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, 1500 . , . . "Fabrica Humani Corporis" (" "), 1543 ., . , . : " , . , 14 , " [6]. , , . , , , , , , , . ( 1574 .) , , " ". , ( 1660 .). , , , .

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(1990).

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12

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13

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. , . , , . , . , . , 10 68 (150 ), . 1 2 14 15 ( ). , 2,3 (5 ), 8 1 0 . , 1 2 2,3 (5 ) . , , . ( ), .

. 5. , (, - ), ; . , : ; ; ; . , . , , , , , . , . , . 1.3 . 10 . 100 % , 10 . 10 , 10-. 10- 100 . 90 % 10- (90 ) , 80 % 10- (80 ) . 4. 1.3. ,

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10 10 10

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, , . , , , . , , , , . , , . (1 2 ), , . . 60- . , 60 80 % . 160 -"1 140 . , . , , , 24 48 (15 30 ) , 160 320 (100 200 ). , . , 3 -"1 (5 -"1), 4 5 -~ ' (7 8 -"1). , , - . . , -, , " " ; , , ; 1.4

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,

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17

, . 60 80 % , . , 5 8 (3 5 ). , , . , , . . "" . . . 30- XX . . 45 , . , , . , . , . . - . , . 10 . , , , . . , . , , - .

. , , . , . 40 60 % 30- , 15 , . , 30 , , 15 , . 30- . 6 8 . 2 3 . , . , , .

, , . , . .

: . . . , .

...1. , . , .

18

2. . , . 3. . (85 95 % ) , . (60 80 % ) , - . . 4. ( ), , , . ( ). 45 . 5. , . . , . - , . . , , - (HDL-C) . . , , , : ; 48 (30 ) ; 97 (60 ) ; 145 (90 ) . , -

. , , - , . , , 12 . , , 40 , ; 20 , 20 . 12 . 3 . . , . , , , , - , , . - . , . , . . , , - , . , . , , . ,

19

. , - . , . , , , , . , () . , , 1,5 (2,4 ). , , . . , , 1,5 . . , , , (. . 14), . . , . , , . ... 1. . 2. , 20

. , . . 3. . . , . , , . , , , . , , .

. , , . , : . , , . I , , . , , . 1. ? ? 2. . ? 3. ? , .

4. , . 5. ? ? ? . 6. ? . 7. ? ? ? 8. . 9. . 10. ? . 11. . 12. . 1. Astrand P.-O. (1991). Influence of Scandinavian scientists in exercise physiology // Scandinavian Jornal of Medicine and Science in Sports. 1 3 9 p. 2. Cooper K.H. (1968). Aerobics. New York: Evans. 3. Dill, D.B. (1938). Live, heat and altitude. Cambridge, UA: Harvard University Press. 4. Dill D.B. (1985). The hot life of man and beast. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas. 5. Fletcher W.M., & Hopkins F.G. (1907). Lactic acid in amphibian muscle // Journal of Physiology, 35, 247 254. 6. Foster M. (1970). Lectures on the history of physiology. New York: Dover. 7. Fox E.L., Mathews O.K. (1974). Interval training conditioning for sports and general fitness. Philadelphia: Saunders. 8. Gergley T.J., McArdle W.D., DeJesus P., Toner M.M., Jacobowitz S., Spina R.J. (1984). Specificity of arm training on aerobic power during swimming and running // Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 16. 349 354. 9. LaGrange F. (1889). Physiology of bodily exercise. London: Kegan Paul International, Ltd. 10. Madel J.R., Foglia G.F., McArdle W.D., Gutin ., Pechar G.C., Katch F.I. (1975). Specificity of swim training on maximum oxygen uptake. Journal of Applied Physiology, 38, 151 155.

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I

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28

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7. - . - "" . , , . . 2.11 , 6 . , , , -. , , , "". , , , , , . 100 % . , . . , , , . ( ) . . , , : - - "". "" () - . , "" - , 6 -, . , 26,2 10080

40

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,

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36

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. , "" . , , , , , - . , . . , , . , , . 215 , . . , , , ; , ; , . . 2.12, (), (). () . , , . , , . , "" . .37

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, , . , , . . , .

. , , 300 ( 136 ), , . ( ) , , . ; ; ; ; ;

38

. . . . , . , , , . , , , . . ( ) . . , . . . , . , , , 20 % . , , . 20 % . , , . - .

, . . , , , . , . . , . . , , " " " ". . 1/10 , . 10 (4,5 ), 10 (100 45 ). , , (). . , , , . 100 (45 ) 100. , , . . 2.14. .

,

. 2.14. (). , , 100 (). () ,

39

0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 , -'

0,2

0,4

0,6

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, -~1

. 2.15. . (1985) . . , . , , . , , , . . . . 2.15. , , ( 0,8 - 1 , 0,2 ).

; , . 3. . 4. , 20 %. . 5. , , , . . 6. . . ( ) . .

. , . , , . , , , , . . 1. . 2. . 3. ? 4. . ? 5. . 6. ? 7. .

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8. : ) ; ) 10 ; ) ? 9. , . 10. ? 11. ( ) ( )?

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3

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.

, . -, -, . , , -, . , , 2 . , , , . 5,6 2, 6,3 2. , , , - , , - , . , .

92

, , 16- . , 129 (. 5.3), 38 39 . , 40 % , , , . 60 % . 5.3. (16322), 1

. 12 24 . ( , 5 10 % ), . , . , . , , . Q0 . , .

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, . , , , . ( ). (, -), . , , , , . , . , , . 5,65 ~' . 5,20 ~' , .. 8 % . , , -

. . , . , . , , , . . 5.9 . , , , , [2, 3, 5]. ,

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94

, 40 % , , . 60 % , , . . XIX . (. 5.10), . , . , , , . , , . , . , . , , . , .

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.,

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, , . , . 0,70:

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, . 5.4, , . , , 1,0, , 5.05 .

96

4,69 -"' 2 , 4,46 -~' 2. , , 2 , 1 10,1 -" (2 -~'-5,05 ).

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97

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, . () ? , . .

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. , ( ) . , , . , (. 5.12) . , , . , - . , , . , (. 5.12). , , . " ". . , : , , , , . . -

98

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,

, . , , . , . 0,3 ' 1 , 18 -' 1 , 432 -'1. , . , . 0,80 , . 0,80 4,80 --' 2 (. . 5.4). , ( ) : = 2, , , 2, 1 = 432 2--'-4,80 -' : = 2,074 --'.1 , 2,0 4,0 1

,

, . , . , 80 % 60 % . , , , .

...1. , . 2. , , .

100

70 (154 ). , , . , .. , 8 12 . , . . , . , , . , , , . . , , . 1 2 . , . . : : ; : ; : , , , ; : . " ", , . 1 200 2 400 -" 1 . 1 800 3 000 .

, , 10 000 -"'!

. . , . , . 5.14, (V 2 ) , . , . , . , , , , , , , [4]. . , [1]. ,

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. 5.14. () , (1) (2)

101

812 , , . , , . . , 42 (26,2 ) , 75 80 % [1]. , 70 1 -^'-" . 2 8 . 86 % . , . . , , , . , , , , , , , . , , . , , , , (-- 1 )- , , . , (-~'). 18 22 38 42 --'-"' () 44 50 -'--' (). 25 30 , 1 % . , . , , , . : ( , , ) ( , ). ,

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, . 19.

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60

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102

. , , . , , , , . , , 5 10 % , . , (10 19 -~', 6 1 2 1 -" )- , , . . , , 1 1 1 9 -~' (7 12 -" 1 ), . , , (1500 ). . , , , , . , , "", . . 5.16 , -

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103

. , 300 100 . , 300, 400 . 0,20 0,35 . 1,0 1,8 -~', 60 1 108 -~', 1,44 2,592 -" . , . . , ; ; ; ; ; . . . , , , . , . , 25 -"1 (15,5 -"1) 29 -"1, . 11 -~' (7 -~') 14,5 -"1, .. -

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5,9 8,611,0 14,3

1,7 1,2 1,820,0

1,3 0,9 1,415,7

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0,200 0,260 0,024 0,017 0,026 0,285 0,101 0,071 0,117 0,187

5.5

. 154 (70 ) 121 (55 ). .

104

I

150 125 100 75

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0

.

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2

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. 5.17. () () 3- 70 % . (1986)

90 . ( ) . , , . -

, . , . 29 35- (18 22- ) " ". . . . . , , . . 5.18 , 30 . . 5.18, - -. - . . 5.18, , . () , . . - . 5.18,5 ( ) . - . , - , , , , 30 .

. 5.18. () () 30 .

106

- . , - . -. , 6-. , . . 5.19 , -, - 6 . (40 60 % ) -. (75 90 % ) -, -. , , , - , , , - "" . . - , - , , . , , . . 70

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(

;

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2 75. 2 40 50 60 70 J1

50

10 80 90

250

1I 213 11 2, ..

I

. 5.19. - (]), - (2) 6- (3) 60 40, 60, 75 90 % . (1988)

. 5.20. , (1), (2) (3)

107

, . , . , . , . , . , , . , , .

, . , , 15. , ( ) . , -, , , +, .

(, , ) . . , , , , , - , . , , , . , , + . , , , (3~), + . + , 1,5 . + . , 7,1 6,6 6,4 . . 6,9 , . 6,4 + , . , + ,

7,1 -

, . , , . , , , , . , , .

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35

. 5.21.

108

. , , , . . 5.21, 30 35 . . 7,0 6 7 -'1, .. 4 5 . , . , . + , , . , , . , . - , . , . . 3, , . , , , . , . , -

. , , . : , , ; , , , , ; (), , ; ; , ; , . - - (, ), . , -, , . -. .

() . , . , , , . , . , , . ,

109

. . . , "" . , . , , , . , , .

1. ? 2. . 3. ? 4. ? 5. , . 6. ? . 7. ? 8. ? 9. () ? 10. , , , ? 11. (--" 1 )? 12. 15- 30 2 - 4 . 1. Costill D.L. (1970). Metabolic responses during distance running. Journal of Applied Physiology, 28, 251 255. 2. Costill D.L., Daniels L, Evans W., Fink W., Krahenbuhl G., Saltin B. (1976). Skeletal muscle enzymes and fiber composition in male and female track athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 40, 149 154. 3. Costill D.L., Fink W.J., Flynn M., Kirwan J. (1987). Muscle fiber composition and enzyme activities in elite female distance runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 4. Costill D.L., Fox E.L. (1969). Energetics of marathon running. Medicine and Science in Sports, 1(2), 81 86. 5. Gollnick P.D., Armstrong R., Saubert C, Piehl K., Saltin B. (1972). Enzyme activity and fiber composition in skeletal muscle of untrained and trained men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 33, 312 319. 6. Ivy J.L., Withers R.T., Van Handel P.J., Elger D.H., Costill D.L. (1980). Muscle respiratory capacity and fiber type as determinants of the lactate threshold. Journal of Applied Physiology, 48, 523 - 527. Armstrong R.B. (1979). Biochemistry: Energy liberation and use. In R.H.Strauss (Ed.), Sports medicine and physiology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B.Saunders. Bergstrom J. (1967). Local c h a n g e s of ATP and phosphocreatine in human muscle tissue in connection8, 103 106.

...1. . . 2. "" . , FT . + , . 3. , . 4. , , -, . , , ; .

, . . , , . , . , .

110

with exercise. In Physiology of muscular exercise (Monograph N 15), pp.191 196. New York: American Heart Association. Blom P., Vollestad N.K., Costill D.L. Factors affecting changes in muscle glycogen concentration during and after prolonged exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 128: (Suppl. 556). Brooks G.A. (1987). Amino acid and protein metabolism during exercise and recovery. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19 (5), S150 - S156. Brooks G.A., Brauner K.E., Cassens R.G. (1973). Glycogen synthesis and metabolism of lactic acid after exercise. American Journal of Physiology, 224, 1162 1166. Coggan A.R., Coyle E.F. (1991). Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise: Effects on metabolism and performance. Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, 19, 1 40. Costill D.L., Coyle E., Dalsky G., Evant W., Find W., Hoopes D. (1977). Effects of elevated plasma FFA and insulin on muscle glycogen us age during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 43, 695 - 699. Costill D.L., Gollnick P.O., Jansson E.D., Saltin ., Stein E.M. (1973). Glycogen depletion pattern in human muscle fibers during distance running. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 89, 374 - 383. Costill D.L., Jansson E., Gollnick P.D., Saltin B. (1974). Glycogen utilization in leg muscles of men during level and uphill running. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 91, 475 - 481. Farrell P.A., Wilmore J.H., Coyle E.F., Billing J.E., Costill D.L. (1979). Plasma lactate accumulation and distance running performance. Medicine and Science in Sports, 11, 338-344. Henriksson J., Reitman J. (1976). Quantitative measures of enzyme activities in type I and type II muscle fibers of man after training. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 97, 392 _ 397.

Ingjer F. (1991). Maximal oxygen uptake as a predictor of performance ability in women and men elite crosscountry skiers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 1, 25 30. Ivy J.L.. Costill D.L., Maxwell B.D. (1980). Skeletal muscle determinants of maximum aerobic power in man. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 44 (1), 1 8. Katz A. Sahlin K. (1990). Role of oxygen in regulation of glycolysis and lactate production in human skeletal muscle. Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, 18, 1 28. Medbo J.I., Mohn A.-C., Tabata I., Bahr R., Vaage O., Sejersted O.M. (1988). Anaerobic capacity determined by maximal accumulated O-, deficit. Journal of Applied Physiology, 64 (1), 50 60. Needham D.M. (1971). The biochemistry of muscular contraction in its historical development. Cambridge, MN: University Press. Pernow ., Saltin B. (1986). Muscle metabolism during exercise (pp. 67 74). New York: Plenuth Press 1971. Scott C.B., Roby F.B., Lohmann T.B., Bunt J.C. (1991). The maximally accumulated oxygen deficit as an indicator of anaerobic capacity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23 (5), 618 - 624. Simonson E. (1971). Physiology of work capacity and fatigue. C.C.Thomas: Springfield, IL.Spogaard G. (1991). Role of exercise-induced potassium fluxes underlying muscle fatigue: A brief review. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 69, 238 245. Vandewalle G.P., Monod H. (1987). Standart anaerobic exercise tests. Sports Medicine, 4, 268 289. Vollestad N.K., Bloom P.C.S. (1988). Effect of varying exercise intensity on glycogen depletion in human muscle fibers. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 125, 395 405. Zuntz N. Hagemmann O. (1898). Untersuchungen uber den Stroffwechsel des Pferdes bei Rune und Arbeit (p. 438). Parey: Berlin.

6

. . , , . . , . , . , . . , , , . , . , . 1972 . (..) (.) 16 (10 ) . , (30 35, 86 95), , . 3 4 (6,6 8,8 ) , . ( , ) . , , . , -

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126

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5. , . , . .

, . , . , . , . ? 2. . 3. , ? 4. ? 5. . 6. , , . 7. ? 8. ? 9. . , ? 10. . 11. ? 1. Costill D.L., Coyle E., Dalsky G., Evans W., Fink W., Hoops D. (1977). Effects of elevated plasma FFA and insulin on muscle glycogen usage during exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 43, 695 699. 2. Costill D.L., Fink W.J. (1974). Plasma volume changes following exercise and thermal dehydration. Journal of Applied Physiology, 37, 521 525.

1. -

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130

3. Dill D.B., Costill D.L. (1974). Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in degydration. Journal of Applied Physiology, 37, 247 248. 4. Edington D.W., Edgerton V.R. (1976). The biology of physical activity. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 5. Krotkiewshi M., Gorski J. (1986). Effect of muscular exercise on plasma C-peptide and insulin in obese non-diabetics and diabetics, Type II. Clinical Physiology, 6, 499 506. 6. Sutton J.R., Farrell P.A. (1988). Endocrine responses to prolonged exercise. In D.Lamb and R.Murray (Eds.), Perspectives in exercise science and sports medicine: Prolonged exercise (Vol. 1). Indianapolis, IN: Benchmark Press. Costill D.L., Branam G., Fink W., Nelson R. (1976). Exercise induced solium conservation: Changes in plasma renin and aldosterone. Medicine and Science in Sports, 8,209-213. Costill D.L., Cote R., Miller E., Miller ., Wynder S. (1975). Water and electrolyte replacement during repeated days of work in heat. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 46, 795 - 800. Farrell P.A., Gates W.K., Morgan W.P., Pert C.B. (1983). Plasma leucine enkephalin-like radioreceptor activity and tension-anxiety before and after competitive running. In H.G.Khuttgen J.A. Vogel, Poortmans (Eds.), Biochemistry of exercise (pp. 637 644). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Galbo H. (1983). Hormonal and metabolic adaptation to exercise. New York: Thieme-Stratton.

Ginzel K.H. (1977). Interaction of somatic and autonomic functions in muscular exercise. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 4, 35 86. Grossman A., Bouloux P., Price P., Drury P.L., Lam K.S.L., Turner ., Thomas J., Besser G.M., Sutton J. (1984). The role of opioid peptides in the hormonal responses to acute exercise in man. Clinical Science, 67, 483 491. Shangold M.M. (1984). Exercise and the adult female: hormonal and endocrine effects. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 12, 53 79. Shephard R.J., Sidney K.H. (1975). Effects of physical exercise on plasma growth hormone and cortisol levels in human subjiects. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 3, 1 - 30. Sutton J.R., Farrell P.A., Harber V.J. (1990). Hormonal adaptations to physical activity. In C.Bouchard, R.Shephard, T.Stephens, J.Sutton, B.McPherson (Eds.), Exercise fitness and health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers. Terjung R. (1979). Endocrine response to exercise. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 7, 153 180. Vander A.J., Sherman J.H., Luciano D.S. (1980). Human physiology: The mechanisms of body function (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Wade C.E. (1984). Response, regulation, and actions of vasopressin during exercise: A review. Medicine and Sciences in Sports and Exercise, 16, 506 511. Winder W.W. (1985). Regulation of hepatic glucose production during exercise. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 13, 1 31.

9*

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132

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192

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. , . - . , .

\. , . 2. , . 3. , , ? 4. ? 5. ? ? ? 6. ? 7. ? 2? 8. . 9. , ? ? 10. - ? 11. ( ) ? ? ? 12. ? 13. ? 1. Anderson G.S., Rhodes E.G. (1989). A review of blood lactate and ventilatory methods of detecting transition thresholds. Sports Medicine, 8, 43 55. 2. Davis J.A. (1985). Anaerobic threshold: Review of the concept and directions for future research. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17, 6 18.

3. Dempsey J.A., Vidruk E.H., Mitchell G.S. (1986). Is the lung built foe exercise? Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 18, 143155. 4. Eggleston P.A. (1986). Pathophysiology of exerciseinduced asthma. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 18, 318 321. 5. Folinsbee L.J., Raven P.B. (1984). Exercise and air pollution. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2 57 75. 6. Guyton A.C. (1991). Textbook of medical physiology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. 7. Hermansen L. (1981). Effect of metabolic changes on force generation in skeletal muscle during maximal exercise. In R.Porter and J.Whelan (Eds.). Human muscle fatigue: Physiological mechanisms (pp. 75 88). London: Pitman Medical. 8. Raven P.B. (1979). Heat and air pollution: The cardiac patient. In M.L. Pollock D.H.Schmidt (Eds.), Heart disease and rehabilitation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 9. Sly R.M. (1986). History of exercise-induced asthma. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 18, 314 317. 10. Wasserman K., Mcllroy M.B. (1964). Detecting the threshold of anaerobic metabolism in cardiac patients during exercise. American Journal of Cardiology, 14, 844 852.

Brooks G.A. (1985). Response to Davis manuscript. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 17, 1 9 2 1 . Brooks G.A., Fathey T.D. (1985). Exercise physiology: Human bioenergetics and its applications (pp. 221 278). New York: Wiley. Comroe J.H. (1974). Physiology of respiration (2nd ed.). Chicago: Year Book Medical. Costill D.L. (1970). Metabolic responses during distanse running. Journal of Applied Physiology, 28, 251 255. Costill D.L., Barnett A., Sharp R., Fink W.J., Katz A. (1983). Leg muscle pH following sprint running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 15, 325 329. Costill D.L., Verstappen F., Kuipers H., Janssen E., Fink W. (1984). Acid-base balance during repeated bouts of exercise: Influence of HCO. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 5, 228 231. Dempsey J.A., Vidruk E.H., Mastenbrook S.M. (1980). Pulmonary control systems in exercise. Federation Proceedings, 39, 1498- 1505. Dempsey J.A., Vidruk E.H., Mitchell G.S. (1985). Pulmonary control systems in exercise. Federation Proceedings, 44, 2260 2270. Dempsey J.G. (1985). Exercise and chemoreception. American Review of Respiratory Disease, 129, 31 34. Powers S.K., Howley E.T. (1990). Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance. Dubuque, IA: Brown. Sharp R.L., Costill D.L., Fink W.J., King D.S. (1986). Effects of eight weeks of bicycle ergomrter sprint training on human muscle buffer capacity. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 7, 13 17. Sutton J.R., Jones N.L., Toews C.J. (1981). Effect of pH on muscle glycolysis during exercise. Clinical Science, 61, 331-338.

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