npOMbIlllJleHHOH 6e30nacHocTH H
pelllaeT cy.nb6y «H306peTeHHH, KOTopble Hy)J(HO xpaHHTb
B TaHHe no nOJlHTH4eCKHM co06palli~HHHM».
I13Jl.aB<lH 3aKOH 1791 rona, 3aKOHo.naTeJlH pyKOBO.nCT
BOBaJlHCb B OTHOllleHHH ero TeXHH4eCKoro acneKTa aHrJlHH
CKHM 3aKOHOM 1623 ro.na, a B OTHOllleHHI1 peBOJllOl~HOHHOii
rrOJlHTHI(H - aMepHKaHcKoH KOHCTliTYIJ,HeH 1787 ro.na.
Pe3YJlbTaTbI npHHHTHH 3aKOHa He 3aCTaBHJlH ce6H )K.naTb.
Cpe.nHero.nOBoe 4HCJlO Bbll.naHHblx BO <PpaHIJ,HH naTeHTOB yBe
JlH4HJlOCb C 19 3a nepHo.n 1791-1804 ro.nOB .no 71 B cJle
.nYlOmeM .neC5ITHJleTHH (1804-1815 rr.). C 1815 no 1831 ro.n
e)Kero.nHO BbI.naBaJlOCb 230 n<lTeHTOB, C 1831 no 1841 ro.n
750, B 1855 ro.ny - 4 TbIC., B 1876 rOAY - 5 TblC. H B KOHlJ,e
CTOJleTH5I-60Jlee 10 TbIC.
50JlblllHHCTBO 3TH X naTeHT013 nOCJlY)!<HJIO HCT04HHI(aMH
Me)K.nYHa PO.nHbIX KOHq)JlHI(TOB, Ii BOKpyr HHX pa3rOpaJIC5I
lllnHOHalli. MbI paCCKallieM 0 HeKOTopbIX H3 HHX, He c06J11O
.na51 XpOHOJlOrH4eCKoro nOp5l.nKa. O.nHa H3 C<lMbIX nopa3HTeJlbHblX HCTOpHH 04eHb 6J1H3Ka
no BpeMeHH K HallleH BTOPOH .naTe. Pe4b H.neT 0 naCTepe
H 0 nHBe. naTpHOTH3M nacrepa HeocnopHM, o.nHalW MbICJlb
06 OTMllleHHH 3a nopallieHHe 1870 ro.na nyTeM C03.naHH5I
130 <ppaHIJ,HH nHBoBapeHHoH npOMbIlIIJleHHOCTH, KOTOpa51 Mor
JI<I 6bI BeCTH BO BceM MHpe 60pb6y C HeMelJ,KHM nHBOM,
KallieTCH no MeHbllleH Mepe :~a6aBHoiL TeM He MeHee HMeH
HO TaKylO lJ,eJlb npeCJle.nOBaJlH naTeHT naCTepa 3a Ng 91941 OT 28 HIOHH 1871 r., a TaKllie ero «I1cCJle.noBaHH5I 0 nHBe»,
KOTopble no cnpaBe.nJlHBOCTH MOlliHO 6bIJlO 6bD Ha3BaTb Ma
HHcPecToM, ony6J1HKoBaHHble B 1876 ro.ny.
nacTep HHKor.na He HCnOJlb30BaJl CBoe nOJlOllieHHe .nJlH
nOJlY4eHHH MaTepHaJlbHbIX Bblro.n. Bnp04eM, BOT 4TO OH 3a5l
13HJI 10 cPeBpaJl51 1862 r. no nOBOJl.Y CBoero HOBoro cnoc06a
H3rOTOBJleHH5I yKcyca: «nOCKOJlbKY 4aCTO CJlY4aeTC5I, 4TO
HaY4Hble npHHIJ,HnbI, npeAaHHble OrJlaCKe HX aBTopClMH,
50
npeBpa lllalOTC5I B 4YlliHX pyKax B npe.nMeT 3a5lBKH Ha no
ny4eHHe naTeHTOB Ha H306peTel-IHe 6Jlaro.n.ap51 .n.06aBJleHI'I~o npH60poB, annapaToB HJlH He3Ha4HTeJlbHbiX H3MeHeHHH,
51 no COBeTy aBTopHTeTHblX JlHIJ, B351Jl 11.0 Moero co06meHH5I
B <peBpaJle TIaTeHT, KOTOpbIH,. BH.nHMO, 6y.n.eT HMeTb npHopH
TeT nepe.n BceMH TeMH, n05lBJleHHIO KOTOpblX MOrJla 6bl .naTb
nOBO.n. M051 pa60Ta, H 51 .no6aBJl5l1O, tITO HCnOJlHeH pelllHMO
CTH cero.n.H5I llie npeJl.OCT<lBHTb 3101' naTeHT B pacnOp5l)J(elme
rocy.n.<lpCTBa». O.nHaKO OH XOTeJl c6epe4b ceKpeT OT HeM
lJ,eB H OCTaJlbHOrO MHpa. <ppaHIJ,Y3CKoe TIHBO npeB30111JlO no CBOHM KatleCTBaM He
MelJ,Koe. WHpOKO pa3BepHYBllla5lC5I .ne5lTeJlbHOCTb lllnHOHOB,
3aCJI<lHHbIX HeMelJ,KHMH flHBOBapaMH, n03BOJlH.T1a HM .n06I,liTb
ceKpeT, H... paBHOBeCHe 6bIJlO BOCCTaHOBJleHO. naCTep npo.n.oJl)J(aJl HaCTaHBaTb Ha «HallHOHaJlbHOM 3Ha
4eHHH» CBoero nHBa. OH nHCaJl B CBoeM naTeHTe: «51 >KeJlalO,
4T06bl nHBo, npOH3Bo.nHMoe no MoeMy ,~eTO.n.y, HOCHJlO .,Ha3BaHHe "nHBO IjalJ,HOHaJlI,HOrO peBaHllla .. , a 3a rpaHHlJ,eH-
th ",,'t'paHIJ,Y3CKoe nHBO ». B 1889 ro.n.y <ppaHIJ,Y3cKHe nHBoBflpI,l, c06paBlllHcI, H3
KOHrpecc, ToplliecTBeHHo Bblpa3HJlH CBOIO npH3HaTeJlI,HOCTb
nacTepy. BepHeMc5I TenepI, K ro.ny, 60Jlee 6J1H3KOMY K HallleH nep
BOH .naTe. 16 Ma51 1805 r. lllBeHlJ,apelJ, I1caaK PHBa3 no.n.aJl
3a5lBKY Ha naTeHT 06 «HcnOJlb30BaHHH B3pI,IBa ra3~B H .apy
rHX ra3006pa3HI,lx BemeCTB B Ka4eCTBe .nBHlliymeH CHJlbl B
MexaHHKe». B .noKJla.n.HoH 3anHCKe C006111aJlOCb 06 HCnI,lTa
HH5IX H306peTaTeJleM nOB03KH C r<l30BbiM .nBHraTeJleM, pa60
TalOmHM Ha BO.n.Opo.n.e, H npHBo.nHJlCH ero 4epTe)!(. TaK po
.n.HJlC5I aBTOM06HJlb. CJlyXH 06 3TOM H306peTeHHH pacnpocT
paHHJlHCb .n.OBOJlbHO 6bICTpO, Ii HHTepec K HeMy np05lB.'151J1H
MHorHe lllnHOHW. B CBOHX .nOHeceHHHX HeKoTopwe Ii3 HliX
BnOJlHe cnpaBe.nJlHBO YKa3I,IBaJlH, 4TO npHHIJ,HTI ra30Boro
. .nBHraTeJl51 MO>KeT 6bliTb HCnOJlb30BaH, KpoMe Toro, H B B03
.nyxonJlaBaHHH. Bep05lTHO, HMeHHO 3TH CJlyXH, 0 KOTOpI,IX co06maIOT pa3
JlHtjHbie HCTOpliKH, no.n.aJlH MblCJlb <ppaIIIJ,Y3CKOMY TIHCaTeJIIO )KaHy ArpeBy HanHcaTb Hay4HO-<paHTaCTH'IeCKHH pOMaH
«ABHaTOp 50HanapTa». ArpeB 06b5lCHHeT n06eJIbI HanoJleo
Ha TeM, 4TO Oli TaHHO BJla.neJl nJlaHepOM, npHBOJIHMblM B
.nBH)KeHHe nepHOJIH'leCKHMH B3pbIBaMH. C04HHeHHe HanHca·
HO B 1925 ro.ny. JIeTaTeJlbHblH annapaT, onHcaHHbu'i <ppall
IJ,Y3CKHM nHCaTeJleM, 04eHb nOXOlli Ha «<PAY -I », CKOHCTpyH
pOBaHHbI~ B 1944 rOJIY.
5.
Y}l{e B 3noxy nepBOH pecny6JIHKH 6bIJIO 04eHb MHOrO WnHOHOB, B OC06eHHOCTH aHrJIHikKHX. B KOHI.~e XVIII BeKa
OHH nOXHTHJIH naTeHT HHKOJla P06epa «Ha npOH3BO.ll:CTBO
He06bIl{HoBeHHoH 6yMarH .ll:JIHHOH OT 12 JJ.O 15 At 6e3 nOMomH
pa60lJero H 4HCTO MeXaHHlJeCIUIMH Cpe,ll.CTBaMH». 3TO H30
6peTeHHe n03BOJIHJIO nelJaTaTb aCCHfHaUHH, H HMeHHO GJIB
rO,ll.ap~ eMy, CTaBweMy H3BeCTHbIM B pe3YJIbTaTe WnHOHa}l{a,
aHrJIHHCKOe npaBHTeJIbCTBO I1MeJIO B03MO}l{HOCTb ne4a faTb
¢aJIbWHBble aCCHfHaUHH - cTpaHHoe JJ.eJIO, B KOTOpOM npoMbIIWJIeHHbIH wnHOHa,K COlJCTaJICH C nOJIHTHlJeCKHM. Pa3YMe
eTCH, caM H306peTaTeJIb He nOJIy1mJI npaB Ha nelJaTaHHe
¢aJIbUlHBbIX aCCHfHaUHH, a pa3JIHlJHble npaBHTeJIbCTBa, CMe
HHBWHe JJ.pyr JJ.pyra BO <PpaHUHH,)].O ero CMepTH B 1828 roJJ.Y
nOJIHOCTblO 06JJ.eJIHJIH ero H HaCTOHmHMH 6aHI<HOTaMH.
OH OKOHlJ.~JI CBOH lliH3HeHHbIH nYTb YlJHTeJIeM B BepHyHe,
611H3 npe. Ero OCHOBHOH naTeHT JJ.aTHpoBaH 29 HHB03a VII rOJJ.a. Be3 3Toro naTeHTa He 6bIJIO 6bI HH 6aHKHOT HH COBpeMeHHbIX I<HHr, HH ra3eT. '
npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO B 3TO }Ke caMoe BpeMH n04TH BO Bcefl
<PpaHUHH npOHCXO)].HT XHmeHIHI ceKpeTa, KOTOpbIH, HaCKOJIb
KO MHe H3BeCTHO, He 6blJI pa3bICI<aH,- ceKpeTa nJIaBI<H
KBapua. I(opOJIeBCKHe rpaMOTbI Ha BblnJIaBKY KBapua BbI
JJ.aBaJIHCb eme B XVII Bel<e. TaK, 06epWTaJIMeHCTep l<OpOJIH
)KaH JJ.e JIaKaM nOJIylJHJI I<opOJIeBcKylO rpaMOTy «OTHOCH
TeJIbHO OTKpblToro HM ceKpeTa nJIaBKH ropHoro KpHCTaJIJIa
JJ.JIH BbI!JJ.eJIKH H3 Hero Ba3 H 3epKaJIbHOro CTeKJIa» 11 H05I6pH
1659 r. (3aperHcTpHpoBaHa B BblcweM cYJJ.e napHllia 13 JJ.eKa6pH 1662 r.).
~.O-BHJJ.HMOMY, npell.npHHTH5I, nOJIOlliHBUlHe B OCHOBy CBoeH pa60Tbl 3TOT npHHUHn, KOTOpblr, B Hawe BpeMH He
I1pHMeHHeTCH, ¢yHKUHoHHpOBaJIH JJ.O 3nOXH PeCTaBpaUHH.
3TOT ceKpeT HeCKOJIbKO pa3 nOXHmaJICH HeMuaMH, HTaJIb
HHuaMH H nOJIHKaMH. 3aTeM OH, BHJJ.HMO, 6blJI nOTep5IH.
Bo BCHKOM CJIylJae, npeJJ.CTaBJI5IeTC5I HeCOMHeHHblM 4TO
aHrJIHlJaHe OlfeHb 6blCTpO «aJJ.anTHpOBaJIH» 3HaMeH~Thlrl naTeHT <PHJIHnna r JIe60lIa Ha «TepMOJIaMny», nOJIYlJeHHbln
6 BaHJJ.eMbepa VI. I rOJJ.a. «3Ta TepMOJIaMna COCTOHT H3 ne
4H, nHTaeMOH yrJIeM H nOJJ.orpeBalOlueH KaMepy, r,ll.e nrOHC
XOJJ.HT cyxa5I neperoHKa JJ.peBeCHHhl, KOTOpa5I MOllieT 6bITb
3aMeHeHa JJ.pyrHM yrJIepoJJ.HbIM TOnJIYIBOM. npH nOMOmH TPy
6bl M01KJ-IO YJJ.aJIHTb H3 KaMepbI BbllJJ.eJI5IIOIUHeC5I ra3bI H OlJH
maTb HX npelliJJ.e, CleM HCnOJIb30BaTb, B 4aCTHOCTH, JJ.JIH OCBemeHHH» .
XOT5I 3Ta «TepMOJIaMna» 6blJIa 3allYMMIa ,ll.JIH OTOnJIeHH5I
52
netlblO H OCBemeHHH OllHmeHHblM ra30M nOMelueHHH, n I<OTO
pOM OHa yCTaHaBJIHBaJIaCb, TeM He MeHee OHa 5lBJI5IeTC5I npo
06pa30M COBpeMeHHblX ra30BblX 3aBOJJ.OB. Me}KJJ.Y npOlJHM,
ne60H npeJJ.yraJJ.aJI Bce BHJJ.b1 npHMeUeHH5I npOH3BOJJ.HMoro
TaKHM 06pa30M ra3a, KaK HCKJIJO'Il1TeJIbHO YJJ.06Horo, lJHCTO
ro H TpaHcnOpTa6eJIbHOrO HCTOlJHHKa CBeTa, TenJIa H CHJIbI.
TaK, OH B cBoeH 3a5IBKe Ha nOJIy4eHHe CBHJJ.eTeJIbCTB3 0 JJ.OnOJIHHTeJIbHblX ycoBepweHCTBOBaHH5IX npelKHero H306peTe
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raHHeM (HJJ.e5I CMeJIa5I JJ.JI5I Tex BpeMeH!) H ra30BYl0 JIaMny,
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nepe,lI.eJlaB CBoe HM5I HCl ClHrJIHHCI<HH MaHep. Ope,ncr3BHTeJIb
HbIH, xopomo O,lI.eTbIH, H3CT05l1l(HH ,lI.>KeHTJIbMeH, OH 6blJI
npHH5IT KaK B BbICllieM aHrJIHHCKOM CBeTe, TaK H B npOMbliill
JleHHblX Kpyrax. CBoeMy 6paTy OH nHCaJI: «51 pen.KO 06e)].aJl
HJlH 3aBTpaK3iI y ce651. KaKa5l 3KOHOMH51!»
AJIb(ppe)]. Kpynn sepHyJ1C51 Ha KOHTl1HeHT C ceKpeTClMH,
KOTopble eMy y)].aJIOCb )].06brfb. Tenepb nepen HHM CT051J13
e)].HHCTBeHHa51 3a.uatIa - C)].CJlaTh TaK, lIT06bl OHYI He 6b!JIH
IrOXHlll.eHbl. n03TOMY OH CTpaCTHO yBJICKC5I )].eJIOM npOMbIW
JleHHOH 6e30naCHOCTH, Hero ;V1O}J<H0 no npaBY CtIHTaTb OTIlOM
npOMblIlIJIeHHOH KOHTppa3Be)].KH. Kpynll npOCHJI npyccKoe
npaB~lTeJIbCTBO 065l3a1'b pa60!.fHX npHC5IraTb eMy B JI05lJ!bHOC
TH H oc060j:j BepHOCTli. fIpyccKoe npaBHTCJlbCTBO OTKJIOIHlJ10
npocb6y, HO 31'0 He nOMelIIaJIO Kpynny 3aCTaBJI51Tb npHHO
CHTb ell'IY npHClU'y He TOJlbKO paOOllHX, HO H IllnHOHOB, 3aCb1
JlaeMblX K I<OHl<ypeHTaM. OH nO)].03peBClJI Bcex. 6paTy CBce
My Kpynn nOCJIaJI CJ1e)].YIOlll.YJO CJlYiKeOHYIO 3anHcKy: «51 no
)].03peBaKJ HOllBoro CTopomCl. OH llaCTO 6blBaeT Ha 33BO,lI.e
1l.HeM». Bce 31'0 MOiI<eT KCl3aTbC5I CMCIlIHbIM, 01l.HaKO HaLJaJIO
npOMbliIlIJlel-IHOH 6e30naCHOCTH 6blJIO nO.lJOiKeHO. HeMllaM OC
TaBaJlOCb TOJIbKO H306peCTH reCTano, liTO 1'1 6bIJlO c)].eJIaHO
n03)].Hee. BnpOlleM, AJIb(ppe)]. Kpynn CTpa)].aJI MaHl1eH CJIy
me6HbIX 33nHCOK, H OJlHH 1'13 ero 6j'lOrpa¢OB CLJHTaeT, !.fTO OH
l-IanHCaJl HX 30 TbIC. OH OTJlHLJaJlC5l «TporClTeJIbHOH CKpOM
HOCTblD»: «MHe He Hy>KHO CnpaBJJ51TbC5I 0 lIeM ObI TO HH 6bl
JIO Y feTe HJIH Koro ObI TO HH 6b!JlO.5IBcc)].eJ]a[OCa~I».XOT5I
AJIb~)pe)]. Kpynn )].yM3JI, LJTO OH Bce3HaHKa, TeM He MeHee
('My Hy>KHO 6blJlO BblKpa)].blBaTb H306peTeHH51. TaK, OH nOXH
HIlI y O)].Horo 113 CBOI1X nOKynaTeJICH tIepTe>KH M31i1HHbl )].JIlI
H3rOTOBJIeHI151 JIO/KCK 1'1 BHJlOK.
MaKCHM3JIbHblii BHeIlIHHii IlInHOH3m, )].OBc)].eHHa51 )].0 no
CJle11.HeH KpaiiHOCTH BHyTpCI-IH5l5l 6e30naCHOCTb - TaKOBa,
BH)].HMO, 6blJIa nporpaMM3 pa60Tbl Kpynna, KOTOpylO OH
BbInOJIH5lJI BnOJlI-Ie ycnclllHo.
24 ¢eBpClJl51 1848 r. Kpynn paCnJIaTH.lJCli co Bce!'vIH CB0I1
MH nOJIraMH, paCCTaJIC51 co BCCMH CBOHZI'!H KOMnaHbOHaMH.
OH CTaJl e)].HHOJ1HlIHbIM c06cTBeHHHKoM epHPMbl, KOTopa51
npe13paTHJiaCb B aocoj]JoTHYIO MOHapxHlo. C ! 843 r011.3 OH
HallaJI npoH3Bo11.HTb MywKeTbI. B 1847 ro)].y OH OTJIHiI
CT3JIbl-IyW nywKY. LLo 3Toro nywKH OT.TIHBaJlHCb H3 6POH3bl
HJIH lIyrYH3. KOHelII-lo, eMy rOBOpHJIH, liTO OHa He Bbl30BeT
Hl'lTepeca. O)].HaKO Ha JlOH11.oHCK0J1 BblCTaBKe 1851 ro)].a
CTaJlbHa51 nyIllKa HMeJIa 60JIbWOH vcnex. BCKope BHlle-KO
POJIb ErHnTa 3a Ka33J1 36 cTaJlbHb~X 'nymeK, 11pyCCH5I -:- 312. PyccKHe KyflHJIH 1,·rO)].2JIb CTaJlbHOH nyllllm, H3 I<OTOpOH np?
I-i3BeJlH 4 TbIC. BbICTpeJlOB, a 3aTCM nOMeCTHJlH ee B My3eH.
B 1861 ro)].y y Kpynna pa60T3JIO 2 TbIC. pa60lJHx.
B !87i ro)].y, nOCJIe n06e)].bl HCl)]. tPpaHlLHeH, tIeM HCMllbI, B
orpoMI-lOt\ Mepe 06513aHbl I\pynny, tmCJIO HX COCTaBHJIO
10 TbIC. B 3TH iKe rOAbl, oTcryna51 01' CBOHX npaBHJI, Kpynn
KynUJI aHriIHAcKyKJ JlHIleH3HKJ H3 6ecceMepOBCKHH I<OHBep
'fep ,lI.JI5I npoH3Bo)].CTBa CTaJIn. B 1867 ro.D.y no npocb6e
HallOJleOHa II I OH BbIC'faBHJI Ha Ma pCOBOM nOJle KpynHeH
WYIO B MHpe nyLUKy --- n5lTH;leCWfHTOHHYIO. 0/-1 6blJl B03BC)].eH B KaBClJlepbl Op)].eHa OOlleTHoro JIerHOHa. TeM He Me
/-iee <I:>paHIlH51 He KynHJIa nyiliKH Kpynna. A BCRope ray6HIlbl
Kpyrma pa36HJIH B nyx H npax tPOPTbl MeTlla H Ce)].aHa, H
HeMllbl )].BHHyJIHCb HCl f1apmK, OKpyIKHB ero.
Kor)].3 faM6eTTa 6elliaJI H3 flapHR<Cl Ha B03)].yIlIHOM ma
pe, AJlb¢pe,lI. Kpynn pacnop5l,lI.I1J1C5I HeMe1l.JIeI-lHO CKOHCTpy
HponaTb 3eHHTHYIO nywKy, CTpeJlHIDIl\YIO nOllTH no BepTHKa
JIH. 3Ta nyIllKa 6LIJIa CKOHCTpyHpoBaHa B PCKOP)].HbIH CpOK.
TaK po)].HJlaCb npOTlmOB03)].yWH351 060poHa.
B 1872 ro,lI.y Kpynn ony6.rIHKoBaJl npaBHJIa BHyTpeHHero
pacnop51)].Ka H p03)1.3JI HX CBOHM pa60LJHM. BnepBble 6blJla
JIeraJII-I30BaHa COBpeMeI-IH3S-I npOMbIW,lJeHH351 6e30nacHocTb.
Mbl MOJKeM npHBecTH cJle)].YlouWIO ¢pa3Y H3 3THX npaBHJI:
58 59
«He3aBHCHMO 01' Hs,nep)KeK rrpOHSBo,nCTI3a, He06xo,nHMO, lJTO
6bl 3a pa60lJHM nOCT05lHHO Ha6JIIo,naJHI :meprI1lJHhle II OIlhIT
Hble JIlO,nH, KOTopble rrOJIylJaJIH 6bl IlpeMHID BCl1KHH pas, KO
r,na sa,nepIKHI3aJIH Ca601'a)KHlIKa, .neHT515I HJIH WIlHOHa».
B ,nonOJIHeHHHX K npaBHJ1aM, nOHBHBUIHMC5I nos,nHee,
yKaSbII38JIOCb, lJTO 3aBO,n ,nOJIlKeH npeCJIellOI3aTb H COUHaJIH
CTOB. He06xo,nHMO npHSHaTb, liTO AJIb<ppell.Y Kpynny y,na
JIOCb cos,naTb onpe,neJIeHHyfO «KpynnoBcKyIO an.wcepepy»,
K01'Opa51 cyweCTByeT H B HaWH ,nl-IH. O,nHOBpeMeHHO C pac
llIHpeHHeM CBOHX CJIyIK6 WnHOHa)!{3 H I<oHTppaSI3e,nKH
Kpynn cos,naBaJI lJpe3BbllJaHHO KpynHble, xopowo OnJIalJH
BaeMble HaYlJHO-Hcc.ne,noBaTeJIbCKl1e rpynnbL no carvlOH CBO
eH CMepTl1 AJIb<ppe,n Kpynn, He BhlllycKaBwHH aKUI1H H He
I1MeBWH~1 KOM na HhOHOI3, OCTaBaJICH nOJIHOBJIaCTHhlM BJIa
,nbIKOH CBoeH npOMhlWJIeHHOH HMnepHH, KOTOpyIO nepe,naJI
cBoeMy CWHy. Ero JIHlJHOe COlT05lHHe oueHHBaJIOCh nOlJTH
B 300 M.'lH. cOBpeMeHHblx eppaHKOI3. OH 6hlJI y,nOCToeH op,ne
HOB MHOrHX CTpaH, a HaMeCTHHK CTOJIHlJHOi-i npOBHHUHH
KHTa51 J111 XYH-lJIKaH rro,napII.11 eMy Basy, BospaCT KOTOpOH HaCtIHTbIBaeT 2 TbIC. JIeT. Ero JIHlJHblH Mysel'i 6bW O,nHHM
I1S caMblX y,nHI3HTeJIbHbIIX B EBpone. Kpyrrrr rrpeycrreJI B
CBoeIvl ,neJIe, eMy rro,npa)KaJIH. OH 6blJI THnHtIHblM BOHHCT
BeHHblM npe,nnpHHHMaTeJIeM, MaKCHMaJIbHO HCrrOJIbsYfOwHM
rrpoMhljllJIeHHblH illITHOHaIK, WIlHOHalK rrpoTHB pa60tmx H
BrrOJIHe yBepeHHo PYKOBO,n5lWHM CI30HMH saBo,naMH. O,nHaKo
!lIbl YB!1.J.HM B rJIaBe, rrOCB5IweHHOH rrepBoH MHpOBOH BOHHe,
lJTO «6POH5I 6esonacHocTH» Kpyrrna 6wJIa rrp06HTa <ppaH
UySCKHM Wrr110HalKeM, H paCCKa)KeM, rrpH KaKHX 06CTOHTeJlbCTBax.
A cefllJac nepel'i,neM 01' BOHHbl 3a CTaJIb K TaflHOH BoflHe
sa KaylJyK. B AMepHKe KayllyK 6blJI HSBeCTeH B TelJeHHe Thl
C5Ilre.ne1'HH. CJlOBO «KayllyK» -. HH,neHcKoe H B rrepeBo,ne os
HalJaeT «nJIalJywee ,nepeBO». [1epBblH rraTeHT Ha KaylJyK 6bIJI
rrOJIylJeH B Mae 1791 ro,na aHrJ1HlJaHHHOM rro HMeHH CaMfO
3JIb nHJI.
O,nHaKo OCHOBHOH rraTeHT (Ha ByJIKaHHsaUHlo) 6bI\JI no
JIy'leH JIHWb B ,neKa6pe 1841 ro,na aMepHKaHueM 4aPJIbSOM
fy,nbHpOM, KOTOpbIH cJIylJaflHo OTKpbIJI HBJINIHe ByJIKaHHSa
UHH H c,neJIaJI Bce, tlTO Mor, tIT06bl coxpaHHTb CBoe OTKpbl
THe B TafIHe. HeCMOTp51 Ha HaJIHlJHe rraTeHTa, OH HMeJI OC
HOBaHHe orraCaTbC5I, HOO 06pa3Ubl BYJIK3HI1SHp0I3aHHOrO
l<aylJyKa, KOTopble OH rrOCJ1(IJI B AHrJIHfO, 6blJIH rrepe,naHbl
XHMHKy TOMacy XaHKyKy. nOCJIe,nHHH, omynm sarrax cepbl,
HCXO,nHWHH 01' 06pasuoI3, cyMeJI BocnpOHSBeCTH TeXHOJIOrHiD
H sarraTeHTOBaTb ee. O,nHaKO OH OCTaJICH B KaKOH-TO CTeneHH:
,n)KeHTJIbMeHOM H rrpl13HaJI, tlTO npHopHTeT rrpHHa,nJIeIKHT
fy,nbHPY. 3Toro HeJIbSH CKasaTb 06 aMepl1KaHCKHx wrrHO
Hax H rrHpaTax, KOTopble He pas rrOXHwaJIH MeTO,n 4apJIb3a
fy,nbl1pa.
B pesyJIbTaTe 6eCKOHelJHOH TH)K6bl fy,nbl1p ,n06HJICH
npo,nJIeHHH cpOKa ,neHCTBI151 CBoero rraTeHTa ewe Ha ceMb JIeT
HalJHHaH C HIOH5I 1858 ro,na, I<or,na ero CpOK ,nOJIIKeH 6blJl
HCTelJb. fy,nbl1 P yMep 13 1860 ro,ny, OCTaBHB ,nOJIrOB Ha CyM
My 995 TbIC. <ppaHKoB Toro I3peMeIIH.
KaylJyKoBa51 rrpOMbllWJIeHIiOCTb rrpeBpaTHJIaCb B 30JIOTOe
,nHO ,nJIH wrrHOHOB, H, HecMoTpH Ha Bce Mepbl npe,nocTOpO)Ko
HOCTH, 6blJIO rrOXHweHO OKOJIO ,neC5ITKa ceKpe1'HblX <pOpMyJl
ByJIKaHH3aUHH, HarrOJIHHTeJIeii H 06pa60TKH KaylJyKa. Kay
lJyKoBaH rrpOMblWJIeHHOCTb pa3I3HBaJIaCb TaK 6bICTpO, liTO
OCT pO BCTa13aJI Bonpoc 06 HCTOlIHHKax Cblpb5l. I1MeHHo B
:>1'0 BpeM5I aHrJIHHCKoMy aBaHTlOpHcTy H wnHoHy I'eHpH
BHKX3MY y,naJIOCb HeJIeraJIbHO BbII3eSTH HS DpaSHJIHH B
AHrJIHIO ceMeHa reBeH.
BHKX3M BHalJaJIe cyMeJI ,n06paTbc5I ,nO rrJIaTO TarraIKoc
paHoHa 5paSHJIHI1, KOTOpblH VI B HaWH ,nHI1 OCTaeTC5I OlJeHb
MaJIOH3YlJeHHbIM, a B Te BpeMeHa 6blJI npaKTHlJeCKH cOBep
weHHO HeHSBe,naHHbIM.
C06paB TaM 60JIbWOe KOJIHlJeCTBO ceM5IH, BHKX3M Bep
HyJIC5I Ha 6paSHJIbCKOe rr06epe)Kbe. Do ClJaCTJIHBOH CJIylJaH
HOCTH B:>TO IKe BpeM5I oTTyna B03BpawaJIC5I nopoIKHHKOM r. AHrJIHIO HOBeHwHH aHrJIHHCKHH napoxo,n. BHKX.3MY y,naJIOCb
rrorpY3HTb ceMeHa, He HaBJIeKa51 Ha ce6H no,nospeHHH 6pa
SHJlbCKHX BJI3CTefI. DOCJIe,nHHM OH 06b5lCHI1JI, liTO rrepeBOSHT
ceMeHa lJpeSBbllJaHHO npHXOTJII1BblX BH,nOB paCTeHI1H nJIH
J1 OI-J,nOHCKoro 60Ta HHlJeCKOrO ca,na. DJI a ro,na pH BMemaTeJI b
CTBy aHrJIHHCKOro Koi-IcyJIa norpY3K3 6bliJIa npoHsBe,neHa
6ecnperrHTcTBeHHo.
7 TbIC. ceMHH BHalJaJIe 6blJIH rrocaIKeHbl B 60TaHHlJeCKOM
ca,ny. 3 aTeM caIKeHUbl 6bI,JHI BblBeseHbl H a KKJII1MaTI1SHpona·
Hbl Ha OCTpOBe UeHJIOH, a saTeM Ha 60pHeo H B MaJIaHe.
3TH nJIaH1'aUHH 51BIIJII1Cb HCTOlJHHKOM npOUBeTaHI1H 3THX
CTpaH. DpOH,noxa BHKX3M rrOJIylJHJI ,nBOp5lHCKHM THTyJI, lJTO
pe,nKO CJIYlJaJIOCq CO wrrHOHaMII.
HeKOTopble aBaHTlOpbl TaKoro po,na H Hap5l,ny C HI1MH 6ec
rrJIo,nHOCTb Mep oxpaHbl npOMblWJIeHHOCTH crroc06CTBOB3JIH
cos,naHHIO OC06blX opraHoB 06eCnelJeHI15I 6esorracHocTH H
cneUl1aJIHSHpOBaHHbllx areIiTCTB, B TOM lJHCJIe O)~HOrO I1S nH
TJ1 «rJIaBI-IbIX» - aMepHKaIJCKOro arel-ITcnJa DI1lJI(epTona.
60 01
AreHTCTEO nHHKepTOHa npHo6peJIo H3SeCTHOCTb 6JIaro
,lI.ap51 nOCB5ImeHHbIM ero ,lI.eHTeJIbHOCTH ,ll,ellleBblM pOMaHaM,
nOHBHBIllHMCH 13 KOHL~e XIX seK3. Ero nO,lI.JIHIHIa51 HCTOpH5I
Ky,lI.a 60JIee y,lI.HBHTeJIbHa. AJIelIa DHHKepToHa 33Bep60BClJI
npe3H.n.eHT nHHKOJ!bH.n.O rpalK,lI.3HCIWH BOrmbl, nopY4HB eMy
opraHH30BaTb pa3se,UblB8TeJIbHYIO CJIy1K6y. OH CTaJI PYKOBO~ ,lI.HTeJIeM pa3Be,lI.KH H KOl-ITP pa3Be.n.KH CeSep5lH. f10,lI. nceB,lI.O
HHMOM «AJIeH» OH BonBOpH,,1C5I H3 1-H yJIHue B BaWHHrTOHe
H nOJIOIKHJI HalJaJIO epoTorpa(!nlllecKoMY wnHoHalKy. OH OKa
3aJI TaKl1e yCJIym cesepHHaM, 4TO, 6e3 lJpe3MepHoro npeyse·
JIHlJeHH5I, MOIKHO 6blJIO rOBopHTb, lJTO OHH BblHrpaJIH BOi:'IHY
6JIarOnapH eMY. Eme no Toro KaK 6bITb 3asep60BaHHblM
nHHKO,TIbHOM, nHHKepToH 06paTHJI Ha ceoS! BHHMaHHe TeM,
4TO pa306JIalJaJI onaCHOCTb cenapaTHcTcKoro .n.BH)I{eHI1H, op
raHH30saHHoro IOlKaHaMH -- CTOpoHHHKaMH coXpaHeH!151
pa6cTBa. OH nOJIy4HJI 3TH CBenCHHH BO BpeMH KpynHoii one
paUHl1 no npOMbIIll.TIeHHOH KOHTppa3Be,ilKe, Kor,lI.a opy,lI.OBaJI
B 4HKaro. nHHKepTOH 6blJI npnrJIaWeH K npe3H,lI.eHTy KpynHoH IKe
JIe3HO,lI.0pOIKHOH KOMnaHHH, I<OTOPOMY C006UJ.HJI, 'ITO 10)l{aHe
HaMepeBalOTC5I pHHyTbC5I Ha )l{eJIe3HbIe )J.opom, nYCTHTb KO
,lI.Hy napOMbl, B30pBaTb MOCTb~ H TaKHM 06pa30M H30JIHpO
BaTb BaWHHfTOH OT ceBepHbIX WTaTOB. .3TO npOHCXO,lI.H.TIO
B 5IHBape 1861 rO,lI.a, KaK pa3 HaKaHyHe BOHHbl.
nHHKCOTOH npOBeJI paccJIe.n.oBal-II1e B I3aJITHMOpe H Bo
130M OpJIe'eiHe. Pe3YJIbTaTbI OK"'·3aJIHCb 13 BbICWe!1 CTeneIlH
TpeBOIKHIiMH. MaJIo Toro, 4TO CYIueCTBOB3JI 3arOBOp, HO cy
meCTBOBaJI TaK)I{e - y)l(e Tor.n.a! - nJ1aH y6HHcTBa ABpa
aMa nHHKOJIbH8. Y6HilcTBO ero 'u0JI)!<H0 6bIJIO nOCJIy/KHTb
CHrHaJIOM K YHH4TOI!(eHHIO MOCTOB (60J!bWHHCTBO H3 HHX
6blJIO ,lI.epeBHHHbIMH. H HX JIefl<o 6blJIO n01VKellb) , nOJLBI·Dl{
Horo COCTaBa IKeJIe3HbIX .n.opor H napOMoB. TaK npOMbIWJIeH
HbIH WnHOHa)l{ H KOIITppa3se.n.K8 n03BOJIHJIH paCKpWI"b 06
WHPHblI~i [lOJIHTHt~eCKHH 3arOBOp H BoopY/KeHHbiH M5ITe)K.
KOTopble nO.TIIKHbI 6bIJIH npHBecTH K y)l{acHoii rpa)K,il3HCKOi1
BOHHe Me)l{ny CeBepoM H 1OroM.
21 epeBpaJIH 1861 r. B ¢HJIa,lI.e,,1blpHH nl1HKOnbH 3acny
waJI ,lI.OKJIa,lI. nHHKepToHa 11 y6e.n.HJIcH B cymecTBoBaHHH 3a
rOBopa.
B TO)l{e Bpe/vi51 TaKyI{) )l{e IiHepoprvtaUHIO Y,lI.aJIOCb coopaTb
rJlaBe HblO-HOpKCKOH rocy,lI.apCTBeHHoH nOJIHUHH I(eHlIe,lI.H 11
YBe.n.Ol\1HTb nHHKCJIbHa.
HaMellaBwerOCH y6HHCTB<:1 Y,lI.3JlOCb H36e/l{3Tb, O,lI.HaKO
rp5lHyJIa rpail{,lI.aHCK351 Boi:'lHa.
K3I( Mbl y>Ke CK33aJiH, areHTCTBO nMHKepTOH3 OKa33.'10
60.'lblill1e yc.TIyrn np3BJ1TeJlbCTBY M 13nOCJle;"lCTBI1Yi rtpeBpaTH
JIOCb B nO'lTM OepHUH3.TIbHYIO opraHH33UHKl, C4IITdBlllYlOCH
Ira PC.n.I<OCTb cepbe3HOil. nOC.JIe rpa)l{lI.aHcKof! BOHHbl areHT
CTBO YlKe lIe 3aHI1M3JlOCb BoeIIHOH pa::me.n.I<oH HJIH KOHTp
pa3Bc.L;Ko!1, HO 6LI.JIO H OCT3CTCH I\'IOmllOfl opr3HH3aUHeH,
Bell.ymeH 60[1[;6y C npccTynHHlwMH, ,ll,HBejK8HTaMM H wnH
OH3MH.
OTMCTHM, lITO BO BpCM51 6yllTOB npOTHB BOHHCIWH nOBMH
HOCTM B HbIo-YIopKe B H1O,Jle 1863 rO,lI.a l(eHI-Ie,lI.H 6blJI nOk
BeprHyT JIHHlleBaHHIO rpynnof! pa31,51peHHblx HpJIaH.L;ues.
Ero CnaCJIH, OCMOTp B 60.'1bHI1ue nOK33aJI, lJTO OH nO.JIy4HJI
21 HO)l{eBOe paHeHHe H 72 YlI.apa nJIeTbW. AMepHKaHcKaH
TpanHUHH HaCHJlH5l HalJHHaeTCH He C y611HCTB3 npe3H.n.eHTa
KeHHell.H H He C yOHikTB Mapnlfla nlOTepa l(HHra M Po
6cpTa l(CHI-IClUl.
i\.reHTCTBO IlHHKepTOl-Ia pa306.JIaiJHJIO B 1867 ro.n.y JDKe
IIlnHOHa no MMeHH nHnep. 9TOT cy6'beKT, pO,ll,HBWHHC51 B
HapH>Ke (UlTaT KewrYI{I{I'I), Ho06uie CtIHT8JICH KpynHei:'I
WHM B Te BpeMeHa nO,lI.neJIbIrBaTeJIeM JLOKyMeI-lToB. nO.JIe ero
,n,eHTe.JIbHOCTH npOCTHpaJIOCb OT naHaMcI<oro npOJIHBa ,lI.0
CHe)l{HbIX nYCTbIHb KaHa,lI.bI. Cor.JIaCHO ,lI.OHeCeHHHM areHT
eTBa nHHKepToH3, C i857 no 1866 rOLL OH C6blJI H3 1 MJIH.
nOJI.TI. epaJIbWHBbIX qCIWB H BeKce.'ICfl. KpoMe Toro, OH nOJIy
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3Toro HHarapclmH KOMHTeT npe.n.JIo>lmJI npeMHIO 13 3 TbIC.
.n.OJIJI. 3a pa3pa60TKy Bonpoca 0 nepe.n.a4e 3JIeKTp03HeprHH
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69
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SIBKH KOMnaHHefI «BeCTepH IOHHOH», H, MO)KeT 6bITb, 6blJlO
6bl HeCKpOMHO CllpawHBaTb, KaKHM 06pa30M OH 3TO c.n.eJlaJl.
3TOT rrpHMep nOKa3bIBaeT, tlTO C KOHQa XIX BeKa npo
MblWJleHHblH WnHOHa)K 6blJl HarrpaBJleH He TOJlbKO Ha Bbl
Kpa.n.blBaHHe <pOpMyJl H MeTo.nOB, HO H Ha Bbl5IBJleHHe 3aSIBOK
Ha rroJlytleHHe naTeHTOB, c.u.e.'laHHbIX KOMrraHHSIMH. KCTaTH
CKa3aTb, BCSI )KH3Hb 3.nHCOHa 6blJla HenpepblBHOH 60Pb60ii
B 3al.J.I.HTY CBOHX HHTepeCOB, H OH He pa3 rrpOTeCTOBaJl npo
THB rrpH06peTeHHSI 3a 6eCQeHOK npOMblWJleHHblMH KOMrraHH
SIMH H 6aHKaMH H306peTeHHH, KOTopble BnOCJle.n.CTBHH 6blJlH
HCrrOJlb30BaHbl .nJlSI 6J10KHpOBaHl1H ero naTeHTOB HJlH .n.JlSI
Be.neHHH KOHKypeHTHoH 60Pb6bl t H306peTeHHSIMH, KOTopble
OH c.n.eJlaJl lteHOH 60JlbWHX YCHJlHH. 11 3)I.eCb Mbl yCMaTpHBa
eM nOHBJleHHe HOBOH <pOPMbl pa3Be.nKH B rrpOMbIWJleHHOCTH:
BWSIBJleHHe H306peTeHHH B caMoH HatlaJlbHOii HX cTa.nHH,
BblSIBJleHHe H306peTaTellefI Ii Me.TJKHX Jla60paTopHH, TeprrSI
78
opy)l{eHHe BoeHHoro ep.IJOT3 no.u.Bo.rr.HylO Jlo.u.Ky no! Ha3BaHHeM
«XOJlJla H.u.». AMepHKaHChHH a.u.130xaT I1caaK PaHC, KOTOpOMy
npHHa.u.Jle)l{aJlO 4aCTHoe H306peTaTeJlbCKOe 6tOpo, KynHJI Ila:
TeHT XOJlJl a H.u.a , ¢HHaHCHpOB3J1 npoeKTHp003HHe no.u.Bo.u.HO H
JlO.u.KH H y4pe.u.HJI KOMnaHHIO no CTpOHTeJ1bCTsy Tal<HX J10nOK.
D04TH HeMe.u.J1eHHO 6bl.1J0 3aKJ1lO4eHO corJlaWeHHe Me){<.u.y
3TOH KOMnaHHeH H aHrJIHticKOH rpynnoii BHKI<epca, H H30
6peTeHHe, npe.u.Ha3Ha4aBweeCH .!I.JIH 60Pb6bI C AHrJlHeH, 6bIJ10
nOCTaBJ1eHO Ha cJlyIK6y aHrJ1H4aHaM. A C 1901 ro.u.a nOlJTH 130 BceM MHpe npHcTynH.rHI K CTpOH
TeJ1bCTBY no.u.Bo.u.HbIX J10.u.01< TaKoro THna. D03.ll.Hee 6blJ1H Ha
3Ha4eHbi CJ1e.u.CTBe-HHbI.e KOMHCCHH. BecbMa BepoHTHo, lJTO
4epTe)KH 6blJ1H npo.u.aHbl fepMaBHH H 4TO no.u.BOlLHble J10lL.KH ,
6Jlaro.u.a pH KOTOpbIM fepMaHHH e.u.Ba Be BbIHrpaJ1a ,BOHBy
1914-1918 ro.u.OB, 6blJ1H HpJ1aHJJ.cKoro npOHCXO)K.u.eH1HI.
Ha yrp03Y HeMeUKHX no.u.BO.u.HbIX J10.u.OK 06paTHJ1 BHHMa
HHe «OTeu» lllepJloKa XOJ1MCa -- C3p ApTyp KOBaH 'uOHJ1.
3a .u.Ba ro.u.a .u.o MHpOBOH BOHHbI 13 HOl3eJlJle IlO.u. 3ar0J10BKOM
«OnacHocTb» OH nOBe.u.aJl 0 TOM, KaKylo onaCHOCTb npe.u.CTaB
JlHlOT no.u.BO.ll.Hble J]OJJ.KH. O.u.HaKO Tor.u.a HHKTO eMy He no-
BepHJI. ' 4epTe)KH, nOXHlll.eHHbie y aHrJlH4aH H aMepHKaHueB, npo
.u.OJ])KaJlH u HpKyJ1HpOBaTb no Bce~'IY MHpy C 1902 no 1914 ro.u.,
H ueHa HX nOCTelleHHO na.u.aJla. 3THM BOCnOJlb300aJ1HCb HnOH
UbI. BH.u.HMO, HHI<aKHe I'l'lepbl npe.u.oCTOpO)KHOCTH ,He npHHHMa
J1HCb. 04eBH.u.HO, HHKTO HH Y BHKKepca, HH 13 «2)JleKTpHK 60T
KOMnaHH» He CJ1bIWaJ1 06 H.!ieHx Kpynna OTHOCHTeJ1bHO 6e
30naCHOCTH B npOMbIWJ1eHHocTH. Ho 3aTO )KlOJ1b BepH HH4e
1'0 He ynYCHIJ1 H3 3TOH HCTOpHil H, coe.u.HHHB H.u.em ~1<apMaH
HOH» nO.ll.BO.ll.HOH J10.u.KH C H.ll.eHMH paKeTbl H aTOMHOH 60M6bl,
HanHcaJ] HOBbIH pOMaH «PaBHeHHe Ha 3HaM51». O.u.HH nOJ]ycyM3cwe.u.WHH H306peTaTeJ1b Y3HaJ1 B repoe
3TOH KHHrH ce651 H, HCXO.u.H H3 npHHUHna, 4TO Bep5lT TOJ1bKO
60raTblM, B036y.u.HJ1 .ll.e.no npOTHB >KlOJ1b BepHa, HCn0J1b30' naBwero TOJ1bKO T3Kl1e .u.3HHhIe, KOTOpbIMH B TO BpeMH pacno
J1araJ1H Bce. B JI.aHlJOM CJ1Y4ae MbI HMeeM npeI<paCHbIH npH
Mep B3aHMO.ll.e(ICTI3H5I .u.eHCTBHTeJ1bHOCTH H Hay4Hof! ¢aHTac
THK~1. DocJ1e )KlOJ1b Beplla H .u.pyrHe ¢paHuY3cKHe aBTopbl
HaY4Ho-¢aHTacTH4eCI<MX pOMaHoB, B lJaCTHOCTH DOJlb
.ll.'HBya, - )l(H¢¢ap H P06H.u.a, no.u.XBaTHJ1H MaTepHaJ1bI 0
«KapMaHHoih> nO.ll.Bo.n.HOfl JlO.ll.Ke H 6J1eCT5Jlue HCnOJlb30Balll!
HX: .u.'I1Bya -13 «Kopcape TpHIIJleKce», P06H.u.a - B «A.u.CKOH
BoHHe». 4epTeIKH P06H.ll.bI, HJ1J1tOCTPHpYlOuJ,He ero pOMaH, COBepmeHHO 3aMe4aTeJ1bHbl H, nO)KaJ1yii, MOrJ1l1 6bl 6blTb lie
n0J1b30BaHbl .n.J151 CTpmITe.1JbCTBa COl3peMeHHblX «KapMaHHbIx»
no.u.130.u.HbIX J10.n.OK. ,UJ151 1911 ro.u.a OHH npocTo nopa3HTeJ1bHbl.
J1lO60nbITHOe 5lBJ1eHHe: illnHOHhl KOHua XIX H Ha4aJla
XX l3eKa, BH.u.HMO, He HHTepeCOBaJIIiCb aBHaUHeH. MOlKeT
6hITb, OHH nOJ1araJlH, 4TO OHa OTHOCHTC51 K 06J1aCTH H3Y4HOH
¢aHTaCTHKH. r. LlIK. Y3J1J1C 0 «BOHHe B 003.u.yxe» paCCKa3bl
BaeT 0 TaHHCTBeHHOM HC4e3HOBeHHH H306peTaTeJ1eH B03lLy
XOnJlaBaTeJlbHblX annapaTo8 T51ll,eJlee B03Jl.yxa, o.n.HaKO, BH
.u.HMO, 13 .u.aHHOM CJlY4ae OH 110J1h30l3aJ1CH 60Jlbille epaHTa3HefI,
4eM CBOHMH npeBOCXO.ll.HbIMH HCTOlJHHKaMH HH¢opMaUHH.
He3a.u.omo .u.o nepsoH MllpOBOH BoflHbl cjJpaHUy3cKa51 KOHTp
pa3Be.n.Ka H3llaJ1a Ha CJ1e/I. areHTCToa npOMbIIllJ1eHHOrO IllnHO
Ha)K~, KOTOpblM pyKOBO.u.HJ1 HeKHH OeTepceH. OTnpaBHOH
6a30H J1.e51TenbHOCTH areHTCTna BHa'IaJ1e c.rlyn<HJ1a HOpBerH5I,
3aTeiVI - 5eJ1brH5I, a n03.n.Hee - IllBei'luapH5I. OHO rOIHIJ10Cb
3a ceKpeTaMH aHrJlHRCKHX cYJl.osep¢eR H Bep60BaJ10 areH
Ton, Tpoe H3 KOTOpblX 6blJII1 3a.u.ep)KaHbI. 3TO 6bIJ1H reHpHX
fpocce H cynpyrH lllpe.u.ep. lllpe.ll.ep 6bIJ1 npHrOBopeH K TpeM
ro.u.aM TlOPbMbI. 4TO KaCaeTC5I r-)KH illpe.u.ep, TO Cy.u.bH 3a
51BHJ1H, 4TO n peCJ1e.u.OBaTb no CY.ll.Y )I{eHlUHHY He6J1 a ropo.u.HO.
3TO 6blJ10 .ll.06poe CTapoe BpeMH. MO)I<eT 6bITb, 13 CJ1Y4ae BO
eHHoro WnHOlla)Ka Cy.u.bH nocTynHJlB 6bl HHaLJe. 11 y)K COBceM
MaJ10BepOHTHO, 4T06bl B C08peMeHHOM cy.n.eOHOM .u.eJ1e 0 npo
MbIIllJ1eHHOM WnHOHa)Ke 6bIJI npOHBJ1eH TaKO(1 pb1uapCKHH
.u.yx. DbIJ10 6bl HHTepeCHO npOBeCHI napaJ1J1eJ1b Me)K.u.y .u.enOM areHTCToa DeTepceHCl 11 npHI<JII04eHHHMH WepJlOKa XOJl
Mea, 13 4aCTHOCTH cpaBIlHTb ero c .u.eJlOM 0 nJ1anax 5ploca
OapTHHrTOna *, HO 3TO 3aBe"10 6bl /lac CJlHWKOM .u.aJ1el<O.
ECJ1H Mbl, nO-BH.u.HMOMy, He MO)KeM 06BHH5ITb TpeCTbl n
YMbIIllJleHHOM YHH4TOll<eHHH HeH<eJ1aTeJ1bHbIX .u.J151 HHX H30
6peTeHHl!, TO B TO )I<e BpeMH Mb.l MOiKeM co06mHTb 4TO B napCKOH POCCHH CYIlI.eCTBOBaJiO no.u.4HHeHHoe oc06e' HMlle
paTopa OT.u.eJ1emre 3.rIOBeruell oxpaHbI no Ha.u.30PY H YHH4TOIKeHHlO CJ1HWKOM onaCHblX H306peTeHH11. TaK, Kor.u.a npo¢ec
copa <PHJlHnnOBa, KOTOpblH 11306peJ1 cnoc06 nepe.u.a4H Ha
paCCT05lHHe no pa.u.Ho y.n.apHbIX BOJ1H B3pblBa, HaIllJ1H B
1903 ro.n.y MepTBbIM B era J1a60paTopHH, TO no OC060My yKa
3Y HMnepaTopa HHK0J1a51 II ero .n.oKyMeHTbI 6bIJ1H H31:>51TbI H
YH~14TO)KenbI. a Jla60paTOpli51 pa3pyweHa. Bep05lTHo. HHKOJ1aH II cnac lJeJ10Be'leCTBO, H60 no.u.06HbIe CpeJl.CTBa nepe.n.a
• eM. 113BecTHbJii paCCKa3 A. K.oHafl JJ.oHJla «4epre}l{H 5plOca-napTHllrTOHa». - n pUM. pea.
78 79
nal nOcJIe 9Toro OH OmpaBHJIC51 B 3cceH, r.ne HaTOJIKHyJIC51
Ha KOp.nOH 6e30naCHOCTH, YCTaHOBJIeHHblH BOKpyr 3aBo.nOB
KOJIOCCaJIbHOro KOHuepHa Kpynna. ECJIH 6bl JIlOcbeTo CXBa
THJIH, OH 6blJI 6bl HeMe.nJIeHHO paCCTpeJI5IH. TeM He MeHee OH
He .nporHyJI. JIlOcbeTo no.npY)l{HJIC5I B Kaepe C O.nHHM H3 nOJIH
ueHCKHX, oxpaHHBWHX 3aBO;I.bl Kpynna. nOJIHueHCKHH 3a
Kpy)l{KOH .n06poro HeMeUKoro nHBa paCCKa3aJI, liTO Kpynn
nOJIyllaeT ra3 .nJIH npOH3Bo.nCTBa XHMHlIeCKHX CHapH.nOB.
JIlOcbeTo 3aMeTHJI eMy: «Ho 91'0 C HayliHoH TOliKH 3peHHH
HeB03MO)l{HO: 9TH nOJIble CHapH.nbl B30pBaJIHCb 6bl elUe .nO
BbIJIeTa H3 nywKH». nOCJIe .llOJIroro cnopa KpynnoBcKHH nO
JIHueHCKHH 3aKJIIOlIHJI napH Ha 2 TbIC. MapoK, CKa3aB, liTO
CMO)l{eT nOKa3aTb JIlOcbeTo nOJIHrOH, r.ne HCnbITblBaIOT XHMH
lIeCKHe CHapH.nbI. aim yCTpOHJIHCb B yKpOMHOM yrOJIKe nOJIH
rOHa. nOHBHJIaCb BepeHHua BoeHHbIX aBTOM06HJIeH B conPO
BO)l{.neHHH 3CKopTa. 113· o.nHoro aBTOM06HJI5I BbIWeJI ... caM
HMnepaTOp BHJIbreJIbM II. ECJIH 6bl JIlOcbeTo HM"eJI BHHTOB
Ky C onTHlieCKHM npHueJIOM, OH CMor 6bl H3MeHHTb XO.n HCTO
pHH, HO npH HeM He 6blJIO .na)l{e peBOJIbBepa, 0 lIeM OH cO)l{a
JIeJI nOTOM BCIO )I{H3Hb. BoeHHblH opKeCTp HcnOJIHHJI «PeHH
CKHH Mapw». HallaJIOCb HcnblTaHHe. 5blJIH npoH3Be.neHbl
BblCTpeJIbl H3 MOpCKHX nyweK no CTa.ny 6apaHOB. 5apaHOB
06BOJIOKJIO 3eJIeHOe 06JIaKO -. H OHH ynaJIH 3aMepTBo. JIIOCbeTO BOCKJIHKHyJI: «31'0 BeJIHKOJIenHo! fepMaHHH BblHrpaeT
BOHHy! 51 pa.n .naTb 9TH 2 TbIC. MapoK». OH .naJI .neHbrH H
CnpOCHJI: «MO)l{HO, 51 B03bMY MaJIIOCeHbKHH KycolieK OCKOJI
Ka cHapH.na Ha naMHTb 06 9TOM He3a6bIBaeMoM .nHe?». Kpyn
nOBCKHH nOJIHueHCKHH OTBeTHJI: «51 He B03pa)l{alO, HO JIyllwe,
eCJIH 51 caM noH.ny 3a OCKOJIKOM, Be.nb MeHH 3.neCb 3HaIOT».
TaK H c.neJIaJIH. A lIepe3 TpH .nHH OCKOJIOK CHapH.na 6blJI B
napH)I{e B pyKax o.nHoro H3 BbI.nalOlUHXCH XHMHKOB, KOTOpblH
no.nBepr ero TlUaTeJIbHoMY aHaJIH3Y. Ero HMH 3aCJIY)l{HBaeT
ynoMHHaHHH. 31'0 6blJI npoepeccop 3.nMOH 5eHJIb, cyMeBwHH
pa3JIO)l{HTb yJIbTpaCeKpeTHblH HeMeUKHH ra3 - TpHXJIOpMe
THJIOBblH 9<jmp xJIOpyrOJIbHOli KHCJIOTbl, HHlITO)l{HOe KOJIH
lIeCTBO KOToporo co.nep)l{aJIOCL elUe B npHCJIaHHOM JIlOcbeTo
OCKOJIKe CHapH.na.
COI03HHKH, co cBoeH CTOpOHbI, O!KPbIJIH .npyrHe ra3bI.
HallaJIacb. ra30BaH BoHHa. Kor.na nOCJIe BOHHbl JIlOcbeTo npo
BeJI .neTaJIbHOe 06CJIe.noBaHHe, OH Y3HaJI, liTO O.nHH HeMeUKHti
.ne3epTHp, y KOToporo HMeJICH npOTHBora3, nbITaJICH yae.no
MHTb 06 onaCHOCTH ra30BbiX 8TaK COI03HHKOB. 13 anpeJIH OH
.noweJI .no JIafireMapKa. 06 9TOM CTaJIO H3BeCTHO reHepaJIy
<1>eppH, KOTOpblti KOMaH.nOBaJI 2-H ¢paHUY3CKOH neXOTHOH
~
.nHBH3HeH. <1>eppH HanpaBHJI .noHecem·le, HO eMy He nOBepHJIH.
OH nOJIyllHJI BblrOBOp 3a TO, liTO Henocpe.nCTBeHHO npe.nynpe
.nHJI aHrJIHlIaH, MHHyH wTa6 )Koeppa. nOCJIe ra30BOH aTaKH
<I>eppH BTOpHliHO nOJIyllHJI BblrOBOp, a 3aTeM 6blJI yBOJIeH 3a TO, liTO OKa3aJICH npaB.
npO.nOJI)I{HM paCCKa3 0 fa6epe. nOcJIe nOpa)l{eHHH Oil
npo.noJI)I{aJI 3alUHlUaTb fepMaHHIO H HeMeUKylO HaYKY. fep
MaHHH «B03Harpa.nHJIa» ero: B 1933 ro.ny era HallaJIH npecJIe
.nOBaTb KaK eBpeH. OH oTnpaBHJICH B AHrJIHIO, r.ne HeMe.nJIeH
HO HallaJI pa60TaTb B KeM6pH.n)l{e B JIa60paTopHH Y. )lJK. nona.
fa6ep .nonyCTHJI OnJIOWHOCTb, BblCKa3aB BCJIyX CBOH
MblCJIH 0 fHTJIepe. nOcJIe 3Toro repMaHcKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO
B036y.nHJIo npeCJIe.noBaHHe npOTHB cnaCHTCJIH fepMaHHH no
06BHHeHHIO B BepOJIOMHblX lIyBcTBax. 31'0 6blJIO y.napoM .nJIH
fa6epa. YMep Oli B 1934 ro.ny 01' cep.neliHoro npHCTyna Kor
.na Haxo.nHJICH Ha OT.nblxe B IlIBeiiuapHH. BclO CBOIO ~H3Hb oH.pa60TaJI .nJIH CBoeH cTpaHbl, HJIH, no KpaHHeH Mepe, .nJI5I
TOH CTpaHbl, KOTOpylO ClIHTaJI cBoeH. B lIaCTHOCTH, OH nbITaJI
CH .n06blT~ 30JIOTO, co.nepJKalUeeC5I B HHlITOJKHOM KOJIHlIeCTBe B MOpCKOH Bo.ne, lIT06bl nOKpbITb BoeHHble .nOJIrH fepMaHHH.
fHTJIep ycneJI nOKa3aTb eMY, liTO CO CTapOH fepMaHHeH noKOHlieHO H liTO Ha cMeHy eH npHWJIO HeliTO .npyroe.
A 06CJIe.noBaHHe JIlOcbeTo OTHOCHTeJIbHO y.nywalOlUHX 01'
pa~JIHlOlUHX BelUeCTB OCTaeTCH 06pa3UOM ycnewHoM ceKpeTHOH MHCCHH. B TO BpeMH Kor.na ra30BaH BOHHa 6blJIa B nOJI
HOM pa3rape, B03.nYWHa51 Boi1Ha BH.nOH3MeHHJIaCb H npeBpa
lUaJIaCb, C O.nHOH CTOpOHbl, B cepHIO noe.nHHKOB Me)l{.ny
Ta~HMH repOHMH B03.nyxa, KaK fHHeMep H PHXTro¢eH, C .npy
rOH - B cepHIO 60M6ap.nHpOBOK rpaJKJl.aHCKOro HaCeJIeHHH.
3TH 60M6ap.nHpOBKH BHallaJIe npOH3Bo.nHJIHCb repMaHCKHMH
.nHpH)I{a6JIHMH )I{eCTKOM CHCTeMbl- uenneJIHlIa~lH. Pa3Be.nbl
BaTeJIbHble opraHbl COI03HHKOB HeMe.nJIeHHO 3aHHJIHCb nOHC
KOM ceKpeTOB npOH3Bo.nCTBa 9THX JIeTaTeJIbHblX annapaTOB.
OHH MOrJIH 6bl pa306p~TbC5I BO MHorHX ceKpeTax, npOllHTall HaytIHo-¢aHTaCTHlieCKHH pOMaH f. Y9JIJICa «BOMHa B B03.ny
xe», HO HM He npHWJIO B rOJIOBy CJl.eJIaTb 91'0. CJIyllaH .naJI
B pyKH COlO3HHKOB 06JIOMKH c6HToro Ha.n AHrJIHeH uenneJIH
Ha, KOTOpblH lIaCTHliHO 6blJI nOCTpoeH H3 HOBoro CnJIaBa:
.nlOpaJIIOMHHHH. TOTliac B fepMaHHIO 3aCJIaJIH UInHOHOB .nJI5I BbIHCHeHHH TeXHOJIOrHH npOH3BOnCTBa HOBoro cnJIaBa.
13 OKTH6pH 1912 r. rpa¢ UennemlH cOBepWHJI npo.nOJI
JKHTeJIbHbl? HCnbITaTeJIbHblM nOJIeT. nOJIeT npoxo.nHJI lIa.n
fepMaHHeH, HO BCKope nOCJIe 9Toro HallaJIH BH.neTh uenneJIH
4· 83
libI Ha,n AHrJlHeH. BbIJla JlI1 9TO KOJlJleKTHBHa5I raJlJlIQUHHa
UH5I HJlH nepBoe n05lBJleHHe Toro, 'ITO Tenepb Ha3bIBaIQT
«Heon03HaHHbIMH JleTalOillHMH npe,nMeTaMH», Tpy,nHO CKa
3aTb. O,nHaKO B 1913 ro,ny H ,no Ha'laJIa BOHHbI B 1914 ro,ny
Ha,n AHrJlHeH BH,neJlH uenneJlHHbI-npH3paKH, H, HeCOMHeHHO,
OHH He 6bIJlH repMaHCKoro npOHCXO)K,neHH5I. 3TO npHBJleKJlO
K ce6e BHHMaHHe, H aHrJlHIkKHe pa3Be,nbIBaTeJlbHbIe opraHbI
CTaJlH np05lBJl5ITb Bce 60JlbWHH HHTepec K 3aBo,naM <I>pH.n
pHxcxa<peHa H MaHreHMa-PeHHay, r.n.e CTPOHJlH uenneJlHHb!.
OCHOBHbIM ceKpeTOM npOH3Bo,ncTBa 6bIJI ,nlQpaJlIQMHHHH,
o,nHaKO HMeJlH 60JlbWOe 3Ha'leHHe H ,npyrHe TeXHH'IeCKHe
ceKpeTbI, B '1aCTHOCTH HCnOJlb30BaHHbIe KJleH H repMeTH
3aUH5I.
21 H05l6p51 1914 ~ aHrJlHHCKa51 aBHaUH5I no,nBeprJla 60M
6ap,nHpoBKe <I>pH,npHxcxa<peH. rIo HaWHM MaCWTa6aM
60M6ap.nHpoBKa cOBepweHHo He3Ha'lHTeJlbHa5l: H3 BeJlb<popa
BbIJleTeJlH 3 6HnJlaHa C '1eTbIpbM5I 10-KHJlorpaMMoBbIMH 60M
6aMH B Ka)K,nOM. Bce )Ke pa3pyweHH5I 6bIJlH 3Ha'lHTeJlbHbI,
HO O,nHH CaMOJleT 6bIJI C6HT. Bo BpeM51 nepeJleTa 6bIJla Hapy
weHa wBeHuapCKa51 rpaHHua, a npOTeCTbI LUBeHuapHH 6bIJlH
HaCTOJlbKO pe3KHMH, 'ITO HaJleTbI npeKpaTHJlHCb. 15 ,neKa6p51
1914 r. HOBbIH uenneJlHH-n pH3paK n05lBHJlC5I Ha.n AHrJlHeH.
J1 9TOT He 6bIjI repMaHCKHM, o.nHaKO, nOCKO.TIbKY Ha CJle,nYIO
illHH ,AeHb repMaHCKHH <pJlOT nO,ABepr 60M6ap.nHpOBKe TpH aHrJlHHCKHX nopTa - XapTJlnyJl, YHTOH H CKap60po, B AHr
JlHH peWHJlH, 'ITO 9TO 6bIJla pa3Be.nKa. Ha P0)K.n.eCTBO TOrO)Ke
ro,na aHrJlHHCKHe rH.npocaMOJleTbI no,nBeprJlH 60M6ap.nHpOB
Ke 6a3bI uenneJlHHOB.
HacT05lWHe uenneJlHHbI BnepBbIe 60M6ap,AHpOBaJlH AHr
JlHIQ B HO'lb Ha 20 5IHBap51 1915 r. fepMaHCKa51 ne'laTb noro
BapHBaJla 0 nOJlHOM YHH'ITO)KeHHH AHrJlHH nOCpe,ACTBOM B03
.nYWHbIX 60M6ap,AHpOBOK. HeCKOJlbKO 60M6 6bIJlO c6poweHo
H Ha KaJle. 3aTeM HacTynHJla O'lepe,Ab J1oH.noHa H rIapH)Ka.
CTaJlH rOBopHTb 0 )KeJlaTeJlbHOCTH npOH3BO,ACTBa uennenH
HOB, HO He 6bIJI H3BeCTeH npouecc nJlaBKH ,AlQpaJlIQMHHH5I, a
6e3 9Toro HH'Iero HeJlb351 6bIJlO ClleJlaTb.
He HMe51 B03MO)KHOCTH BocnpOH3BeCTH uenneJlHH, nblTa
JlHCb H306pecTH HOBoe ceKpeTHoe opy>KHe, KOTOpblM MO)KHO
6blJlO 6bl YHH'ITO)KaTb uenneJlHHbI. B '1aCTHOCTH ynpaBJl5Ie
Mble no pa,nHo TOpne,Abl H Jly'lH cMepTH.
Bce 9TO He .naJlo OW.yTHMbIX pe3yJlbTaTOB, a 60M6ap,nH
pOBKH npo,nOJl)KaJlHcb. OHH He BhI3bIBaJlH 60JlbWHX pa3pywe
HHH. CaMblH 60JlbWOH ywep6, KOTOpbIH OHH HaHeCJlH, - 9TO
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84
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HO BepHTb B B03MO)KHOCTb YHH'ITO)KeHH5I AHrJlHH C nOMOWblQ
uenneJlHHOB. B 1916 ro,ny aHrJlH'IaHe B nOHCKax ceKpenIOro 0PY)KH5I
npOTHB UenneJlHHOB HaWJ!H .nBa BH.na Opy)KH5I, KOTopble HC
nbITaJlH o,nUOBpeMeHHO. BaKHHreM H306peJl <pOC<pOPHYIQ 3a·
)KHraTeJlbHYIO nyJlIo, a MaHOp BPOK - pa3pbIBHyIQ nYJIlo.
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pbIBHbIMH nYJI51MH np06HBaTb )KeCTKYIO 060JIO'lKy uenn;JIHHa a 3a)KHraTeJIbHbIMH - BOcnJIaMeH5ITb BbIXO,nHBillHH H3
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uenneJIHHOB, H HeMllb) CO'lJIH 3TH H306peTeHH5I «,nb5lBOJIbCKH
MH». 3a nepBbIH C6HTblH TaKHM 06pa30M UenneJIHH aHrJIH'Ia
HHH P06HHCOH nOJIy'lHJl KpeCT BHKTopHH.
llinHOHa)K BOKpyr 6a3 l~enneJIHHOB YCHJlHJlC5I ,no TaKOH
CTeneHH, 'ITO B aBrycTe 1916 ro.na KOMau.nHp 9cKa.npHJIbH
uenneJIHHOB MaHop lliTpaccep 3anpeTHJI KOMaH.nHpaM uen
neJlHHOB 06Cy)K.naTb CBOH onepaTHBHbIe nJIaHbI C '1JIeHaMH
3KHna)Ka HJlH o<pHuepaMH Ha3eMHoH apMHH, KOTopble oxpa
H5IJlH 6a3bl. HecMoTp51 Ha 9TH MepbI npe.nOCTOpO)KHOCTH,
aHrJIH'IaHe npO,AOJI)KaJlH nOJIy'laTb CBe.neHH5I 0 BblJleTaX uen
neJIHHOB. XOTeJlOCb 6bI 3HllTb - KaKHM 06pa30M? O.nHaKO
cnYCT5I H 50 JIeT 1l0CJle 3THX C06blTHH I1HTeJlJlH.n)KeHC cepBHC
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He y.naJIOCb .n06bITb TeXHH'IeCKHe ,AaHHbIe 0 !!enneJlHllaX, BH
.nHMO, YKa3blBaeT Ha TO, 'ITO npOMblWJleHHblH WnHOHa)K aHr
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Ha 9TO HeMUbI Ha'laJlH CTpOHTb l~enneJIHHbI, nO,AHHMaBlllHeC5I
Ha 60JlblllyIQ BbICOTy. Ha nepBblH nJlaH BbI.nBHHYJlHCb np06
JleMbI, aHaJlOrH'IHbIe TeM, KOTopbIe Bbl,nBHraeT Tenepb OCBoe
HHe KOCMoca: KOHcTpyHpoBaHHe pecnHpaTopoB, HCKyccTBeH
Ha51 aTMoc<pepa B pe3epByapax C)KH)KeHHOrO B03.nyxa, a T8K
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BpeMSI. BOJlbllle Toro, aHrJIH'IaHe 6bICTpO yCTaHOBHJIH '1aCTO
TbI, HCnOJIb30BaBillHecSi HeMuaMIl .nJI5I ynpaBJIeHIHI no pa.nHO
81S
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1917 ro.uy OOJIbIllI1M ycnexoM HaYllHbIx OT.ueJIOB HHTeJIJII1)J,
>KeHC CepBI1C: 11M y.uaBaJIOCb onpe.ueJIHTb MeCTOnOJIO)l{eHHe
nenneJIHHOB no HX pa.ul1onepe.uallaM, OJIaro.uapH '-IeMy uenne
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CaMOJIeTbI, CneUHaJIbHO ooopy.uOBaHHbIe .uJIH OOPbObI C uen
neJII1HaMI1, B Te'-leHl1e OOJlblJJeH '-IaCTI1 1917 ro.ua OCTaBaJIHCb
ceKpeTHbIM opy>Kl1eM. H Bce >Ke B 1917 ro.uy ceKpeT uenne
JIHHOB paCKpbIJIH. 24 MaH 1917 r. uenneJIHH «J1-49», yueJIeB
UIHH nOCJIe aTaKH, npH3eMJIHJICH B BYPoOH-JIe-B9H H ObIJI
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nOCTpOHJIH .uHpll)l{aOJIb )l{eCTKOH CHCTeMbI «IlleHaH.uoa»,
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POTHblM nyHKToM H B no.uBo.uHOH BoHHe.
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repMaHI1H nOTepneJIa nOpa)l{eHHe. nOCJIe BOHHbl OOJIb
moe lIl1CJIO sanaCHblX lIaCTeH H .ua)l{e ueJIWX MOTOpOB .uHpH
)l{aOJIeH n?onaJIO B oomeM xaoce H nos.uHee HX CTaJIH npo.ua-
BaTb B lllBeUHI1, r.ue B03HHK HeOObIKHOBeHHbli'I 'lepliol Ii pol
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KOTopoe lIHCJIO .ul1pH)I{aOJIei'I ObIJIO BKJIIOQeHO B B03.uYlIlHbJe
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B 1921 ro.uy aMepHKaHUbI OOpaTHJIHCb sa nOMOIUblO K HeM:
uaM .uJIH CTpOHTeJIbCTBa uenneJIHHa THna «J1-70», KOTOpbIH
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no.u Ha3BaHHeM «J1 oc-AHn)l{eJIec». A oceHbIO 1924 ro.ua co
103HHKH CHOBa pa3peUIHJIH HeMuaM CTpOHTb UenneJIHHbI, no
CKOJIbKY caMH He B COCTOHHHII ObIJIH c.ueJIaTb :lTO.
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lIIeHCTBOBaHHb/e .uHpH)I{aOJII1, H onHH H3 HHX - «311f-2»
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3a no.uBo.uHbIMI1 JIOnKaMH H B03.uYlIlHoro HaOJIIO.ueHHH. B Ha
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B1 -86
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Ha oKKynHpOBaHHylO TeppHTopHIO pa.n.Honepe.n.aT4HKH C yKa
3aHHeM cnocoGa nOJlh30BaHH5I HMH. 3TO 6hlJlH pa.n.Honepe
.n.aT4HKH «MapKoHH» C 4 aKKyMyJl5lTOpaMH, CYXHMH 3J1eMeH
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MOH ,U,Jl5I MaJl04yscTBHTeJlhHhlX npHeMHHKOs Tex BpeMeH, H
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MH nepe.n.aT4HKaMH GhIJlO .TJerKO K HHM GbIJlH npHJlOllieHbl
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B TO me BpeM5I COlO3HHKH OCHOBaTeJlhHO pa3paGoTaJlH
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T5IMH nOCTaSJHIJlH HeMuaM HHKeJlb H3 Hosoii KaJle.n.oHHH.
B CBOIO 04epe.n.b, HeMeUKHe npOMblWJleHHHKH nOCTaBJl5IJlH
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CKOH T10pbMe OlJeHb cypOlwro pemHMa. nOCJIe oCBoGom.n.eHHH
OH nbITaJlCH OTOMCTHTb 3a ceG5I ceHcaUHOHHbIM oGpa30M
OTpaBHTb KaH3epa, KOfll,a nOCJIe.n.HHH GemaJl B rOJIJI a H.n.HIO.
nOBa p 3HaMCHHToro 6erJleua Bbl.n.aJI Kpe3eHa nOJlHUHH H
TaKHM oGpa30M cnac KaH3epa. rOJlJlaH1I.llbI, nOCT3BJleHHbie B
4pe3Bbl4aHHo 3aTpy.n.HHTeJlbHoe nOJIOmeHHe, BbICJIaJIH Kpe3e
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H npo.n.oJImaJl JlH OH MCTHTb. BCKOpe nOCJle ero 3a.n.epmaHH5I, B 1915 ro)J,y. HeMUbI yc
TaHOBHJIH 3J1eKTpH4ecKHH Gapbep BJl,OJIb rpaHHUbI Me>KJlY
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CTSO, aHaJIOrH4HOe 6ycCOJIH, oGHapymHBaloIuee MarHHTHoe
flo.~e TOKa, eCJIH OH nocTollHHblH, HJlH, HanpHMep, OTKJIOHeHHe
CTpeJlKH nOKa3aJIO Gbl HaJlH4He nepeMeHHoro TOKa. 3Toro,
o.n.HaKO, He GblJIO c.n.eJI aHO, H MHorHe illnHOHbl H nJleHHble,
nblTaBillHeC5I HaYJl,a4Y npOHTH Ilcpe3 Gapbep, 6blJIB yGBTbl
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3TO ObIJI OD.HH li3. KPYIlHblX CKal:lD.aJlOB nepHo.ua Me>K.uy .uByM5I MHPOBblMH BOHHaMH.
3axapoB pa3paOOTaJl OtleHb cOBepllleHHylO cHcTeMy 13351
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TOJlbKO 130 BpeMH BTOPOH MHpOBOA BOHHbl OblJlH HaH.ueHbl
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4 MapTa 1918 r. HeMubl 3HaJlH, KaKoe 3HalleHHe HMeeT Map
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BnOJIHe nOHHTHO, XOTeJlH nOMemaTb ero nOCTaBKaM.
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OblJlO npHHHTO. B cJlYllae Hana.ueHHH HeMeUl<oH no,nBo,nHOH
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91 90
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BeT HaytIHbIX HCCJIe.ll.OBaHHH; <ppaHUY3bI (B 1915 r.) H aHfJIH
tIaHe (B 1917 r.) TaK>Ke C03.l1.aJIH KOMHTeTbl no BoeHHo-npH
KJIa.ll.HbIM HaytIHbIM HCCJIe.ll.OBaHH5IM.
HMeSi MHO>KeCTBO OTpHuaTeJIbHbIX MOMeHTOB - ueHTpa
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llaHe HatIaJIH yHHtITO>KaTb I1X B CesepHOM Mope y>Ke B
1914 ro.ll.Y.
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BCTynJIeHH5I B BOHHy CIllA. B CB5I3H C 3THM HeM UbI Bce 60JIb
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4TO HeMubI 6blJIH yBepeHbl B CBOHX CHMnaTHlleCKHX 4epHH
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aMepHKaHCKHM opraHaM He Y.ll.aJIOCb .lI.OKa3aTb BHHOBHOCTb
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HOCTh repMaHCKoro npOMhlllIJleHHOrO llInHOHa)l{a B ClllA.
3 a BceMH 3aBo.naMH, KOTophle MOl'JlH npe.nCTaBJlHTh XOTh
KaKOii-JlH60 HHTepec .nJlH repMaHHH, BeJiaCh MeTo.nHqeCKaH
CJle)l{Ka. n03TOMY Kor.na 3TH 3aBo.nhl CTaJiH O.nHH 3a .npy
rHM B3pbIBaThCH, B03HHKJlO no.n03peHHe, lITO HeMUhl nepellIJiH
OT 3Tana npOMhlllIJleHHOrO llIllHOHa)l{a K cJle.nYlOlUeMY 3Ta
ny - .nHBepCHHM. B caMOM .neJle, B ClllA CYlll,eCTBOBaJia
orpOMHaH .nHBepCHOHHaH ceTh, opraHH30BaHHaH TaiiHhlM
areHTOM epOH PHHTeJleHOM, npH6hlBllIHM B HhlO-HoPK B anpe
Jle 1917 ro.na C llIBeiiuapcKHM nacnopToM Ha HMH 3MHJlH
rellIe. 3Ta ceTh HCnOJlh30BaJia 60MObl lllJlee - HeMeUKoe
H306peTeHHe, npHBo.nHMoe B .neHcTBHe He qaCOBblM MexaHH3
MOM, KOTOphlH MO)l{eT pa3J1a.n.HThCH, a cepHOl1 KHCJlOTOH,
pa3'be.nalOlll,eH Me.nHhlH .nHCK (aBTOp nOH KHHrH H3rOTODJlHJI
TWCHqaMH 3TH CHap5l.nw BO BpeMH BTOPOH MHpOBOH BOHH~
94
H MO)l{eT 3aCBH.neTeJlbCTBOBaTb, 'ITO OHH .neilcTBylOT npeBO
CXo.nHO) • DOM6aMH lllJlee 6b1J1o pa3pYllIeHo MHoro 3aBo.nOB H yHH'I
TO)l{eHO HeCKOJlhKO .neCHTKOB aHrJlHHCKHX H aMepHKaHcKHx
cy.nOB H cy.noB HeHTpaJlhHhlX CTpaH. PHHTeJleH 6blJl apeCTO
BaH Ha 60pTy cy.nHa, Ha KOTOpOM OH nJlhlJl B rOJlJl a H.nH 10.
BHaqaJle OH yTBep)l{.naJl, 'ITO HBJlHeTCH llIBeiiuapueM, o.nHaKO,
Kor.na O.nHH H3 .nonpallIHBalOlll,HX ero 06paTHJlCH K HeMy no
HeMeUKH, 06BHHHeMhlii B3HJl no.n K03hlpeK. 3TO BoeHHoe npH
BeTCTBHe Bhl.naJlO ero C rOJloBoii. OH .noJiro CH.neJl B aMepH
KaHCKHX TlOphMax, H60 aHrJlHqaHe Bhl.naJiH ero aMepHKaH
uaM. 3aTeM eMy 6hlJlO pa3pellIeHO )l{HTh B AHrJlHH. Bo BpeMH
BTOPOH MHpOBOii BoiiHW OH BWCTynaJi npOTHB rHTJlepa H
OKa3aJl yCJlyrH COl03HHKaM. B 1949 ro.ny ero HallIJiH MepT
BhlM B JlOH.nOHCKOM MeTpo. CBe.neHHH 0 .nHBepCHHX, co.nep)l{a
lll,HeCH B ero KHHre BocnoMHHaHHii «HeBH.nHMhlii Bpar», 6hlJlH
HCnOJlb30BaHhl HapH.ny C .npyrHMH HCTO'IHHKaMH aBTopOM Ha
CTOHlll,eii pa60Tbl npH COCTaBJleHHH «nOC06HH .nJlH H.neaJlhHO
1'0 .nHBepcaHTa», KOTopoe 6blJlO llIHpOKO HCnOJlb30BaHO COI03HHKaMH BO BpeMH BOHHbl H nepeBe.neHo Ha 30 H3hlKOB. Ho
3TO, KaK rOBopHTCH, HCTOpHH, KOTopaH, MO)l{eT 6bITh, 6y.neT
npe.nMeToM .npyroH KHHrH.
6 rJIABA
EBPOIIA B IIEPHO,ll; MEm,ll;Y ,ll;BYMH
MHPOBbIMH BORHAMH
'_1 npOTHBOnOJlO)l{HOCTh TOMy,. 'ITO np~: ~ H30llIJlO BO BpeMH nepBOH MHpOBOH
BoiiHbl 1914-1918 ro.nOB, repMaHHH
He npHllIJlOCb nOCTpa.naTb OT nOTepH CBOHX npOMhlllIJleHHhlX
ceKpeTOB BO BpeMH H nocJle BToPOH MHpOBOH BOHHhI. YCJlOBHH nepeMHpHH He 06H3blBaJiH repMaHHIO Bhl.naTb
3TH ceKpeTbl, HO TeM He MeHee HeMlJ,hl OTBeqaJlH COI03HH'Ie
CKHM oepHuepaM, B03rJlaBJlHBllIHM KOHTPOJlhHble KOMHCCHH,
Ha Bce HHTepeCOBaBllIHe nOCJle.nHHX BOnpOCbI. 3TH KOMHCCHH
06Hapy)l{HJlH OqeHb HHTepeCHble epaKThI. TaK, HaKOHeu 6hlJlO
06'b5lCHeHO KJleHMO «KP-96j04», 06Hapy)l{eHHoe Ha HeKOTO
pblX CHapH.nax. 3TO KJleHMO CTaBHJlOCh Ha CHapH,Qax, KOTO
pble H3rOTOBJlHJlHCb no JlHUt:H3HH Kpynna B AHrJlHH KOMna
95
HHeH «BHKKepC». nOCJIe,UH5I5I, KaK rOBOpHJIH B TO BpeM5I, 3a
nJIaTHJIa Kpynny nOCJIe nepeMHpH5I orpoMHylO CyMMy 3a
JIHueH3HIO. TaKHM 06pa30M, Kpynn nOJIy4HJI ,UeHbfH 3a KpOBb CBOHX COOTeqeCTBeHHHKOB - HeMeUKHX COJI,UaT, y6HTblX H30
6peTeHHblMH HM CHap5l,UaMI1. Bnp04eM, BCe, B TOM 4HCJIe 11
HeMUbl, HaWJIH no BnOJIHe eCTeCTseHHbIM.
KCTaTH, KaK BbI5lCHH.TJOCb n03,UHee, 6POH5I aHrJIHHCKHX 6pOHeHocueB TaK)I{e H3rOTOBJI5IJIaCb no JIHueH3HH Kpynna.
Ee Ka4eCTBa OKa3aJIHCb npeBOCXO,UHbIMH, 11 OHH npeKpaCHO
Bbl,Uep)l{HBaJIH y,Uapbl HeMeUKHX CHap5l,UOB. B BepCaJIbCKOM
,UorOBope Kpynn 6blJI Ha3BaH BOeHHblM npecTynHHKOM, HO
npOTHB Hero He 6blJIO B036y)l{,UeHO npeCJIe'uOBaHH5I.
KpynHblH ToprOBeu nywKaMH, KOTOpblH 8 1919 ro,Uy HMeJI
npaBo npoH3Bo,UHTb Bcero 'IeTblpe nYWKH B ro,U, ,Ua H TO ,UJI5I
BHyTpeHHero ynoTpe6JIeHI151 (HenOH5ITHO, 'ITO 03HalJaeT ,UJI5I
«BHyTpeHHero ynoTpe6JIeHH5I»,- Bep05lTHO, ,UJI5I CTpeJIb6bl
KapTelJblO no 6yHToBUlHKaM. Tpe6ylOluHM xJIe6a), nbITaJIC5I
nepeCTpOI1TbC5I 11 npl1CnOC0611Tb ,UJI5I npHMeHeHH5I B MHpHbIX
YCJIOBH5IX H306peTeHH5I, KOTophle 6blJIH c,neJIaHbI BO BpeM5I
BOHHbI H KOTOpbIX 3HeprHlJHO ,UOHCKHSaJIHCb wnHOHbI ,UPYfHX CTpaH.
K 411CJIy 3THX 11306peTeI-IHH OTHOCI1TC5I CTaJIb «2A». OHa
6bIJIa H3rOTOBJIeHa ,UJI5I nyweK, KOTopble YCTaHaBJII1BaJII1Cb
lIa naJIy63x nO,UBo,UHbIX JIO,UOK. CosepweHHO He p)l{aBelOw.a51
CT3JIb «2A» OKa3aJIaCb npl1rO,UHOH ,UJI5I H3rOTOBJIeHH5I xl1pyp
rl1'leCKHX I1HcTpyMeHToB 11 HO)l{eBbIX TosapOB.
B 51Hsape 1923 ro,Ua Kpynn nepeMeCTHJI B cBepxceKpeT
HblH TaHHHK Bce CBOH ,UOCbe, OTHOC5Iill,HeC5I K TeXHOJIOfHlJe
CKI1M npoueccaM H HCCJIe,UOBaTeJlbCKI1M pa60TaM . .lleJIo B
TOM, 'ITO HeMeUKa51 pa3Be,UKa npe,Uynpe,UHJIa Kpynna, 'ITO eppaHUy3bl c06Hpa1OTC5I oKKynHpoBaTb Pyp.
.lleHCTBHTeJIbHO, eppaHUy3bl npl16blJIH 11 51HBap51 1923 r. Ha SHJIJIy XIOreJIb, HO ,UOChe K 3TOMy BpeMeHH y)l{e 6blJIH nepeSe3eHbi.
31 MapTa B pe3YJIbTaTe npOBOKaHHH eppaHuy3cKHe BOH
CKa OTKpblJIH orOHb no pa60 l lHM Kpynna. 13 lJeJIOBeK 6blJIH
y6HTbl, 40 - paHeHbi. nOXOpOHbI npH CBeTe <jJaKeJIOS H no,U
neHHe naTpHoTH4ecKHx neceH 51BHJIHCb npo06pa30M 6Y,UYUlHX
fHTJIepOBCKHX C60pHUl. <I:>paHUy3bl apeCTOBaJIH fycTaJ3a
Kpynna. BoeHHbIH Tpv.6yHaJI npHrOBOpHJI ero K 15 ro,UaM
TlOpbMbl H K wTpa<jJy B 100 MJIH. ¢paHKoB. OH 6blJI 3aKJlJO
4eH B ,UIOcCeJIb,Uop<jJCKYIO TIOPbMY; H3 OKHa KaMepbl, B KOTO
POM OH Haxo,UHJICH, oTKpbIBaJIC5I npeKpacHbll1 BH!! Ha npHHa,UJIe)l{aBWHe eMy 3aBo,Ubi.
96
KpynHeHwHe <jJpaHUy3cKHe KanHTaJIHCTbl H npOMblUIJIeH
HHKH, HcnaHCKHH KOpOJIb H ,Ua)l{e nana PHMCKHH HeMe,UJIeH
HO BblcTynHJIH B 3aUlHTY Kpynna. LJepe3 weCTb MeC5IueB OH
BblWeJI Ha CB060,Uy. BnOCJIe,UCTBHH B CTaTbe, n05lBHBWeik51
BO BHyTpeHHeM )l{ypHaJIe KOMnaHHH I MapTa 1942 r. no,U
3arOJIOBKOM «<I:>lOpepbl 3aBO,UOB, pa604ue opy)l{eHHoH npo
MbIWJIeHHOCTH», OH paccKa3bIBaJI 0 TOM, KaK, BbIH,U5I H3
TlOpbMbI, Ha4aJI BTaHHe no,UrOTaBJIHBaTb nepeBoopy)KeHHe.
npHBO)l{y Bbl)l,epiKKy H3 3TOH CTaTbH: «CJIe,UCTBeHHble KOMHC
CHH COlO3HHKOB ¢opMeHHblM 06pa30M OCTaJIHCb B ,UypaKax.
Mbl npo,UOJI)I{aJIH npOH3BO,UHTb opy)l{He, ,UeJIa51 BH,U, 'ITO npo
H3BO,UHM 3aMKH, MOJI04Hble <jJJI5IfH, KaCCbl H MycopHble 51UlH
KH. Kor,Ua Haw BeJIHKHH cj)lOpep npHWeJI K BJIaCTH, 51 HMeJI
B03MO)l{HOCTb 3aBepHTb ero B TOM, 'ITO 3aSO,Ubl Kpynna, KO
TopbIe rOTOBbl nOCTaBJI5ITb opy)l{He HaweH Hen06e,UHMOH ap
MHH, nOCJIe nepHo,Ua no,UrOTOBKH B Te'leHHe MHHHMaJIbHOrO
cpOKa HaXO,U5ITC5I BnOJIHe B y,UOBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHOM COCT05lHHH.
XaHJIb fHTJIep!».
3TOT TeKCT nOKa3bIBaeT, 'ITO HatIHHa51 C 1923 ro,Ua H ,UO
npHxo,Ua fHTJIepa K BJIaCTH npOMblWJIeHHblH wnHOH3iK COI03
HHI<OB HaXO,UHJICH Ha caMOM HH3KOM ypOBHe. MO)l{HO JIH
Ha,Ue5lTbC5I, 'ITO 3TO nOCJIyX{J1T ypOKOM Tenepb, Kor,Ua Kpynn
CHOBa npOUBeTaeT (XOT5I ero 3aBO,Ubl HaUHOHaJIH3HpOBaHbl)
H Kor,Ua OCHOBaH3 KOMnaHH5I C KanHTaJIOM 500 MJIH. MapOK
,UJI5I 3KcnopTa 0PY)l{H5I? KOHelJHO, HeT. Bo BC5IKOM CJIylJae,
Tenepb H3BeCTHO, 'ITO Kpynn npe,UnpHH5IJI peKoHcTpyKUHIO
Ha aMepl1Ka HCKHe ,UeHbrH (120 MJIH. ,UOJIJI. B 1925-1926 rr.).
113BecTHo TaK>Ke, 'ITO 60JIbWa51 tlaCTb ceKpeTHblx ,UOKyMeH
TOB ,UO npHxo,Ua <jJpaHUY30B 6blJIa CBoeBpeMeHHo nepenpaB
JIeHa B lllBeUHIO B aKUHoHepHylO KOMnaHHIO «50<jJopc», B
KOTOpOH fycTaB Kpynn KynHJI aKUHH Ha 19 MJIH. MapoK.
KOMnaHHeH «50epopc» H 6bIJIH pa3pa60TaHbI H306peTeHH5I,
KOTopble He MOrJIH 6b[Th 3aBepweHbI BO BpeM5I nepBOH MHpO
BOH BOHHbi. .lleJIO OXpaHb[ npOMb[WJIeHHb[X ceKpeTOB 6blJIO
nOCTaBJIeHO TaK XopOWO, 'ITO CKaH,UaJI pa3pa3HJIC5I JIHWb B
1935 ro,Uy. lllse,UcKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO HeMe,UJIeHHO 'u06HJIOCb
JIHKBH,UaUHH aJIb5lHCa «50¢opc - Kpynn».
.llpyrHe HCCJIe,UOBaTeJIbCKHe H KOHCTpyKTopcKHe pa60Tbi
BeJIHCb B f OJIJI a H,UHH, r,Ue eme B 1922 ro,Uy Kpynn ylJpe,UHJI
<jJHKTHBHylO KOMnaHHIO. 3Ta KOMnaHH5I 3aHHMaJIaCb rJIaBHblM
06pa30M cTpOHTeJIbCTBOM 3KcnepHMeHTaJIbHblX nO,UBO,UHbIX
JIO,UOK, KOTOpb[e ,UOJI)I{Hb[ 6bIJlH n05lBHTbC5I BO BpeM5I BTOPOH
MHpOBOH BOHHbl. CnycT5I lJeTb[pe ro,Ua onepaUH5I 6b[JIa pac
KpblTa <jJpaHuy3cKHMH CneUHaJIbHbIMH CJIy)l{6aMH, H B
97
1926 ro,ny <I>paHl.I,HH aaHBHJIa npOTeCT rOJIJIaH,nCKoMy npa
BHTeJIbCTBy. 3TO He ,naJIO HHKaKHX peayJIbTaTOB. repMaHHH
«B03Harpa,nHJIa» rOJIJIaH,nHIO 3a ee nOMOlll.b, pa3pywa5J BO
BpeMH BTOPOH MHpOBOH BOHHbl ee ropo,na H BblCblJlaH ee Ha
CeJIeHHe.
Kpynn cyMeJI pa3pa60TaTb MHO>KeCTBO TeXHH4eCKHX yco
BepweHCTBOBaHHH, pe3YJIbTaTOM KOTOpbIX HBHJIOCb npOH3
BO,nCTBO BOCbMH HOBblX THnOB nyweK H CTpOHTeJIbCTBO MHO
rOtIHCJIeHHbIX no,nBo,nHbIX JIO,nOK. rHTJIep Mor BOCnOJIb30BaTb
CH 3THM elll.e B 1933 ro,ny. COBepweHcTBoBaHHe caMHX nyweK
npoH3Bo,nHJIOCb B OepJIHHe Ha epHKTHBHOM CTaHKOCTpOHTeJIb
HOM aaBo,ne «Kox yH,n KHHUJIe-3HTBHKJIyHr». 3TOT 3aBO,n,
BH,nHMO, HHKor,na. He Bbl3bIBaJI no,n03peHHH y wnHOHOB COI03
HHKOB, KOTopble He 6bIJIH Ha BbICOTe. 4TO KacaeTCH Kpynna.
TO OH nOHHJI 3HatIeHHe npOMbIWJIeHHOrO WnHOHa>Ka H ,nJIH
:OHoro elll.e B 1920 ro,ny OCHOBaJI 61Opo B 3cceHe. 3TO 61Opo
3aHHMaJIOCb TaK>Ke KaMyepJIH>KeM. OHO cyMeJIO nOXHTHTb y
qJpaHUy30B rpoca H MaKca nywKy, KOTopaH CTpeJIHJIa no
DapH>Ky B 1918 ro,ny. 3aKaMyepJIHpOBaHHaH B rHraHTCKoH 3a
BO,nCKOH Tpy6e. ECJIH 6bl HaM npHWJIa B rOJIOBy 3JIeMeHTa p
HaH MblCJIb cpaBHHTb epOTOCHHMKH 3aBo,na Kpynna B 1918 H
1943 ro,nax, Mbl 06Hapy>KHJIH 6bl 3TY Tpy6y. KOTopaH HHKor
,na He ,nbIMHJIa. a eCJIH 6bl ee OCMOTpeJIH, HaWJIH 6bl B HeH
rHraHTCKHe nywKH! O,nHaKO eppaHUY3CKOH KOHTppa3Be,nKe B
PeHHCKOH 06JIaCTH, BH,nHMO, He npHWJIa B rOJIOBy na MbICJIb,
XOTH OHa ,neHCTBOBaJIa ,nOCTaTOtIHO 3HeprHtIHO.
Co CBoeH CTOpOHbl, KOHTppa3Be,nKa Kpynna pa3pa60TaJIa
6eCtIeJIOBetIHylO TexHHKy 06JIy4eHHH nOCeTHTeJIeH, KOHetIHO
6e3 HX Be,nOMa, 60JIbWOl1 ,n030H HKC-JIytIeH. HKC-JIytIH 3aCBe
tIHBaJIH epOTOnJIeHKy. BbI3bIBa5J B TO >Ke BpeMH cepbe3HbIe
epH3HtIeCKHe paCCTpOHCTBa, HO 3TO 6bIJIO COBepweHHO 6e3pa3
JIHtIHO rycTaBy Kpynny.
B aBrycTe 1933 ro,na Ha 3aBo,nax Kpynna 6bIJIO 06'bHBJIe
HO 06Sl3aTeJIbHbIM rHTJIepOBCKoe oepHUHaJIbHOe npHBeTcTBHe.
B SlHBape 1933 ro,na C ero 3aBo,nOB 6bIJIH H3rHaHbI eBpeH.
C 1933 no ceHTH6pb 1939 ro,na 700 CJIy>Kalll.Hx Kpynna 6bIJIH
OmpaBJIeHbI B KOHueHTpaUHoHHbIH JIarepb, a B 1945 ro,ny B
no,nBaJIe 61Opo rycTaBa Kpynna B 3cceHe COlO3HHKH 06Hapy
>KHJIH KaMepy nbITOK ,norHTJIepOBCKHX BpeMeH. KaK BH,nHO,
cJIy>K6a npOMbIWJIeHIWfl oe30nacHocTH Kpynna npHMeHHJIa
Bce cpe,nCTBa, B TOM tIHCJIe «llIapepepepHeMyHr» (3HeprHtIHbIH
,nonpoc). oe30naCHOCTb 3Ta 6bIJIa H,neaJIbHoii. MbI He XOTHM
3THM CKa3aTb, tITO HaCHJlHe H nbITKH He06xo,nHMbI ,nJIH 6e3
onaCHOCTH. a npoCTO 6e30nar.HOCTIl Hy>KHO npH,naBaTb 60JIee
93
cepbe3Hoe 3HatIeHHe B npOMbIIlIJIeHHOCTH. tIeM B apMHH.
BnpOtIeM, BCTaeT O,nHH Bonpoc: KTO 06eCnetIHBaJI 3TY 6e3
onaCHOCTb C 1935 ro,na? nOBOJIbHO HHTepecHbIMH HBJIHIOTCH Ka,npbI KHHOC'beMKH
c06paHHH, Ha KOTOpbIX npHcyTcTBOBaJI rHTJIep H ,npyrHe Ha
UHCTCKHe rJI&BapH. 3TH epHJIbMbI CYlll.eCTBYIOT H nOHbIHe, H o,nHa tIaCTHaH aHrJIHHCKaSl TeJleBH3HOHHaH KOMnaHHH Bocnpo
H3BeJIa HX B 1965 ro,ny B BeJIHKOJIenHOM ,noKyMeHTaJIbHOM
epHJIbMe DHTepa 03TTH «<I>HpMa Kpynna». O,nHH H3 Ka,npoB
:onoro epHJIbMa oc06eHHo npHMetIaTeJIeH. MbI BH,nHM rHTJIepa
H rycTaBa Kpynna pH,nOM BO BpeMH cnycKa Ha BO,ny B
1938 ro,ny KpeHcepa «DpHHU EBreHHih> Ha cy,nOcTpOHTeJIb
HbIX Bepep5JX Kpynna B KHJIe. 3TOT KpeHcep KaK BoeHHbIH
TpoepeH 6bIJI HCnOJIb30BaH aMepHKaHuaMH Bcero tIepe3 10 JIeT
nOCJIe ero cnycKa Ha BO,ny B KatIeCTBe MHweHH BO BpeMH
aTOMHoro 3KcncpHMeHTa B OHKHHH. repMaHHH nOKa3aJIa HaM, tITO cyMaCIlIe,nIlIHH eplOpep BMe
CTe C 3HeprHtIHbIMH TeXHOKpaTaMH 06pa3ylOT BeJIHKOJIenHylO
aMaJIbraMy. re66eJIbC B CBoeM «.IT.HcBHHKe» rOBopHT, tITO OH BCTpe
tIaJICH C rycTaBoM KpynnoM H HaWeJI ero npe>K,neBpeMeHHo
cocTapHBwHMCH, cOBepweHHo BnaBWHM B ,neTcTBo. .IT.pyrHe HeMeUKHe ceKpeTbl OXpaH5JJIHCb xy>Ke, tIeM ceK
peTbI Kpynna, H B tIaCTHOCTH ceKpeT y,nymalOllI.Hx OTpaBJIHIO
mHX Belll.eCTB. B noil 06JIaCTH 6bIJIH ,nocTHrHyTbI orpoMHbIe
ycnexH B nepHo,n Me>K,ny 1915 ro,nOM H KOHUOM nepBoH MHpOBOH BOHHbI. CaMbIe onaCHbIe ra3bI 6bIJIH H306peTeHbI B
1918 ro,ny, HO, K CtIaCTblO, nepeMHpHe nOMeWaJIO HX npHMe
HeHHIO. C Tex nop, BH,nHMO, He 6bIJIO ,nOCTHrHyTo KpynHbIx
ycnexoB, pa3Be tITO B 06JIaCTH y,neweBJIeHHH npOH3Bo,nCTBa
60eBbIX OTpaBJIHlOllI.HX BemeCTB. HeCMOTp51 Ha TO tITO BoeH
HbIe nJIaTHT ,noporo 3a 60eBbIe OTpaBJIHlOllI.He BemeCTBa, HX
npOH3Bo,nCTBO peHTa6eJIbHO ,nJIH 3aBo,ntIHKa, eCJIH OHH npOH3
BO,n5!TC5I O,nHOB peMeHHO C HCKOTOpbIMH I1JIaCTHtIeCKHMH Beme
CTBaMH. O,nHaKO 3TO ,naeT B03MO>KHOCTb KOHCTaTHpOBaTb
npOH3Bo,nCTBO ra30B H .ua>Ke yCTaHaBJIHBaTb no KOJIHtIeCTBy
nJIaCTHtIeCKHX BemeCTB, nocTynalOmHX Ha pblHOK, KOJIHtIeCT
BO npOH3Bo,nHMbIX 60eBbIX OTpaBJI5JIOmHX BemeCTB.* .D03TOMY eppaHUY3CKoe BTopoe 6IOPO tIepe3 nocpe.uCTBO
npOMblWJIeHHHKOB H XHMHKOB, KOTopbIe ero OCBe,nOMJIHJIH,
B nepHO,n Me>K,ny ,nByMSl MHPOBbIMH BOHHaMH Bcer,na 6bIJIO
• ApMeAcKoe pa3Be.nblBaTeJlbHOe ynpaBJleHHe. - flpUM. pea.
99
B Kypce repMaHCKOrO npOH3BOJl.CTBa 60eBbIX OTpaBJI5IlOmHX
BemeCTB. 3TO - npHMep npOMbIlllJIeHHOrO lllnHOHama, He.
COnp5lmeHHOro C TPYJl.HOCT5IMH H OCHOBaHHoro JIHlllb Ha JIO
rHttecKHX YM03aKJIlOlJeHH5IX.
B 1936 roJl.Y BTopoe 61Opo 3aBep60BaJIO HCKJIlOlmTeJIbHO
3HalOmero BeHrepCKoro XHMHKa, COBeplllanlllero nOe3J1.KH n
fepMaHHIO. B OJl.HY H3 CBOHX nOe3J1.0K B MaHreHM OH pa3J1.0
6bIJI epOPMYJIbI KOM6HHHpoBaHHoro npOH3BOJl.CTBa YJl.YlllalO
mHX BemeCTB H nJIaCTHlJeCKHX BemeCTB. B napHme eMY
3anJIaTHJIH 5 TbIC. eppaHKoB. OH ClJeJI, lJTO 3Toro MaJIO, H CHO
Ba noexaJI B fepMaHHIO, rJl.e npOJl.aJI CJIeJl.YlOmylO HHepopMa
UHIO: «<I>paHUy3bI pacnOJIaralOT BalllHMH epopMyJIaMH». 3a
3TO OH nOJIylJHJI rOpa3J1.0 60JIee KpynHylO CYMMY. 3TO - npH
Mep Jl.BOHHoro areHTa npOMbIlllJIeHHOrO lllnHOHama, npHlJeM
pa306J1alJHBlllerO caMoro ce6H. lJTO CJlYlJaeTCH He lJaCTO.
MaclllTa6bI npOMbIlllJIeHHOrO lllnHOHama BbIHYJl.HJ!H B ne
pHOJl. MemJl.Y Jl.ByMH MHPOBbIMH BOHHaMH HeKoTopble eppaH
UY3cKHe KOMnaHHH npHHHTb 3HeprHlJHble, a HHOrJl.a CMexo
TBopHble MepbI npeJl.OCTOpOmHocTH Jl.JI5I oxpaHbI CBOHX npo
MbIlllJIeHHbIX ceKpeToB. 4acTO Ha3bIBalOT KpynHYIO
KOMnaHHIO no npOH3BOJl.CTBY lllHH, B KOTOpOH B03HHKJla HeJle
na51 MbICJIb H3MeHHTb rpaJl.yHpoBKy Ha lllKaJIaX Bcex TepMo
MeTpoB. B Jl.aHHOM cJIYlJae 6wJIa np05lBJIeHa lJpe3MepHa5l,
XOT5I no cymecTBy Jl.OBOJIbHO nOH5ITHa5l, npeJl.OCTOpOmHocTb.
TecHble CB5I3H MemJl.Y eppaHuy3cKOH H HeMeUKOH npoMbIlll
JIeHHOCTblO npeBpamaJIH nH MepbI npeJl.OCTOpOmHocTH B He
JIenOCTb. Bo BpeM5I BOHHbI 3TH CB5I3H nepepOCJIH B COTPYJl.HJoI
lJeCTBO. nOJl.BOJl.H HTorH, MomHO yTBepmJl.aTb, lJTO 060 BceM,
lJTO Jl.eJIaJIOCb B 1918-1939 rOJl.ax BO eppal-IUY3cKOH npOMbIlll
JIeHHOCTH, HeMeJl.JIeHHO co06maJIOCb B fepMaHHIO. B nepfioJl.
MemJl.Y Jl.ByM5I MHPOBbIMH BOHHaMH <l>paHUHH lllHpOKO cHa6
maJIa repMaHcKylo BoeHHylO npOMbIlllJIeHHOCTb He TOJIbKO
MaTepHaJIaMH, HO H npOMbIlllJleHHOH I-lHepopMaUHeH. BCKope
nOCJIe nopameHH5I 1940 rOJl.a Ha eppaHUy3cKHe 3aBO.ll.bI 51BH
JIHCb npeJl.CTaBHTeJIH repMaHcKHx KOMHCCHH no nepeMHpmo,
KOTopble 6bIJIH BeJIHKOJIenHO HHepOpMHpoBaHbI 060 BceM, lJTO
Jl.eJIaJIOCb Ha 3anOJl.ax. Bo MHorHX CJIylJ351X HCTOlJHHKOM HH
cpopMaUHH OKa3bIBaJIHCb caMH eppaHUY3cKHe npeJl.npHHHMa
Teim. 3TO - KpaHHe JlI060nbITHaH H BamHa51 epopMa npo
MbIlllJIeHHOrO lllnHOHama. HO OHa nO,'1HOCTblO BbIX0Jl.HT 3a
paMKH HallleH TeMbI.
npeJl.BHJl.51 TeCHoe COTpYJl.HHlIeCTBO, eppaHUY3CKHe npo-
i>lbllUJIeHHHKH Jl.aBaJIH TOlJHble OTBeTbI Ha lJpe3BbIlJaHHO noJJ.
p06Hhle BonpOCHHKH. nocJle 3Toro OTpaCJleBble npOMbllllJleH-
Hbre opraHH3aUHH B fepMaHHH 0606maJIH OTBeTbI, aaTeM
nepeJl.aBaJIH HX rpa)KJl.aHCKHM H BoeHHbIM opraHaM, KOTopble
MorJlH HcnOJlb30naTb 3TH Jl.aHHble. KaK MbI YBHJl.HM Jl.aJIee,
TaKHM 06pa30M C03J1.aBaJIHCb JIylJlllHe yCJIOBH5I Jl.JI5I opraHH
3aUHH npOMbIlllJIeHHOrO rpa6ema <l>paHUHH H BceA EBponhI
C 1940 rOJl.a BnJlOTb Jl.0 oCB060mJl.eHH5I.
B TO BpeM5I fepMaHH5I lllHpOKO HCnOJIb30BaJIa TaKme pe
nyTaUHIO CBoero naTeHTHoro 61OpO, KOTopoe Jl.eHCTBHTeJIbHO
BbIJl.aBaJIO Jl.JI5I 03HaKOMJIeHH5I HaH60Jlee Jl.eTaJIbHO pa3pa60
TaHHbie naTeHTbI, HO OHO npeJl.OCTaBJI5IJIO TaKme B pacnop5l
>KeHHe HeMeUKHX rpamJl.aHCKHX H BoeHHWX JIHU nOJl.p06HeH
lllylO HHepopMauHIO 060 ncex 3a5lBKaX Ha nOJlytteHHe naTeHTa,
nocTynaBlllHx H3-3a rpaHHUbI. BC5I repMaHCKa51 npOMbIlllJIeH
HOCTb HCnOJIb30BaJIaCb KaK orpOMHa51 pa3BeJl.WBaTeJIbHa51
ceTb. BbIJl.epmKa 113 KHHrH AJIeHa fepeHa «CepbIH reHepam>
n03BOJl5leT COCTaBHTb npeJl.cTaBJleHHe 06 3TOM: Ha EJlHcefl
CKHX nOJl5lX Jl.OBOeHHoro 5epJIHHa, KaKOBbIMH 6bIJla YHTep
lI.eH-JIHHJl.eH, ElOpo NW 7 BbIJl.aBaJlO ce651 3a 6epJlHHCKHH
epHJIHaJl orpoMHoro KOHuepHa XHMHlJeCKOH npOMbIlllJleHHOCTH
«l1f <l>ap6eHHHJl.ycTpH». H Jl.elkTBHTeJlbHO, 3TO 6bIJI epHJIHaJI,
1-10 epHJlHaJl OlJeHb cBoe06pa3HbIH. npemJl.e Bcero, Jl.HpeKTO
pOM 6blJI lJeJlOBeK C 60JIblllHM BeCOM - Jl.OKTOp MaKc I1J1r
Hep, nJleM5IHHHK npe3HJl.eHTa aJl.MHHHCTpaTHBHoro COBeTa
«l1f <l>ap6eH». KpoMe TOro, K pyKOBOJl.CTBy npHHaJl.JIemaJIH: fepMaH IlIMHTu, 6paT OJl.HOro H3J1.HpeKTOpOB HblO-HopKCKoro
epHJlHaJla «Hf <l>ap6eH» - «KeMHKJI HHKopnopeiheJl.», Py
Jl.OJIbep HJlrHep, npomHBaBlllHH B CIlIA C 1923 rOJl.a H HaTypaJIH30BaBlllHHC5I B 1930 roJl.Y, Jl.OKTOp nOJIHTHlJeCKHX HayK,
lIJ1eH 14 aJl.MHHHCTpaTHBHblX COBeTOB B ceMH cTpaHax, H T. 11.. DOlJeMY MaKc HJlrHep XOTeJI C 1926 rOJl.a JlHlJHO PYKOB0J1.HTb
6epJIHHCKHM 6lOpo? nOlJeMY OH Jl.OJlmeH 6blJl B03rJIaBJl5ITb ero Jl.0 1945 rOJl.a? nOToMy lJTO ElOpo NW 7 6blJlO OlJeHb
cBoeo6pa3HbIM epHJlHaJlOM. OJl.HH H3 cJly>KamHx 61Opo 3a5l
BHJI: «Hallla pa60Ta 3aKJIIOlJaJIaCb B nOJl.rOTOBKe... BC5IKOrO
p0Jl.a Jl.OKyMeHToB, Jl.OCbe, Jl.OKJlaJl.OB, KapT H lllHepPOB no 3aKa3Y BepxoBHoro KOMaHJl.OBaHH5I BepMaxTa; B Jl.OnOJlHeHHH HX
C nOMOmblO Jl.OCbe Halllero 6/opo H Jl.OCbe BepxoBHoro KOMaH
Jl.OBaHH5I; B nOJl.rOTOBKe Jl.OKJlaJl.OB H KapT, KacalOIUHXCH npoMbIIllJleHHOCTH H CeJlbCKOrO x035IikTBa HHocTpaHHblx rocy
Jl.apcTB».
TOlJHO TaK me B 06BHHHTeJIbHOM aKTe BoeHHoro TpH6y
HaJla B HlopH6epre, COCTaBJleHHOM Jl.Jl5I npouecca, npoHcxo
Jl.HBlllerO 29-30 HIOJI5I 1948 r., MomHO npOlJeCTb 0 lllnHOHa
me, KOTOpblM 3aHHMaJIC5I «I1f <l>ap6eH» BO BceM MHpe, cJle
100
101
,nYlOlUHe CTpOKH: «Ha OCHOBe ,nOKJIa,nOB, nOJIYlJaeMblX OT
rJIaBHblX PYKOBo,nHTeJIei'J 3aBo.nOB «Hf <l>ap6eH» 3a rpaHH
uei'J, H Ha OCHOBe TmaTeJlbHblX HCCJle.nOBaHHH, KOTOpblMH 3a·
HHMaJlHCb ero CneUHaJlHCTbl B fepMaHHH, «Hf <l>ap6eH»
,naBaJIa BepMaxTy H .npyrHM opraHaM HaUHCTCKoro npaBH
TeJlbCTBa HH<popMaUHIO 0 3arpaHHue nOJlHTHlJeCKOrO, 3KOHO
MHlJeCKOrO H BoeHHoro xapaKTepa. 3aKaMy<pJlHpOBaHHble
npe.nnpHHTHH «Hf <l>ap6eH» HBHJlHCb H.neaJlbHblM cpe.nCTBOM
WnHOHa)Ka; BblCOKHe npaBHTeJlbCTBeHHble .neHTeJlH H rocy
.napCTBeHHble CJlY)KamHe, OrnpaBJlHHCb 3a rpaHHUy, lJaCTO
npOCHJlH «Hf <l>ap6eH» HanpaBHTb HX .nJlH OTBo.na rJla3 B
O.nHH H3 ero 3arpaHHlJHblX <pHJlHaJlOB, C TeM lJT06bl OHH Mor
JlH MaCKHpOBaTb CBOIO .neHTeJlbHOCTb. 4epe3 nocpe.nCTBO
CBOHX rJlaBHblX areHTOB 3a rpaHHuelf ... «Hf <l>ap6eH» lJaCTO
nOJlYlJaJl .nOHeceHHH, co.nep)KamHe HH<popMaUHlO no 3KOHO
MHlJeCKHM, nOJlHTHlJeCKHM H BoeHHblM BonpocaM. Ero 3arpa
HHlJHble areHTbl B 60JlbWHHCTBe CJlYlJaeB BXO.nHJlH B a6Bep H
opraHH3aUHH HaUHcTcKoi'J napTHH. KpoMe TOro, .n.OHeceHHH
nOJlYlJaJlHCb, aHaJlH3HpOBaJlHCb, 0606maJlHCb H HanpaBJlH
JlHCb B a.n.MHHHcTpaTHBHbIH COBeT H pa3J1HlJHble 3aHHTepe
COBaHHble opraHbl TpeTbero peHxa lJepe3 nocpe.n.CTBO 6ep
JlHHCKOro SIOPO NW 7. 3TO 61Opo no.n.rOTaBJlHBaJlO TaK)Ke
CneUHaJlbHble .nOKJla.n.bl H KapTbl».
TIo.n.06Hoe COlJeTaHHe npOMblWJleHHOrO WnHOHa)Ka C BO
eHHblM B03MO)KHO JlHWb npH TOTaJlHTapHOM pe)KHMe.
HecoMHeHHo, lJTO rHTJlepOBCKaH fepM<lHHH 3aHHMaJla
.nOMHHHpylomee nOJlO)KeHHe B npOMblLUJleHHOM WnHOHa)Ke
B EBpone B nepHO.n Me)K.ny .nByMH MHPOBblMH BoHHaMH.
)lpyrHe CTpaHbl, BH.nHMO, 3aHHMaJlHCb npOMblWJleHHblM
WnHOHa)KeM MeHbwe. MO)KeT 6blTb, HMeHHO 3Ta cJla60cTb
npOMblWJleHHOrO H 3KOHOMHlJeCKOrO WnHOHa)Ka B EBpone 11
06ycJloBHJla KpynHble <pHHaHCOBble CKaH.naJlbl, KaK, HanpHMep, H3BeCTHblH cJlyqaH C HBapOM KpeiirepOM, KOTOpblH
OKOHlJHJlCH rH6eJlblO - y6HHCTBOM HJlH caMoy6HikTBOM?
WBe.n.CKoro CHH'le'lHOrO KOpOJlH . .lI.eJlo 3aKJlIO'laJlOCb B <pa6pHKaUHH <paJlbWHBbIX aKUHii KpynHblx npOMblWJleHHblX KOM
naHHH H 6aHKoB. 3TH aKUHH BHOCHJlHCb B 6aHKH B Ka'leCTBe
rapaHTHHHoro BKJla.na. Bce 3TH 3J1oynoTpe6J1eHHH 6blJlH pac
I<pblTbI. Xa paKTepHO, lJTO HH B O.n.HOH H3 MHorO::IHC~eHHbIX
KHHr 0 Kpeiirepe He .neJlaeTC5I nOnhITKH (no KpaHHell Mepe,
HaCKOJlbKO MHe H3BeCTHO) CBH3aTb 3TO .n.eJlo c .n.eJlOM JleMya
Ha. JleMyaH 6bIJI PYKOBo.nHTeJleM OT.n.eJla no.nJlO)KHbIX .n.OKy
MeHTOB <ppaHUY3CKoro BToporo 6IOPO B nepHo.n 1930~ 1935 ro.n.OB. OH B cBoeKopblcTHblX ueJlHX npo.n.aBaJl no.nJlO}I(
J02
Hble ,nOKyMeHTbl JlIO.nHM H3 IIpecTynHoro MHpa HJlH HHOCTp3H
uaM 6e3 onpe.n.eJleHHblX 3aHHTHlf. Ero B KOHue KOHUOB nOHMaJlH c nOJIH'lHbIM.
TI03BOJlHTeJlbHO cnpocHTb, nocKoJlbKY .naTbl nOlJTH COBna
.naIOT: H~ JleMyaH JlH <pa6pHKoBaJl <paJlbWHBble aKUHH .nJl51
KpeHrepa?
K HaylJHO-npOMblwJleHHoH HH<popMaUHH npOHBJlHJlH TaK
MaJlO HHTepeca, lJTO, KOrJI.a eme .n.o HalJa.TIa BTOpOH MHpOBOH
BOHHbl B03HHKJlO npe.n.nOJIO)l(eHHe, lJTO HeMUbl C03JI.aJlH pa
.1lHOJlOKaUHOHHYIO yCTaHoBKy, aHrJlHHCI<He ceKpeTHhle CJlY)K
6bl OKa3aJlHCb He B COCTOHHHH HaCITH areHTa, 06J1a.n.alOmero
He06xoJI.HMbIMH n03HaHHHMH B 3J1eKTpOHllKe, H H306peTaTeJllO
aHrJlHHCKOH CHCTeMbl pa.n.HOJlOKaUHOHHbIX yCTaHOBO[( P06ep
Ty YOTcoHy-YaTTY npHWJlOCb caMOMy 3aHHTbCH C60pOM HH
<popMauHH B fepMaHHH.
3TO Ta[()Ke OJI.Ha H3 Tex HCTOpHl1, KOTopble JI.O npoBepKH
Ka)KyTcH cOBepweHHo HenpaBjJ.ono.n06HbIMH. ECJlH 6bl Po
6epTa YOTcoHa-YaTTa apeCTOBaJlO reCTano H OH 6blJl 6bl
BblHy>K.neH noJI. nbITKOH .naBaTb nOKa3aHHH, TO He TOJlbKO
3a.nep>KaJlOCb 6bl C03.naHHe aHrJlHHCKOH pa.nHOJlOKaUHOHHoH
ceTH, HO HeMUbl CMorJlH 6bl C03.naTb CBOIO cHcTeMy paHbwe
aHrJlHlJaH H 6HTBa 3a AHrJ1HIO, MO>KeT 6bITb, npHHHJIa 6bl HHOH 060pOT.
B 3TO BpeMH HeMUbl npOHBJlHJlH OC06blH HHTepec K MeTO
]laM 3aKaJlKH CTaJlH, HcnoJlb3yeMoii B CTpOHTeJlbCTBe aHrJlHH
CKHX TaHKOB. HeKHH aHrJlHlJaHHH ApTyp fOp.nOH Oy3HC,
npHexaB B fepMaHHIO, YCT<lHOBHJI CBH3b C HeMeUKHMH ce
KpeTHblMH opraHaMH B faM6ypre, KOTOpblM npe.n.JlO>KHJI CBOH
yCJlyrH B m{)60M .neJle, HanpaBJleHHOM npOTHB AHrJlHH. BHa
lJaJle ero COlJJlH cyMacwe.nWHM. Tor.na OY3HC 3anpOCHJI 3a
yCJlyrH 2 TbIC. <p. CT. B ro.n. TIocJle 3TOro K HeMy OTHeCJlHCb
cepbe3HO H 3aBep60BaJlH B KalJeCTBe TaHHoro areHTa. EMy
y.naJlOCb pa3.n06b1Tb <POpMyJly CnJlaBa. HcnoJlb3yeMoro npH CTpOHTeJlbCTBe TaHKOB. OH OCTaBaJlCH wnHOHOM .nO HalJaJla
BOHHbI. HeMUbl cHa6.nHJlH ero pajlHOnepe.naTlJHKOM .nJlH no.n
.nep>KaHHH C HHMH CBH3H, o.nHaKO OY3HC 6blJl COBepweHHO
Hecnoc06eH HaYlJHTbCH a36yKe Mop3e. BCKope OY3Hca «3a
CeKJlH», 11 eMy npHIlIJlOCb CKPbITbCH. B .neKa6pe 1940 ro.na OH
npOCHJI HeMueB .naTb eMy 500 <p. CT., lJT06bl OH Mor Bbmy
TaTbCH H3 6e.n.bI. )leHbrH HeMe.n.JleHHO .naJlO eMy HnOHCKoe
nOCOJlhCTBO B JloH.nOHe, Bcer.na rOTOBoe nOMOlJb HeMuaM.
BecHoH 1941 ro.na nocJle 6e3ycnelllHblx nonblTOK Bbl6paTbcH
H3 AHrJlHH OH 6bIJI apecToBaH H np06blJl B TlOpbMe 3HalJH
TeJlbHOe BpeMSlj Tenepb 0Y3f1C >KHBeT a HpJlaH.n.HH. BepOHT
103
flO, 91'0 enHHCTBeHHbIH wnHOH, KOTOpblH ewe He HanHCaJI CBO
HX MeMyapOB. Bo <I>paHlJ,HH repMaHcKHH WnHOHa>K 6bIJI HaCTOJIbKO aK
THBeH, a 60pb6a C HHM 6blJIa HaCTOJIbKO c.na6a, 'ITO npaKTH
4eCKH OH He BCTpe4aJI HHKaKoro npOTHBonei'tcTBHH. [UnHO
Ha>K n04TH He C4HTaJICH npecTynJIeHHeM.
fJIaBHble HeMelJ,KHe opraHH3alJ,HH BoeHHoro WnHOHa>Ka,
n B 4aCTHOCTH opraHH3alJ,HH nyapbe-06eJl3, KOTOphIH pa
60TaJI B ra3eTe «TaH», TaK>Ke 3aHHMaJIHCb, Ilj)H4eM B lllHPO
KHX MaCllITa6ax, npOMbIWJIeHHblM WnHOHa>KeM. OpraHH3a
lJ,HH nyapbe-06eHa, KaK H MHorHe 48CTHbIe JIHua, nOJIY4HJla
H3BeCTHOCTb 6JIarOnapH «KaHap aHweHe». 3Ta opraHH3allll~
6bIJIa paCKpblTa, HO naJIbI-IeHwee paCCJIenOBaHHe 3aCTonopH
JIOCb, TaK KaK yMep onHH H3 ee 4JIeHOB, KOToporo onepHpo
BaJI BoeHHblH XHpypr. «KaHap aHWCHe» B TO BpeMH nHCaJla:
«BoeHHaH nOJlHlJ,HH MenJIHTeJIbHa H CIIHCXOnHTeJIbHa, HO
BoeHHaH xHpyprHH 6ecnowanHa».
Bnp04eM, ¢paHlJ,Y3CKoe npaBHTeJIbCTBO He npOHBMWO
HHTepeca He TOJIbKO K CKpOMHblM np06JIeMaM npOMbIWJIeH
HOro WnHOHaJKa, HO paBHonyWHo OTIIOCHJIOCb H K HayKe.
I(orna aBTOp HaCTOHwefl pa60TbI npenJIO>KHJI D KOHue
1939 rona nOJIIO PeHHo opraHH30BaTb npoH3RoncTBo Hnep
HbIX B3pblB4aTblx BeweCTB, H3BeCTHbifl nOJlHTH4eCKHH neH
TeJIb, KOTOpblH BnOCJIenCTBHH npHBeJI <I>paHlJ,HIO K BeJIH4ail
weMy Bee HCTOpHH nOpa>KeHHIO, OTBeTHJI: «MHJIeHWHH npyr,
Bbl, CTaJIO 6blTb, XOTHTe 60M6apnHpOBaTb JIHHHIO 3Hr¢pH,ila
aJIb¢a-4aCTHlJ,a MH?»
BOT n04eMY BO <I>paHlJ,HH He 6blJIO aToMHOH KOHTppa3
BeJl.KH. OnHaKO y)l{e rOTOBHJIHCb aHrJII1HCKHe aTOMHble
KOIITppa3Ben4HKH, POJIb KOTOpbIX, OnHaKO, He CJIenyeT npe
YBeJIH4HBaTb. 06 3TOM Mbl ewe paCCKa>KeM.
AnoKa BepHeMcH K C06bITHHM BO <I>paHUHH. BepOHTHO,
cynHo «>KoP>K -<I>HJIJIHna p» 6bIJIO nOnO>K>KeHO B 1932 rony
B AneHe repMaHcKHMH .ll.HBepCaHTaMH. llHBepcHH 6bIJIH
cOBepweHbI TaK>Ke Ha 60pTy cynoB «l1JIb-ne-<I>paHc» H
«HopMaHnHH». Ype3BbI4aHHo MHOr04HCJIeHHhI 6bIJIH CJIy'laH
J1.HRepCHH Ha aBHalJ,HOHHbIX 3aBonax, B pe3YJIbTaTe KOTOpblX
nopoA BWXOnHJIa H3 CTpOH 4eTDepTaH 4aCTb npoH3BonHMoH
npOnYKlJ,HH. _
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CH, TO Bce )I{e JIHlJ" 3aHHMaBwHXCH ,ilHl3epCHHMH B npOMbIW
JIeHIlOCTH, BepOSITHO, npHBJIeKaJIH 6bI K yrOJIOBHOH OTueTCT
I3CHHOCTH, B CJIy4ae eCJIH 6bI HX ynaJIOCb CXBaTHTb.
llHBepcaHTbI neHCTBOBaJIH, pacnOJIaraH OtteHb T04HOH
104
npOMblWJIeHHOH HH¢OpMa!~HeH, KOTOpylO He MlJ,bI, BepOSITHO,
nOJIy4aJIH KaK nyTeM npOMblWJIeHHOrO wnHOHa)l{a, TaK '"
nOCpenCTBOM 06MeHa HH¢OpMalJ,HeH, KOTOpblM 3aHHMaJIHCb
KOMnaHHH. HalJ,HOHaJIH3alJ,HSI aBHalJ,HOHHOH npOMbIWJIeHHOC
Tn noc~e BTOPOH MHpOBOH BOHHW OT'IaCTH 6wJIa peaKlJ,HeH Ha 31'01' 06MeH.
He06xonHMO npH3H8Tb, 'ITO HeMlJ,bI naJIH '1epTe)l{H nJISI
CTpOHTeJIbCTBa BO <I>paHlJ,HH OnbITHOrO 3aBOna CHHTeTH4ec
Koro 6eH3HHa no HeMelJ,KoMy MeTony (npaBna, ycoBepweH
CTDOBaHHoMy ¢paHlJ,Y3aMH). 3aBon BbIpa60TaJI B 1939 rony 20 ThIC. T 6eH3HHa. 3TH 4epTe)l{H 6blJIH naHbl Ha OCHOBaHHH
BnOJIlle 3aKOHHblX npOMbIWJIeHHblX COrJIaWeHHH, OnHaKO OHH
n03BOJIHJIH HeMlJ,aM nOCJIe nOpa>KeHHSI <I>paHlJ,HH B 1940 rony
aHHeKcHpoBaTb ¢paHu.Y3cKYIO xHMH'IecKylo npOMbIWJIeHHOCTb.
npe)l{,ile '1eM nepeHTH K npyrHM BonpocaM, yKa)l{eM, 'ITO
3a 04eHb He60JIbwylO CyMMy (200 TbIC. ¢paHKoB) <I>paHlJ,HSI
MOrJIa 6bl B 1936 rony BOCnOJIb30BaTbCSI' yCJIyraMH 3HaMeHH
Toro BepHepa ¢OH 5payHa, KOTOpbIH XOTeJI nOKHHyTb fep
MaHHlO H CTpOHTb CBOH paKeTbl BO <I>paHlJ,HH. Pa3yMeeTqI,
13 Bblna'le 3T0H CYMMbI 6blJIO OTKa3aHO, TaK KaK ¢paHlJ,Y3
CKHe BJIaCTH He npHnaBaJIH cepbe3Horo 3Ha'leHHH HH TaHKaM,
HH paKeTaM, HH aTOMHbIM 60M6aM. Bnp04eM, OHH He 6bIJIIi
OnHHOKH. HeCKOJIbKO n03nHee OTelJ, aMepHKaHCKHX paKeT
fo.n..n.ap, C03HaBaH npH6JIH>KeHHe BOHHbl, npenJIO)l{HJI yCJIy
rH CBoeH CTpaHe. BoellHbIe eMy OTBeTHJIH: «He3a4eM 3pSl Te
pHTb BpeMH, 6ynywylO BOHHy BblHrpaeT TpaHweHHblH MHHOMeT».
TeM DpeMeHeM pyccKHe, 3aWHIlleHHhle 01' BCSlKOro BOeH
HOro H npOMblWJIeHHOrO WnHOHa)l{a, cnOKOHHO CTpOHJIH
paKeTbl, KOTopble nOJI)I{HbI 6bIJIH pa36HTb HeMelJ,KHe TaHKO
Bwe nH13H3HH BO BpeMSI BOHHW H nOKopHTb KOCMOC. neJIO
B TOM, 'ITO ewe no BOHHbI B 06J1aCTH paKeT pyccKHe onepenHJIH HeMlJ,eB H BeCb MHp. OHH onepe)l{aJIH Bcex H BO BpeMSI
BOHHbl: «<I>AY-2:1> 6blJIH nOpOrOCH)SlWHMH HrpywKaMH, H
npOH3BOnHJIOCb H{( CJIHWKOM MaJIO, 4T06bl OHH MOrJIH HMeTb BoeHHoe 3Ha4eHHe.
COBeTCKHe )I{e npOTHBOTaHKOBwe paKeTbl HMeJIH rOpa3JI.0
60JIee cepbe3Hoe 3Ha'leHHe, B oc06eHHOCTH paI<eTbl, KOTopble
3anycKaJIHCb C CaMOJIeTOB. 31'0 OHH yHHllTO)l{HJIH HeMelJ,KHe
TaHKoBbIe .ll.HBH3HH. HeMlJ,bl Ha3blBaJIH wTypMoBHKH-paKeTo
HOClJ,bI «4epHoH cMepTblo». 5JIarOnapH 3THM paKeTaM CTaJIH
B03MO>KHbl CTaJII1HrpanCKaH n06ena H B3S1THe 5epJIHHa.
ECJIH 6bI B CCCP Mor cywecTl30BaTb BoeHHbIH '" npOMblW
J05
JIeHHhlH lllnHOHa)l{ B nOJIh3Y fepMaHHH, paKeThl He 6hIJIH 601
CTOJIh nOJIHOH HeQ)I{HJJ.aHHOCThlO. COBeTcKaH KOHTppa3BeJJ.Ka
cyMeJIa 06ecnellHTh nOJIHylO TaHHy JJ.O, 130 BpeMH H nOCJIe
BTOPOH MHpOBOH BOHHhI. 11 JIHlllh B 1968 roJJ.Y nOHBHJIaCh
nepBaH KHHra 0 COBeTCKHX paKeTax 1932 rOJJ.a C epOTOCHHM
KaMH Tex BpeMeH. 11 13 HalllH JJ.HH HepeJJ.Ko nHlllyT, liTO CO
BeTCKHe YlleHhle npeJJ.BHJJ.eJIH, liTO BOHHy BhIHrpalOT pa3JIHlI
Hble yCTaHoBKH JJ.JIH 3anycKa paKeT H paKeThl, 3anYCKaeMhie
C CaMOJIeTOB. 3TO npeJJ.BHJJ.eHHe C6hlJIOCh.
CHOBa B03BpamaHCh K npOMhllllJIeHHoMy lllnHOHa)l{y 130
<IlpaHUHH, OlleBHJJ.HO, n03BOJIHTeJIhHO CnpOCHTh: He clla6>Ka
JIH JIH fepMaHHIO npOMhllllJIeHHOH HH<popMaUHeH H JJ.a)l{e He
nepeJJ.aBaJIH JIH eH H306peTeHHH orpOMHoro BoeHHoro 3Halle
HHH, npeJJ.nOllHTaH, lIT06hl OHH 6hlJIH BHeJJ.peHhl y fHTJIepa,
a He 13 CTpaHe HapOJJ.Horo <ppOHTa, pa3JIHlIHhie <ppaHUY3CKHe
npOMhllllJIeHHHKH, KOTophle TaK ycnelllHO COTpYJJ.HHlIaJIH C
BparOM? KorJJ.a-HH6YJJ.h, BepOHTHO, Mbl Y3HaeM BCIO npaBJJ.Y 13 3TOH 06JIaCTH, HO 3TO 6YJJ.eT HeJIerKO, H60 HeMUhl «1303
HarpaJJ.HJIH» <jJpaHUy3cKHX npOMhllllJIeHHHKOB, OKa3hlBaBlllHX
HM HCKJIlOlIHTeJIhHhle yCJIyrH, TeM, liTO BhlChlJIaJIH HX, npHKa
3hIBaH nOCKopee HCTpe6JIHTh B JIarepSlX, liTO H JJ.eJIaJIOCb.
TeM He MeHee OCTaeTCH 3HallHTeJIhHOe KOJIHlIeCTBO JJ.OKyMeH
TOB, KOTophle paHO HJIH n03JJ.HO 6YJJ.yT ony6JIHKOBaHhI.
He06xoJJ.HMO, BnpOlJeM, npH3HaTh, liTO 13 npOMhllllJIeHHOM OT
HOllleHHH <IlP~HUHH H fepMaHHH JJ.onOJIHHIOT JJ.pyr JJ.pyra H
liTO nOCJIe BOHHhl, nOCKOJIhKY COTpYJJ.HHlIeCTBO npOJJ.OJI>KaeT
CH B JJ.pyroM HanpaBJIeHHH, MHorHe KaK BoeHHhle, TaK H
rpa>KJJ.aHCKHe H306peTeHHH 6hIJIH YCOBepllleHCT130BaHhl
cj:>paHKo-repMaHCKHMH rpynnaMH.
ABTop nOJIaraeT, liTO, eCJIH 6hl <ppaHUY3CKaH npOMbllll
JIeHHOCTh npOHBHJIa HHHUHaTHBy H naTpHOTH3M aMepHKaH
CKOH npOMhllllJIeHHOCTH, <IlpaHUHH MOrJIa 6hl pacnOJIaraTh
aTOMHhlM opy>KHeM y)l{e 13 1940 roJJ.Y, H60 ero npOH3BOJJ.CTBO
ropa3JJ.0 npome, lIeM 06hlllHO JJ.YMaIOT. AMepHKaHUhl nOlllJIH
caMhlMH JJ.JIHHHhIMH nYTHMH H H3pacxoJJ.oBaJIH 13 ThIC5IlIY pa3
60JIbllle JJ.eHer. Ho eCTb KpaTlIaHlllHe nYTH, n03BOJIHIOmHe
npoH3BoJJ.HTh aToMHylO 60M6y C TaKoH >Ke JIerKOCThlO H
no TaKOH )I(e ueHe, no KaKoH CTpOHTCH CaMOJIeT'HcTpe6H
TeJIh. 80 BCHKOM cJIyllae, HeCOMHeHHO, liTO HeMUhl 3HaJIH 60JIh
llle 0 TOM, liTO npOHCXOJJ.HJIO Ila 3aBOJJ.ax PeHO (eCJIH orpaHH
lIHThCH JIHlllb OJJ.HHM npHMepOM), lIeM caMa llHpeKUHH 3aBO
JJ.013. OHH CMOrJIH nOJIYllHTh TaHKH PeHO, KOTOphlX <ppaHUY3
CKaH apMHH He HMeJIa. BnpOlleM, Hy>KHO AyMaTh, liTO H
106
aHrJIHlIaHe HMeJIH CBOHX areHTOB Ha 3aBOJJ.ax PeHO, H60
nepBhlMH nOJJ.BeprJIHCh 60M6apJJ.HpOBKe HMeHHO 3TH 3aBO
JJ.hl, npHlieM nOliTH nOJIHOCThlO 6hlJIH YHHlITO>KeHhl BoeHHhle
MaTepHaJIhl, npeJJ.Ha3HallaBlllHeCH JJ.JIH HeMueB.
He3aJJ.OJIrO JJ.O 60M6apJJ.Hp013KH, KOTopaH 6hlJIa npOH3Be
JI.eHa 13 1941 roJJ.y, HeMUhl B naMHTb 06 aHrJIHiicKoM ropoJJ.e
KOBeHTpH, cTepToM HMH C JIHua 3eMJIH, H306peJIH y>KaCHOe
npHJIaraTeJIhHOe «KoBeHTpH3HpoBaHHhlH» JJ.JIH 0603HalleHHH
nOJIHOrO pa3pYllleHHH ropoJJ.a. nOcJIe 60M6apJJ.HpoBKH 3a130JI,OB PeHo 13 napH)I{e nOHBHJIHCb JIHCTOBKH C H(lJJ.nHCbIO:
«5HHHHKyp 6hlJI KOBeHTpH3HpoBaH».
AHrJIHHcKaH cTpaxoBaH KOMnaHHH, KOTopaH 3acTpaxoBa
JIa 3aBOJJ.hl PeHo, OTKa3aJIaCh BbInJIaTHTb cTpaxoBylO npe
MHIO. 3TO 3aCTaBHJIO MapWaJIa neT3Ha CPOliHO H3JJ.aTb
JJ.eKpeT, 3anpema13wHH aHrJIHHCKHM cTpaxoBhlM KOMnaHH
HM pa3BHBaTb CBOIO JJ.eHTeJIbHOCTb BO <IlpaHUHH.
nOcJIe 6erJIoro 0630pa npOMblWJIeHHOro WnHOHa>Ka B
E13pone 13 nepHoJJ. Me>KJJ.y JJ.ByMH MHPOBblMH 130HHaMH no
CMOTpHM Tenepb, liTO npOHCXOJl.HJIO 13 TOT )I{e nepHOJJ.
13 CiliA.
7 rJIABA
ellA B nEPHO,IJ; MEm,IJ;Y ,IJ;BYMH MHPOBbIMH BOI1HAMH
_eJ CJIH 13 EBpone 13 nepHOJl. Me>KJJ.y JJ.13YMH MHPOBblMH BOHHaMH npOMbIWJIeH-
HblH WnHOHa>K TeCHO nepenJIeTaJICH C
BoeHHblM WnHOHa)l{eM H nOJIHTHlieCKHMH nOJJ.pbIBHhlMH JJ.eH
CTBHHMH, 13 CiliA 13 TelleHHe Toro )I{e nepHoJJ.a WHpOKO pa3
BH13aJICH npOMhlWJIeHHblH wnHOHa)l{ B Y3KOM CMblCJIe 3Toro
CJIOBa Me)l{.ll.Y KOMnaHHHMH H nOliTH Jl.OCTHr HblHeWHero
ypOBHH, eCJIH He ClIHTaTh COBpeMeHHhlX TeXHHlIeCKHX cpeJJ.CTB WnHOHa)l{a.
B CiliA KpynHhle <PHPMbl 3aHHMaJIHCb HCKJIlOlIHTeJIbHO
aKTHBHO B3aHMHbiM npOMblWJIeHHblM WnHOHa>KeM. He06xo
JJ.HMO, OJl.HaKO, YKa3aTh - lIT06bl K 3TOMy 60JIbWe He 1303
BpamaTbCH - Ha HeKOTopoe lIHCJIO CJIyllaeB, KorJJ.a wnHOHa
)I{eM 3aHHMaJIOCb npaBHTeJIbCTBO, npHlieM 06beKTOM wnHO
Ha)l{a 6blJIH npOMbIWJIeHHOCTb H 6aHKH.
107
B 1938 ro~y aMepHKaHcKoe Ha~orOBoe ynpaB~eHHe H3
~a~o BHyTpeHHee pacnop5DKeHHe, 3anperuaBlllee ero co
TpY~HHKaM no~c~YlllHBaTb Te~e<poHHble pa3roBopbl. He
CMOTpH Ha 3anperueHHe, Te~e<poHHble pa3roBopbl no~c~y
WHBa~HCb. nO~C~YlllHBaloTcH OHH H Tenepb. KpoMe Toro,
KOMHCCHH, Y'lpe)l{~eHHaH npaBHTe~bcTBoM B 1934 ro~y ~~H
npoBe~eHHH 06c~e~oBaHHH BO BceH aMepHKaHcKoH BoeHHOH
npoMbllll~eHHocTH, BH~HMO, TO)l{e 3aHHMa~aCb npOMbllll~eH
HblM lllnHOHa)l{eM. 3a pa60ToH ,lTOH KOMHCCHH npHCTa~bHO c~e~H~a KpaHHe HeHTpa~HcTcKH HacTpoeHHaH 06ruecTBeH
HOCTb, KOTopaH Herua~Ho KPHTHKoBa~a ToprOBueB nylllKaMH.
YnoMHHYTble ToproBUbl nylllKaMH, B CBOIO O'lepe~b, '06
BHHH~H npaBHTe~bcTBeHHYIO KOMHCCHIO B HcnO~b30BaHHH
raHrCTepOB ~~H nOXHrueHHH 'IaCTHbIX nHceM H nepe~a'lH 3a
rpaHHUy aMepHKaHcKoH npoMbllIl~eHHoH HH<popMaUHH.
C OC060H CH~OH KOMHCCHH 06pYlllH~acb Ha CTpoHTe~efI nO~BO~HbIX ~O.uOK H3 «AMepHK3H 3~eKTpHK 60yT KOMnaHH»
H HX aHr~HiicKHX KOMnaHbOHOB - BHKKepcoB. nHCbMa, 3a·
ra~OtIHblM 06pa30M nonaBUlHe B npaBHTe~bcTBeHHYIO KOMHC
CHIO, rOBopH~H 0 TOM, tITO 06e KOMnaHHH, CBH3aHIlbie CHCTe
MoA ytIaCTHH, lllHpOKO npH6era~H K nO~Kyny COTpy.uHHKOB
aMepHKaHCKoro H aHr~HHcKoro rocy.uapCTBeHHoro annapa
Ta. HeKHH rep6epT A~~eH, ToproBeu nylllKaMH, npHHa.u~e
)l{aBlllHH K rpynne LI.pHrca, nOKa3a~, tITO H3-3a TeMHblX Ma
HeBpOB BHKKepCOB B 1929 ro~y 6bl~ pacToprHyT KpynHblH
KOHTpaKT C TypuHeH. A~~eH 3aHBH~ C HerO~OBaHHeM: <BHK
KepcaM .u03Bo~eHbl BCHKHe npHeMbl; B HX paCnOpH)KeHHH opraHH3aUHH lllnHOHa)l{a - nepcOHa~ ue~oro nOCO~bCTBa, If
OHH npH6eralOT K yc~yraM 66~bUloro tIHC~a )l{eHruHH ~erKO
ro nORe.ueHHH».
BO~Ha B03MyrueHHH npOI(aTH~aCb no CIlIA, r.ue, BH.uH
MO, .uo ytIpe)l{.ueHHH npaBHTe~bcTBeHHoH c~e.ucTBeHHoA KO
MHCCHH HHKTO He C~blllla~ pa3rOBopOB 0 npocTHTyUHH.
noc~e 3Toro BHKKepCOB 06BHHH~H B TOM, tITO OHH B
1932 ro.uy 3an~aTH~H 38 yc~yry O.uHOMy KHTaHcKoMy reHe
pa~y 50 TbIC. <p. CT. AreHT BHKKepCOIJ, KOTOpblH nan 3TY
rue.upylO B3HTKY, 6bIn nonpOUleH npH 3aKpbITblX nBepHX. Vl3 KaMepbl c~ellOIJaTenH ero OTnpaBH~H npHMO B nCHXHaT
pHtIeCJ<ylO netIe6HHIly KaK 6yHHO nOMewaHHoro.
HHKTO, BHnHMO, He nOCTaDH~ npOCToro Bonpoca: KaKHM
06pa30M npaBHTenbCTBeHHaH KOMHCCHH pa3.uo6b1na CBepx
ceKpeTHble nOCbe, npHHa.une>l<anWHe 'IaCTHbIM KOMnaHHHM,
B KOTOpblX He 6blnH npOH3Be~eHbl KaKHe-~H60 KOH<pHCKa
108
UHH? ToprOBUbl nylllKaMH 06BHHH~H KOMHCCHIO B TOM, tITO
OHa Hcnonb~OBana UlnHOHOB, Ma<pHIO H lllaHKH npo<peCCHO
HanbHblX raHrCTepOB, 'IT06bl 3anO~Y'lHTb YKa3aH~ble .uOCbe.
HaCKonbKO MHe H3BeCTHO, 31'0 - e.uHHCTBeHHblH cnytIal%,
Kor.ua npaBHTenbCTBeHHaH c~e~CTBeHHaH KOMHCCHH 6b1na
06BHHeHa B COTpy.uHH'IeCTBe C Ma<pHeH. no MeHbllleH Mepe,
MO)l{HO CKa3aTb 'ITO :Ha c~e.uCTBeHHaH KOMHCCHH, BH.uHMO,
pa60Tan a B 06~TaHOBKe, 06bl'lHO H306pa)l{alOrueHcH B ~eTeKTHBHblX pOMaHax, Kor.ua .uOBonbHO Tpy.uHO OT~H'IaTb no
nHueHCKHX OT raHrCTepOB. TeM BpeMeHeM aMepHKaHCKaH npOMblUlneHHOCTb nepe
CTpaHBa~aCb, p0)l{.ua~CH «aMepHKaHCKHH BbI30B», 0 KOTO
pOM Tenepb TaK MHoro rOBopHT. noc~e TH)I{enOrO nepHo.ua
3KOHOMH'IeCKOH .uenpeCCHH, noc~e.uOBaBlllero 3a Be~HKHM
KpaXOM Ha HblO-HOpKCKOH 6Hp)l{e B 1929 ro~y, CllA COBep
llleHCTBOBanH rHraHTcKylO npoMblUlneHHocTb, KOTopaH .uo~)I{:
Ha 6blna BblHrpaTb BOHHy, 3aTeM no.uHHTb CIlIA Ha TaKOH
ypoBeHb npoMbIlllneHHo-TeXHH'IeCKOH opraHH3aUHH, tITO Te·
nepb O'leHb MHorHe 3.upaBOMblcnHruHe nlO.uH 3a~a1OTCH BO
npOCOM: MO)l{HO ~H 6y~eT Kor.ua-HH6y.ub .uorHaTb HX? O.uHa
KO nOnO)l{eHHe 6blno HCKnlO'IHTenbHO HanpH)I{eHHblM. npaB
.ua, KpynHble KOMnaHHH oxpaHHnHCb naTeHTaMH, HO aHTHTpec
TOBCKHH 3aKOH BblHY)l{~an HX B HeKOTopblX cny'laHx nepe
.uaBaTb 3TH naTeHTbl KOHKypeHTaM, a B .upymx - npHB~eKan
K HHM, KaK K .uep)l{aTe~HM naTeHTOB, BH~MaHHe lllnHOHOB.
n03TOMY nHTb J<pynHblx 'IaCTHbIX nonHueHCKHX areHTCTB
BpaHca, nHHKepTOHa, Y3J<eHxaTa, r~06a H d1HTepCTeHT»Ha'lanH 3aHHMaTbCH BonpocaMH npOMbllllneHHOH 6e30nac
HOCTH. OHH npo.uoml<aIOT CBOIO .ueHTe~bHOCTb H B HaCTOHruee
BpeMH; 06ruaH cyMMa HX ro.uOBblX 060pOTOB .uOCTHraeT
150 MnH. .uo~~.
Bblno pa3pa60TaHo HeKOTopoe 'IHCnO 06ruenpHHHTbIX
Tenepb npHHUHnoB. HanpHMep,. eC~H KaKaH-nH60 uaMepH
KaHCKaH KOMnaHHH nonytJaeT nHCbMO, B KOTOpOM eH npen
~araeTCH H306peTeHHe, ceKpeTapHaT KOMnaHHH HeMe.uJleH
HO B03BparuaeT ero OTnpaBHTe~lO, He nOKa3aB ero KaKO
My-nH60 .cneUHanHcTy KOMnaHHH. n03TOMY noc~e.uHHH He
MO)l{eT 6bITb n03.uHee 06BHHeHa B noxHrueHHH H306peTeHIiH.
LI.eno B TOM, 'ITO, KaK nOKa3bIBaeT on bIT, B cnytJae cy.ue6HO
ro npouecca npHCH)I{Hble 3ace.uaTenH H3 'IHCna cpe~HHX aMe.
pHKaHueB CKnOHHbl BblHOCHTb pellleHHe npOTHB KpynHoH
KOMnaHHH (<<nOToMy 'ITO y Hee MHOrO .ueHer H OHa, BH.uHMO,
Morna 3annaTHTb KalwMy-HH6y.ub ropeMblKe 100 TbIC. .uonn. 6e3 60nbllloro yruep6a .u~H ce6H»), a He npOTHl3 H306peTa
109
TeJHI-OnHHOqKH, eCJIH na)l{e· BCe epaKTbl H BCe 3aKOHbi Ha CTO
pOHe KpynHblx TpeCTOB, npOTHB H300peTaTeml. HeH30e)l{HbIM,
HO nOCanHblM pe3YJIbTaTOM 3TOrO epaKTa SlBJISleTCSI TO OOCTO
SlTeJIbCTBO qTO HH OnHa aMepHKaHCKaSl KOMnaHHSI He npH
HHMaeT H;oopeTeHHH H300peTaTeJIeH-OnHHOqeK.
BOJIbllJe Toro eCJIH KaKaSl-JIHOO aMepHKaHCKaSl KOMna
HHSI nOJIyqaeT n~CbMO C npenJIO)l{eHHeM nponaTb eH ceKpe
Tbl KOHKypeHTa, TO nHCbMO HeMenJIeHHO nepeCblJIaeTCSI KOH
KypeHTy, KOTOpblH HaqHHaeT pa3blCKHBaTb ero ~BTopa. Ta
KHM oopa30M nblTaJIHCb yMepHTb npOMblllJJIeHHblH llInHOHa)l{,
I<OTOPblH npHOOpeJI epaHTaCTHqeCKHe pa3MepbI. Llpyr 3a
npyroM lllnHOHHJIH KpynHble XHMHqeCKHe TpeCTbI, HeepTSI
Hble, aBTOMOOHJIbHble, aBHaUHOHHble KOMnaHHH. Bce 3TH
rpYllllbl HCKaJIH CpenCTB nOMelllaTb CBOHM ClleUHaJIHCTaM
yHTH K KOHKypeHTy CO 3HaHHSlMH, KOTopble Te MorJIH 3alle
qaTJIeTb B CBoeH naMSlTH, He yHOC51 C COOOH HH OnHoro ceK
peTHoro nOKyMeHTa. B CBooonHOM OomeCTBe qpe3BblqaHHO
TpynHo C03naBaTb nOMeXH npOMblllJJIeHHoMy lllnHOHa)l{y
TaKoro pona. I13BecTeH CJIyqaH, Korna XHMHK, npopaOOTaBlllHH B on
HOH KOMnaHHH 12 JIeT, lIepellJeJI Ha paooTy B KOHKypHpy
IOmylO C HeH KOMllaHHIO. Ha nepBblH B3rJISln ero KOHTpaKT,
oCHoBaHHblH Ha aHTHTpecToBcKOM 3aKOHe, He Mor nOMe
lllaTb ero nepexony B npyrylO KOMllaHHIO. TeM He MeHee
ero npe)l{HHe paOOTOnaTeJIH B030ynHJIH IIpOTHB Hero cyneo
Hoe neJIO H non npHCSlrOH 3aSlBHJIH Ha cyne, qTO 3HaHHSI,
KOTOpblMH OOJIanaeT HH)I{eHep-OTBenHK, CTOSIT 15 MJIH. nOJIJI. I1H)I{eHep nOJIyqaJI 10 TbIC. nOJIJI·. B ron. CJIenOBaTeJIbHO, OH
nOJI)I{eH OblJI ObI npopaOOTaTb y CBOJiX npe)l{HHX paOOTona
TeJIeH 15 CTOJIeTHH, qTOObl nOJIyqHTb TaKylo CYMMY. BHnHMo, HM He npHIlJJIa B rOJIOBy MblCJIb 3aHHTepeCOBaTb ero yqac
THeM B npenllpHSlTHH, npenJIO)l{HB eMy, HanpHMep, aKUHH.
B KOHue KOHUOB, caM OH Hero HOBble paOOTOnaTeJIH 3aSlBH
JIH 1I01J. npHCSlrOH, qTO OHH XOTeJIH HCIIOJIb30BaTb He ero clle
UHaJlbHbIe 3HaHHSI, a JIHlllb ero HHTeJIJIeKTyaJIbHbIe CIIOCOO
HGCTH (TOHKoe pa3JIHqHe!) H qTO Tenepb OH oyneT 3aHSlT B
COBepllleHHO HHOH OOJIaCTH.
B nOH aTMocepepe 1I0n03pHTeJIbHOCTH H B yCJIOBHSlX pac
llJIbIBqaTOCTH 3aKOHOnaTeJIbCTBa B03HHKJIH ynHBHTeJIbHble
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5* 115 114
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peTHOCTb, 'reM B KOMnaHHHX ,npyroro po,na. MO)l{HO ,nyMaTb,
'ITO HMeHHO BCJle,nCTBHe IIPOMblWJIeHHOrO WnflOua>Ka 3TH
KOMllalUIH nOJIytIHJIH TaKoe IllHpOKoe pacnpOCTpaHeHHe B
CiliA ~l HCI{JIIO'IHTeJIbHO npOMbIWJIeHHoMy wnHOHa>Ky 06»
3aHbi OHH CBOHM ycnexoM. HaCKOJIblW MHe H3BeCTHO, HH o~
Ha H3 KpynHblx H cepbe3Hbix aMepHKaHcKHx JIa60paTopHH,
3aHHMaI0w.HXCH HCCJIe,nOBaTeJIbCKHMH pa60TaMH no 3aKa3Y, He 6bIJIa yJIHtIeHa B wnHOHaX{e. ECJIH HHKor,na He cyw.eCTBO
BaJIO TpeCTa, KOHTpOJIHpyIOw.ero HCCJIe,nOBaHHH no 3aKa3Y,
TO 06bHCHeHHe 3TOMy CJIe,nyeT HCKaTb B caMOM xapaKTepe
PYK0I30.nHTeJIeH 9THX KOMnaHHH. TaKHe KOMnaHHH, KaK npa
BHJIO, C03,naIOTCH HH,nHBH,nyaJIHCTaMH, KOTOpbIX HeJIerKO BO
nJIetIb B Kal{YlO-JIH60 KOpnOpau,HIO. BcneT 130npoc: KaKHM 06pa30M OHH MoryT Bbl,nep>KH
BaTb KOHKypeHu,mo rHraHTCKHX KOMl1aHHH, KOTopble HMelOT
c06CTBeHHble HCCJIe,nOBaTeJIbCKHe JIa60paTopHH? CHJIa 9TH X He3aI3HCHMbIX, OTHOCHTeJIbHO He60JIbWHX H
,neMOKpaTHtIeCKH ynpaBJIHeMbIX KOMnaHHH COCTOHT He TOJIb
KO B CB060,nHOH U,HpKyJIHU,HH H,neH, HO H B HX CB060,nHOM 06cy>K,neH HH, a ,n06HTbCH 3Toro, KCTaTH CKa3aTb, ropa3,n0
Tpy,nHee B 60JIbWHX rpa>K,naHCKHX H BoeHHblX HCCJIe,nOBa
TeJlbCKHX ytIpe>K,neHHHx. 31'11 60JIbWHe HCCJIe,nOl3aTeJIbCKHe ytIpe>K,neHHH HatIaJIH
nO»I3JIHT1.>CH B 1918 ro,ny. OHH B03HI1KJIH nO~JIe p0>K,neHHH
He3aBI1CHMbiX HCCJIe.n,oBaTeJIbCKI1X opraHH3au,l1~ H CJIe,nOBaJIH I1X npHMepy. B 1920 ro,ny TaKHX ytIpe>K,neHHH 6blJI0 O'IeHb
MaJIO, HatIHHa5l. C 1938 ro,na HX llHCJIO 6bICTpO pacTeT. 06w.He pacxo,nbI CiliA Ha I1CCJle,nOBaTeJIbCKHe pa60Tbl, COCTaBJI5IB
WHe B 1938 roJI.Y OKOJIO 3 MJIP,n. ,nOJIJI., B 1970 ro,ny ,nOJI>KHbl
,nOCTHtIb 25 MJlpA. AOJI.iI. Ha1160JIbWa51 tIaCTb 9TH X pacxo,non
na.naeT Ha Kpymlble HCCJIe,nOBaTeJIbCKHe KOMnaHHH, KOTopble
I3CJIe.nCTBHe 3Toro CTaHOB5ITC5I OCHOBHblM 06beKTOM ,ne5lTeJIb
HOCTlf wnnOHOB. 50pb6a, KOTopa51 nOBJIeKJIa 3a C060H KOHu,eHTpau,HIO
npOMblWJIeHHOCTH B CiliA B nepHoA Me)J{,ny .nBYM5I MHpOBbl
MH BOHHaMI1 H KOTopaH BceMH cnoc06aMH, B TOM tlHCJIe
1l0Cpe,nCTBOM npOlllblWJIeHIWrO WllHOHaX{a, npOTHBonOCTaB
JI5IJIa 60JIbWIIX - MaJIblM, H306peTaTeJI5IM - TpeCTbl, nopo
AHJIa HaCTOSlw.ylO MHepOJIOrHIO. B 9TOH MHepOJIOrHI1 <3JIble
TpeCTbl» npOTHBonOCTaBJI5IIOTCSl «.n06PbIM H306peTaTeJI5IM»,
npeCJIc.nyeMblM raHrCTepaMH, wnHOHaMH H pa3JIHllHblMH
areHTaMH 3THX TpeCTOB.
3Ta MHepOJIOrH5I, KaK H Bce MHepOJIOrlm, npe,nCTaBJI5IeT
C060H JI1060nbiTHYlO CMeCb npaB,nbl H BbIMbICJIa, H Ha HeH
CTOHT OCTaHOBHTbC5I. HeCO~'!HeHHO, 6blJIH CJIytIaH npeCJIe,no
BaHH5I H306peTaTeJIeH, K HHM OTHOCHTCH CJIytlaH C 3,nBI1HOM
Ap!)1CTpOHrOM, KOTOpbIH B 30-x ro,nax H306peJI tIaCToTHylO
MO.nyJI5IU,HIO. 31'0 H306peTeHHe 51BHJIOCb nOMeXOH .nJI5I Kpyn
HblX aMepHKaHcKHx pa,n110Bew.aTeJIbHbIX KOMnaHHH, KOTO
pble HCnOJIb30BaJIH aMnJIHTy,nHylO MO,nyJI5IU,HlO. OHH BceMH
cnoc06aMH npeCJIe,noBaJIH ApMcTpoHra, H OH B 1954 ro,ny
nOKOHtIHJI >KH3Hb caMoy6HHcTBOM. JIHWb HaMHoro n03,nHee,
B 1960 ro,ny, CTaJIO H3BeCTHO, tITO OH OCTaBHJI CBoeH CTpaHe
BeJIHKOJIenHOe H306peTeHHe: p a,nHOJIOKaTOp, ,neHcTByIOW.I1H
Ha 60JIbWHX paCCTOHHHHX, He HCnblTbIBa51 nOMex 01' KpHBH3
Hb[ 3eMHoro wapa. ApMCTpOHr - O,nHH H3 neJIHtIaHWHX
H306peTaTeJIeH Bcex BpeMeH, H cOBepweHHo BepHo, 'ITO OH
Bbl6poCHJICH H3 OKHa B pe3YJIbTaTe npeCJIe,nOBaHHH, KOTO
pbIM OH no,nBepraJIC5I C 1936 ro,na. BepHo TaK>Ke, tITO TaKoro
po,na npeCJIe,nOBaHH5I 06ecKypa>KHJIH HeKOTopbIX 6JIeCTHw.HX
H306peTaTeJIeii, HanpHMep H306peTaTeJIH 9JIeKTpOHHoro
yMHO>KHTeJIH epapHcyopTa. OOCJIeAHHH BbIHrpaJI 6HTBy C
TpeCTaMH, o.nHaKO 6b1J[ HaCTOJIbKO Ha,nJIOMJINI 3TOH 60pb60H,
tITO B B03pacTe 34 JIeT ye,nHHHJIC5I Ha He60JIbWOH epepMe B
WTaTe M3H, 3aHHMaHCb .neJIaMH, He HMelOw.HMH HHKaKoro
OTHOWeHH5I K npOMbIWJIeHHocTH.
ApMCTpOHr H <l>apHcyopT OTHlO,nb He 6blJIH napaHOHKa· MA, Kor,na nOBepHJIH, tITO 3a HHMH wnHOHHT. 3a HHMH .neH
CTBHTeJIbHO WnHOHHJIH.
O,nHaKO ,npyrHe JIereH.nbl 6bJ.flH He 60JIee tIeM BbIMbIC
JIOM. HanpHMep, JIereH,na 0 Kap03epce, H306peTaTeJIe Ha(l
JIOHa. Y. X. Kap03epc pO,nHJICH 27 anpeJI5I 1896 r. B Bap
JIHHrTOHe (Il1TaT AHoBa). C 1928 ro,na OH pyKOBO.nHJI n KOM
naHHH «.LI.lOnoH» nporpaMMoH HCCJIenOBaTeJIbCKHX pa60T no
CHHTeTHtIeCKHM BOJIOKHaM H OTKpbIJI HaHJIOH. Kap03epc no
KOHtlHJI >KH3Hb ca1vIOyoHikTBOM 29 anpeJIH 1937 r. B <l>HJIa
,neJIb<pHH. OocJIe ero ca~lOy6HHcTBa CJIO>KHJICH MHep: 51K06bl
Kap03epc nOKOHtIHJI C C060H 1l0TOMy, tITO ero BbIHY>K.lI.aJIH
Bblpa6aTbIBaTb epaJIbWHBblH HaHJIOH OTHOCHTeJIbHO HH3Koro
KatIeCTBa, H60 HaCTOHw.I1H Ha(IJIOH COBepweHHO He CHaWH
BaeTCH. 4yJIKH H3 HacToHw.ero HaHJIOHa HHKorna He CHaWH
BaJIHCb 6bl H, CJIe.ll.OBaTeJIbHO, H306peTeHHe B ero peaJIbHOH
epopMe He nOJIytIHJIO 6bl Wl1pOKOrO npHMeHeHHH. 31'01' Ml1ep
nep>KHTC5I ynopHo H COBceM He,naBHO nOCJIy>KHJI CIO)KeTOM
epHJIbMa non Ha3BaHueM «4eJIOBeK B 6eJIOM KOCTiOMe».
B ,neHcTBHTeJIbHOCTH Kap03epc nOKOHtIHJI C C060H no npHtIH
119 118
HaM JHflIHOrO xapaKTepa, KOTopbIe He I1MeJII1 Hl1l1erO oow.ero
C HafIJIOHOM 11 ObIJIH CBH3aHbI C lIaCTbIMI1 H THJKeJIbIMI1 HepB
HbIMI1 nenpeCCHHMI1. COBpeMeHHbIe ycnoKOHTeJIbHbIe cpenCT
Ba, BepOHTHO, CnaCJIH ObI ero.
ECJII1 JIereHna CTOJIb ynop Ha, TO 001>HCHHeTCH 9T0 TeM,
liTO nyOJIHKa CKJIOHHa ynpHMo Bepl1Tb. liTO TpeCTbI CKpbIBa
101' H300peTeHHH, KOTopbIe MOrJII1 ObI HaHeCTI1 HM yw.epo.
COrJIaCHO ~IH¢Y, KpynHbIe KOMnaHl111 ueHOH OOJIblllHX 3a
TpaT COnepJKaT apMHIO lllnI10HOB, OXBaTbIBalOlll.I1X CBOI1MI1
lll.ynaJIbuaMH BCIO TeppHTopHIO ClIlA. DynTo 3TH Illnl10HbI
BbIHBJIHIOT H300peTeHHH, KOTopbIe MoryT cnOCOOCTBOBaTb
CHI1JKeHI1IO ueH, nOXI1lll.aIOT I1X, nOCJIe lIero MorYlll.eCTBeHHbIe
npOMbIIllJIeHHI1KH rJIylllaT 11300peTeHI1H.
3a HeKOTopbIMH YKa3aHHbIMH BbIllle HCKJIlOlIeHI1HMI1, 31'0
HeBep HO. MOJKeT ObITb. nOJIe3HO nepelll1CJII1Tb HeKOTopbIe
11300peTeHHH, B KOTopbIe Illl1pOKaH nyOJIHKa TBepno Bepl1T,
XOTH ObI nJiH Toro, lITOObI nOBepllHBbIe JIlOnl1 He nOnnaBaJII1Cb
oOMaHy: - nHJIIOJIH, n03BOJIHIOlll.aH BJII1BaTb B oeH300aI{ aBTOMO
OHJIH Bony BMeCTO OeH3I1Ha. Pellb I1neT 0 nl1JIIOJIHX 113 Kap
ol1na ypaHa. Kapol1n KaJIbUI1H npl1 COnpl1KOCHOBeHI1H C BO
nOH naeT aueTHJIeH. DOJIee TH)KeJIbIe KapOl1nbI, 11 B lIaCTHOC
TH KapOHn ypaHa. nalOT OOJIee THJKeJIbIe yrJIeBOnOponbI,
nOXOJKHe Ha OeH3HH. Ho H3rOTOBJIeHHbIH TaKI1M 00pa30M
oeH311H CTOHT nOllTI1 B 100 pa3 nOpoJKe, lIeM OObIlIHbIH oeH
311H. H300peTaTeJIb OObIliHO KJIaneT B KapMaH KpynHylO
CyMMy, nOJIyllHB ee 3a ¢OpMyJIy nI1JIIOJII1, H nOCJIe neMOHCTpauHI1 OnblTa HClIe3aeT. HeKoTopbIe 11300peTaTeJIH HaxonHT
CSI B TlOpbMe... - Te, nJiSI KOTOpbIX B MOMeHT neMoHCTpaUI1H
OnbITa ObIJIa BbI3BaHa nOJIHUI1H;
- KapolOpaTop, n03BOJIHIOlll.I1H COKpalll.aTb pacxon oeH
3HHa npl1MepHO Ha 50%'. 31'0 H300peTeHHe B ocooeHHocTH
nOJI)I{HbI ObIJIH ObI rJIYlllHTb He¢THHHKI1, OnaCalOlll.l1eCH CHH
)KeHHH CYMMbI CBOHX OOOpOTOB. KapOlOpaTopbI TaKoro pona
neHCTBI1TeJIbHO ObIJII1 CKOHCTpyl1poBaHbI. OHH HCKJlIOllI1TeJIb
HO TOliHO n03HpYIOT oeH311H, YllHTbIBaSl aTllfOc¢epHYIO BJIaJK
HOCTb, TeMnepaTypy H T. n. OnHaKO OHI1 HaCTOJIbKO CJIOJKHbI,
'lTO lIepe3 5 MHHyT BbIXonHT H3 CTpOH. 31'0 HaCTOHlll.He Ma
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nOOHJIHCb ObI 3JIeKTpOHHO-BbIlIHCJII1TeJIbHbIe MaIllHHbI. A 3KO
HOMHH oeH311Ha naJIeKO He nOCTHraeT 50%; -. HeneperopalOIuaH 3JIeKTpHlieCKaH JIaMna HaKaJII1Ba
HHH. 31'0 - HCKJllOlIl1TeJIbHO ynopHbII1 MH¢. B ClIlA lIaCTO
paccKa3bIBaIoT 00 OJJ.HOM nOKynaTeJIe. KOTOpblH CJlYllaHHO
KynHJI JIaMnoliKY 11 KOToporo nOCeTHJI npeJJ.cTaBI1TeJIb Kpyn
HOH npOMbIIllJIeHHOH KOMnaHI1H. npocH npoJJ.aTb eMy JIaM
nOliKY 3a JIIOOyIO ueHy. OpenCTaBHTeJIb KOMnaHl111 001>HCHI1JI
eMy, liTO 31'0 OnblTHaH MOJJ.eJIb, KOTopaH He nOJIJKHa ObIJIa
nocTynHTb B npOnaJKY. OC8)KnaeMbIH BonpOCaMI1, npenCTaBI1TeJIb KOMnaHHI1 B KOHue KOHUOB npH3HaJICfl: «3Ta OnbIT
HaH JIaMnOliKa HI1KOrna He neperopaeT. ECTb JIaMnOllKI1. KO
TopbIe ropHT CO BpeMeH 3nHCOHa. ECJIH ObI MbI n03BOJIHJIH
npOJJ.aBaTb HX, Hallle npennpl1flTHe naBHO yJKe npeKpaTI1JIO ObI CBoe CYlll.eCTBOBaHl1e».
B JJ.eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTI1 JKe «3JIbIe TpeCTbI» XOTeJIH ObI 3HaTb,
KaK np0l13BOnHTb nOnOOHbIe JIaMnOliKH. B03MO)KHO, liTO Ta
Kl1e JIaMnOliKH MOJKHO ObIJIO ObI np0113BOn11Tb, eCJIH neJIaTb
HI1':H JIaMn HaKaJII1BaHI1H H3 pueHI1H. Ho neJIO B TOM, liTO pe
HI1H - I1CKJIlOlIl1TeJIbHO penKI1H MeTaJIJI, a npOH3BOnl1Tb ero
CI1HTeTWIeCKH no yMepeHHOH ueHe MbI ew.e He yMeeM. OOKa
He nOHBI1TCH COBpeMeHHbIH aJIXI1MHK, YMelOlll.I1H nellleBO 113
rOTOBJIHTb peHHH, MbI He YBl1nl1M BellHbIX JIaMn HaKaJIHBaHI1H.
TeM BpeMeHeM «3JIbIe TpeCTbI» ynopHO CTapaIOTCH 3aMeHHTb
HaKaJII1BaHl1e ¢JIyopecueHUl1eH. a nOCJIenHlO1O - 3JIeKTpO
¢OTOJlIOMI1HeCue HUl1 eH, KOTopafl neHCTBHTeJIbHO naeT npaK
THlieCKI1 BellHbIe 11 nOTpeOJIHIOlll.l1e OlleHb MaJIO 9HeprHH I1CTOllHI1KI1 CBeTa;
- 'BeliHoe JIe3BI1e nJIH OpHTbH. TeopeTHlieCKH TaKHe JIe3
BI1S1 MOJKHO neJIaTb 113 KapOHna BOJIb¢paMa. Ho npaKTHlIe
CKI1 MbI He yMeeM npHnaBaTb Kapol1ny BOJIb¢paMa ¢OPMY
JIe3BHH nJiH OpH1'bH. MOJKeT ObITb, Korna-Hl1oynb 91'0 ynac1'
CH, HO nOKa, K COJKaJIeHI1IO, HHKOMy He ynaBaJIOCb cneJIaTb 31'0.
B 3aKJIIOlIeHHe 91'OH rJIaBbI Mbl nonYCTHM HeI<oTopbIH aHaXpOHI13M 11 npHBeJJ.eM cnHCOK cpenC1'B nOJIylleHHH HH
¢opMaUHH 0 KOHKypeHTa~ npHMeHHeMbiX 8MepHKaHCKHMH
IlPOMbIIllJIeHHHKaMH. 31'01' cnHCOK ObIJI onYOJIHKOBaH nOKTO
pOM YOpTOM Y3HJJ.OM B JKypHaJIe «KeMHKJI HHnJKHHl1pHHr»
23 MaH 1965 r., onHaKO Bce 9TH cpenC1'Ba npHMeHHJIHCb B
nepl10n, KOTOpbIH OXBaTblBae1' naHHafl rJIaBa. H no noCJlY
)l{HT ee npeKpaCHbIM pe3IOMe. CyulecTBye1' 20 CpencTB. Oep
Bble 7 HBJIHI01'CSI 3aKOHHbIMI1, OCTaJIbHble - He3aKOHHbIMI1.
1. OyOJII1KaUHH KOHKypeH1'oB H OTlle1'bI 0 npoueccax, noJIYlleHHble OObIlIHbIMH nyTHMI1.
2. CBeneHHH, IlaHHbIe nyOJIHlIHO ObIBIllHMH CJIY)Kalll.HMH KOHKypeH1'a.
3. 0030PbI PhIHKOB H nOKJIanhi HHJKeHepOB-KOHCYJIbTaH1'OB.
120 121
4. <I>HHaHcoBble OTlIeTbi. 5. YCTpaHBaeMbJe KOHKypeHTaMH HpMapKH H BblCTaBKH H
H3)I.aBaeMble HMH 6POlllIOPbI. 6. AHaJlH3 H3)I.eJlHH KOHKypeHToB. 7. OTlIeTbl KOMMHBo~DKepoB H 3aKyrrollHblx OT)I.eJlOB.
8. nOrrbITKH rrpHrJlaCHTb Ha pa60Ty CrreUHaJlHc;:oB, pa
60Talol.QHX y KOHKypeHTa, H 3arrOJlHeHHble HMH C 3TOH ueJiblO
BonpOCHHI<H. 9. Bonpocbl, oCTopmKHo 3a)I.aBaeMble CrreUHaJlHCTaM KOH-
KypeHTa Ha CrreUHaJlbHblX KOHrpeccax. 10. Henocpe)I.cTBeHHoe TaHHoe Ha6J1Io)I.eHHe. 11. npHTBopHoe npe)I.Jlo)j{eHHe pa60Tbl cJlY)j{alUHM KOH
KypeHTa 6e3 HaMepeHHH 6paTb HX Ha pa60Ty C ueJiblO Dbl-
Be)I.aTb y HHX HHepopMaUHIo. . 12. npHTBopHble neperoBopbl C KOHKypeHToM HK06bl )I.JlH
npH06peTeHHH JlHueH3HH Ha O)I.HH H3 naTeHTOB. 13. I1cnoJlb30BaHHe npoepeccHOHaJlbHblX lllnHOHOB )I.JlH
nOJlYlleHHH HHepopMaUHH. 14. CMaHHBaHHe C pa60Tbl CJlY)j{alUHx !<oHKypeHTa )I.JlH
IloJlYlleHH5I tlHepopMaUHH.15. nOCHraTeJlbCTBO Ha c06cTBeHHocTb KOHKypeHTa.
16. nO)I.Kyn COTpy)I.HHKOB 3aKynollHoro OT)I.eJla KOHKy
peHTa HJlH ero cJlY)j{alUHx• 17. 3aCblJlKa areHTOB K cJlY)j{alUHM HJlH CneUHaJlHCTaM
KOHKypeHTa. 18. nO)I.CJlYlllHBaHHe pa3roDopoB y KOHKypeHTa. 19. nOXHI.QeHHe lIepTe)j{eH, 06pa3uoB, )I.OKyMeHToB H T. )I..
20. IllaHTa)j{ H pa3J1HlIHble cnoc06b1 )I.aBJleHHH; pa3YMe
eTCH, KOHKypeHT rrpH6eraeT K TeM )j{e Cpe)I.CTBaM.
8 rJIABA
CEKPETbI BTOPOll MIIPOBOll BOflHbI II Y)l.IIBllTEJlbHOrO IIOCJIEBOEHHoro BPEMEHII
rII TopaH MHpOBaH BOHHa Ha~laJlaCb C Ha_ -:lIIS~ yllHoro, a TOllHee reOJlOrHlIeCKoro,
lllnHOHa)j{a. lleJloBeKOM, KOTOpblH )I.OJl
)KeH 6blJl HallaTb ee nepBylO oncpaUHIO - O)I.Hy H3 caMblX
BrrellaTJlHIOlUHX MOllleHHHlIeCKHX onepaUHH HaUHCTCKoro
pe)j{HMa,- 6blJl HeKHH HayHoKc.
Bbl)I.aBaH ce6H 3a reOJlora, OH 060CHOBaJlCfl B DOJlbWe,
6J1H3 repMaHCKOH rpaHHUbl, BMeCTe C lllaHKOH y6Hi'u~. nOJlY
'IHB BO BTOPOH nOJlOBHHe )I.HH 31 aBrycTa 1939 r. TeJlerpaM
My co CJlOBaMH «6a6yillKa yMepJla», OHH Ha)I.eJlH nOJlbCI<He
lIIyH)I.Hpbl H COBeplllHJlH Harra)I.eHHe Ha repMaHcKylo pa)I.HO
CTaHUHIO. 3TO nOCJlY)j{HJIO fHTJlepy npe)I.JlOrOM )I.JlH Toro,
lIT06bl HallaTb BoeHHble )I.eHCTBHH B HY)j{HbIH )I.JlH Hero MO
MeHT• .D.aJlbHeHlllHe C06bITHH H3BeCTHbl.
COe)I.HHeHHble IllTaTbl, nOKa OHH OCTaBaJlHCb HeHTpaJlb
HbIMH, CTaJiH rJlaBHOH MHilleHblO npOMblillJleHHOrO lllnHoua
)j{a.Y)I{e B TO BpeMH COI03HHKH OT)I.aBaJiH ce6e OTlIeT, liTO
HeKOTopble HaYllHble HCCJle)I.OBaHHH CJle)I.ODaJlO Obi rrepeHec
TH B CilIA, TaK KaK AHrJlHH CJlHlllKOM MaJia H ee TeppHTo
pHH rrO)I.BepraJlaCb CJlHlllKOM OOJlblllOH onaCHOCTH, lIT06bl
MO)j{HO 6blJlO rrpO)I.OJl)j{aTb HX TaM. TaK 06CTOHJlO, B lIaCT
HOCTH, C npOH3BO)I.CTBOM aTOMHOH OOMObl - llle)I.eBpa aMepH
KaHCKOH rrpOMbllllJleilHOCTH H CBH)I.eTeJlbCTBa 3HallHTeJlbHOrO
ycnexa aMepHKaHcKoII rrpOMbllllJleHHoll H HayllHoH KOHTp
pa3Be)I.KH.
51 nOJIaralO, rrOJle3HO HanOMHHTb KOpOTKO 0 npOMblllJJleH
HOH CTopOHe C03)I.aHHH aTOMHOH 60MObl, HeJlOCTaTOllHO, Ha
Mort B3rJlH)I., H3BeCTHOH, a T8IOKe 0 TOM, KaK y)I.aJlOCb coe
pe% ee TaHHy.
KaK TOJlbKO reHepaJly JIeCJlH P. fpOBCy OblJlO nopylleHo
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PY3BeJIbTOM. Bo BC5IKOM CJIY"lae, aHrJIH"IaHe HMeJIH npaBO
3aHHMaTbC5I npHMeHeHHeM 5IJl.epHOH 3HeprHH B npOMbIWJIeH
. HblX QeJIHX, 'ITO OHH H .n.eJIaJIH, BnpOtJeM, CTapa5lCb orpa.n.HTb
ce65I B TO )l{e BpeM5I aT aMepHKaHCKoro WrrHOHa)l{a.
C <ppaHQY3aMH .n.eJIO 06CT05lJIO CJIO)l{Hee. <I>pe.n.epHK >KoJIHo-KIOPH c.n.eJIan 3a5lBKY Ha HeCKOJIbKO naTeHTOB B 06JIa
CTH aToMHOH 3HeprHH. OH HCrrOJIb30BaJI HX .n.JI5I 3ar.u.HTbl
rr03HQHH <I>paHQHH, "Iero aMepHKaHQbl TaK H He npOCTHJIM
eMY. 113BecTHO, "ITO rrpOH30WJIO H KaKHM 06pa30M <I>paH
QH5I caMOCT05ITeJIbHO C03.n.aJIa aTOMHble y.n.apHble CHJIbl, 3a
"ITO ee npo.n.OJI)I{alOT .n.o CHX nop yrrpeKaTb. .upyrHe Ba)l{Hble
rraTeHTbl 6blJIM rrOJIy"leHbl He3aBMCMMO OT >KOJIHo-KIOPM B
1940 ro.n.y TpeM5I <ppaHQY3aMM: AH.n.pe 3JIb6pOHHepoM, AJIb<ppe.n.oM 3cKeHa3H M aBTopOM 3TOH KHHrH. B Mae
1945 ro.n.a, Kor.n.a Ha"laJIH yCTaHaBJIHBaTb npHopHTeT H pac
rrpe.n.eJI5ITb Harpa.n.bl 3a 51.n.epHylO ~lHeprHlo, .n.BOHX H3 BblweyrrOM5IHyToH TPOHKM y)l{e He 6blJIO B )I{MBbIX, a TpeTH~1 6blJI
B KOHQeHTpaQHOHHOM JIarepe. OH HMKor.n.a HHtJero He Tpe
60BaJI, Hoero 3aCJIyrH no c06CTBeHHoMy nO"lMHy npH3HaJIM
CHa"laJIa Coe.n.MHeHHble WTaTbl AMepHKM, a 3aTeM COBeT
CKMH COI03.
128
feHepaJI fpOBC yrrpeKaeT B cBoeA KHMre >KOJIHo-KIOPM
3a «ero KOHTaKTbl» C HeMuaMH. KaK 6y.n.TO eMy HeH3BeCTHO,
"ITO 3TH npeCJIOByTble «KOHTaKTbJ» npOMcxo.n.MJIH B CB5I3H C
60pb60H 3a OCB060)l{.n.eHHe napH)f(a H QeJlblO HX 6blJIO rro
pa)l{eHHe HeMeQKHx TaHKOB 6YTblJIKaMH C 3a)l{HraTeJIbHOH
cMecblO. COBepweHHO O"leBH.n.Ho, "ITO B 1962 ro.n.y, B MOMeHT
Bblxo.n.a KHMrH fpoBca, aMepHKaHCKa51 ceKpeTHa51 cJIy)l{6a
Bce er.u.e IHltJero He 3HaJIa 0 6HTBe 3a napmK.
ABTOp HaCT05lr.u.eH KHHrH, BepHyBwHCb H3 JIarep51 B
1945 ro.n.y, BCTpeqaJlC5I C 4J1eHaMH aMepHKaHcKoH aToMHoH
pa3Be.n.bIBaTeJIbHOH MHCCMH «AJIcoc», B qaCTHOCTH C JIMQOM,
I<OToporo Ha3bIBaJIH «3ara.n.O"lHbIM MaHopoM» H KOTOpblH HH
TepeCOBaJIC5I rJIaBHblM 06pa30M 31-laMeHMTbIM aJIXHMMKOM
<PYJIbKaHeJIJIM, KOToporo, BnpOqeM, He HaWeJl. 3TO e.n.HHCT
BeIIHblH npMMep WnHOHa)l{a, KacalOr.u.erOC5I aJIXHMMH B XX BeKe, KOTOpblH H3BeCTeH aBTopy.
51rroHcKa5I ceKpeTHa51 cJIy)l{6a, Tal{ )l{e KaK H HeMeQKa5I,
He rro.n.03peBaJIa 0 cyr.u.eCTBOBaHHH aTOMHOH 60M6bl. Y"Ie
HblM rrpHWJIOCb 06b5lCHHTb HMrrepaTopy OCHOBbl 51.n.epHO~ <p H3HKH, .n.JI5I Toro "IT06bl 51noHH5I KarrHTyJIHpOBaJIa. 11 B .n.aH
HOM CJIy"lae Ha 100%' 6blJIa coxpaHeHa TaHHa H npeBocxo.n.HO 06eCrre"leHa npOMblWJIeHHa5I 6e30naCHOCTb. KaKHM 6bl HH
6blJlO cy)l{.n.eHHe 0 npOH3Bo.n.cTBe M B3pbIBe rrepBOH aToMHoH
60M6bl, aBTOp He MO)l{eT 3a6bITb, "ITO 3TH 60M6ap.n.HpOBKH,
KOTopble .n.o CHX rrop B03Myr.u.aIOT COBeCTb, .n.aJIH B03MO)K
HOCTb OCB060.n.HTb nJIeHHblX H3 5IrrOHCKHX KOHQeHTpaQHOHHblX
JlarepeH, KOTopble rrpeBocxo.n.HJIH B 3BepCTBe, eCJlH Bo06r.u.e 3TO B03MO)l{HO, .n.a)l{e HeMeQKHe JIarep5l. nOJIl-lblH ycnex Mep
6e30naCHOCTH 6blJI y.n.HBHTeJIbHbIM. XOT5I 3T0 Ka)l{eTC5I He
nOCTH)I{HMbIM, HO 3TH Mepbl 3<p<peKTHBHO C06JIIO.n.aJIHCb .n.a)l{e
rrOCJIe B3pbIBa rrepBOH aTOMHOH 60M6bl B AJIaMOrop.n.o 16 HIOJIH 1945 r. Tor.n.a )l{e 6blJIO orry6JIHKOBaHo CJIe.n.YIOr.u.ee co06r.u.eHHe:
«AJIaMOrop.n.o, 16 HIOJI5I 1945 ro.n.a. CTapwHH 0<pH
Qep, I<oMaH.n.ylOr.u.HH aBHaQMOHHOH 6a30H AJIaMOrop.n.o, co
06r.u.aeT HH)I{eCJIe.n.Ylor.u.ee: "Hac Heo.n.HoKpaTHo cnpaWHBaJIH o CHJIbHOM B3pblBe, KOTOpblH npOH30WeJI cero.n.H5I yTpOM Ha
CneQHaJIbHOH rrJIor.u.a.n.Ke aBHaQHOHHOH 6a3bl AJIaMOrop.n.o.
B30pBaJIHCb Haxo.n.51 r.u.HeC5I .n.OBOJlbHO .n.aJIeKO OT 6a3bl CKJIa.n.
60enpHnacoB H nHpOTeXHHqeCKHe OCBeTHTeJIbHble paKeTbI.
Y6HTblX H paHeHblx HeT. MaTepHaJlbHblH yr.u.ep6 He3Ha"lHTe
JIeH. BBH.n.y TOro "ITO B30pBaJIHCb CHap5l.n.bl c-ra30M, HeKOTO
pble rpa)K.n.aHCKHe JIHQa 6y.n.yT 3BaKyHpoBaHbl 113-3a MeTeopOJIOrH"IeCKHX YCJIOBHH"».
129
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BeJI neperOBOpbl C COI03HI1I<aMH B nOTc.naMe. He Bep51 yJKe
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TO'lHO TyMaHHoe H B TO JKe BpeM51 51CHoe rrOCJIaHHe: «Orre
pau,H51 cero.nH51 yTpOM y.naJIaCb. OKOH'IaTeJIbHOrO .nHarH03a
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30H, reHepaJIy fpOBCy npHIllJIOCb 06'b5lCHHTb HM, 'ITO pe'lh
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cOBepIlleHHo HenOH51THbIMH, pa60TaJIH nJIOxo. npo¢eccopy
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rrpHIllJIOCb 06'b5lCHHTb HM orpoMHylO BaJKHOCTb rrpoeKTa,
rrOCJIe '1ero p a60Ta rrOIllJI a B.nBoe 6blcTpee. KCTaTH CKa3aTb,
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oc06eHHoro). 06CJIe.nOBaTeJIbCKHe KOMHCCHH HaBo.nHHJIH
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KOJIH'IeCTBaX Bce, 'ITO Haxo.nHJIH. 4aCTO, OC0geHHO B fep
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TpeCT «l1f ¢ap6eHHH.nyCTpH» 6blJI 6yKBaJIbHO Ha6HT He
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130
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CB5I3aHHOe C au,eTHJIeHOM, H Bce pe3YJIbTaTbl 3Toro OTKPbl
TH5I B 06JIaCTH XHMli'leCKOro CliHTe3a COBepWliJIH TaKOH rre
peBopOT B OpraHH'IeCKOH XHMHH, 'ITO 6blJIO rrpe.nJIO)KeHO
.neJIHTb ee He Ha .nBe '1aCTH (XHMH5I JKHpHblX BemeCTB H XIi
MH51 apOMaTH'IeCKHX BemeCTB), a Ha TpH (XHMH51 )I<HpHbIX
BemeCTB, XHMH5I apOMaTH'IeCKHX BemeCTB H XHMH5I Perrrre).
.uorrpalIIHBa51 Perrrre B 1945 ro.ny, 51 rOBOpHJI eMy 0 rrpecTyrrJIeHH5IX fepMaHHH. Perrrre OTBeTHJI: «51 He 3Hal0 fepMa
HHH. M051 pO.nHHa - "l1f ¢ap6eHHH.nycTpH"». Ero «po.nHHa» rroKyrraJIa rrOJIbCKHX JKeHmHH rro 40 MapoK H Haxo.nHJIa,
'ITO 31'0 CJIHlIIKOM .noporo. Ho eMy 31'0 6blJIO COBeplIIeHHO
6e3pa3JIH'IHO. 3aTO OH 51pOCTHO rrpOTeCTOBaJI rrpOTHB pa3rJIa
lIIeHH51 HeMeu,KHx ceKpeToB, BKJIIO'Ia51 H ceKpeTbl CYJIb¢a~IH
.nOB, Ha KOTOpblX MOJKHO 6blJIO HaJKHTb MHoro .neHer. A Be.nb
«l1f ¢ap6eHHH.nycTPH» 06peKJIa Ha CTpa.naHH51 H CMepTb
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He 6blJI oc06eHHO CMymeH 3THM. Ha.no OTMeTHTb, 'ITO B TO
BpeM5I fepMaHH5I 6blJIa BHHOBHa B rH6eJIH rrpHMepHo 10 MJIH. cOBepIlleHHo HeBHHHblX JIIO.neii.
Pa3rJIalIIeHHe HeMeu,KHX rrpOMbllIIJIeHHblX ceKpeTOB co
103HHKaMH 6blJIO e.nHHCTBeHHbIM, rrpOTHB '1ero HeMu,bl rrpoTe
CTOBaJIH. Ka3aJIOCb, OHH C'IHTaJIH, 'ITO Bce OCTaJIbHOe OHH
u,eJIHKOM 3 aCJIyJKHJIH, Bce, KpOMe pa3rJIalIIeHH5I ceKpeTOB.
q.nHa HeMeu,Ka51 ra3eTa rrHCaJIa B TO BpeM5I: «Mbl .norrycKa
eM, rrOCKOJIbKY 3TOro Tpe6yeT cHTyau,H51, .neMOHTaJK HalIIHX
3aBo.nOB. Ho .nYXOBHbIH .neMOHTaJK - 31'0 yJK CJIHlIIKOM».
CJIHIllKOM HJIH HeT, .neJIO rrpo.nOJIJKaJIOCb. OXOTa 3a HeMeu,
KHMH TeXHH'IeCKHMH ceKpeTaMH BeJIaCb KaK crreu,HaJIH3HpO
BaHHblMH opraHH3au,H5IMH '1eTblpex BeJIHKHX .nepJKaB, TaK H
OT.neJIbHbIMH aBaHTlOpHCTaMH, KOTopbIe HblP51JIH B xaoc H
BbITaCKHBaJIH oTTy.na Cneu,HaJIHCTOB, .nOKyMeHTau,HIO HMO
.neJIH. HeKOTopble H3 3THX crreu,HaJIHCTOB 6blJIH HeH3BeCT
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¢aHTaCTH'IeCKHMH H.ne5lMH, KaK, HarrpHMep, 3eHrep, KOTO
PblH B 1945 ro.ny yJKe rrpoeKTHpOBaJI MeJKrrJIaHeTHylO paKeTy co CBeTOBblM .nBHraTeJIeM.
Bce ceKpeTHble CJIyiI<6bl l\-IHpa HCKaJIH 3eHrepa. B KO
He'lHOM C'IeTe 3eHrep 6blJI 3a.nepJK aH B 5epJIHHe ¢paHu,Y3CKHMH JKaH.napMaMH.
KaK TOJIbKO 06HapyJKHBaJIOCb MeCTO, «HarrOJIHeHHOe co
KpoBHmaMH», .CoI03HH'IeCKHe rpyrrrrbl OTrrpaBJI5IJIHCb Ty.na
o.nHa 3a .npyroli, K3)K.na51 Haxo.nHJIa TaM '1TO-HH6y.nb, 41'0
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+
131
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KOn<p pa3paOOTaJI MeTO.ll nOpOlllKOBO~I MeTaJIJIyprHH. TO eCTb
npOH3BO.llCTBO He nyTeM MexaHH4eCKOH oopaOOTKH npe.llMe
TOB, a H3 C)KaTOrO no.ll OOJIblllHM .llaBJIeHHeM MeTaJIJIH4e
CKOro nopOlllKa H 3a4aCTYIO npH BbICOKOH TeMnepaType. 91'01'
MeTO.ll, HMeHyeMbIH «cneKaHHeM», CTaJI H3BeCTeH B ClllA, a
3aTeM nOJIy4HJI .llaJIbHeHlllee pacnpocTpaHeHHe. I1pe.llMeTbl,
H3rOTOBJIeHHbIe npH nOMOLUH 31'01'0 MeTO.lla, CTaJIH nOHBJIHTb
CH BO BceM 1I'IHpe, ocooeHHO nOCJIe onyOJIHKOBaHHfI Ha aHr
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T04HO TaK )Ke OOCTOflJIO .lleJIO C EepTOJIb.llOM, KpynHblM
CneUHaJIHCTOM B OOJIaCTH Hepa3pYlllHTeJIbHbIX HCnblTaHHH
MeTaJIJIOB H MaTCpHaJIOB nOCpe.llCTBOM raMMa-JIy4eH, C AJIb
oepTcoM, KpynHblM CneUHaJIHCTOM B OOJIaCTH npOH3BO.llCTBa
CHHTeTH4ecKoro oeH3HHa, H CO MHOrHMH .llpyrHMH.
I10MHMO pa3JIH4HbIX COI03HH4eCKHX MHCCHH fepMaHHIo
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oopa3UW H npOTOTHnw. I103)Ke Hac OOBHHHJIH B XHLUeHHHX, B 4aCTHOCTH B TOM,
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132
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lllerOCH K lOBeJIHpy C ynoMHHyTOH KOpOHOH, rOBopH: «51 npo
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.llOKyMeHTw H pa3JIH4HWe oOpa3UW. B O.llHOH KpynHoH <pHp
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npe.llCTaBHTeJIH BJIaCTeH, yMOJIfIfI nepe.llaTh OyTblJIKy KOMne
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