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,

Summary: DJINA VRZI & MILICA GROZDANI

AN OVERVIEW OF THE BELGRADE FORTRESS AREA IN HISTORICAL MAPS AND URBAN PLANS AS A

CONTRIBUTION TO THE PROSPECTIVE PLANNING PROCESSES

The Belgrade Fortress as a stratied archaeological site is an outstandingly rich treasury of material remains of thepast whose overall meaning and signicance goes beyond their material value and without which no study of the historicaldevelopment of Belgrade as a city and society would be possible. The Fortress began as a palisaded earthen fortication inthe early rst millennium and over the centuries evolved into a Roman castrum(2nd c.), a Byzantine castle (6th12th c.),the fortied capital of the medieval Despotate of Serbia (13th15th c.) and, nally, an Austrian/Ottoman artillery stronghold(17th18th c.). Today, the Belgrade Fortress with Kalemegdan Park constitutes a historic complex and a sort of a livingmuseum of the past of the city.

The Belgrade Fortress complex was rst placed under protection by Decision 1108 of 2/12/1946 issued by theDepartment for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of the PR of Serbia attached to the Art Museum. A new decision, 290/4 of 31/5/1956, was issued by the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of the City of Belgrade. Today, theBelgrade Fortress with Kalemegdan Park is a historic complex enjoying the highest level of heritage protection as a cultural

property of outstanding national signicance (Sl. glasnik RS 14/97).In 1969 a detailed master plan for the Kalemegdan area was developed (Sl. list grada Beograda6/69). The views ofthe heritage protection service as regards heritage conservation and restoration methods have since evolved in accordancewith the socioeconomic, technical and technological evolution of the society.

With a view to upgrading Belgrades tourism and cultural offer, a priority item on the heritage protection and planningservices agenda is the development of a master plan for the Belgrade Fortress fully appreciating its historical importance.

Further upgrading and revitalization of the Belgrade Fortress area has required additional studies. Accordingly, theWork Plan of the Cultural Heritage Protection Institute of the City of Belgrade for 2010 included a research project whichwas to substantiate the proposal to the relevant authorities and institutions to pass the Decision on Developing the Bel-grade Fortress Historic ComplexMaster Plan in agreement with the Planning and Development Act (Sl. glasnik RS72/09, 81/09 and 24/11) and the General Master Plan for Belgrade up to 2021 (Sl. list grada Beograda 27/03, 25/05, 34/07and 63/09). The project included a number of studies and analyses aimed at establishing the current state of archaeological,geo-technical and hydrological investigation of the Belgrade Fortress area, the level of its infrastructure, the treatment it hasreceived by planners to date, the urban and legal justiability of the existing structures and the legal status of the users, cir-culation patterns analysis, accessibility analysis of the structures and spaces within the area, etc. In that context, this paperoffers an overview of the Belgrade Fortress area as treated in characteristic historical and, subsequently, urban plans, withthe aim of identifying, scrutinizing and documenting the essential facts pertaining to the historical process of genesis andevolution of the Belgrade Fortress, as well as those that have inuenced the selection of particular concepts and methodsapplied to the planned development and use of the area, the knowledge of which is a basis for planning relationships withinthe Belgrade Fortress historic complex in the future.

The Belgrade Fortress, with Kalemegdan, the conuence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the natural value of theVeliko Ratno Ostrvo, is the visual and spatial dominant of the cityscape and as such should permanently remain the stron-gest accent in the panoramic view of Belgrade from its Danube and Sava sides. Given the extraordinary harmony betweennature and human creations, an important consideration in the prospective planning process for the Belgrade Fortress areashould be the preservation both of the multilayered cultural-historical heritage and of the urban landscape. Views of theBelgrade Fortress and Kosaniev Venac from the river, and views of the rivers and the new part of the city on the left bankof the Sava from the Belgrade Fortress and Kosaniev Venac constitute a distinctive and exceptional value of the area.

From a long-term perspective, the objective to strive for should be the preservation of the outstanding natural valueof the Danube and Sava riparian areas (including the Veliko Ratno Ostrvo and aplja islands) and the cultural, historical,townscape and architectural value of the protected districts associated with the rivers (Belgrade Fortress, Kosaniev Ve-nac, Historic Core of Zemun, Novi Beograd Riverfront), and their interaction and integration through a project which willsubstantiate the nomination of the original nucleus of Belgrades urban genesis for the UNESCO List of World Natural andCultural Heritage.

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ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Belgrade reconstruction plan by Nicolas Doxat de Dmoret, ca1725 (Obristan Doxat de Morez, PLAN der Grantz, in:Festung Belgradmit der neuen projektirten Fortication H, 1725. London, British Library,Map Room, HJ. 35)

Fig. 2 Stockelys plan of Belgrade, 1789, scale 1:7200 (Vienna, WarArhives, [KAW] H III 3163)

Fig. 3 Belgrade in the rst half of the 19th century (18151862), plancompiled by . kalamera (Istorija Beograda, vol. II, ed. V. ubrilovi.Belgrade: Prosveta, 1974)

Fig. 4 Old Belgrade (within the Fosse) as it is now and as it could beregulated, by Emilijan Josimovi, 1867

Fig. 5 Dimitrije Lekos plan for Mali (Little) Kalemegdan, 1898(Svetlana Nedi, Urbanistiko uredjenje Beograda 18661914,Godinjak grada Beograda XXIII (1976), p. 203)

Fig. 6 Alban Chambon, Plan for the town of Belgrade, 1912 (Brussels,Archives dArchitecture Moderne [AAM], Inv. Chambon 3804 T1)

Figs. 7 and 8 Belgrade Fortress area after WWI and in 1928 (CHPIB)

Fig. 9 General Plan for Belgrade by architect Djordje Kovaljevski,1923, scale 1:4000 (Belgrade Town Planning Institute Documentationand Informatics Centre)

Fig. 10 Zoo Plan by engineer Aleksandar Krsti, 1939 (Beograd umapama i planovima od XVIII do XXI veka . Belgrade: Belgrade TownPlanning Institute, 2010, p. 21)

Fig. 11 Attempt to capture and organize the Kalemegdan axis by architectBogdan Bogdanovi (Urbanizam Beograda 66/67 (1982), p. 231)

Figs. 12 and 13 Olympic Kalemegdan after the concept of the German

architect Werner March (Beogradska tvrdjava Sanovnik kontinuitetaBelog grada, eds. Zoran Djukanovi & Marina Andri. Belgrade: JPBeogradska tvrdjava, 2009, pp. 5455)

Figs. 14 and 15 Kalemegdan reconstruction proposal, Town Planning

Institute of the Ministry of Construction of the PR of Serbia, 1946

(Urbanizam kroz vekove, vol. IJugoslavija. Belgrade: Nauna knjiga, 1950)

Fig. 16 General Maste r Plan for Belgrade, 1950, scale 1:10,0Project leader: architect Milo Somborski (BEOGRAD Generurbanistiki plan 1950, ed. Oliver Mini. Belgrade: Izvrni odbor Beograda, 1951)

Fig. 17 Detailed Master Plan for Kalemegdan, 1969: Land useaccordance with the 1950 General Master Plan for Belgrade (CHPIB

Fig. 18 Detailed Master Plan for Kalemegdan, 1969: Area unprotection, archaeological reserves, buffer zone and vistas (CHPIB)

Fig. 19 General Master Plan for Belgrade, 1972. Project leadarchitects Aleksandar Djordjevi & Milutin Glaviki (Belgrade TPlanning Institute Documentation and Informatics Centre)

Fig. 20 Alterations and amendments to the 1985 General Master Pfor Belgrade. Project leader: architect Konstantin Kosti (Belgrade TPlanning Institute Documentation and Informatics Centre)

Fig. 21 Master Plan for Belgrade 2021: Planned land use. Proleaders: architects Vladimir Macura & Miodrag Ferenak (BelgrTown Planning Institute Documentation and Informatics Centre)

Fig. 22 Master Plan for Belgrade 2021: Belgrades enduring as(2001) (Belgrade Town Planning Institute Documentation and InformaCentre)

Fig. 23 Detailed regulation plan for the Kosaniev Venac distPlanned specic-purpose areas (Belgrade Town Planning InstiDocumentation and Informatics Centre)

Fig. 24 University of Belgrade School of Architecture students wwithin the Public Art & Public Space Project (mentor: architect ZoDjukanovi) (Beogradska tvrdjava Sanovnik kontinuiteta Belog greds. Zoran Djukanovi & Marina Andri. Belgrade: JP Beograd

tvrdjava, 2009)Fig. 25 One of two rst-prize winners of the International Architect

and Urban Concept Design Competition for the Beton Hala Waterf

Centre between the Sava Port and Kalemegdan Park in Belgrade

Sou Fujimoto Architects, Consultant Over Arup, Japan (http: wbetonhala.com)