2 0 0 5:. . , . . , . . :. . , . . , . . , . . . / . . .. . .: , 2005. . 440. , 2005 ISBN 5733301511 1(09) 87 54 54Tv\t)\)Us iocitovuiiosovuitUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Tractatus logicophilosophicus ( . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222ovunuin\n iuur\I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279onvi\n iuur\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342vunoiuui. . ( ). . . . . . . 419TRACTATUS LOGI COPHI LOSOPHI CUS * . , , ,. , , , . (., , [Canfield 1986; Gudmundsen 1977; 1979]). , . , , , , , , (. ,. ), , , . , ( , ; ; ,, ) ., . , . , . ( 1960 ) .++* , . , , . , , , ., . , ( ).,,, , . (, ), , , . , , . , 1958 , 1994 . .., , , , , ( , ).,,,,,,.,, . , ().,,,Sprache , , , ( ,, ) ); Sprache . , , ( , , ). ( ), , +z.,Sahver-halt, , , , .,, . , , , . , : 1) , , , ; 2) , , , , ; 3) , , , ; 4) , , , , , , , [Stenius 1960: 1].. . 1996 2005 TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUSTRACTATUS LOGICOPHILOSOPHICUS . Motto: ... , , , . , , , , , . , . , , , . , . : , , , , ,.,,,,, .,, (,, , ).,., , . , . +i , , , , ., . , . , ,, . , .,,,., . . .,, . , , , , , , ., 1918. .. Tractatus Logicophilosohicus.( : (1913), , (1914), 19141916 ( [Wittgenstein 1982]; 61995 .[1995]), . [Wright 1971]; . [Wright 1982; McCuinnes1989; Monk 1991]) . DerSatz() . Logisch-philosophischeAbhandlung,, . , . . , ( +TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS). PrincipiaMathematica . . . 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( 1916 ), XX , XX . : , . ,,,,.[1958]:,, ,,. ( , , ,,).,,,, , ( ).1 , , , , . . .,,, () , (Sachverhalten). . , . . , . (alles), , wasderFallist.,,,, ,,?, , , wasderFallist ,, , , . () : +oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS ,,. . ,: , , , ., 1. 4 : . (. [JanicToulmen 1973], , ( , ), . , ( : The world is all whatis the case). , , ,4: , .,, ; , . . , .1.1 , ., ,,(.,,[Stenius1960:32]).1.11: , , , , , . ,, : . , ,., ? , , , , . .? . () , ( zo),,, , . , , , , ,,, . ., . , ( [ 1985]), ( ), ()). , . ( , ). 1970 .1.11 , .1.12 , , . , , , , . , , ., , , , , , . , , . , , , , 12 ., 12, . , . , , , , 12.,, , , ? , , , ,.,,,, , ., .,,z+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS(.[Prior 1967]) .,, , . , ,, , ( ).1.13 . . [Stenius 1960]. , . . , , . 5 , , 15(53)[Stenius1960:39].,. , . ., , , , , . , , .,, , , , , , ,, . .1.2 .1.21,. ,.,.? 1.21. , ? , ,?, zz 17 , 16. , , , ,, ,(),(16).,,, ? , (Sachverhalten).2,,,, . Sachverhalten . ,(.2.02).,..,. [Russell 1980] [1958]Sachverhalt ( atomic fact, statesofaffairs;. atomicstateofaffairs.[1994],., (. 1); , , ; , , . ( . [ 1993]), Sachverhalt.Sachverhalt, , ,Sachverhalt, (Sachen) (Dinge). , , , . . , , ( , , ,.., ( . 2.02).2.,,z(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS. , ,, ,,: , . , . , ,. , .2.1(,).(., ,[Finch1977:VIII]), , . . ,,,.(GegenstandSache Ding) , . , (), ()(). .Gegenstand, , . Object.2.011, . , . , . , ,, , . . .2.012 : , . , , . , , , . zi, () ( ), , ,. , . 2.0121.2.0121,, , . , .( . , ). , , . , . , ,, , . . , . , , , , , .2.0122 , , , . ( , : .) , . , , . . , , , : zTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS . , , , , . (Sachlage) (Satz). . , , . , , , , ., , (),, .,,,DerSatz. , ,sentence,proposition. [ 1958] . , , . . , (). ,(,, , ), .2.0123, .( .), .,,, , ,, , . .2.01231 , , . , , , (4.1223).,,z6, , , , . 2.0124.2.0124 , . , , , , , , , . . , . 2.013.2.013 . , . , , , . , , . , ( ) .2.0131 .( .) , , , : , , . , . . , , . ,,., (. 2.0232 );, ; , ,. ., , ( [Finch 1971]), zTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS(Gegenstand)(Ding).,, . , : , , : , , , , , , , ., , ( ), . , , , ,,, , .2.014 .. (Sachverhalten),(Sachlage),.. , , . , , , , , ,,., , , . . , , , , . ,,, .2.0141 . , , , . . zS,, ( ) (). 0, 1, 2, 3 . . , ,. , . ( ( ) ). .,, , . , , ( , ;.2.02). .,,, . ,. , , , , , . , . , . , , , . . , . . , . .2.02 . . , zoTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS. , 1949 . , , , (. . . . .). , , , , ,!, [1994:8586]., [Malcolm 1986] . , , , . , ( . [Copi 1966]; . [Ket 1966])., [Stenius 1960]. ,(,,,). , . . ,. .3, 19, 1397. , , , . , ().,, . ,, ,,, , , . , , . . , . , . (o,.,[Stenius 1960], ,,. . , () , . , . . , . , , [Stenius1960],[Russell1980,Anscombe1960].,.( .),, , [Stenius 1960: 6162]. , , ,, , . , ,,,. , , , ,. , [ 1971]. , , ,..., ():..()() . . , , , , . , (..).:.(,, (+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS,, .),,. , ( ) (),[Wiersbicka 1971, 1980].2.0201 , .. : . , . . , . , ( , , ). , .2.021 . . , .,a,b,c d : . ,., a b, a c. ,.,.,(), . , , . . ,(z, ,, (. [Fogelin 1976]). . , , ,.,[Wittgenstein 1980] ( . [ 1986]).(, ., , [Kripke 1980].)2.0211 , , . , , , ( 2.061) , . . . (. 2.061.), , () (). .(exhypothesis , ).,,,,(). , (= ) ,. (, , ), , , , , , .. ,,. lingua mentalis [Wiersbicka 1971, 1980].((TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS2.0212, ., , , 2.0212, , , ,, ,.,, , . XX ,, . ( ),, [ 1978]. , , , , . ,(Weltbild),(. [Weisgerber 1950]).2.022,,, .2.023 .2.0231 , . ., , , [1971,1980],,, , , . , . , . , , , , .(), (i, () ,,.,, , , . ,,,,., , , .2.0232 : .,,. (),,,.? . , , .. . ,,,,[BerlinCay1969].,, ,,,. . ,. : ,,,,,,.,,. , . . , .,,.,,, . , , .(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS (/ ) , , , ,, ., ,,. , ., , , . , ,.. , ( . [ 1995]).2.0233 , ., , . ,.. , , , ., , . , . , , , 234 234. ,, , , .2.02331 , , , ; , , ., .,,,,., , , , . (6, . , , , . , , , ; . , , ., a,b,C,D,a b(,), C D (,). :C a b D .,C a, b, D; a C b D . .,,,b. : b . , , b . , a a ,, a : . .,.,a,b,c,(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUSd, e, , :, , . .2.024,, ., (1). , , , , .,. , ,.,, A b c. :(1)b A c(2)b c A(3)A b c,(1)(3)M,A,bc;(S Q ( ) P .(1), (2) (3) . (1), b A c. (2), b c A. (3), A b c. A, b c ,Q P ., : . M ((A, b, c) (Q, P)), , . 2.025 ., , . ., M((A, b, c) (Q, P)), . . , , Q P . ? , , .2.0251,() ., , 2.0232,,. , , .,,,2.0271, .,(2.0232),(2.0251). (2.0271), . , , , , ? , , . , , , (, , ),,,,,,, , , .(oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS , . , ,, , , . .2.026 , . : , . , , . , , .2.027 , . (dasBestehende), . , ( ), . . , , ,, ,. . .2.0271,;, ., , . .2.0272 .2.03 .2.031 . 2.0272 . , ,a R b, , ab, R .2.03 2.031. . ,. ?()io , , , a R b, a , b , R ??, a, b c, : , ,.,, , .2.06 . , .(Wirklichkeit)(Welt) . , , , (.[Finch1977]). . , , ( ) . . , . , . . , , . ,,, .,,,, [Finch1977]. , i+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS, , . , ,,, , , . . .2.032 , , .2.033 . aRb , , . (a, b, c) ( ) .2.034 . ,,. , . , (a,b,c), , (a b c ). (a, b, c ) (a b c ) . , , .2.04 . 1.1, , , , . , . , , 1.1 2.04 , , , . , .2.05 , . , .,, , iz.,, p , , p .2.061 .2.062 . .,a,b,c R . , M , : 1) a R b; 2) a R c; 3) b R c. . . ,., , , ( ):I. a R b a R c b R cII. a R b a R cIII. a R b b R cIV. a R c b R cV. a R bVI. a R c VII. b R cVIII., ; ; . , . ., , .2.063 .2.06, , , , .,,., i(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS, . , .2.1 .,,,,.. ,, .dasBild. [1958], , . , . ,,, . , , . . , ..[JanikToulmen1973] , Bild , ,,,dasBild : . , , . 2.12 : .2.11 , .2.12 . , .. , . , , . ,,,., ,,,,,[Stenius1960:88],, .ii2.13 .2.131 .2.14 , ., , . , , . , .2.141 .,. , , . , , ().,,, , . , , . . , , . , . , . . XX,,, (Sagen), , (Zeigen). ( . 3.3313.333.) , ,,XX(. [Dunne 1930, 1992, 1992]), , (. [ 1982, 1993]). ,XIX(.[Drury 1981, 1994]), , , .2.15 , , , , , .iTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS, . , ().,, , .2.151, .2.1511 : .2.1512 , .2.15121 . , (. 1). a, b, c d A, B, C D . , , , (. 2).,, . , 3.11 3.14.2.1513 , , .2.1514 .2.1515 , . ? , , , , ., , . ,,..,,i6 , , .. 4.002.. .2.16, .2.161 , .2.17, , , . , :darstellen vorstellen abbilden , iTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUSa bdcABDC 1 2 (. [Black 1966: 7475]). Abbildung , . . . , , , . , ,, ., . , ? , a () b () R , . , : a R b.2.171, . , . , , . , ( ) (). .2.172. ., . , , , . ,.,,,,.. ,, , . , : . ,, ,, . iS , (.3.3313.333)., ,., , , . (. . [ 1993] . [ 1985]).2.173 ( ), ., ,. .(FormderDarstellung)., , .2.174 . , , Standpunkt, . ,,,, . , . .2.18 , , , , , , .,,, . , . ,ioTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS , .,,( , ), .2.181 , , ., , , , . , . , ,,, . , . , (2.19).. . , . , , , . , ,.,..? , , , ,., ,expotentia.2.19 . , ,,( ).2.2 . , , .o ,, . , (, ) , .2.201 .2.202 .2.203 , ..,(,). , , , . , , . , , , , , , , , . , , ?,,,,,,, , . ,, ., 13.,,, 13 ? , , , , , , , .,, , , ,10, .+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS2.21 , , .2.22,, , , .,, 13, , . , , (,)., , . , , , , , .2.221 , , .(Sinn)(Bedeutung). [1977], . . , , , , , . , , , . . .2.222 . , , [Finch1977]. , , , , , .2.223 , , . . ,,.,,, z,.., (., ,[1993])., . , , . , ,,, : , ,. 19201930,, ,.. , . 1940 .2.224, ., = , , (L,. [ 1959]), , , , , , , ( . 4.464.4661).2.225 , a priori , . 1932, , , [ 1994: 232].3 .(Gedanke) .,(.4: , ). , , . ,. ., , ,,:(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS . . (, ), , , , ,,,: : ? , , , ,. , , [ 1994: 71].3.001: . , , , , , (. 2.203).3.01. , Weltbild , , . , ,,, , (.[1987]),,, ., , , , , , , . , . , , , , . ,, , . ,i. (.[1986 ]). .3.02 . .3.001. , , . . , . , , . , ,,..,, , (. [Moore 1959]), [ 1996], , , , . , , , , , ,[4].. 1950 , 20., (. [Putnam 1975]). , , , .3.03, ., ,,..,,. . , , . , , . , , , , , . , , ,, .TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS3.031 , : , . , . , . , , , . ,..,,[ 1979, 1960]. , , ,, , . . , [ 1980]. , . , [ 1994, 1980]. , , (. [ 1989b]). , . . , . , . , [1992].,, , , . . . , , , .3.032 , ,, , . 3.0321 , , , .,,(), . , , ,6 (. , , 1929 [ 1989]), , , . , , ,,,(denkbar),.. , . , , :, , , , : , ., ,, [ 1993].3.04 , .3.05 a priori, , ( ).. . , . , , , , a priori. , , , .(=) , , .3.1 .3.11 () . . . () (. . )TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS. , .., , , , ., , , (),. , , () .3.12 , , . ; ( ) (). , , ausdrecken Ausdrck , , .,, , ,, : ,,;, , , , ( , [ 1976]).(Satz)(Satzsache) , .()( ) .3.13 , ; . , , ., ,, .S( .),.:,, . . , , . . : , . , , , . , , . . ; .3.14 ,, , . . 2.03, , .,(2.142),,..,, , . , ,, ().,,,, .,, , , , , , , , (M) (M(a) (a(k)), , , , , . , . , , () (a) (a) (k)). oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS3.141 .( .) . . , ,., ., , .,, .3.143 , , ., , .(,.)3.1431, , (, , )., , , . , . , ,,, ., , . . , , ,.:Eorus( ). : I () (I Eo, ei,itum, ire; . . )., . , , , .6o3.1432aRb,a b,,,a b, , a R b., .:() , ,, , , , . , :,,, ( ) : , . a R b , ,,, , b R a ( ). ,.3.144 , .( , , .) . , , , . ., , , . , . , ,. , , . () . ( 2.0121). .,,,,,. ,6+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS.,, . , , . ,,.,,:?,,,,( .[Ross1941,1986,Stenius1960,1996]), , . , , , , : , : , , ,, , , [Anscombe 1960: 78].3.2 , .3.201 , . .(), , = ( ), () .3.202, , .3.203 . .( , ).bedeutenBedeutung, . UeberSinnundBedeutung[1997],, Sinn (), ( ) . : , . , (,),.,,6z . ., ,,: . .,,,(), . , , . ,. , . , , .. , ( ) . , , , ,,, . , , (Satzsache,)(Satz, ).3.21 . , :3.22 . , , ., , 6(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUSa, b a R b , . . , , . (2.02), , . , , ()( ). , ,, , , ,, . , , .3.221 . . , . ,, .(), : , ()( ). . , . , . ,, , , , , .3.23 .,..,,,, .., ,. , .,,, ,, . ,6i (), , .3.24 , , , . , , . , , , , . , , , , . , .( .) . , , , , . . ;, . , , , . , . . ( ). , , . . , , , ., (),( [ 1996]), . .,. de dicto, .,.(dere,:, (. . , , ); (. [ 1981]). . , . . ,6TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS . , (), , [Woods 1974, Lewis 1983]. ( , . . [ Prior 1967].)3.25 . . ,, , , , . (,,,, ,):(aRb),(aK),(b K)(aSb),S . ( ):(aRb) & (aK) & (b K) & (aSb) , ( ), . () :1. 2. 66a b 3. 4. , , , : . , . , , , .3.251 , . ., , , . , , , .3.26: .3.261,,,;.:,,. . , .. , . . , ,..., ,6TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS., , , .,(Bedeutung),(Sinn). . (, ) , , ., . . , . (, , , ), . , . . . . . . ,[ 1973]. , , , 4.014.3.262, , . , , .(), (Bedeutung). , ,.,, ,, . , , (. . ), . , , ( ) [Wittgenstein 1967: 43].6S3.263 .,.,, . , . . , , . , , , ., . , , [Wierzbick 1972].3.3, .3.142(;)., ( ), , .,(Bedeutung) .3.22,, ( . . .). , ,,.? , , . , , . , . (),( ) ( ).3.31 , , (). .6oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS,,, . . :,. ( ) . . .,,,.,,a b , R , a R b , . , . , , , , , [ 1962].3.311 , . ., , ., aRb, ,, , S (a), S a.3.312, , . , .3.313 , , .( , .)o . , , . , a, b, R S . a , . . . R , , . . , . S , ( ). , .3.314 . . ( .)(. 3.3;3.142). , , ().,,,,,,, , , , .,,, (, ). .,:. : . : ! : ?, : . , , ,,. ,30, .3.315 ,,. , . , , , . +TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS , . ,.3.316,. .3.317,. . , ., ., a R b. , a b , R . ,, . ( , . ) , , . a R b , , , , , , , . : , ( , ). , , ,() a R b, , . , , , . , . ,, .3.18 . = 3 + 6, (9) , . . z,,34,910. ,.,()., . , .3.32 .3.321,, (, . .) . ,,, . , , . . . , () ., , . , . . . , , . , , ( ) , . .,, (. [ 1996]).3.322 , , (TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS.. , .(=), . . . . . ,, [1983].,,,, , , ().3.323 , , , , , . , ;,;; , , .(, , .), ( ), , ( )., ; , , , , ,.. (,, , )., , , . (3.203):,., i.,,(. 3.321)., , (), , , . . , ,. . , 3.322 .3.324 , ., .,,. , qui pro quo, (. [ 1996]). .3.325, , ,. .( , , .),, , ,. (. ),., , , ,. ,[Carnap1936]TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS[1959] , , , , , . , . Principia Mathematica . . . , , , .3.326 , .3.327 ., , , c . , .,,. . , . ., , ,, (),, . . , ( ) .3.328,. .(,,, .)(),,.,, , , , . 6. , ,,, , .,,(, ,,)., , , , ( , ), , , . , , , , , , .3.33 ;, . (Bedeutung) , , . .(), , , , , . , ,. , , a b , , , . , 3.3263.327,.., . , .3.331,TheoryofTypes., : , .3.332 , ( Theory of Types). . :.TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS:,,.,,, ,, , . , ,, ., , . , ; , . .adinfinitum., : , .. , , , . [ 1993: 2526]. , , ,, , .3.333 , ,.,, F (fx) ; :F (F (fx)), F F , (fx), ( (fx)). F, . , F (Fu) ():F (u) x u = Fu. .,() (,),. ., , ., . , , . ,? . . . : () ? , . F (f). , S,,,, . , , ,., , , ; , , ,(. 3.32.3.323. . .). , F , , , . , , . , , ., ,, , , . ,.,, , , . , , , ,. [Mounce 1981: 5556]. , , , , ,, . , : , , .3.334 ,,. ? , .,(( ) ( )) ( ). , , , . , , , . ,,, oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS, , :((x y) (y z)) (x z).3.34 .,., . .,.., : M R I, M , I , R ( ) M I. , , , , , , ( ) .3.341 , , , , . , , , ., ,, () , ., ,,., , .3.3411 , , : , , . , .,(So ) ( ). , , , , . . , .,, , , , , , . , , . . [ 1997].,,,, .,,, , (Gegenstand). ., , . . , . . , . . , .,, , : , . .3.342 , : , .( .), . ,,. . , ,,, , , .3.3421,,S+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS. : , .,. ; :,, , , .3.343 . :, .() . , . , ,..,,, . , , . , .3.344 , , , .,(). .,,,., .[1981].,, ,,.., , , , .Sz3.3441 , , : , , , p(p)p q(p q).( , .) , . p, p ( , p), (p q, p q) p. : p , p , p q . : q , q , q p, , . (),, . , ( ), p, p p q , ( ), , , .3.3442, ., , , . . ( ) . , ,(), ( = , ):p (q) , , . S(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS?.,, , :p q,,: . ,,, , ,,,. .3.4 . , .3.41: . Ort , . [Stenius1960:28]., , ., ABCD: , . , , . : AB 4 ; AD 1 ; AA 1 . , , SiB 1 A1 A D D1 B1 . , . , , ( ), .3.411 , . , , , , .3.42 , , 4 , , , , . , . , , ( )., . , ,,, . , ,,,. , , , , ( ).3.5,., , , , STRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS . , , 4 , . , , , . , .,:.,., ,,. , , , . , , , .4.001 . 1.1. ( ), ( ). , ,,,. . Sprache , . . :... Sprache langue langage ;Rede parole; Rede (=discours)[1977: 52]. , (,sentencetoken)(,sentencetype), , , (, , ) . , , , (). Sprache , . . . ,,, , .S64.002 , , ,. , , ., , . . . , ; . . , , , (). ( ) , , ,(,,,). , . 4.002: ( : ) . .. , , , XIX.,, , , , ( , ). , , , , [Warf1956]... , , . . . , , .(),.,STRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS , , , , . .4.003, , , . , . , .( , .) , .,, . , , . . . , . , , , .4.0031( ). , , ,)., . , . . (.[JanicToulmen1973]). [Weiler1970]., , .4.01 . , .4.011 , SS,. , . , . ,, ,,,,, . , , . . . , . , , , .4.012,,a Rb, . , , .a R b . a, bR,a Rb. .4.013 , , ( ). , , . . , , , , , , ,,,,. . . , , .SoTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS4.014,,, , ..( ,. .) ( 85). , , , ,, , . (), ( ), .,, , , , , , . . ,, , . , , . , , , (Abbildung). , ,.,,( ) (, ) . , ([1994]). , , , [ 1981]. , . . oo . . ,. . ,. . (, (1935)), 1930 . , , ,, [ 1989b], , .,,, . , , , , , .. (. [ 1979]).4.0141,, , , . , . ., , .,., ., , , , . , ,,,. , o+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS ,.,, ,( . . [ 1972]). , , . , , . , (. . [ 1979]).4.015 , ,. . , , , ( ) . , , , . , , , , , .4.016 , , . , , .4.02, , .,, , ,..,,, (. . , , , , oz). . , , , , . ;, . . , , .., : . , , . .,,,, , , , .4.021 , ,. , .. ... () , . (Erklrung)(Verstndnis)., . .... ( ., ). ,,. , , (zeigt) (. . ).4.022 .,,. , .,,,o(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS., . , ,,, . . , , , , . () ,.,, , . , (. 4.021),, .4.023 . . . , .,. , ,. . , , ,. :,(. . [Bartley 1973]). , , , . , ., :: :( ) , , . ,1970. [1980]. .oi , . , . ,,, ? , , ? , , ,? , ?(), . , ; , (). ,, .4.024 , , . (, , , , .) , .,. , .:. . , ( ), .4.025 , , , .( , , , . .)4.026(), . .4.027 , .,, . . , , , oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS,(=). , .4.03 . , , . , . , .4.031 .: : . , . , , . . , . , , .4.0311 , , , .,., . , , . , Das ist Winter . , ( ), hand arm foot leg . ,hand . ,Shackeyourhands, o6.,, : hand arm, . . ()( ). ? (. [Quine 1964]).4.0312 . ,. ., , , . ,, . , , ,(p = p). , , , , (. 5.254, 5.44).4.032, .(Ambulo,, ,, .) , ,,. Ambulo(), . .4.04 , .()(., ). ,., , (oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS) (). . . , , ,, :,,:(1) . (2) . (3) (. : [Black1964: 175]). , , . , , , , .4.041 , , . . 4.0411,(). f ,f,,(. f ), : , . f (x), : . , (, ). F(, ), : ., . , ().,(x) f x xx f. (x)y., , ,,(.fx), , , ,, oS . , , (), , , .4.0412 , .:;,(:[Black:177]).,, ., , . 4.05 .4.06 , . , . , , ,. , ., , ,.. ,20.(.[1993]). , . , . .: ; , ; , ; .ooTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS,.,,:,!,;, , . . . [1986:80]. , (.[1994: ( , 21 .)]).4.061,,, . , , p , p . . , , . , , , . .,p,p,.,, , , , . , , . = = ( , ) = ,p p, .+oo4.0621 , p p ,. , ., , , (p = p). p p , .,: ; , ,., , ( ) .(),, . , , , , , , ;,p(), , p ., ,: , , ,,,, ( ), ; , , , , , .,, . , , .: . .. .. .. ., :. , .+o+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS. .. , .. . , ., : , , .. 4.062 , , , .,. , , , . , , . . : , , [ 1992].p p . . () . p = p . , , , , .,, .() : ,,: , , , . , , . , , . , . , +oz , . , , .,, , , , ( ), .4.064:,. . . , , , a priori , . , XVII XVIII. , , , , . III . , ( ) .4.0641 : ,., , . , , ., , , , . : (, ) ( ) , , , , . . (. ). , , , , , , .4.1 .() ( ). +o(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS , .4.11 ( ).4.111 .(,, .) . , . [1975],., , . , . , (, ), .4.112 . , , . , , .,, . , , . ( ), , , ,,., ,.,(,,),,. , , , , . , . , +oi. , , .,, [Bergman 1966].4.1121, . . , ? , ., .,, , XIX , .XIX,. .4.1122 , . XIX XX , ( . [ 1986]). , .4.113. . , , .(5.6.)., , , .+oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS4.114 . , .,, , () , . , , (. 3.332. 3.333).4.115 , , , .,., ,,,, . , , , .4.116 , , . , , . , , , . ,, ,, . , . : , , . , , .4.12 , , , , . , , , .4.121 , .+o6, , ., , . . .,, ., . , , , , [Russell 1980]. ( ),, ., : darstellen spiegeln ausdrcken zeigen weisen. , , , , . , , , . ,: , , . , , , , . .4.1211,fa, , fa ga .+oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS , ; , . ., : , , S. , ()S(). . , () ().4.1212 , , . : , . , ? , , . , , . , : . .,:, ,. , , ,., . , , : Was gezeigt werden ka nn, ka nn nicht gesagt werden., , , , ., , . . , , , . ,.,?: . , ? . , , . , , , , , +oS . : , , , , . .. ,, . , . , . , .,, .,,,. . . [Dunne 1930]. , ,., . , . .4.1213 : , . , , , , . . , .4.122 . ; ., . +ooTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS, .4.1221 . ( , .) , , , , . , .:. , . , , . , , . . , .,, [Moore 1959: 295].4.123,, .( . , .)( .), , , . ,., , .4.124 ,, , ., . , , .,++o , , , . , . , (,),.( ) , , , , , . . : , ,, , . : , , , . , ().(), .4.1241,,, ; , ...,, , , , , , , , . : , . , .4.125 , .+++TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS 4.123 , , , . : , ,, .4.1251 , . , . , , , ( . [1993]).; . , , , .4.1252 , , ., . a R b.( x): a R x . x R b,( x, y) : a R x . x R y . y R b, .( b a, , b a.)++z 1 , 2 . , ,., , , , . , . , . . ..x,a x x b. x y, a x x y y b . , , a b, b a.4.126 , , .(, , )., , . . ( , ; , . .) .,. . , . , .4.127, , .4.1271 .++(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS, .,,,, , . . , , , , , ,.,,,.,,,,,. , , . , , , , , .,, . , , . ,. , , . .4.1272 . , (, ) , . , :,... ( x, y) ...., , , , ., , ,:.:100 . . , , , . . , . ( .)++i,1, , .( , , 2 + 2 3 4.) ,, . , ? . , ,, ,. , .,, , . , , , ,,,. . :,. : E (x): x = a. . : , , , . : , , : , . .,1, ,,. , , , 2 + 2 = 4 3 , .4.12721 , . . , , ( ) .4.1273 b a R b ( x) : a R x . x R b, ( x, y) : a R x . x R y . y R b, ..., ++TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS , . ( ; , ,; .), , .4.1274 ..(, , , : ?)4.128 . . ., . , 1, 2, 3. . . . .: [Black 1964: 203205]. , ? ? , , , . . , : ? ? ? , , . ,: ?? , , , , () (). , .4.2 .++6 . . , . , a b. . ,..,, .4.21, .4.211 , . , , , . . , . , , ., , 5. , , . , ., , , , , . , : , .,,. ,.4.22 . , .++TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS, . . , . , . . , :.. , , . , , ,,, , , , . , (langue), (parole). . , , , , .4.221 , , , . , ., . , . , , . a, b, M, S , R, :a (S). a R b. a (M). :a (S); a R b; a (M).++S .4.2211, , , . , , , .4.23 .4.24, (x, y, z . .). (f x, (x, y) . . p, q, r . .,. ,. .,. , .. .4.241 , , =; a = b, , : a b.( b, , a, ( ) a = b Def.. .)4.242 a = b , , : a b., , , . , 5.35.55311 (. .)++oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS,?,,: = , , ? , . . , , ; , . , , ., , .,, , , , . a = b a = a. , , ,a=b a=b,a b . : = . (2) : [ 1982: 87].4.243 , , ? , ,, ? ,,,;, . , a = a ,. ( .) . , , . . , a b . , a b , , ? , ..,+zo , , ? , , , : , ., a b , . . . , , , ? . . , , , . .. a = b . ?,,?, ;,, .4.25,, ; , .4.26. , , ., , . . () ( ), ( ). , ? , , , , . , . . , (. 1929 . [ 1989]).+z+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS4.27n ., .4.28 n . = 2n, , n . , 22=4:1);2), ;3) , ; 4) . 2n, ( . 4.31).4.3 .4.31 ( , ). ): , , .. .+zzp q r p q r . (), () . 1) (); 2) (); 3) , () 4) , (). 8 .4.4 ., ., , ., , . , p, p q. : : . .4.41 .4.411 , . , .. ( . : p . ., p .),,. ,. , , .+z(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS4.42 . 4.442 (p q). ( ), 1) p, q ; 2) p , q , 3) . , , .4.44, , . , , . . , , ,, . :4.441 , (); ,..,,, , .. , , .,,,. , a priori. , ., , +zip q p, q p q, : , ; ; ; .4.442. , , .( ; ( ), ., ,,,. .) , . , () (p, q) ( ). L = 22n ,.. . . ,(). () : ..+zTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUSpq p p p p p p & p p (), (), (), . . .,, . , p q.:p q , ; : p , q ; : p , q ;:p q . (p, q) (p q), . . . (p, q). , p q (,)(). , , , , , , : p = p. , .4.45n Ln ., , .+z6p q L = 22n 4.42: , , 4.442 (. 3.101).4.46 .., . : ., . , , , [e 1959]. , , . ,,,., . , : .4.461 , , , . , ; . (, ).(,, ,, .) , .,,,,, .,,+zTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS, ,,(,. [1983]),,.,,,, .., , , , , , , , [ 1986: 566567]. , , . , , . . , a priori , (. , [ 1983]). ( )( : , : , , ).4.4611 ; . 0 ., , , , . , , , . , , .4.462. , , . , .+zS4.463, .(, , , ; , .) ;, . .4.464 , , .(, , : , .)??, , . , , , ,,, . , = , , ? , , . = , ? . , , , , ,,. , , . = ., . . , , , . , . , . . , , , ,,,, , . +zoTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS, , , .4.465 , . , ., .4.466. .,,, , ( ). , . . , , , , ., , ( = ) & ( ) , ( ). =. ,., . ,. ,,..,, ,,[ 1990] (. [ 1981]). , , , , , . ( ) .4.4661 , , , , , . , , , . : +(o , ,,. . = , , . = () = () , ( ) ( ) . , = = .4.5 , , : , , , , ., .,,,, . : . . . , . . ., ,.. [ 1960]. , , , , ..!,!,?,!,!,/ !,?, ,:=,(. [Ross 1941; Wiersbicka 1971; 1986]). , +(+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS .4.51 , : :? , .4.52 , (, , ).( ,) , , . ,.: , ; , ; , .4.53 . , , .5. .( )5.01 . ( [ 1959]) , . , p,q. ., . . .(,,+(z .).,, : , . ()..(. 4.27)., (. 4.42), . . : (; p p) (; p) ( ) (; p) ( ) (; p & p). p. , 22n 16 (5.101). 16 . ,() 4() (p, q). , p, q (p q) () , :, p q , (p) , (q) . (,),(,) (= ( , ). , +((TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUSp q p q , . , .5.02 . , . , , + , , . , + ; p p ,:p , p. ( . , . , .) , , . , . , , [Black 1966: 239]. , . , , . , , (), , . , , ,, , .5.1 . .5.101 :() (p, q) ( p, p; q, q) (p p &q q).() (p, q) : p q. ((p &q)).() (p, q) q, p. (q p).() (p, q) p, q. (p q).() (p, q)p q (p q).+(i() (p, q) q (q).() (p, q) p (p).() (p, q)p, q, . (p, q: : q, p).() (p, q) p, q; q, p. ( p q).() (p, q) p() (p, q) q() (p, q) p, q (p, q) (p | q).() (p, q)p q. (p, q).() (p, q)q p. (q, p).() (p, q) (p p; q q) (p, p, q, q). , , . 5 , . . . . , ()() (p, q) () (). , (p, q) . , ( 4 5.101). , , p q , , 75; , 25 , , :+(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUSp q p & q ,., . : , . (p q). ( (p & q).5.11 ,,. p q p &q , . p &q , p q.5.12 p q, .5.121 : p q. , . . ( p, q, q, p).5.122 p q, p q. , .,,.,,.,, (. [ 1996]).5.123 , , , . , p , .+(6 . , . , . ,., , . , . , , p, , . , , . , . , . . , ( ). : . . , , . , . , : . : , /.../ : , , , / /... 1) (. [ 1988])., . [ 1986, Searle 1969].5.124 .5.1241p& q, p q., , . , , .p q,q p,q p.p & q p &q q, p q p & q . , +(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS. , , (p & q) () p & q. , p &q , (p &q) .5.13 , , .5.131 ,, ; , , , .5.1311 p q p , q, p qp.,,p qp |q.|.p |q, p p | p (p | q = p, q) . (, (x) . f x f a, , (x) .f.) ( ,,). (),[Maslov 1962: 120].5.132 p q, q p; p q. . . , , . , , +(Sp q (p & q) (p &q) , , ,() .5.133 a priori., . . 5.2. , C(). , , . 5.134 .4.212.062. , , .,, .5.135, . (Sachlage) .,,,,., .5.136 , ., . , , ,. ,. . . : . [Stenius 1960: 60].5.1361 .+(oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS . , . 6.36311,,, . , , . , , , . , , (. [ 1996]).,Aberglaube() Glaube(), , , , . . . ( [ 1989b]).5.1362 , . , , . .( , p , p .) , . ., , , . . :,,, (. . . 2, XXXY, 81)(. [Black 1966]).. : , p , , p ,,,. , , , [Black 1966: 244].1363 , , , , .+io(Einleuchten).,. : , , , [ 1987, 1996].5.14 , , .5.121.5.122.p q p &q, . . (p &q) (p q), ( ),,,,. p &q p q? p q , , p & q . p & q . p & q? , p q , p q , p & q . p q? , p q , : 1) p , q ; 2) q , p ; 3) p q . p q , p , q .5.141 p q q p, .(q p)& (p q) (p q). , , , [ 1970].5.142:.5.143 , . , .,,, . ; .,,. p q, q q . . , ,:p q r& s. , ? , .+i+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS(p q) (p & q) (r & s) (r & s),, , . , ,., . p & p, q & q. ,.: p, q, , q q. , p & q p [Black: 249].4.464. (,,), (. . ) , .5.15rr, r sr, s, rs: r , r s.5.151 ,,5.101,r R R; rs S, R. R S : rs: r. . p & q p q. p & q (), p q . R ( p &q) = 1.RS (p q)3., p & q , p q.5.1511, . , a priori. , 5.15. . , , +iz,.., [Black : 248].5.152 , , . . p q, q p1. .( .)5.153 , . , . , , , , . , . p p & (q q), [Black: 248]. (. 5.15, 5.1555.156). . ,,,, , . . . , , , , , . !/2. , . , ,:,,,, , . . , p p.5.154 ( ). . , . , .:,,:( ) , +i(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS . , , ., , . , ., , .5.155: .5.156.. . , , , .(, .). , 4.5 . , . ? , ; . . , p q, p q . : , , . , , ,[Wittgenstein1982:61]..:,,[Anscombe 1960: 73]. : . ,[PhilosophischerBermerkungen:136]. , [Black: 251].+ii5.2 .,. . . p q, q , p. , (p q), , (), . .: 1) p q ; 2) p , q 3) p q .5.21 ,, ( ).,.5.22, .,()p q q p, p q, p q.5.23, , . p q, p q? .5.231 , , . p q ,. . , , ().5.232,, , . , p q p q. .+iTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS5.233 ,. , , . . , , , . . .5.234 , . ( .)5.2341p p.,,. . ( ).,,(),(),,.5.24 :, .( ).5.241,, . p q, . (p q) p q. p q p q. .5.242.,qp,rq . . , p, q, r . . , . , q p r q, .+i65.25.,, .( .).,p q p q p q. , , p q. .5.251, .5.252 ( )(, .) , . 3.333 . ,,, p = p (. 5.254). . [Black: 261; Anscombe: 130].5.2521 (OOOa O ). . 5.2522a,Oa,Ooa... : [a, x Ox]. . , , , .(, ).,,() p q.p q.+iTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS . (p q) = p. () : (p & q) &(p q) : (p & p & q) (q &p & q & q).5.2523 . , p, p, p, p .5.253(,) . .5.254.(, p & p =p.) , , . .5.3 . . , , , .,. . .5.314.31,,p,q,r. .. , 4.42 , p, q r ..,(), .+iS5.32 . , (), . , , (L) (R) (S) (O), (K) (T), (P):(LRS & (O) S) (T) K & (T) P :1. (LRS)2. (O) S3. (T) K4. (T) P() LRS &(O) S , . (LRS & (O) S). . (T) K & (T) P. , , , .,(LRS & (O)S)(T)K & (T)P. (LRS & (O) S) (T) K & (T) P.5.4,, ( ).,,,,& , . . , (. 4.441), . , , 5.32: , (L) (R) (S) (O), (K) (T), (P):(LRS & (O) S) (T) K & (T) P5.41: , , .+ioTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS . , (p, q), , p q (p & q), . , . p q , (p & q). , ,,,.5.42 , , . . , . , . , , , , . . , p q p q p q. p q p q. p q q p ,p , . , p q p qp q ., . , .,p q, p q. , , , . 5.43 , p ,p,p,. , () ..: ., p p = p . . ,. , , p p . . +o, p. . , , , , , ., , (. 4.461).5.44.,,, ?pp p? , ?p;, .,,p,p. , .,()(), (. 4.461)..x =p, p p? , p p p. p, p , p p ,p . . , , . . .,, , , p , p. . (.: [ 1960; 1986]).++TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS5.441 ,( x)& fx,(x)& fx,( x) &f x &x = a , fa.( x) & f x , , x, x f. , (x) &f x x f. , (x)(), . : (x)= ( x) ( = , ). 5.442, , ., p,, , (. 5.47 , ). ,,. , . , ., .5.45, . .5.451,.,, . , . : , p (pq) ( x) &f x . . ., , , ,+z .(,,( ) ).5.452 , . ,, .(, Principia Mathematica .?.,, .) , : ? ., ,, , , , , (,5.42) , . , . .,:,, , , , [Black: 267].5.453 .: , . .. 4.128. , ,,,,, , .+(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS5.454 , . .. ,. .5.4541, . : , a priori . , : Simplex Segillum veri. , , . (16681738), . 5.46,:,p q, (p q) . . . , p q,( x)& f(x) . ., , .5.461 , . , . , ,,.5.4611 . . , , . , p q Np Aq, (p q) Npq.+i5.47 , , , . . , ( x) &f x &x = a., , , , . : , . , . , , , , . , , [Wittgenstein 1982: 13].apriori , , ..: (), ,, ( , ) [ 1992: 156]., ? a , x, f, x a:a = ( x) & f x & x = aa , ,a, .p p & (q q),,p; : , .p & (q q) p,, ( ). : (p & (q q) ) p. .,,..f x (). ,, , . . , (4.5). +TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS?, ? .5.471. 3.341, , ,, . .5.4711 , , .,,,, . , . . . , , ,(1), . , . , ,,? . , 4.5., , .5.472 .5.473 . . .(,,., , .) .5.4731, , , . , .,.:, , . +6, , ., .,..., ? ?..,, . , , , ,( ; [Black: 273]. . , ,,, ., . . , , . , , .5.4732 . ( ) , ( ), . . , ,. , , , . . . , . , , ; .+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS. ,, (. [ 1986b; 1996]). , ? , ., , . . : . , ,,, . , . , , , , . , . .5.47321,,: , , ., ,;, , . (. 3.328), , .,,,. . , , ,,,. , ,,,, , , , .5.4733: ; : , ,+S , .( , .) , .,, : ., , 2.0121, : , .? ? , ,, , . : ? , , . , . : ? , . ( , .) , , . ,,. (. [Putnam 1976]), .,, , ... (und ich sage...) . : , , . , ,, ... . . (. 5., 2122). ( . . [Bartley 1973]).5.474 . , , 5.453 . , , p q, p q.+oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS5.475 , . 4.04., ,, , . , ,,, , , , , 5.5 . , , , . : , , , , , , , . 5.476 , , ,, . , , , , ,. .5.5 ( ) (, ...) . , . , 5.4725.474. . Negation, , , Verneinung (, . [Finch 1971]). . , (. . ) ?+6o :( ) (, .....)5.501,, ( ). ,, , , . (, , P, Q, R, ( ) = (P, Q, R). . , . ,. : 1. . . 2. f x, x .3.,. ., , . , ,,...,,,,:, = (P, Q, R).,5.101. , , 4.442, . ;,,,.p,q (),..12 5.101. p & q. , , .,p & q (p q). . +6+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS( ), : (p q) = p qp, q p q. , , . . x . P,Q,R.fx, 4.1273, . . . x , .5.502 ( ) (, ...) N ( ).N ( ) .5.503 , , . 5.51. , N ( ) = p ( p) , N ( ) = p & q ( p, q). , N (). , . x , N() p, , N () & q. , N , , , ,. ,(Negation) (Verneinung), , , , . , .,p,q p & q. N p & q = p & q.+6z N. p &q = p &q. N .p & q.N :(p & q)=p q, :p q, :(p q) = p q, p q.5.511 ? , . Netzwerk , , . Netzwerk , . ( ), , . . , . , , , :, , . , . , .5.512 p , p . , p p. ? , p, , , , , , p. , , p, p, p p, p & p . . .,4.062,.?, , , p , , , , p, . . p, p, p, p p . . , , , . p, p p . , . . . , :, , , .+6(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS5.513:, p, q, p & q. , p q, p q. : , ; , , . q:p p , q; p p . , . ,, .:, p, p. ,1) p , p , 2) p , p . 1) p .p , p ,p , (1). , p p.,2)p p [Anscombe: 6263].5.514, , p;, , p q, . . .5.515 ,, . ., . , p q , . . p p q ,,p p,p & p,,p,.p p,p q . , p q,. . . , . : ... p+6i p q . 5.442. ( , , [Black: 278].) , p q , , , . p , .5.5151 ? ? ( : b, , a R b . . ., . Picture Theory ,,, . . , , . . . ,(,,). . , , ( ) [Black: 280].5.52 f x x, N ( ) = ( x) &f x.N ( ) .( x)& fx:,x,x f,..,,x f . , , . ( x) &f x ,( x)& fx,.. +6TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS. , ( x) &f x, . . , x, x f . ,x,x f,,,x ., (x) &f x ( x) &f x, . , , . . . 5.521 . . ( x) &f x (x) &f x, . . , . . , , .. .,( x) & f x ( x, x f) x: f a &f b &f c &f d ...; a ( x)& fx (x,x f) , x: f a fb f c f d ... . , , . , N fx,. N fx .( . [Fogelin 1976, Mounce 1981].)5.522,, ,,,, , ., x f x. x f a, f b, f c . . f x +66,.., .5.523 . (x) (f x) ( x) f x , (f x), , 5.521, (f x) x. (f x), , (x) f x, , .5.524 , . , . ,(fx),(x) (f x), , , , 1.11 1.12, , , . , . (f x) f a, f b, f c . ., x . p, f (x) (x) f (x), . N (x) (f x), :a = f (x)N (f x) = E (x) (f x)( (x) & (f x) = (x) (f x)(E (x) & f x) = E (x) & (f x) = (x) (f x)5.525 ( x) &f x f x , ., , , ,. , , !+6TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS, ; , ; ,[Black 1965:286]. ,,,, .Principia?, : , Principia [Black: 286]. , : . . p p () ,p q ,p & p() . ( 5.525 (3)) ( ,). , ().:,,,[Black: 287].5.526 , . , x, ... : x a. , ., , (E x) (E j) j : , [Fogelin 1976: 60]..,,,,, , ?:,,, , +6S. .5.5261,, ( , ( x, ) & x x. , . : . , , , ,, , . . . .5.5262 . ,,, .(, .) , . , , , , .. ., , .5.53 , . . , ,,,, = . ,(. 4.242,+6oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS), , .5.5301,.,,, (x): f x . . x = a. , , f, , , , f., , , . (x) : f x x = a , , a f f: a , f. , .5.5302=, ,. ( , .): ,,, , , . , , ,, , . . , (. 2.0233). , . a = b. , a = a .5.531 f (a, b) &a = b, , f (a, a) ( f (b,b)). f (a, b) & a = b, , f (a, b).5.532 , ( x, y) &f (x, y) &x = y, ( x) &f (x,x), ( x, y) &f (x, y) & x = y, ( x, y) &f (x, y).( ( x, y) &f (x, y) : ( x, y) &f (x, y) & &( x) &f (x, x).)+o5.5321 (x) : f x x = a , , ( x) &f x &&f a ( x, y) &f x &f y. x f ( ) : ( x) &f x : ( x, y) &f x &f y., =. , ( x, y) & f (xy) & xy ( x y, x y f, x y) (x) & f (x, x) (x,x f). . [Black: 292295; Fogelin: 68]. , , . , , ., 3.325.5.533 .5.534 , : = , = b & b= c &a = c, (x) &x = x, ( x) &x = a . . . . a = a . .... 6.5.535, . , , .,, , .PrincipiaMathematica. . , 4.1272, , ,(4.128),.. . , . ++TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS5.5351, = p p . . , . . Principles of Mathematics p p p ,, .( p p,, , , ,, ,, . . , , a = a, a = a , E (x) & (f x) & x = a, f, a.5.5352( x) &x = x. , , ? ( x) &x = x , ( x)&x = x. , .,, , [Black: 298].5.54 . 4.4,,, , , +z, , ( ) , .5.541 , . , p p . . , p .( (, . .).)([Russel 1980]) . p A . , , . , , p p.XIX , , (. . , ), . . [ 1977].5.542 , , p, , p, ,pp p. , ., .p.P p, . P p, , A , p, [Maslow 1962: 108]. , , . . . , . , , ( +(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS) ., , , , [Fogelin 1976:68]. :... ,p, (we are shown), , ,,. ,p,, , , , [Mounce 1982:86]., , , . , ., ,,,, , , . . . ,, XX , . , , . , [1979], [ 1986]. [1987,1986] , , , . : ,,,.. ,[Ross1976,1985], . . 5.5421 , , . . , . .+i , . . [...] (. [Black:301].?,. : , , ,p.,,p ,p.,, , , p , p. , , , , , , , ,.,, , p ? , ,p ,, , . , , . , , p , . . ., , .,. ,, , . [Mounce 1981: 8788].5.5422 p , . ( .) . . , , [Black: 301]. ,, , ( [Wittgenstein1982:96]). .+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS5.5423, ., , , : , . .( b, ; .) , , , . , (. )[ 1996].5.55 a priori . . , .,,, .5.551 , , , .( , ,,, .) , . , , , +6aaaabbbb , . . , . ( ).5.552, , , , , , . , . , .. 3.221. , , , . , , ,..,., .., , , . 6.44 .5.5521 ,?: ,,, ? , ,,, , [Black: 303].5.553,(). ? ? ? . , , , , , , , (5.551), , , .5.554 .5.5541 a priori , , , 27 .+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS .,,,. ( , 5.555623, , , ),,,(.,,[ 1986; 1960; 1971]. .5.5542 ? , ? : , ? . ,,.,,..., , . 5.555 , . , , , . , , ; , , . p , . p ,p .p S [Black: 304].5.556 . , . . +S . , . , , .5.5561 . .Wirklichkeit, Realitaet . ,([Finch1972]). , . . , , . ,, .5.5562,,, ., , , . , . , . , , , , (), .5.5563 , , .,,,,,.( , , , .),, .?, , ; . [...] +oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS, , , (L.Wittgenstein.Philosophische Bemerkungen; . [Black: 305]). , ,., . . , [McGuinnes 1989: 131].5.557 , .: . . ..(5.55), , (. 4.221). . , (. 2.15121).5.5571apriori , . (. 2). , , , .5.6 .. : [ 1958; 1994]. Sprache 4.. ,bedeutenmean(,) , , , . . bedeuten , ; .. , .+So , , . ?,,.,,. , . , . . , , . : ?, . , 5 , ,,,, , . ,,,, . 5.5 , 5 .5.61 : . : , .,, , : ., , : , . (Sprache) . . , , . , , , ( , (. 4.1272). , .5.62 , . ,, , , .+S+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS , , , ,, .,,. . , , : der Sprache die allein ich verstehe :1) , ; 2) , . [Wittgenstein1922],. . [Hintikka 1966]. (. . [Anscombe1960] [ 1994], : , ).?, , . , , , ,, ( ., ,[ 1995; Kripke 1982]). ? . ,,, : , , , .[...],, , , .,, . , , , , [Mounce 1981: 91]., ?, . , , . , , , . , , , . .+Sz .5.621 .5.63 . (.),, . .,,. () .5.631 , .,, , , . .,, : .5.632,, . , . , , . . , . , 3.333, .5.633 ? , , . . , .5.6331 :+S(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS , . , (. . [Lacan 1956]). . , ( , ). .5.634 , a priori., , ., , . a priori.,,., , a priori .5.64,, , . . ,, , , . , , , ,, .5.641, . , . ,, , ,, ., , , , , . . [Wittgenstein 1982: 82]., , . , ,,+Si, ; , ., , . , , , , , . , . , ,, . , , , : , , , . , , [ 1992: 5556].6 : [ r,, N ( x)]. .6.001,, N ( ) . .,. [r, (N)] . p , ,,,(N), , . : (r),, () ; ( ), , 5, .6.002 , , , . p p p q, , N,, 5.6.01 ' () :[, N ( )] () (= (,, N ( )]).+STRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS .. (), ,,..., 6.01 : (r ) ( ()), ().6.02 . x =0x Def. n x = n + 1 x Def., , x, x, x, x, ... : 0 x, 0 + 1 x, 0 + 1 + 1 x, 0 + 1 + 1 + 1 x, ... , [x, x, , x] [0 x, n x, n + 1 x ]. :0 + 1 = 1 Def.,0 + 1 + 1 = 2 Def.,0 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 3 Def.,( . .).6.021 . , , . . (r ) (). . , ? ( ). . , (N) p ( ) r(, ). . 0 x , . n , n . n + 1 , n + 1 .6.022 , , . . .6.03 :[0, x, ... x + 1]., , , . , , +S6, . .6.031 . , , , . , , , , (3.333) ( . [Black: 314317]).6.1 .6.11.( .)4.464.461.,, . . , , . , , p p , p p . .. ; [1983].6.111, , . , , , , , . ,,,, ., ,, . , .,.+STRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS , , .6.112 . , , . , ? 6.12. 6.113 ,,,, , . , .,?, , (). ? , , , .6.12 , , , ., , , , . , , , . , , , , .6.1201,,pp (p & p),, . , p p, p q, (p q) & (p) : : (q), , , q p p q. , (x) f x : : f a ,, f a (x) &f x . .6.1202, .+SS p p p q. . : . p p . : ,. , , .(p & p). , , , () ,. , .6.1203 , , , : p,q,r. .p,q,r. ., : : , , p q. , +SoTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS p q p q , , (p &p) ( ) . : & : (p&q) : q p , , , .,, (....). , +oo q p : p ; q ( ); p ; q ( ); p ; q ( ); p , q ( ). 4.31:p q,. . 4.442: , , ,,, . . , . :., +o+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUSp q p qp q p q p & q , p o. : ?, (, =), , . h. p q. ( , (p ,q),. ., (p & q). q q, : , (p & q), N , , , ., , q p, . . (p & p), .p (p) : p , p , .+ozp p . (p &p) ( , ).6.121, . . , , .,, .,..,. (p &q). , p q, ( ). .6.122 , , . (p & q),, , , , (p) (q). (p & q) = p & q = p & q.6.1221 , , p q p q , , q p., , , q p q &p, , , p q&p : : q , . p q ? , p = q. , ,,(p q) (q p).,, . , q p. , , , .+o(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS, , p p, , p, p. , , , , . , , , , , .6.1222 , , . , . . , , . ., , . ., , . . , (.),, [ 1980b]. , , (.,[ 1986 b]).6.1223 , , . , ., ., . ,; , .+oi6.1224, . .6.123: .(,, ; , , .),, , . , , . p p = p. , , p = p , p. , p = p p ( (. 6.1222), , .6.1231.:. , .6.1232 ,,. ,:,, . 1958 1994 Allgemeingltigkeit , , ( Allgemeinhatsbezeitchaung). , . , . ,,p p p, . (., [ 1970]). , , . . , ,+oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS , , , , p&p p , . .,,,. .,. . 6.1233 , . , , .6.124 , , , . . , , ; . , ,,, , . . , , , , . : , , , , , , : , ., , . , , . , p p. , , ? , (p p) , , , , ( ). , p p ,,,, ? . , , , . , , . , , . . XX , , . , , +o6, . , .6.125 , , . , , , . . ,,,.6.1251 , . . , [ 1980c].p p , .6.126,, . , ., , . , , , ( ).,,.,,, , . , p p. , ,..? p. , p p. . , p p p. p p, .p p , . , , (,sindloss unsinn ().+oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS6.1261 . ( .) ,p p, p p, , .6.1262 , . ., (p ( p p) p., 6.126.6.1263 , , ., . , , . . , . (, .) . . , ,,.. . : .6.1264,, , ; . modus ponens ( modus ponens ). , ,. . , , ,. , , , [ 1983; 1969, 1975]. e , +oS, , [Goedel 1931]. , .Modus ponens , , ,. , , , modium ponentes.6.1265, . , .6.127 , . , . p p (p (p p) p . , . ,. : , , , , , , ,[Wittgenstein 1982: 113].6.1271 , , , .(,,, . , , , .) , , 5 , , , . , :1) p = p;+ooTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS2) p p;3) p = p;4) p p; , ..,p =p, (p ( p p) p.6.13 , , . ., , . ; , ,,, , .6.2 .,,.6.21 .,,. . (sindloss), (unsinn). , , . a > b .6.211 , , , , , , , .( , , .) , . 2 2 = 4 . , , . , 1930 , :,zoo , . [rip 1982].6.22, , .,,, . , , .6.23,,.,, .,, ., a = b 1. , , b = a + 1. b a , a a .6.231, .1+1+1+1,(1 + 1) + (1 + 1).6.232 , , . , , , , ,, . ,,, ,,, . 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 (1 + 1) + (1 + 1) 2517 + 2517 ++ 2517 + 2517 (2617 + 2517) + (2517 + 2517) . , , , , , , [ 1983]. :( + + + ) = ( + ) + ( + ).zo+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS , . : , ,[ 1959], . , . . , .6.2321 , , ,:, , , .6.2322, , , : , , .., , , .,a =b . ., : , . .6.2323 , , . : , .6.233,,, . , , .6.2331 . .. ,. , , , , , . , ( ?) .zoz6.234 . eine , : . :Mathematica ist eine Logische Method.. , , . . , , . .6.2341 , . ., [Ramsey 1966]. . a > b , , , . , , , , , , . , , .6.24 , , . , , .., , . , . . , , ,..salva veritate,.., , , : zo(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS , , .6.241 2 2 = 4:(n) m x = nxm x Def.2 x 2 x = (2) 2 x = (2) 1 + 1 x = 2 2 x = 1 + 1 1 + 1 x = ( ) () x = x = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 x = 4 x.,, . , . (n) m , n m , , n m. 2 2 = (2) 2 , , 2 2 , . . 1 + 1 (2). , , , 1 + 1 (22 = 1 + 11 + 1). , (() () x)). ( ) 1 + 1 + 1+ 1 + 1, . . 4: 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 4x.6.3,.6.31 , . a priori. . , , ( )., , . , , , . , , , , , . , (., [ 1965]). 6.1231, ,(Allgemeingltigkeit)., , .,, ..zoi , , , , , . , , , . .6.32,,.6.321 . ,, ,, , ., (2.033, 2.151). , , , . : , , .... . , , ( ). . .6.3211 , , , .(, , .) 1747 . , .6.33 a priori , , a priori .6.34 , , , . . . ., a priori . , , . , . , . , , zoTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS . , ,,. .6.341,, . , .: , ,, ,. . , . , , , , ( ) . . ; , : . : , .(, .) , 6.33, , , ,,., , , , , . , , , . ( , ): , , . , , , zo6 , [ 1987].,: . , :, , , ( , ,,,,).,,, ,, . . (2.0232). (. [ 1996]). , , .,,,.. , , , . . , , , .6.342 .(,,.),,,, . ( .) , , . , ; , , . , , ., , , . , , . , zoTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS, . . . .6.343 , , .,,. . , . . . ,. ,, , , (1920 .)., (.[Drury1981]).6.3431 . , , ; , , ,..,,, .6.3432, . , , , .,. ., , , ., , , a priori . , (Allgemeingltigkeit), (Allgemaeinheit).6.35,. , a priori.zoS , . . ,apriori. , , .6.36,: . , , : . : ? . ,., , , . . : . ,:,. . , , . , , .6.361 , : .. . : , . . , : , .6.3611 . , ( ). . .,,,, ( ) , , , , , . ,zooTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS . .,,,., . , . , . ( , , , [Drury 1981]), : : , [ 1962]., (.). , , , . , , , .6.36111 , , , a b , . . , , . , .6.362 , , , , , . : , , [ 1993].,, . (beschreiben). , : ,,. . . , ? ? . , z+oa b [ 1992]. , ?6.363 , , . , , , , , . . .6.3631 , ., , . , . , , .6.36311,,;: , .,,, . , , . , , : , [Wittgenstein 1980].6.37, , ; . , , , , , . . . .6. 371 , .6.372 , . .z++TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS ,,,, , ., . , . , . ? ,? ,, . ,.[ 1989]. ,,. .6.373 ., 5.63 (). , , .6.374 , , , , , , , , . . , , , ,. , , , , .6.375 , .. = , . , , , .6.3751 , , , , , ., . : , , .z+z(, ,., , .) : . . ., , , ( ) .6.4 .6.41 . ; , .,, . ., , ! . . . , , , . ,(3.333). ,,(. [Wittgenstein 1966.])6.42 .6.421 , . .( .) . ,,,,( ), . , z+(TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS,. [ 1994] . ? 6.41 , . . . ( . [ 1992]).6.422 , : ?,, . , . . , .(,, .) : !, , ; . , , . ,., . : .6.423 . . , () .(. [ 1989]). : , .6.43 , , ; , .z+i, . , , . .,.,,, , , . , . ,, . ,, , . . :, [Warf1956]. 6.431 , , .6.4311 . ., , , , , . , . . , . . ,.,. , ?, ,, , . ( ).6.4312,,,,,, . , ? , ? .( .) z+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS,, . , , .6.432 . . , ., . [ 1989].6.4321 , . , . , , .6.44 , , , , .6.45 sub speciae aeterni . .6.5,,. ., ..,,. () ,,, . . [ 1972].6.51 , , ; , , . , ; ,, , . , , , z+6. . [Kripke 1982].6.52 , , ., , . , , . . . , .6.521 .(,,,, .),,,. ,, . , , .6.522 , , . ; . , , (. [Black 1966]). . , .,,, , .6.53 : , , , , ,, , , . , .,,., z+TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS,, . ,. . , . . , . . .?,.. : ..., .. : ? ?, , , . . , , ,.. . ,. , , , , . , . , . , . . , ,.,. ,. ,. ,. .6.54 , , , . ( , , , ). , ., , , , , ,.,, , , , , .,,!., , (, ): , , z+S! , . . , , ..(.[ 1994]).,, ,.,,, , . [ 1982]. , . ,, . ,,,,: , , , ,. . .,, [Wittgenstein 1966] [Bartley 1973], (= ; , , [McGuinnes 1988]) (= , ,).7 , . ? ( ) , . .. , , , ( ) . , c ,.. . . ( . )z+oTRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUS ? ? ? , ?(. . ).,. , , , , , ., , . . . ?,: . :(x) N x (p & q) p q. , . , . . . , (private) , , , . , , , . privacy,. , , . , . ,. . , , . ,,.[...],,.,,, , , , , . , , zzo ? : , , ,?,,, , , . , ,.( .) ? , .TRACTATUSLOGICO PHILOSOPHICUSzzz . ., ., 1982. , ., . / . . . . ., 1983. , ., . . . . ., 1987. , ., .. . ., 1976. . . ., 1961. . // , 16, 1985. . . ., 1958. . // , N 2,1989a.. // . ., 1989b. . // , 2, 1992. . . . 1. ., 1994. . 19141916 // , 6, 1995a. . 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(1) (2).(. , , (?), , , ( ) , .,, , . , , . ? ,, . ,,. , , , , , , . , , , . ., , , , , . ,, , , viceversa.,,, , , .)4)!, ,.!, . ? ! , , , .,?234, .(.,,,,,, , , , . , , , . . , , ,. , . , , , ,, ( ).?,4.30,,4.30? , , ? ?:,,,, ?)5) . : ? , . , , , (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), . , . , . , , ,,, , , ., . , , , . , , , , , . ., 235.(.,, , , .)6):. :?; : .... , , , . ... .(6). , , . (.,, , , , . , ,, . . , . , , , , , . . ,,,,.., , , , , , , ,, , , , , .)7) , , , (, , , . .). , , , , . , . .,, . ( , .) . (1) ! ! . (2) 236.,, , , , ..8) , (1), ,,!, ,, , . , , 9),,.,, , . , , !, , ( !). , .,, . . , , . ., . (8) . 10) , (9), :;;! , , , ., , , , , , , . , ,, . , . ,11)(2). !, ! . . !, ! . ., ,(2).,,(11), , (2). , 2, 3, . .(. 0.?, ? 237. (, ). ). , (4), ,(7),. ( .) (7) ,,(patterns). ( , , , .) , . , ,, . . /, . . , , . . . , , , , . ,,, . .; ?, . ,,,,. :12) , , , , ,,,. ,, . 13) , , ,,,..(12),. (13) ;,, . , , , . : ) : ... ( ); :.238 . . .(7),. ? , : ) , , ; b).,,.), , , ., , , . ? ? :14) , .15) , . 16) , , , .17),, :,.(14), , . , , . : 14) . . ,,.:,. : , .14b).,,., , .14) , , . .239 , , . , , . ,.,,, , . , , . ., , , , , , , ,, , , . , . , , , , , ,,, , ,, , ,,,,,. , , , , . , . ( , , ; , , .), , , , , , 240.,,, , , , , . , , , , , , , .,,(14) . , , , , , , . .,, . , , (14) , ,,, , , , , . , ?(.. ?). , , , , , . , , . , , , , , . , ?,., , , , . , ,, : ?, , , , , . ..241 (14) , : ?, , ? ? ?, ? , ,.., , , : .,. ? , .,(14) ,,,,,,, (14) . ,? (14),, , , ,. , , , , ?, , ? , , , , , , , , (, , ) , . , (, )? , ? , (14) , , ,, ? , , (14) , , , , ? ? , (14) , , , . , ,,, , ? , 242, . (14)(14)? ! . (1) , !, . ,,;,. , . ? , ? . 18) ( (7)) , . , , , : , , ,. , , , . , . , . , , . , , , . ,..,, . , , . , , , . 19) , . , , ,,, , , 243 , , . 20) , ,. , , , , , ,,,,, , . .,. .21).. , . , , . . : , . . .?., , ? . ?, , . , , (2), . (2) ,.,244,155,,,,, , (2), 155, 10 . ? (, , , .) , , , , , , .. ; , , . . ,.(, .) . , , .22),, 32. , , . , . , ,32. ) b) ? 32 . , , . , . . , . ? , . , ) b) , , , . , . ,. , , , , ,., , , 245.). ?:,., . , , , , : . , ?.,,,, , . , , ,, , .23) , (2), . 1, 2, .......... 9, . , , , . . 24) , 23, . . , .25) . , , . .26) ,. , . 20 . .27) , (26). 20 . 20 , .(,.)28) , (26). n , n 20, 20, 20+n , .29) () 1 20. , , , (2).24630) (2). ,. , , (27)(28).( , , , , ,.) . 1 20, (2), 20 . : . , , 20, , ,():21.22, .,,20, , , 20. , .31) . (30). 159. 159 .,:, ? : , ? , , ? , , ,,, , , , . 159 , , , , ,, , , 159 , , . 32) . Z, , (30). , , ; .(.(23). (24): 247 (23) (24).) , (26), , , (20) , ( ), , 20 . (27) , . (28)?,, 40 . , , ,,, . (29) , (28). , , , , 20 . , , . (30) , , , . ( , , , .) (31) ,, , ,, , . (32) ( , ) . , . , , , (31) . ,, (31). , , . , :, , (). ,, : ) , , (30), , , 248 , ; b) ,,,;) . ? .33) , .a b c d A , : aaaddd. , ,

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