Σταθμοί στην ιστορία των φυσικών επιστημών
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EκπαίδευσηTRANSCRIPT
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. Homo sapiens .
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5500 .. .
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440 ..
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. Albert Einstein
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320 ..
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260 ..
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140 ..
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1025 .
1454
(Johannes Gutenberg).
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1543 O (Nicolaus Copernicus)
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.
.
Albert von Szent-Gyorgyi
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1550 Gerardo Mercator .
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1572 Tycho Brahe (nova).
1583 Simon Stevin.
, , , - .
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1589 (Galileo Galilei)
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' .
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16
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17
. .
Alexis Carrel
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1590 Zacharias Janssen.
1592 .
120 .
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1600 William Gilbert .
, .
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1608 Hans Lippershey.
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1609 Johannes Keppler ,
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1643 vangelista Torricelli.
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. , .
Francis Bacon
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22
1650 Otto von Guericke .
.
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23
1660 O Robert Hook .
1666 Isaac Newton ()
.
.
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24
1668
John Wallis.
1669 Newton Leibnitz ,
,
.
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25
1675
le Roemer.
1686
John Ray.
.
.
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26
1687 ! Isaac Newton
( , -
- ) .
"Principia" (""), ,
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27
1691
John Ray. ,
.
1706 ,
Francis Hauksbee. .
.
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28
1714 Gabriel Fahrenheit .
Fahrenheit
32 212 .
1742 Anders Celsius
0 1000 C.
, , , , .
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29
1738
Daniel Bernoulli.
.
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30
1746 Pieter Van Musschenbroek ,
.
.
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31
1750 O Joseph Black
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.
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32
1752 Benjamin Franklin
.
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33
1768 James Hutton
. .
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34
, : ;
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35
1771
Joseph Priestley.
, .
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36
1774 Antoine Lavoisier
20%
80% .
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37
1781 James Watt.
B E.
.
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38
1783 .
1785 Charles Coulomb
.
1789 ,
. L. Lavoisier.
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39
1798 Henry Cavendish.
1800 Alessandro Volta.
W. Nicholson J. W. Ritter.
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40
1801 ( William
Hershel) ( Johann Ritte)
Thomas Young .
.
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41
1803 ( )
John Dalton.
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42
1811 Amendeo Avogadro .
1820 Hans Oersted
.
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43
1820 Andre Ampere
, .
1827 Georg Ohm .
.
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44
1827 Brown. .
Robert Brown.
80 Albert Einstein.
.
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45
1831 Michael Faraday
.
.
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46
1831 Michael Faraday.
Joseph Henry.
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47
1838
Matthias Schleiden Theodor Schwann.
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48
1839
Charles Lyell.
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49
1842 Christian Doppler
,
.
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50
, .
Albert Einstein
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51
1843 .
James Joule .
. Francis Bacon
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52
1844 Samuel Morse.
.
1847
Herman Helmholtz.
.
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53
1849 , ,
Hippolyte Fizeau
.
Leon Foucault, ,
.
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54
1859 Gustav Kirchhoff
.
, ,
.
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55
1860 Charles Darwin ( )
.
1865 James Maxwell ,
,
.
.
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56
1865 Gregor Mendel
.
, , - .
Steven Hawking
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57
1869
Dmitri Mendeleyev. ,
.
1876 Nicolaus Otto
.
. (
C. F. Benz 1885). ,
,
.
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58
1879 Thomas Edison
,
.
1880 William Crookes
E. Goldstein,
. ,
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59
1882 Robert Koch .
1883
Nikola Tesla. .
,
.
.
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60
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Francis Bacon
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61
, .
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62
1885 Louis Pasteur .
, .
Margaret Mead
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63
1887 lbert Michelson dward Morley
(!) .
, . Thomas Edison
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64
1888 Heinrich Hertz.
!
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65
1895 Whilhelm Roentgen .
.
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66
1895 Lumiere .
, .
Elbert Hubbard
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67
1896 Henri Becquerel
. Marie Curie,
.
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68
1897
Joseph Thomson ,
.
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69
1898 ,
.
1900 Max Planck
,
.
1900 Becquerel, Rutherford Villard, ,
.
: , ,
, .
(He).
. Francis Bacon
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70
1901 Guglielmo Markoni.
,
. .
1903 Wright.
, . , .
Henri Amiel
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71
1903 ,
onstantin Tsiolkovsky.
, , .
55 .
1904 J. J. Thomson
, .
1904 , ,
.
, . Thomas Fuller
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72
1905
lbert Einstein.
. ewton,
.
A. Einstein
. Einstein. Brown,
.
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73
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74
1910
Alfred Wegener.
1911 rnest Rutherford
, ,
, ,
.
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75
1911 Robert Millikan
, .
1913 Niels Bohr
.
1916 A. Einstein.
,
(.. )
Newton .
.
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76
1919 Rutherford.
,
,
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1920 .
1922 . .
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1923 Arthur Compton
.
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77
1923 De Broglie
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1925 :
,
. .
Francis Aston .
1925
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, ,
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, .
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1925 John Baird .
, .
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79
1927 Werner Heisenberg
,
. ,
,
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1927 Georges Lemaitre
:
,
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.
(Big Bang).
, .
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80
1928 Alexander Fleming.
.
. . . .
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81
. .
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82
1929 Edwin Hubble,
.
.
1929 , John Cockroft Ernest Walton
.
.
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83
1930 Paul Dirac
.
1930 Ernest Lawrence
, .
.
Henry Thoreau
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84
1930 , ,
Vannevar Bush.
1931 Wolfgang Pauli
.
Enrico Fermi
. 25 .
, .
Antonio Porchia
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85
1932 James Chadwick.
,
.
.
1932 , Carl Anderson.
(positive electron)
.
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86
1932 , Ernst
Ruska.
,
.
1932 Karl Jansky.
1934 Fermi (p) 93,
, .
Fermi ,
,
.
.
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87
1935 Robert Watson-Watt
.
1937 .
1938 George Gamow 1929
.
1938.
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88
1939 O Otto ahn .
Leo Szilard
.
1939 Edwin Armstrong ( )
, (Frequency Modulation FM).
1940 ( ),
Donald Kerst.
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89
1941 .
, 1930
Frank Whittle.
1942 . ,
Fermi, .
. .
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90
1944
. Wernher von Braun
.
1945 .
1945 ,
,
.
, .
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91
1946 Felix Bloch Edward Purcell
(NMR). NMR
.
, . Pierre Laplace
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92
1946 .
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93
1947 Cecil Powell .
1947 Willard Libby
14.
: . .
Albert Einstein
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94
1947 ,
, .
1948 Richard Feynman
(), ,
, ,
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, .
John Ray
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95
1952 .
.
1952 (
) . ,
,
. .
1953 Francis Crick James Watson
DNA.
Rosalind Franklin .
1954 ,
, .
. (:
).
.
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96
1954 , - CERN (
) 12 -
. (2002) CERN 20
5.500 .
1954 ,
. .
1955 Emilio Segre
Owen Chamberlain.
.
1956 , 25
W. Pauli.
.
.
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97
1956 ,
, . 10
.
1957 .
.
Explorer I.
1960 Theodore Maiman laser.
laser ,
, , .
, . , .
Scott Peck
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98
1961 ,
, .
1961 A Murray Gell-Mann (quarks),
.
, , .
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99
1964 Arno Penzias Robert Wilson
,
Big Bang , .
1969 Neil Armstrong Buzz Aldrin
.
1972 laser, CD.
,
computers.
, .
-
100
1972 Martin Cooper .
1974
. 6 6 .
.
6 , , 6
.
, . Marie Curie
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101
1974
Donald Johanson Tom Gray.
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102
1979 ,
(QCD). QCD 1972
.
1980 .
.
1983 "UA1", CERN, W+, W- 0,
.
Carlo Rubbia Simon van der Meer.
1987 , ,
.
.
1989 CERN WWW (World Wide Web).
,
CERN.
WWW Internet.
1989 Lep Collider (
): .
27 km.
.
-
103
1990 Hubble.
.
20
(Standard odel),
,
, .
.
. Francis Bacon
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104
2001 .
... !!!
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