1.ViewViewANSI/SPARC 2.

8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 8-5 View

SQLSQL

8-1 8-1

SQL

(Restrict)(Project)(Cartesian Product)(Join)(Division)(Union)(Intersection)(Difference)

8-2 1.(Restrict)2.(Project)3.(Cartesian Product)4.(Join)5.(Division)

8-2.1(Restrict) () (sigma)Pp(R)R () SQL Where (AND, OR , NOT)

R (Predicate) PR

SQLPp(R)SELECT FROM RWHERE P //

3

SQL

SQL=3() SELECT *FROM WHERE ='3'

8-2.2 (Project) R (pai)RA1A2A3An A1,A2,A3An(R)R () SQLSelect From

RR

SQLSELECT //FROM

(R)

SQL

SQL() SELECT ,FROM

8-2.3 (Cartesian Product)R1R2 R3(Cartesian Product) (Cross Product)(Cross Join) R1r1mR2r2nR3 rrm n R3=X SQLSELECT * FROM A,B

R1r1mR2r2nR3rrm n

1 2SELECT *FROM A,BSELECT *FROM A CROSS JOIN B

1.R1 () R2 () R1 () R2 ()=R3 R1(r=3)(m=2)R2(r2=3)(n=3) R3rr=6 R3(..) R3m n=6

(2)(3)(23)=6

6

C001(C002,C003)(Inner Join)

2.SQL

SQL Server

SQL1.

2. CROSS JOIN --1.SELECT *FROM ,--2.SELECT *FROM CROSS JOIN

8-2.4 (Join) R1R2R3PR1 pR2 R3= R1 pR2 SQLSELECT * FROM A,B WHERE P

()

(FKPK)

()Inner Join() ()Outer Join() 1. 2. ()Join Itself()

(FKPK) ()Cross Join() ()Union() ()Intersect() ()Except()

8-2.4.1 (Inner Join) (Inner Join)(Condition Join)Outer join

().=. ().60< ().= ().>=60

1.SELECTWHERE(Equi-Join)

2.SELECTFROMINNER JOIN(Natural Join)(Inner Join)From A ,BWhere (A.c=B.c)From A INNER JOIN BON A.c=B.c

1. .=..=.

2.SQL (1)(Equi-Join)

(2)INNER JOIN

Select ,,.,,From ,Where .=.SELECT ,,.,,FROM INNER JOIN ON .=.

3. () ? ? () ? , , ,

ch8-2.4.1A.accdbSELECT *FROM AS A, AS B

(Join) Where

SELECT *FROM AS A, AS BWHERE A.=B.SELECT *FROM AS A, AS BWHERE A.=B.And B.>=7054

SELECT A., , , FROM AS A, AS BWHERE A.=B.And B.>=70SELECT A., , AVG() AS FROM AS A, AS BWHERE A.=B.And B.>=70GROUP BY A., (85+100)/2=92.5

SELECT A., , AVG() AS FROM AS A, AS BWHERE A.=B.And B.>=70GROUP BY A., HAVING AVG()>=70SELECT A., , AVG() AS FROM AS A, AS BWHERE A.=B.And B.>=60GROUP BY A., HAVING AVG()>=70ORDER BY AVG() DESC;70()

4. (Inner Join)

8-2.4.2 (Outer Join) (Join)NULL

1.(Left Outer Join ) 2.(Right Outer Join ) 3.(Full Outer Join )

SELECT *FROM A [RIGHT | LEFT | FULL] [OUTER ][JOIN] B ON A.PK=B.FK

1

ch8-2-4-2.accdb

()(Tuples)NULL()1. Access2007SQL Server 2008

2.SQL

SELECT *FROM AS A LEFT JOIN AS B ON A.=B.

2SQL

1.

2.SQL

3.

--1.1()SELECT A.,A.FROM AS A LEFT OUTER JOIN AS B ON A.=B.WHERE B. IS NULL

1

()(Tuples)NULL()1. Access2007SQL Server 2008

2.SQL

--2.SELECT *FROM AS A RIGHT JOIN AS B ON A.=B. ORDER BY B.

2SQL

1.

2.SQL

3.

--2.1()SELECT B.,B.FROM AS A RIGHT OUTER JOIN AS B ON A.=B.WHERE A. IS NULL

1

(Tuples)NULL()1.

2.SQL

SELECT *FROM AS A FULL OUTER JOIN AS B ON A.=B.;FULL OUTER JOINSQL Server

8-2.4.3(Join Itself)

()

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1Null2132425363738395104

1

SELECT A. AS , B. AS , B.FROM AS A LEFT JOIN AS B ON A.=B.WHERE A.=

2()SELECT , , , (Select from B where A.=B.) AS FROM AS A;

3()SELECT A., A., A., B. AS FROM AS A LEFT JOIN AS B ON A.=B.;

4()SELECT A. AS , B. AS FROM AS A LEFT JOIN AS B ON A.=B.; -- A,B

5()SELECT A. AS , A., B. AS FROM AS A, AS BWHERE A.=B. AND Right(A.,2)=''; -- A,B

8-2.5 (Division) R1 R2 R1R2 SQL Select WhereNOT EXISTS NOT(Divide)

SQL(Divide) (Divide)FORALLWHERENOT EXISTSNOT

R1 R2

SELECT FROM WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM WHERE .1=.1 AND .2=.2))

1

() () () ?

2(60)

() () 60() ? ?

(60)

S0001C00573S0002C00292S0002C00563S0003C00492S0003C00570S0004C00375S0004C00488S0004C00568S0005C00560

#1S0001C00156#2S0001C00573#3S0002C00292#4S0002C00563#5S0003C00492#6S0003C00570#7S0004C00375#8S0004C00488#9S0004C00568#10S0005C00560

(Join)

EXISTS

EXISTS

FOR ALL(NOT EXITSTS NOT)

.C0054C0054C0054C0054

4

307

() ? LIKE '07'() ()

07

C0207-7878788C0307-6454555C0507-3355444

(Join)

EXISTS

EXISTS

FOR ALL(NOT EXITSTS NOT)

.C0207-7878788C0507-3355444

8-3 1.(Intersection)2.(Union)3.(Difference)

8-3.1(Intersection) R1R2 ()R3 R1 R2 SQLFrom R1 Intersect R2

SQLABSelect *From A Intersect B

9798 97 98

SQLSELECT * FROM [97]INTERSECTSELECT * FROM [98]

8-3.2(Union) R1R2 R3R3 R1 R2 SQLFrom R1 Union R2

SQL

SQLABSelect *From A Union B

9798 97 98

SQLSELECT * FROM [97]UNIONSELECT * FROM [98]

8-3.3(Difference) R1R2 RR1R2 R1R1R2 R1 R2 SQLFrom R1 Except R2

R1R1R2R1-R2R1-(R1R2)

SQLABSelect *From A Except B

9798 97 98

SQLSELECT * FROM [97]ExceptSELECT * FROM [98]

1

1

(1) (2)

2 ?

2 ?(1)()(2)()

8-4 Where 1.(=)2.(IN)3.(EXIST)

SQL

ch8-4.accdb

Access

8-4.1 ==Where

18-4

SQLSELECT A., FROM AS A, AS BWHERE A.=B. AND B.=(SELECT C. FROM AS C WHERE = '');

1

SQL

ch8-Score.accdb

SQLSELECT *FROM WHERE > (SELECT AVG() FROM );

2

SQL

ch8-Score.accdb

SQLSELECT *FROM WHERE = (SELECT MAX() FROM );

VB2005VB2008SQL

[] ch8-4.sln

8-4.2 IN INININ

(IN) 8-4

SQLSELECT A., FROM AS A, AS BWHERE A.=B. AND B. IN(SELECT C. FROM AS C WHERE LIKE '*');

8-4.3 EXIST TRUEFALSETRUEFALSE

EXISTS8-4

TRUE

SQLSELECT DISTINCT A., FROM AS A, AS BWHERE A.=B. AND EXISTS(SELECT C. FROM AS C WHERE ='');

8-4.4 ALLANY ()ALLANY ALL1 A >ALL BA25 60 80 100B 30 50

A >ALL BAB{60,80,100}

1

SQLSELECT , , FROM WHERE >ALL (SELECT FROM );

ALL2 A

2

SQLSELECT , , FROM WHERE

ANY1 A >ANY BA25 60 80 100B 30 50

A >ANY BAB{60,80,100}

3

SQLSELECT , , FROM WHERE >ANY (SELECT FROM );

ANY 2 A

4

SQLSELECT , , FROM WHERE

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1EXISTSP3 8-4

1. (1) (2)2.

() ?() || 'P3'()

[]

[1]TrueFalse

Select DISTINCTFromWhere.=.AND ='P3'

(True)

2INP3 8-4

1. (1) (2)2.

() ?() || 'P3'()

[]

(JOIN)Select DISTINCTFromWhere.=.AND ='P3'

(IN)SELECT DISTINCT FROM StepWHERE . IN(SELECT .FROM StepWHERE ='P3')

(P3)

IN

.S1S4S5

3EXISTSP38-4 NOT EXISTS

Select DISTINCTFromWhere NOT EXISTS(Select * From Where.=.AND ='P3')

4INP38-4

1. (1) (2)2.

() ?() || 'P3'()

[][] [2]

NOT INSELECT DISTINCT FROM WHERE . NOT IN(SELECT .FROM WHERE ='P3')

5IN8-4

1. (1) (2)2.

() ? Step () Step() || Step '

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(IN)SELECT DISTINCT FROM StepWHERE . IN(SELECT .FROM StepWHERE . IN(SELECT .FROM StepWHERE=''))

IN

IN

P3

.S1S4S5

8-5 View ViewViewView ViewANSI/SPARC(View Table)ANSI/SPARCExternal Level

8-5-1VIEW (View)(Base Table) (View Table)SQL

(Base Table)SQL

(View Table)(Base Table)View Select SQL

8-5-2 View View1. 2. 3. ()4.

**

***********(Join)(Cartesian Product)(Cross Product)(Cross Join)

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