ak.wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetibiznesis da marTvis departamenti

daviT gociriZe

sakredito kavSirebis ekonomikuri maCveneblebi da maTi amaRlebis gzebi imereTis regionSi

biznesis marTvis magistris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad- warmodgenili.

samagistro naSromispecialoba: agrobiznesis menejmenti

mecnier xelmZRvaneli: biznesis marTvis doqtori d.silagaZe

q.quTaisi 2011

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gegmaSesavali.Tavi I. safinanso-sabanko da fulad sakredito urTierTobaTa sistema da

misi srulyofis rekomendaciebi1.1 safinanso-sabanko da fulad-sakredito urTierTobaTa sistema da misi

srulyofis rekomendaciebi.1.2 saqarTvelos sabanko seqtoris Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da misi

ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi1.3 fulad-sakredito politika1.4 komerciuli bankebis mier erTovnuli ekonomikis da maT Soris

agraruli seqtoris dakrediteba1.5 bankebis filialebis gafarToeba1.6 sabanko sistemis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi imereTis regionSiTavi II. sakredito kavSirebi 2.1 biznesis fulad sakredito uzrunvelyofa 2.2 sakrdito kavSirebis arsi, aucilebloba misi Sinaarsi da ZiriTadi moTxovnebi 2.3 imereTis regionSi arsebuli problemebi 2.4 sakredito kavSirebis ganviTareba ucxoeTSi da saqarTveloSi.

Tavi III. sakredito kavSirebis da mikrosafinanso organizaciebis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi3.1 mikrosafinanso organizaciebi3.2 s/m dakrediteba mikrosafinanso organizaciebis mier3.3 ucxouri kapitalis monawileoba da qarTul sabanko seqtorSi3.4 zogierTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi tendencia saqarTvelos finansur sistemaSi3.5 fulad- sakredito politikis amocanebidaskvnebi da winadadebebi.gamoyenebuli literatura.

Sesavali2

saqarTveloSi bolo wlebSi Seqmnilma disproporciebma soflis meurneobis Zireuli ngreva gamoiwvia. maRali saqonelmwarmoebluri dargebis degradaciam safinanso resursebis mwvave deficiti Seqmna. sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis glexTa kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadacemam da agraruli sferos sawarmoTa privatizaciam soflad warmoSva kerZo mesakuTreTa fena da moamzada winapirobebi fermeruli da wvrili glexuri meurneobebis Seqmna-ganviTarebisTvis. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom am meurneobebis sawyisi kapitali ar gaaCndaT. mdgomareobas isic arTulebda, rom qveyanas deficituri biujetis gamo investirebis an Tundac sakredito xazis funqcionirebis saSualeba ar qonda. aseT pirobebSi agraruli sferos finansuri uzrnvelyofa da warmoebis mudmivad ganaxlebadi ciklis SenarCuneba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, Tu ver moxerxda misi saSualo da grZelvadiani dakrediteba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, rogorc praqtika adasturebs mimdinare etapze, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis finansuri uzrunvelyofis erT-erTi progresuli forma soflad sakredito kavSirebis ganviTarebaa, romelTa funqcionirebisTvis ekonomukiri da samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi saxelmwifos mier ukve Seqmnilia. am problemis mecnierulad dasabuTebulma gadawyvetam xeli unda Seuwyos sakredito kavSirebis ganviTarebas da Semdgom srulyofas. sakredito kavSirebis Seqmna damokidebulia arsebuli ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebaze. amasTan erTad saxelmwifom da regionuli marTvis organoebma aqtiurad xeli unda Seuwyon sakredito kavSirebis qselis gafarToebas, romlebmac donorebis mxardaWeris etapis Semdeg sakuTari danazogebis mobilizebiTa da erToblivi pasuxismgeblobis meqanizmis daxvewiT unda SeZlon UurTierToba komeciul sabanko seqtorTan da moemsaxuron fermerul (glexur) meurneobebs. naSromSi ganxilulia safinanso-sakredito sistemis mniSvneloba saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis yovelmxrivi ganviTarebisTvis, risTvisac aucilebelia saxelmwifos mxardaWera. saqarTveloSi arsebuli komerciuli bankebis roli da mniSvneloba agraruli seqtoris da politikis srulyofis

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saqmeSi, bankebis mier grZelvadiani da moklevadiani sesxebis gadacemis wesi da pirobebi.

Temis aqtualoba _ Cveni kvlevis obieqti aris imereTis regioni, moqmedi sakredito kavSirebi, maTi ganviTarebis xelis SemSleli mizezebi da agraruli seqtoris ekonomikuri krizisidan gamoyvanis mizniT sakredito kavSirebis Camoyalibebis da ganviTarebis procesis daCqareba, romelic msofliobankis, soflis meurneobis da saerTaSoriso fondis da safrangeTis mTavrobis mxardaWeriT xorcieldeba. sabanko dakrediteba da saerTod, sakredito sistemis meqanizmi miznad unda isaxavdes mewarmeTa Semosavlebis zrdasa da Semdgom danazogebs, romelic sakredito resursebis formirebis erT-erT ZiriTad wyarod unda Camoyalibdes. saxelmwifom da regionuli marTvis organoebma aqtiuad unda Seuwyon xeli sakredito kavSirebis qselis gafarToebas, romlebmac donorebis mxardaWeris etapis Semdeg sakuTari danazogebis mobilizebiTa da erToblivi pasuxismgeblobis meqanizmis daxvewiT unda SeZlon urTierToba komeciul sabanko seqtorTan da maRal doneze moemsaxuron fermerul meurneobebsa da sxva kerZo struqturebs. aseTi sistema safuZvels Cauyris fermerul (glexur) meurneobebs, gadamamuSavebel sawarmoebs da banks Soris jansaRi komeciuli urTierTobebis damyarebas.

kvlevis mizani da amocanebi: Temis damuSavebis mizania im mizezebis Seswavla da gamovlena, romlebic xels uSlis sakredito kavSrebis ganviTarebas. aseve sabanko-safinanso sistemis mniSvneloba soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis. aRniSnuli miznis realizacia moiTxovs Semdegi amocanebis gadawyvetas:D

Sesaswavli iqnes imereTis regionSi arsebuli sakredito kavSirebi moxdes saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan TanamSromlobis procesis

swori warmarTva dadgindes sesxis gadauxdelobis mizezebi daregulirdes saxelmwifo da sakredito kavSirebis urTierToba.

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mecnieruli siaxle: kvlevis Sedegad dadgenilia, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflio bankisa da sxva organizaciebis xelSewyobiT saqarTvelos bevr regionSi Seiqmna da funqcionirebs sakredito kavSirebi, mainc arsebobs maTi normaluri saqmianobis Semaferxebeli sazogadoebebi. soflis meurneobaSi sakmaod problemuria xelisSemSleli mizezebiT kreditebis droulad dabrunebis SesaZlebloba. amjamad moqmedi wesebiT giraoSi Cadebuli likviduri saSualebebis (oqro, saxli) realizacia sabolood gaaRatakebs mosaxleobas. es ki Tavis mxriv gamoiwvevs undoblobas kreditorebis mimarT, rac sabolood damRupvel gavlenas iqoniebs mTlianad agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebaze.

praktikuli mniSvneloba: samagistro naSromi daxmarebas gauwevs sakredito kavSirebis wevrebs, dainteresebul pirebs, raTa TavianT saqmianobaSi ixelmZRvanelon im winadadebebiT da rekomendaciebiT, rac miRebuli iqna kvlevis Sedegad (amaRldes TiTeuli sakredito kavSiris formirebis, funqcionirebis da ukugebis done, gaumjobesdes soflad mcxovrebi ojaxebis materialuri, socialuri da sulieri pirobebi, rac dadebiT gavlenas moaxdens saqarTvelosTvis iseT mtkivneul problemaze, rogoricaa demografiuli situacia

Tavi I. safinanso-sabanko da fulad sakredito urTierTobaTa sistema da misi srulyofis

rekomendaciebi1.1 safinanso-sabanko da fulad sakredito urTierTobaTa sistema

da ganviTarebis tendenciebi

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safinanso-sabanko da fulad sakredito urTierTobaTa sistema urTulesi meqanizmia, romelSic airekleba rogorc ekonomikis qmediTunarianobis done, ise sazogadoebis socialuri sferos motivaciebic. igi moicavs sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis iseT mxareebs, rogoricaa: fulis masis aucilebeli Sesabamisoba materialur faseulobebTan, momiqcevisaTvis saWiro fulis masis gansazRvra da gadasaxadebis regulireba, sabanko, sakredito, sabaJo, saxazino urTierTobaTa mowesrigeba, fasis da faswarmoqmnis meqanizmis SemuSaveba, romelic akmayofilebs momxmareblis da mimwodeblis interesebs. fulad sakredito politikis sworad gageba finansur saqmianobaSi Rrmad Cawvdomis, arsebiTi faqtorebis gamoyofis da mTlianad sameurneo saqmianobis warmatebis safuZvels warmoadgens. fulad-sakredito da sabanko-safinanso sistemebi organuladaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan da qmnis qveynis erTobliv safinanso sferos. saqarTvelos sabanko sistema jer-jerobiT nakleb zegavlenas axdens ekonomikis zrdasa da investiciebis aqtivobaze, maRalia saprocento ganakveTebi da moklevadiania kreditebi, amitom, sawarmoebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT sasoflo sameurneo sawarmoebisaTvis kreditis aReba araxelsayreli da SeuZlebelia. safinanso sabanko da fulad sakredito urTierTobaTa sistemis srulyofa moiTxovs Sesabamis sakanonmdeblo bazaze dayrdnobiT iseTi gadawyvetilebis miRebas, romlebic qveynis winaSe mdgari amocanebis (ekonomikis zrda, valutis stabiluroba, sagadasaxdelo balansis dadebiTi saldos miRweva da sxva) gadawyvetas uzrunvelyofs. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebisTanave – 1991 wlidan daiwyo saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis transformirebis procesi. Seiqmna saTanado sakanonmdeblo da normatiuli baza, romlis safuZvelzec Camoyalibda or iarusiani universaluri sabanko sistema: erTis mxriv, saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, rogorc qveynis monetaruli politikis warmmarTveli da sabanko sistemis maregulirebeli organo, meore mxriv ki, komerciuli bankebis qseli, romlis Seqmna 1992 wlidan daiwyo da mogvianebiT (1993-1995 wlebSi), xuTi saxelmwifo bankis (“eqsimbanki”, ”Semnaxveli banki”,

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“agromrewvbanki”, “mrewvmSenbanki” da “binsocbanki”) privatizebis Semdeg, dasrulda. nebismieri qveynis finansuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi ekonomikis adekvaturi da misi ganviTarebis Taviseburebebis Sesabamisi fulad-sakredito sistemis Seqmnas umniSvnelovanesi adgili uWiravs. fulad-sakredito urTierTobebi mWidro kavSirSia sabiujeto urTierTobebTan. ekonomikis saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis efeqtianoba didad aris damokidebuli mis swor koordinaciaze, raSic gansazRvreli roli fulad-sakredito urTierTobebs akisria. sabazro ekonomikaSi fulad sakredito politikis, rogorc qveynis makroekonomikuri regulirebis Semadgeneli nawilis, upirvelesi mizania bazris funqcionirebisaTvis normaluri finansuri pirobebis SeqmniT ekonomikis stabilizaciisa da ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva. aqedan gamomdinare, igi ekonomikuri koniuqturis mniSvnelovani instrumentia. fulad sakredito politikis amocanebia:

fulze moTxovnisa da miwodebis dabalanseba, fulis bazarze wonasworobis SenarCuneba, mimoqcevis sferoSi fuladi masis regulireba da kontroli

erovnuli valutis kursis regulireba; inflaciis donis regulireba; ekonomikuri ciklebis regulireba; iafi sakredito resursebi, ekonomikis regulirebis seqtoris

uzrunvelyofa, finansuri gajansaReba da investiciebis stimulireba; ekonomikuri subieqtebis interesebis realizacia.

amrigad, qveynis makroekenomikur regulirebaSi fulad-sakredito politikas udidesi roli akisria. zemoT aRniSnuli amocanebis realizaciis gareSe igi mowyvetilia qveynis socialur-ekonomikur procesebs da ekonomikis destabilizaciis mniSvnelovan faqtorad gadaiqceva. es ukanaskneli ki gamoixateba ekonomikis struqturuli deformaciis maRal xarisxSi, ekonomikis kriminalizaciisa da korufciis did maStabebSi, investiciur krizissa da masobriv gadauxdelobaSi, saxelmwifo valis zrdaSi

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da a.S yovelive es udidesi ekonomikuri safrTxis winaSe ayenebs saxelmwifos da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis moSlas ganapirobebs. maSasadame, fulad-sakredito politikis avkargianobaze, imaze, Tu ramdenad kargad aris mosadagebuli igi ekonomikis saerTo pirobebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, rogor asrulebs Tavis miznebsa da amocanebs, bevradaa damokidebuli qveyanaSi ekonomikuri wesrigis damyareba. fulad sakredito sistemis adeqvaturi politikis ganxorcieleba da maTi optimaluri SeTanawyobis miRwevis metad rTuli problemis gadaWra saxelmwifos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa da upirveles yovlisa, centraluri bankis prerogativaa. es ukanaskneli sabanko ekonomikaSi mTlianad agebs pasuxs fulis mimoqcevis mdgomareobaze. ar SeiZleba imis uaryofa, rom fuli ekonomikuri urTierTobis erT-erTi “mgrZnobiare” elementia, romelsac didi socialuri datvirTva gaaCnia. amitom misi mimoqcevis efeqtian regulirebas emsaxureba qveynis mTeli fulad-sakredito sistema, romlis simyare finansuri usafrTxoebis mnisvnelovani instrtumentia. fulad-sakredito urTierTobis arsis sworad gageba saSualebas iZleva adamianebi ukeT gaerkvnen finansuri muSaobis praqtikaSi, ganasxvavon arsebiTi araarsebiTisgan da amiT finansur saqmianobaSi warmateba uzrunvelyon. qveynis fulad-sakredito politika agreTve gulisxmobs ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebas da ganviTarebas Tanasworuflebianobis principebis dacvis safuZvelze. sakredto sistema organulad aris dakavSirebuli qveynis finansur sistemasTan. krediti, rogorc ekonomikuri kategoria gamoiyeneba ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da ganmtkicebis aqtiur iaraRad. krediti iTvleba sasaqonlo materialuri faseulobebis da fuladi saxsrebis brunvis daCqarebis mniSvnelovan faqtorad, rac amcirebs sasaqonlo stadiaSi yofnis dros da mimoqcevis xarjebs misi Senaxvis periodSi. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi krediti soflis meurneobaSi gamoiyeneba rogorc sawarmo danaxarjebis, aseve ZiriTadi fondebis cveTis xarjebis dasafaravad. Tu krediti gamoyenebuli iqna mkacrad dadgenili danaxarjebis dasafaravad da winaswar gansazRvruli xarjebis

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nomrebis dacviT, am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kreditis mizani miRweulia da kreditis dafarva Semosavlebis xarjze – garantirebuli. Tanamedrove pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos miRebuli kreditis miznobrivi gamoyenebis princips. am mxriv jer kidev bevri ram aris gasakeTebeli. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis dabali done garkveulwilad ganpirobebulia sawarmoo danaxarjebis daukrediteblobiT. aRniSnuli ki ori garemoebiTaa gamowveuli: jer erTi, komerciuli bankebi SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi Tavs arideben soflad sakredito urTierTobebis damyarebas da meorec, amave finansuri mizezis gamo maRali saprocento ganakveTis sawarmoTa finansur mdgomareobaze uaryofiTad zemoqmedebs. ganusazRvrelad didia sabanko-safinanso sistemis mniSvneloba soflis meurneobis da kvebis mrewvelobis yovelmxrivi ganviTarebisaTvis da am mimarTulebiT, dRes, rogorc arasdros, aucilebelia soflisaTvis saxelmwifo mxardaWera. glexuri (fermeruli) meurneobis, axlad Seqmnili kooperativebisa da meurneobriobis sxva formebis saqmianoba mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogori mxardaWera eqneba maT saxelmwifosagan – gansakuTrebiT samarTliani, SeRavaTiani, drouli sakredito uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT. soflad kreditze moTxovnileba maRalia, magram ar arsebobs am moTxovnilebis srulyofili da myari sistema. dReis mdgomareobiT SezRudulia kreditis gamoyenebis sfero, rac aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisTvis. soflad ekonomikis Sesatyvisi warmoebiT urTierTobaTa damkvidreba ki farTo SesaZleblobebis Seqmnis Setanil iqnas adeqvaturi cvlilebebi sakredito urTierTobebSi. qveynis erovnuli ekonomikis Rrma krizisuli mdgomareobidan gamoyvanisa da mis finansur ganmtkicebaSi didi roli eniWeba swor fulad-sakredito politikas. igi, rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri politikis ganuyreli nawili, unda emsaxurebodes erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebas da warmoebis iseTi donis miRwevas, romelic uzrunvelyofs mimoqcevaSi gamoSvebuli fulis masis maqsimalur dasaqonlebas da amiT inflaciis Tavidan acilebas, rac ase aqtualuria dRevandeli saqarTvelosTvis.

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qveynis fulad –sakredito politikis mTavari mamoZravebeli RerZi unda iyos saxelmwifos mier fulad sakredito instrumentis mizan mimarTuli gamoyeneba ekonomikis winaSe mdgari amocanebi (ekonomikis zrda, valutis stabiluroba, sagadasaxdelo balansis dadebiTi saldos miRweva da sxva) gadasawyvetad. igi unda gaxdes stabilizaciis miRwevis qmediTi instrumenti. praqtikam daadastura, rom saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva da krizisis daZleva SeuZlebelia, amis naTeli magaliTia samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis qveynebi, romlebmac monetaruli modelis gverdis avliT ”ekonomikis saswaulebs” miaRwies. saqarTveloSi ekonomikis regulirebaSi saxelmwifos rolis gaZlierebis mizniT, Cveni azriT, saWiroa indikaturi gegmebis Sedgena, rogorc mTeli qveynis maStabiT, ise regionul WrilSi. saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos strategiuli dargebis da sakomunikacio sistemebis marTva ucxoeTis qveynebTan xelSekrulebisa da kontaqtebis dasadebad, samarTlebrivi bazis Seqmna, ekonomikurTan erTad marTvis administraciuli meTodebis gamoyeneba. momavalSi qveynis mTavrobisa da erovnuli bankis mier unda ganxorcieldes Semdegi RonisZiebebi:

Sida bazris dacva da saeqsporto saqmianobaze mkacri kontrolis dawesebis saxelmwifoebrivi politikis ganxorcieleba.

qveynis mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa sasursaTo maragiT, romlis ZiriTadi wyaro unda gaxdes soflis meurneoba da gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba.

soflis meurneobisadmi saxelmwifo finansuri daxmarebis programaSi mTavari sakiTxi unda gaxdes kerZo sasoflo sameurneo seqtoris dakrediteba, rodesac sesxebi SeiZleba mieces Tamasuqis qveS, momavali mosavlis realizaciis amonagebidan dafarvis pirobiT. amasTan, faswarmoqmnaSi gamoyenebul unda iqnes Tundac erTi sameurneo wlis manZilze Camoyalibebuli sabazro fasebis done. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisaTvis aucilebel resursebze, manqanebze, inventarze, navTobproduqtebze, sasuqebsa da herbicidebze. gamoricxuli ar unda iqnes samrewvelo saqonlis agrarul seqtorze – produqciaze gacvlis sakontaqto sistemis gamoyenebac:

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saxelmwifo daxmarebiT sainvestico bankebis (saxelmwifo, saauqciono da korporaciuli) farTo qselis Seqmna. maTi mTavari funqcia unda gaxdes komerciul safuZvelze mTeli sainvesticio finansuri brunvis organizacia, sawarmoTa arendiT gadacema. aqciebis yidva-gayidva, grZelvadiani sesxebis gacema da a.S. dRes realurad ar moqmedebs grZelvadiani dakreditebis instituti, romlis gareSec sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebis xsna SeuZlebelia:

minimumande unda Semcirdes subsidiebi saxelmwifo biujetidan da igi unda Seicvalos sesxebiT, amiT gaizrdeba fulis resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianoba;

aucilebelia fulad sakredito politikis liberalizacia. ra Tqma unda, igi zRvar gadacilebulic ar unda iyos;

sistemur midgomaze dafuZnebuli qveynis antiinflaciuri programa da mis Sesatyvisad SemuSavebuli, kargad mofiqrebuli da gamoTvlili fulad-sakredito politika Tavisi maRali saSemsruleblo pasuxismgeblobiT unda warmoadgendes saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri reformebis programis Semadgenel nawils, romelic mowodebulia, xeli Seuwyos erovnuli ekonomikis winsvlas. safinanso-sabanko da fulad –sakredito sistemis srulyofils ZiriTadi Sedegi iqneba saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi misi rolis arsebiTad amaRleba,finansuri mdgradobis gamyareba da gamWirvalobis uzrunvelyofa, ramac Tavisi mxriv xeli unda Seuwyos regionebSi fulad-sakredito sistemis dacvas, rogorc Sida, ise gare uaryofiTi mikroekonomikuri zewolisagan. yovelive es ki uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis ndobis amaRlebas da maTi danazogebis akumulirebas bankebSi, rac gazrdis investiciebis wyaros.

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1.2 saqarTvelos sabanko seqtoris Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi

sabanko seqtoris struqturis srulyofa mowodebuli xeli Sewyos erovnul meurneobaSi da misi ekonomikuri rolis amaRlebas, sabanko momsaxurebis mimarT moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas, finansur-saSuamavlofunqciebis xarisxianad Sesrulebas da biznesis im sferoSi konkurenciis universalur doneze ganviTarebs. sakredito organizaciebi specializeba calkeuli sabanko produqtebis, operacieebisa Tu saqmianobis saxeobebis mixedviT unda efuZnebodes nebayoflobiT princips, romelic gamoricxavs administraciuli meTodebis Tavsmoxvevas specializebis konkretuli formebis bankebisaTvis. amave dros, aRniSnuli principi gulisxmobs, rom saqmiani aqtivobis sferoebis SerCevisas gadawyvetilebis miRebis mTeli pasuxismgebloba TviT komerciul bankebs ekisrebaT. amasTan, saqarTvelos erovnuli banki ar gamoricxavs sabanko saqmianobis calkeul saxeobebze an sabanko produqtebze specializebuli bankebis mimarT regulirebisa da zedamxedvelobis gamoyenebas. bankebis sakredito saqmianobis ganviTareba mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia ekonomikis arassafinsaso seqtorze, ekonomikis sxvadasxva dargSi struqturuli gardaqmnebis tempebsa da specifikaze, kreditorTa uflebebis dacvis xarisxze, agreTve ekonomikis seqtorSi moqmedi organizaciebis finansur mdgradobasa da sakuTrebis struqturis Sesaxeb informaciis gamWirvalobaze.

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regionul da soflis meurneobis doneze finansebis ganawilebis mcire mewarmeobis ganviTarebisa da fulis mimoqcevis xelSewyobisaTvis erT-erT aucilebel pirobad unda ganvixiloT: sabanko zedamxedveloba sawarmoebsa da organizaciebTan bankebis sakredito urTierTobebis gaumjobesebis mizniT saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma dainteresebul mxareebTan erTad unda SeimuSavos sakanonmdeblo winadadebebi sesxis uzrunvelyofis, saSualebaTa miRebis, registrirebisa da realizebis arsebuli rejimis gamartivebis Sesaxeb, kreditis uzrunvelyofis saganze kreditorTa moTxovniT dakmayofilebis proceduris liberalizebisa da unificirebis, qonebisa da qonebrivi uflebebis registrirebis sistemis srulyofis Taobaze.

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1.3 fulad-sakredito politika sabanko sistemis mdgradi da stabiluri ganviTarebisaTvis, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia makroekonomikuri stabilurobis SenarCuneba. aRniSnuli uzrunvelyofs fasismieri meqanizmebis gamarTul funqcionirebas, rac resursebis gadanawilebis maqsimaluri efeqtianobis saSualebas iZleva da xels uwyob qveyanaSi finansuri Suamavlobis rolis amaRlebas. sabanko sistemis ganviTarebis mxardaWeris mizniT Cveni azriT, aucilebelia inflaciuri da savaluto riskebis minimumamde dayvana, rac saprocento ganakveTebis regulirebisa da sainvesticio garemos gaumjobesebis xelSemwyob faqtorad ganixileba. am mizniT, saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma sakuTari politika momavalSic ise unda warimarTos rom inflacia iyos dabali da prognozirebadi. amasTan, igi unda Seecados Tavidan aicilos gacvliTi kursis gverdiTi ryevebi, rac Tavisi mxriv, negatiurad zemoqmedebs ekonomikur garemoze. savaluto kurswarmoqmnis meqanizmi saSualod da grZelvadian periodSi mxolod sabazro moTovna-miwodebis principebs daefuZneba. ukve zedized mesame welia, rac sabanko seqtori saqarTvelos ekonomikis lider dargad Camoyalibda. am xnis manZilze sabanko seqtoris aqtivebis saSualo zrdis tempi 60%-s aRemateba, xolo depozitebisa – bolo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi 55%- ia, rac sazogadoebis mxridan sabanko seqtorisadmi ndobis amaRlebaze miuTiTebs. aseTi maRali zrdis Sedegad sabanko aqtivebis wilma mSp-Tan 2007 wlis bolos 43% -s miaRwia da mosalodnelia, rom male igi 60%-s gadaaWarbebs, riTac saqarTvelo centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis dones miuaxlovdeba.

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sqema 1saqarTvelos sabanko seqtorebis aqtivebi mSp-Tan mimarTebaSi

1996-2007 wlebSisabanko seqtoris aqtivebi mSp-sTan 1996-2007

saqarTvelos sabanko seqtorSi dinamikuri zrda grZeldeba. mxolod 2007 wels 1.9 mlrd laris moculobis axali sesxebi iqna gacemuli. ukanasknel wlebSi, sabanko seqtoris mTlianma aqtivebma 7.2 mlrd lars miaRwia, rac uprecedentoa saqarTvelos istoriaSi. raodenobrivi maCveneblebis zrdasTan erTad sabanko seqtori xarisxobrivad sagrZnoblad ganviTarda da dRes saqarTveloSi, praqtikulad yvela saxis sabanko momsaxurebaa SesaZlebeli. amjamad qveyanaSi funqcioniebs iseTi komerciuli bankebi romelTac maRali reputacia da ndoba aqvT ara marto saqarTveloSi aramed saerTaSoriso arenazec. sabanko seqtori, rogorc umTavresi safinanso Suamavali saqarTveloSi, umniSvnelovanes rols Seasrulebs qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebis saqmeSi.

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2007 wels ekonomikaze gacemuli sesxebi 72.2%-iT gaizarda da 4.6 mlrd lari Seadgina, rac mSp-s 27%-ia. gansakuTrebiT gaizarda dakreditireba (113%) erovnuli valutiT. depozitebi erovnuli valutiT aseve winsmwrebi tempiT izrdeboda, ris Sedegadac depozitebis dolarizaciis maCvenebeli 2007 wlis ganmavlobaSi 69.2%-dan 65.1%-mde Semcirda, rac saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mxridan larebSi danazogebis gazrdil suraTze miuTiTebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli sabanko seqtorisaTvis unda moxdes fulad-sakredito politikis radikalurad Secvla, is orientirebuli unda iyos inflaciis regulirebasa da warmoebis tempebis gazrdaze, Tumca am amocanis gadaWra centraluri bankis mier sakmaod Sromatevadia. qarTuli sabako seqtorisaTvis kvlavac damaxasiaTebelia maRali momgebianobis maCveneblebi. am sferos mier miRebulma mTlianma wminda mogebam 2007 wels 126 mln lari Seadgina. wina wlebis msgavsad, aqtivebisa da kapitalis ukugebis maCveneblebi kvlavac maRali rCeba, rac qarTul sabanko seqtors ucxouri bankebisaTvis kvlav ufro mimzidvels xdis. sabanko momsaxureba sul ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba mosaxleobis farTo fenebisaTvis, razec metyvelebs 2007 wlis ganmavlobaSi 120 erTeuliT gazrdili filialebisa da serviscentrebis, aseve gaormagebuli bankomatebisa da 60%-iT gazrdili plastikuri baraTebis raodenoba, ris Sedegadac yovel 100 aTas adamianze 12 sabanko filiali da 15 bakomati modis da saSualod yoveli xuTi adamianidan ors plastikuri baraTi aqvs.

sqema 2sabanko filialebis da bankomatebis raodenoba 1997-

2007

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amasTan, gasakeTebeli momavalSi kvlavac bevri rCeba. es gansakuTrebiT exeba qveynis agrarul sferos. soflis mcxovrebTa donis amaRlebisa da sasoflo-sameurneo waroembis efeqtianobis gazrdis RonisZiebebi unda moicavdes am sferoSi sabazro meqanizmebis srulyofas. es gamoixateba rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebze fasebis cvlilebebis amplitudis SemcirebaSi, ise fasebis gamoTanabrebaSi qveynis sxvadasxva regions Soris. misi miRweva SeiZleba sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis Sesabamis regionebSi ganTavsebiT, sasawyobo meurneobis ganviTarebiT, infrastruqturis sxva obieqtebis mSeneblobiT da a.S. kargi iqneboda aseve, Tu am RonisZiebis dafinansebas, romelTa mizansac soflisa da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ganviTareba warmoadgens, bankebTan erTad, upirvelesad Tavad soflis mcxovreblebi Seecdebodnen. miuxedavad amisa, cxrilidan Cans rom izrdeba agraruli seqtoris dakrediteba, bankebma nel-nela soflis meurneobisaken piri ibrunes da am dargsac akrediteben. magram aRsaniSnavia isic, rom soflis meurneobis dakreditebas bankebi kvlavac eridebian. kerZod 2003 wels bankebis mier gacemul mTlian kreditebSi am dargze 0.9% modioda, 2006 wels 0.3, xolo 2007 wels 6.4% erovnul valutaSi gacemuli sesxebi, xolo ucxour valutaSi ki piriqiT, Semcirda, Tu 2003 wels 2.9% iyo, 2006 wels 0.4, xolo 2007 wels 0.9%Seadgina, analogiurad, saanalizo periodSi saprocento ganakveTebi Semcirda, xolo ucxourSi gaizarda.

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soflis mkvidrTa cxovrebis donis amaRlebisa da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis efeqtianobis zrdis mixedviT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania antimonopoliuri samsaxuris saqmianobis gaZliereba, anu im jgufebisaTvis win aRdgoma, romlebsac survili gauCndebaT mxolod Tavad moamaragon teqnikiTa da sasuqebiT sofeli da aseve monopoliurad daamzadon sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia. Aam xriv yvelaze racionalur mdgomareobas maSin eqneba adgili, Tu soflis mosaxleobas saSualeba miecema teqnika iqneba es Tu sasuqi, Tavisuflad gaakeTos arCevani adgilobriv Tu importul nawarms Soris, da aseve Tavad man gadawyvitos sakuTari produqcia saeqsportod daamzados Tu adgilobriv bazarze gayidos. saxeldobr, aseT SemTxvevaSi ar eqnebodaT sargebeli mxolod adgilobriv damamzadeblebsa da Tu realizatorebs da mTeli potenciuri mogeba ZiriTadaT am produqciis mwarmoeblebze gadanawildeboda. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tavisufali sabazro urTierTobebi soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis interesebSia.A agraruli seqtoris mimarT swori sameurneo politikaa isic, rom araviTari SezRudvebi ar arsebuliyo sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis ucxoeTSi sarealizaciod gatanis gzaze. saWiroa aseve win aRvudgeT arawesieri konkurenciis gatarebis mcdelobebs ucxoeli importiorebis mxridan. Aucilebelia am mizniT maqsimalurad gamoviyenoT antidempinguri procedurebi. amasTan, Tu ar gvsurs moveqceT antisabazro intervencionizmis xafangSi, Zlieri winaaRmdegoba ar unda gavuwioT importul saqonels. Aar unda dagvaviwydes, rom Cvens mier miRebuli mkacri sabaJo zomebi gamoiwvevs sapirispiro reaqcias im qveynebis mxridan, romlebic Cvens produqcias yiduloben. Gglexoba, romelic SesaZloa, raRac sargebels naxavs ucxouri sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis importis Semotanis gzaze, barierebis dawesebiT, ufro mets dakargavs. safinanso bazris Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis xelT arsebuli monetaluri regulirebis instrumentebis mravalferovnebisa da efeqtianobis gazrdis mizniT, fulis mowodebis TvalsazrisiT, aucilebel pirobad migvaCnia amJamad arsebuli savaluto da sakredito auqcionebis bazris TandaTanobiTi Canacvleba ufro srulyofili Ria bazris operaciebiT.

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aRniSnuli amocanis ganxorcieleba maqsimalurad gaamartivebs fulis miwodebis regulirebas saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mxridan da saSualebas miscems mas swrafad da optimalurad gaaneitralos safinanso sistemaSi warmoqmnili likvidurobisa da sxva saxis riskebi. saSualovadian periodSi sabanko sistemaSi struqturulad Warbi likvidurobis SemcirebasTan erTad, Ffulis mowodebis mniSvnelovan wyarod unda gadaiqces Ria bazris operaciebi. amiT gaZlierdeba saqarTveloSi saprocento ganakveTebis ekonomikuri mniSvneloba da isini monetaruli politikis ZiriTad instrumentebad gadaiqceva.A amave dros, saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma ufro xelmisawvdomi unda gaxados bankebisaTvis moklevadiani likviduri resursebi da maqsimalurad gaafarToos fulad-sakredito politikis instrumentebis speqtri, raTa sabanko sistemam efeqtianad da swrafad SeZlos likvidobis marTva. Ria bazris operaciebi (sakredito auqcionebi, repo da ukurepo operaciebi da sxva) unda ganxorcieldes drois realur reJimSi. am mizniT saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma Sesabamisi programuli produqti unda danergos. sabanko sistemisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier Catarebuli fulad-sakredito politikis gamWvirvaloba. Eerovnuli bankis Tanmimdevruli gadawyvetilebebi, romlebSic saTanadod aris axsnili qveynis monetaruli politika, safinanso bazris monawileTaTvis gaadvilebs grZelvadiani prognozebis gakeTebas. saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis saqmianobis gamWirvalobis uzrunvelyofa gazrdis sabanko sistemis ndobas saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mimarT da saSualebas miscems bankebs efeqtianad marTon sakuTari resursebi. amisaTvis saqarTvelos erovnulma bankma kidev ufro mWidrod unda iTanamSromlos safinanso sistemis warmomadgenlobasTan.E erovnuli bankis mier efeqtiani fulad-sakredito politikis SemuSavebisa da gatarebis, aseve sabanko sferosa da safinanso bazrebis monawileebis ukeT informirebulobis mizniT, mniSvnelovani yuradReba unda daeTmos monetaruli da finansuri statistikisa da sagadamxdelo balansis warmoebis meTodologiur da organizaciul srulyofas.

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1.4 komerciuli bankebis mier erovnuli ekonomikis da maT Soris agraruli seqtoris dakreditireba

2007 wlis bolos, 2006 wlis analogiur periodTan SedarebiT, komerciuli bankebis mier erovnuli ekonomikis dakrediteba 1,9 mlrd lariT (70,8%) gaizarda da 4,5 mlrd lars gadaaWarba. Mm.S. erovnuli valutiT gacemuli sesxebis moculoba 2-jer gaizarda da 1,4 mlrd larze meti dafiqsirda, xolo ucxouri valutiT denomirebuli sesxebis zrda 59,1%-iT ganisazRvra da misma mTlianma moculobam 3,1 mlrd lars miaRwia. amasTan, imave periodSi sesxebis struqtura erovnuli da ucxouri valutebis mixedviT, erovnuli valutis sasargeblod Seicvala da Sesabamisad, 31,3 da 68,7% Seadgina (nacvlad 26,2 da 73,8%-isa gasul wels). Uukanasknel erT weliwadSi kvlav grZeldeba sesxebis saSualovadianobis zrdis tendencia. saanalizo wlis ganmavlobaSi es maCvenebeli 14,2-dan 14,6 Tvemde gaizarda. maT Soris erovnuli valutiT gacemuli sesxebis mixedviT – 12,2-dan 13,0 Tvemde, xolo ucxouri valutiT gacemuli sesxebis mixedviT – 15,8-dan 16,3 Tvemde. SedegaT, winmswrebi tempebiT izrdeboda grZelvadiani sesxebis moculoba(75,9%-iT, 59,8%-Tan SedarebiT moklevadiani sesxebis mixedviT) da aRniSnulma maCvenebelma erovnuli ekonomikis dakreditebis saerTo moculobaSi, gasuli wlis dekembris Tvis bolos dafiqsirebuli 68,3%-is nacvlad, 70,4% Seadgina. cxadia, es garemoeba garkveulwilad waadga qveynis soflis meurneobas, rameTu am dargs swored grZelvadiani sesxebi esaWiroeba. rac Seexeba sesxebis struqturas iuridiuli pirebisaTvis 2008 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis komerciul bankebs erovnuli valutiT gacemuli hqondaT 773,7 mln laris (gasuli wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT 78,6%-iT meti), xolo ucxouri valutiT – 2,1 mlrd laris (Sesabamisad, 46,1%-iT meti) moculobis sesxi.

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saanalizo periodSi dakreditebis moculobis mniSvnelovan zrdas hqonda adgili soflis meurneobaSi, sadac es maCvenebeli 3,2-jer gaizarda da 56,7 mln lari Seadgina. saanalizo periodSi mniSvnelovnad - 2-jer gaizarda fizikuri pirebis dakreditebis moculoba da 2008 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis 1,6 mlrd lari Seadgina, rac individialuri mewarmeobis gaaqtiurebaze miuTiTebs, radgan am sesxebidan garkveuli wili fermerebzec modis. Bbolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi seriozulad aris gazrdili iseTi maCveneblebi, rogorebsac mSp-Tan farTo fulis da aqtivebis Sefardeba warmoadgens. kerZod, Tu 2005 wlis monacemebiT, farTo fulis Sefardeba normalur mSp-Tan, romelic warmoadgens ekonomikis finansuri siRrmis sazoms, Seadgenda mxolod 16,5%, xolo mTliani aqtivebis Sefardeba mSp-Tan 17%, 2007 wlisaTvis aRniSnuli maCveneblebi Sesabamisad gaizarda 17,9 da 35%-mde. miuxedavaT imisa, rom sabanko kapitali moculobiT jerjerobiT mcirea, adgilobriv momxmarebels sadReisod arsebul TiTqmis yvela saxis sabanko momsaxurebas sTavazobs. 2005-2007 wlebSi gaizarda aseve mSp-Tan bankebis mTliani kapitalis Sefardebis maCvenebeli, rac sabanko sistemis mdgradobis ganmtkicebaze metyvelebs. sabanko seqtorisaTvis bolo wlebSi gansakuTrebiT nayofieri aRmoCnda, razec gacemuli sesxebis TiTqmis gaormageba miuTiTebs. amasTan, Tu nacvlad 2004 wels sesxebis mSp-Tan Sefardeba dafiqsirebuli 9,2%, 2005 wels man 14,4%, xolo 2007 wels TiTqmis 40% miaRwia, miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli maCvenebeli kvlavac dabalia. stabiluri grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis aucilebeli pirobaa dabali da prognozirebadi inflacia. Aamitom saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis ZiriTad funqcias, msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis centraluri bankebis absoluturi umravlesobis msgavsad, fasebis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens. swored stabiluri fasebis pirobebSi xdeba resursebis maqsimalurad efeqtianad ganawileba, rac sabanko sistemaSi arsebuli fuladi saxsrebis optimalurad gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva, xolo ekonomikur agentebs TavianTi danazogebis sworad ganTavsebis an sakredito resursebis

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mozidvis pirobebs uqmnis da ekonomikaSi sabanko seqtoris rolis mniSvnelovan amaRlebaze metyvelebs. soflis meurneobaze gacemuli sesxebis wili ekonomikisaTvis gacemul mTel sesxebSi jerac dabalia da 3%-sac ver aRwevs erovnul valutaSi, xolo ucxour valutaSi igi mTlianad sesxebis 1,5% ar aRemateba, maSin, rodesac, rogorc avRniSneT soflis meurneobas swored grZelvadiani sesxebi sWirdeba, romelTa xvedriTi wili ucxour ucxour valutaSi dargisTvis micemul mTel sesxebSi 66%-ia, erovnulSi ki odnav ufro meti – 78%. miuxedavaT imisa, rom bankebi soflis meurneobis dakreditebisagan Tavs ikaveben, radgan maTi droulad dabrunebis imedi naklebad aqvT, realoba sruliad gansxvavebul suraTs uCvenebs: bankebisaTvis vadagadacilebuli sesxebi yvelaze meti aqvT mrewvelobis dargebs (50%), vaWrobas (26,4%) xolo soflis meurneobaSi analogiuri vadagadacilebuli sesxebi 1,6% ar aRemateba. aseT pirobebSi yuradRebas iqcevs is uaryofiTi tendencia, romelic bolo wlebSi am mxriv damkvidrda. kerZod, Tu 2003 wels soflis meurneobis wili bankebis mier gacemul sesxebSi 6,9%-s udrida, 2007 wels 3-jer da metad Semcirda da 2,1% Seadgina. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom mkveTrad Semcirda swored im saxis kreditebi, romelic aRniSnul dargs gansakuTrebiT sWirdeba. kerZod, Tu 2003 wels bankis mier am dargze gacemuli grZelvadiani (12 Tve da meti) sesxebi Seadgenda meoTxedze mets, 2007 wels man 8,9% Seadgina da es maSin, rodesac am dargze vadagadacilebuli sesxebi mkveTrad mcirdeba. kerZod Tu vadagadacilebuli mTeli sesxebis 9,7% soflis meurneobaze modioda, 2007 wels dargis wilad vadagadacilebuli sesxebi 0,7% iyo (erovnuli valutiT). rac Seexeba bankebis mier ucxour valutaSi soflis meurneobisaTvis gacemul sesxebs, aqac analogiuri mdgomareobaa, Tumca amave periodSi am dargze gacemuli sesxebis xvedriTi wili mTel sesxebSi ase mkveTrad ar dacemula. 2003 wels mTel sesxebSi man Seadgina 1,6%, 2007 wels dargze gacemuli sesxebis xvedriTi wili 1,3% is doneze iyo, rac Seexeba soflis

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meurneobis wilad vadagadacilebul sesxebs, maTi aRniSnuli valutiTac klebulobs, anu Tu 2003 wels soflis meurneobaze modioda bankebis mier gacemuli mTeli vadagadacilebuli sesxebis 2,1%, 2007 wels aRniSnulis xvedriTi wili 1,6%-mde daeca.

1.5 bankebis filialebis qselis gafarToeba

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saqarTvelos sabanko sistemam Tavisi ganviTarebis kvalobaze filialebis sakmaod farTo qseli ganaviTara da igi sofelsa da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebas dauaxlova. Tumca samwuxarod, jerjerobiT qarTvel fermers naklebad aqvs komerciuli bankebidan sakmaod Zviri kreditis aRebis da gamoyenebis saSualeba. 2008 wlis 1 martisaTvis komerciul bankebs hqondaT 123 filiali da 433 servis-centri. Aam mxriv gansakuTrebiT aqtiuroben ,,saqarTvelos banki,, (138 servis-centri), ,,saxalxo banki,,(75 filiali, 113 servis-centri), ,,Tibisi banki,, (13 filiali da 31 servis-centri). aRsaniSnavia, rom qveyanaSi komerciuli bankebis filialebisa da momsaxurebis centrebis raodenoba bolo xuTi wlis manZilze mkveTrad Semcirda (2003 wels iyo 201 filiali), rac gamoiwvia qveyanaSi bankebis raodenobis seriozulma Semcirebam, magram ver vityviT, rom amas uaryofiTi gavlena moexdina regionebSi mcxovrebi mewarmeebisa da mosaxleobisaTvis. amJamad arsebul filialebs SeswevT imis unari, rom maT saTanado sakredito momsaxureba gauwion. Tumca is garemoeba, rom rogorc bankebis, aseve filialebis umravlesoba dedaqalaqSia Tavmoyrili, dadebiTad ver waadgeba ekonomikis ganviTarebas. sabanko-safilialo sistemis ganviTareba ormxriv sasargebloa. jer erTi, es xels uwyobs adgilobriv wvril mwarmoeblebs zedmeti danaxarjis gareSe isargeblos sabanko momsaxurebiT(aiRos sesxi, ganaxorcielos sabanko operacia da a.S.) da meore, es sasargebloa TviT bankisaTvis. amiT igi zrdis saqmiani operaciebis masStabebs, afarToebs klientebis raodenobas, rac saboloo jamSi xels uwyobs bankis konkurentuli poziciebis gamyarebas. Aamitom filialTa raodenobis gazrda qveynis komerciuli bankebis interesebSi unda Sediodes. Bbanki, romelic orientacias aiRebs regionuli qselis ganviTarebaze, miiRebs ndobas da aimaRlebs reputacias yvelaze mravalricxovani klienturi bazisagan, romelic mas miexmareba aseve sxva sabanko segmentebis ganviTarebaSic (sakredito baraTebis sistemis ganviTareba, samomxmareblo kreditebis moculobis gazrda, sacxovrebel da sapensio programebSi monawileobis miReba das sxv.).

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SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom safilialo qselis zrda mniSvnelovani strategiuli da komunikaciuri biznes-amocanaa saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebisaTvis. amasTan, erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTareba SeuZlebelia mxolod komerciuli bankebis mier saqmianobis gaaqtiurebis pirobebSi. Aam mxriv SedarebiT mZime mdgomareobaSia sofeli da soflis meurneoba. kapitalizmis CasaxvisTanave ilia WavWavaZe moiTxovda ,,saglexo bankebis,, sistemis Seqmnas. saxelmwifom Tavis Tavze unda aiRos aseTi sistemis Camoyalibeba da igi safinanso ekonomikuri politikis erT-erT ZiriTad mimarTulebad aqcios. Aase ganxorcieldeba ilias lozungi-mowodeba - ,,qarTuli glexi da qarTuli sofeli Cveni erovnuli imedebis suli da gulia,, . swored amitom, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis da kreditebisaTvis ufro meti aqtiuroba unda gamoiCinos saxelmwifom SedarebiT SeRavaTiani saxelmwifo kreditis gacemis gziT. Aam aspeqtSi mniSvnelovnad gveCveneba 2008 wels aRniSnuli miznebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli 50 mln laris odenobis saxelmwifo krediti, saidanac soflis meurneobac seriozulad isargeblebs. ra Tqma unda, sabanko filialebis miaxloeba sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis adgilebTan dadebiTi movlenaa da xels Seuwyobs qveynis agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebas, magram glexobisaTvis gacemuli sesxebi kvlavac Zviria da sesxis gaformebisas fermeri kvlavac biurokratiul barriers awydeba. Amdenad, es sabanko dawesebulebebi naklebad moiazreba zemoTnaxseneb ilias ,,saglexo,, bankebad. Aam mizniT kargi iqneboda, Tu qveyanaSi ganviTardeboda iseTi sabanko dawesebulebebi, rogorsac 1983 wels daarsebuli ,, graminis banki,, warmoadgens. rogorc cnobilia, bangladeSelma mecnierma, nobeli premiis laureatma muhamed ianuSma, safuZveli Cauyara mcire bankebis sistemas, romelic Semdeg mTel msoflioSi gavrcelda. es bankebi yovelgvari giraos gareSe klientebs (Rarib glexebs) mcire sesxebs (200-300 dolaris farglebSi) gamouyofen, amasTan, “graminis banki-s” saqmianobis umTavvers princips warmoadgens is, rom banki midis glexebTan da ara piriqiT. kerZod bankis TanamSromlebi dadian sofel-sofel da im glexebs, romelTac namdvilad sWirdebaT igi, sesxs gamouyofen. msgavsi bankebi

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bangladeSis garda ukve Seiqmna malaiziaSi, filipinebze, indoneziaSi da SeerTebul StatebSic ki.

cxrili 1

komerciuli bankebis filialebi da servis-centrebi2008 wlis 1 martis monacemebiT

kodi filiali servis-centriAGR agroinvest banki 1 2BAZ bazis banki 0 17BOG saqarTvelos banki 1 138GAR qarTu 3 2CBG galt end Tagvart bankiHSBC banki saqarTveloIBA azerbaijanis saerTaSoriso

bankiINV investbanki 1 3PBG saxalxo banki 75 113PCBG prokredit banki 7 38RES respublika 8 27SLK bta silq roud banki 1 4STA standartbanki 0 24TAO taoprivatbanki 0 21TBC Tibisi 13 31TDT kavkasiis ganviTarebis bankis

Tbilisis filiali0 1

TET pirveli britanuli bankiUGB viTibi banki jorjia 14 12ZAR TurqeTis respublikis ziraaT-

bankis saqarTvelos filialisul 124 433

1.6 sabanko sistemis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi imereTis regionSi

2007 wlis 31 dekembris mdgomareobiT, imereTSi moqmedi komerciuli bankebis filialebisa da servis-centrebis mier ekonomikaze gacemulma sesxebma 191,176 mln lari Seadgina, rac 59,38%-iT aRemateba 2006 wels gacemuli kreditebis moculobas (119,95 mln lari). Aam monacemebiT raions qveynis masStabiT 2007 wlis ganmavlobaSi gacemul mTlian

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sabanko sesxebSi, daaxloebiT, 6,26 procentiani segmenti ukavia. amasTan, imereTSi erT sul mosaxleze 2007 wels, saSualod, 382,35 laris moculobis krediti gaica, maSin, rodesac 2006 wlis ganmavlobaSi mxolod 240 laris moculobis sesxi iyo gacemuli. sesxebis zrdis paralelurad gaumjobesda dakreditebis pirobebic.Ddaiwyo axali sabanko produqtebis danergva. 2007 wlis dekembris mdgomareobiT, imereTis 11 raionsa da qalaqSi, (quTaisis garda) bankebma 36,4 mln laris moculobis kreditebi gasces, rac TiTqmis 3-jer aRemateba 2006 wlis Sesabamis periodSi gacemuli sesxebis maCvenebels. 2007 wels imereTSi dakreditda bostneulisa da mwvanilis damamzadebeli mcire sawarmoebi, rZisa da rZis produqtebis mwarmoebeli fermerebi, puris sacxobebi da limonaTis Camosasxmeli mcire sawarmoebi. regionis soflis meurneobaSi gacemulia mTliani sesxebis 1,4%. Eerovnuli bankis quTaisis filialis mier ekonomikuri monitoringis proeqtis farglebSi regularulad xdeba dakvirveba mwvanilis biznesSi arsebul situaciaze, marto wyaltubos raionis soflebSi (geguTi, patrikeTi, tyaCiri, ofSkviTi, muxiani, qvitiri, mesxeTi, farcxanayanebi) mwvanilis industria (sadac 5500 mcire da saSualo fermers 25000 tonamde mwvanili mohyavs) 25-30 mln aSS dolaris saeqsporto produqcias awarmoebs. ruseTis federaciis mxridan embargos da 2006 wlis ganmavlobaSi brunvis garkveuli Semcirebis miuxedavaT, 2007 wels mewarmeebma SeZles produqciis axali bazrebis moZieba belorusiaSi, ukrainasa da poloneTSi. Mmxolod ukrainaSi qrTulma mwvanilma bazris 70% daikava. Aadgilobriv soflebSi amoqmedda mwvanilis mimRebi da SesafuTi ramdenime centri. Mmag., wyaltubos raionis sof. qvitirSi funqcionirebs punqti ,,qarTuli mwvanili,, , romelmac mosaxleobisagan gasuli wlis sezonze 1400 tona mwvanili Caibara. Eeqspertuli SefasebiT, rusuli embargos Sesustebis SemTxvevaSi am soflebSi warmoebuli bostneulis saeqsporto potenciali wliurad, minimum, 50 mln aSS dolaramde gaizrdeba, mwvanilis biznesSi CarTuli erTi ojaxis Semosavalma ki, SesaZloa, 40-50 aTasi lari Seadginos. 2007 wlis 31 dekembris mdgomareobiT, grZelvadiani sesxebis moculoba, 2006 wlis Sesabamis periodTan SedarebiT, 78,3%-iT gaizarda

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da 102 mln lars Seadgens. saanalizo periodSi misi wili mTlian sesxebSi 53%-iT ganisazRvra. rac Seexeba sesxebis savaluto struqturas, 84,74 mln laris moculobis kreditebi erovnul valutaSi, xolo ucxour valutaSi 106,4 mln laris sesxia gacemuli, anu mTliani sesxebis 56%. sesxebis struqtura erovnuli meurneobis dargebis mixedviT

1. Ffizikuri pirebi 2. danarCeni sferoebi3. mSenebloba4. transporti da komunikacia5. vaWroba da momsaxureba6. sastumroebi da restonrebi7. soflis meurneoba8. samTomompovebeli da gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba9. energetika

Tavi II. sakredito kavSirebi

2.1 biznesis fulad-sakredito uzrunvelyofa

Bbiznesis sistema da saerTod misi imunizacia warmoudgenelia fulad-sakredito sferosa da safinanso sabanko meurneobis gareSe. Ees biznesur saqmianobaSi sakmaod rTuli ubania. Tu biznesmens kargad aqvs mogvarebuli fuladi saxsrebis xarjva, kreditis gamoyenebis meqanizmi, bankTan urTierTobebi, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas rom misi biznesi Zlieri da perspeqtiulia. TiTqmis dauwerel kanonadaa miRebuli, rom Tu Ffirmas bankis ndoba aqvs mopovebuli, igi momxmarebebelTa ndobasac imsaxurebs da Tanamonawile partniorebisasac, swored bankis ndobisa da masTan myari kontaqtis wyalobiT miiRweva firmis fulad-sakredito safinanso-sabanko uzrunvelyofis maRali done.

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kreditis aucilebloba ganpirobebulia fulis, rogorc gadaxdis saSualebis funqciis realizaciiT. K krediti saSualebas iZleva droebiT gamoTavisuflebuli fuladi saxsrebi koncentrirebuli da miznobrivad iqnas gamoyenebuli. rogorc miRebulia, krediti aris forma, romelic saSualebas iZleva mobilizebuli iqnes warmoebisa da mosaxleobis droebiTi Tavisufali saxsrebi, agreTve saxelmwifo biujetis saxsrebi sakredito sawarmoebis mier miznobrivi gamoyenebisaTvis, winaswar gansazRvruli wesis mixedviT, dabrunebis pirobiT. Aamis Sesabamisad kreditis ZiriTadi funqciebia:

1. droebiT Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebis miznobrivi da efeqturi gadanawileba;

2. naRdi fulis sakredito fuliTa da operaciebiT Senacvleba;3. sawarmoTa finansur saqmianobaze kontroli, ZiriTadad gadaxdis

saimedobis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT.

Kkrediti biznesmens did daxmarebas uwevs, rac ZiriTadad SemdegSi gamoixateba:

1. aCqarebs kapitalbrunvas;2. aCqarebs ZiriTadi fondebis gafarToebas;3. aCqarebs axali teqnologiebis aTvisebas;4. aCqarebs materialuri faseulobaTa moZraobas;5. aCqarebs mecnierul-teqnikur progress;6. uzrunvelyofs aucilebeli fuladi resursebiT sawarmoSi warmoqmnil

droebiT moTxovnilebas saxsrebze;7. xels uwyobs saxsrebis brunvadobas;8. xels uwyobs qveyanaSi, regionSi, fuladi meurneobis

ganmtkicebas;9. qmnis saxsrebis efeqturad gamoyenebis xelSemwyob pirobebs;10. uzrunvelyofs gafarToebuli kvlavwarmoebis procesis

stabilurobasa da uwyvetobas;11. xels uwyobs sawarmos momgebianobis zrdas.

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Kkreditis formirebasa da misi bazis Seqmnas xels uwyoben TviT biznesmenebi, risTvisac isini droebiT Tavisufal fulad saxsrebs, realizaciidan miRebul Tanxebs aTavseben bankebSi, aqvea xelfasis fondisTvis gamoyofili fuladi saxsrebic. saxsrebi kreditis erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaroa. Bbiznesis msoflio praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba kreditis ori ZiriTadi FFforma: komerciuli da sabanko:1. komerciuli – es aris krediti saqonluri formiT, romelsac

mwarmoeblebi da vaWrebi aZleven erTmaneTs saqonlis realizaciis daCqarebis mizniT.

2. sabanko – es aris fuladi krediti, romelsac bankebi (saxelmwifo, kerZo gamsesxeblebi) aZleven firmebs da sxvas.

rogorc wesi, krediti SeiZleba iyos moklevadiani erT wlamde (sabrunavi saxsrebis moZraobisaTvis), saSualovadiani da grZelvadiani (kapitaluri mSeneblobisa da sxva msxvili saqmisaTvis).

sakredito momsaxureba da saerTo safinanso operaciebi ZiriTadad bankebis saSualebiT xdeba, amitom bankebi biznesis ZiriTad elementebsa da atributebs warmoadgenen. Eekonomikuri literatura ar iZleva kreditis erTian klasifikacias. Kk. Pagenmiuleri da g. dipeni kreditul operaciebs Semdegnairad yofen:

1. vadis mixedviT: moklevadiani, saSualovadiani, grZelvadiani;2. uzrunvelyofis mixedviT: arauzrunvelyofili (sabanko an personaluri),

uzrunvelyofili;3. saxeebis mixedviT: sabanko, saxelmwifo, komerciuli, sadazRveo

kompaniebis krediti, kerZo pirebis krediti, konsorciuli (meta-krediti);4. msesxebli saxeebis mixedviT: sasoflo-sameurneo, samrewvelo

(samrewvelo kompaniis krediti), komunaluri, personaluri;5. gamoyenebis mixedviT: samomxmareblo, samrewvelo, kompaniebis

saSualebaTa formirebisaTvis, investiciebi, sezonuri, droebiTi finansuri siZneleebis daZlevisaTvis, Sualeduri, fasiani qaRaldebis operaciebze importuli, esportuli;

6. sididis mixedviT: mcire, saSualo, msxvili.

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sakredito kavSirebis mizania mcire da saSualo mewarmeebis, aseve fizikuri pirebis daxmareba da xelSewyoba maTi saqmianobis intensiur ganviTarebaSi. kavSiri warmoadgens mcire da saSualo mewarmeebis, aseve sxvadasxva finansur struqturebSi momuSave pirebis gaerTianebas, romlis wevri SeiZleba gaxdes nefismiero fizikuri piric.

2,2 sakredito kavSirebis arsi, aucilebloba, misi Sinaarsi da ZiriTadi moTxovnebi

saqarTveloSi bolo wlebSi Seqmnilma disproporciebma soflis meurneobis Zireuli ngreva gamoiwvia. maRali saqonelmwarmoebluri dargebis degradacia safinanso resursebis mwvave deficiti Seqmna. soflis meurneoba faqtiurad funqcionirebs miwis mesakuTre komlebis (ojaxebis) da miwis meijare fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis Semosavlebis xarjze, romelTa rapdenoba SesaZlebelia momavalSi mkveTrad Semcirdes sasoflo sameurneo warmoebis dabali efeqtianobis gamo. aseT pirobebSi agraruli sferos finansuri uzrunvelyofa da warmoebis mudmivad ganaxlebadi ciklis SenarCuneba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, Tu ver moxerxda misi saSualo da grZelvadiani dakrediteba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, rogorc praqtika adasturebs, mimdinare etapze, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis finansuri uzrunvelyofis erT-erTi progresuli forma soflad sakredito kavSirebis ganviTarebaa, romelTa funqcionirebisaTvis ekonomikuri da samrTlebrivi safuZvlebi saxelmwifos mier ukve Seqmnilia. amJamad, ganusazRvrelad didia sabanko-safinanso sistemis mniSvneloba soflis meurneobis ganviTaebisaTvis. dRes, rogorc arasodes aucilebelia soflisTvis saxelmwifos mxardaWera. glexuri (fermeruli) meurneobis saqmianba arsebiTad damokidebulia Tu rogori mxardaWera eqnebaT maT saxelmwifosagan SeRavaTiani da drouli sakredito

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uzrunvelyofils TvalsazrisiT. soflad krediTze moTxovnileba didia, magram ar arsebobs misi dakmayofilebis srulyofili da myari sistema, SezRudulia kreditis gamoyenebis sfero, rac auclebel pirobas warmoadgens sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ganviTarebisaTvis. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi arsebuli komerciuli bankebis umravlesobas ar aqvs mkafiod gaazrebuli da Camoyalibebuli agraruli seqtoris sakrediTo politika, dakreditebis wesebi da procedurebi. klientsa da banks Soris urTierToba formaruli saxisaa, romelic ifargleba mxolod sakredito ganacxadiT, dagiravebul qonebis Sefasebis aqtiT da sakredito xelSekrulebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi zedmetia laparaki rogorc grZelvadian dakreditebaze, aseve soliduri Tanxebis investiciaze. amJamad, gansakuTrebiT aqtualobiT dgeba dRis wesrigSi sakredito momsaxurebis alternatiuli forma _ soflad sakredito kavSirebi. msoflioSi sakredito kavSirebis Seqmnis idea me-19 saukuneSi ganxorcielda. pirvei sakredito kavSiri, rogorc safinanso instituti, germaniSi Camoyalibda 1850 wels. gaRatakebuli fermerebisa da wvrili mewarmeebissanabro da sakredito momsaxurebisaTvis. amJamad sakredito kavSirebis msgavsi formebi kooperaciuli bankebis saxiT moqmedebs amerikaSi, kanadSi, avstraliaSi, aziis, laTinuri amerikis da afrikis qveynebSi, maTi ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa samomxmareblo da sawarmoo danisnulebis organizaciebis samomxmareblo da sakredito momsaxureba. msoflio banks, proeqts Tanaxmad,gaTvaliswinebuli aqvs sakredito kavSirebisaTvis garkveuli tanxebis sesxeba,Tu sakredito kavSiri akmayofilebs garkveul pirobebs: sakredito kavSiris Senatani kapitali unda aRwevdes 1000 lars,xolo wevrebis raodenoa 50 kacs. am SemTxvevaSi msoflio banki sakredito kavSirs damatebis asesxebs 1000 lars. Tu Senatani 3000 lars aRwevs, am SemTxvevaSisasesxebeli Tanxa 1,5jer metia sapaio kapitalze. ori wlis Semdeg Tu kapitali 10000 lars gadaaWarbebs, sasesxebeli tanxa 2 jer meti iqneba sapaio kapitalze. sakredito kavSIrebis mizania, misi wevrebis socialur-ekonomikuri statusis amaRleba da ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjovbeseba.

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agraruli seqtoris ekonomikuri krizisidan gamoyvanis mizniT saqarTveloSi daiwyo sakredito kavSirebis Camoyalibeba da ganviTarebis procesi, romelic msoflio bankis, soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso fondis da safrangeTis mTavrobis mxardaWeriT xorcieldeba. msoflio bankis proeqti 1995 wlis aprilidan xorcieldeba. mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi finansdeboda iaponiis mtavrobis mier gamoyofili granTiT. saqarTvelos prezinedtis 1996 wlis 19 seqtemberis # 16 brZanebiT. msoflio bankis “saqarTvelos soflis mourneobis ganviTarebis proeqtis” CarCoebSi Seqmnilia sakredito kavSirebis ganviTarebis centri, romlis funqciaa xeli Seuwyos sakredito kavSirebis ganviTarebas. sabako dakrediteba da saerTod, sakredito sistemis meqanizmi miznad unda isaxavdes mewarmeTa Semosavlebis zrdasa da Semdgomdanazogebs, romelic sakredito resursebis formirebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan wyarod unda Camoyalibdes. saxelmwifom da regionuli marTvis organoebma aqtiurad unda Seuwyon xeli sakredito kavSirebis qselis gafarToebs, romlebmac donorebis mxardaWeris etapis Semdeg sakuTari danazogebis mobilizebiTa da erToblivi pasuxismgeblobis meqanizmebis daxvewiT unda SeZlon urTierToba komeciul sabanko seqtorTan da maRal doneze moemsaxuron fermerul meurneobas da sxva kerZo struqturebs. aseTi sistema safuZvels Cauyris fermerul(glexur) meurneobebs, gadamamuSavebel sawarmoebsa da banks Soris komerciuli urTierTobebis damyarebas. sakredito kavSirs qmnis adamianTa jgufi, romelic aerTianebs TavianT fulad danazogebs im mizniT, rom SemdgomSi es Tanxa imave adamianebze gaices sesxad. sakredito kavSiris mizania sasoflo-sameurneo da sxva saxis saWiroebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi fuladi kreditis micemis saSualebiT xeli Seuwyos mis wevrebs meurneobis ganviTarebaSi da guadvilos maT Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebis dazogva da dagroveba. sakredito kavSiri sesxs mxolod Tavis wevrebze gascems. wevrbis mier sakredito kavSirSi Setanis Tanxas sapaio kapitali hqvia, TiToeuli wevris wils-pai. pais ericxeba procenti, rac mepaies (wevris) sargebels warmoadgens, aqedan gamomdinare, sapaio kapitali ara martosasxebeli Tanxis wyaroa, aramed garkveuli Semosavlis momtania mepaiesTvis.

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vinaidan sakredito kavSiris wevrebi arian rogorc Tanxis damzogvelebi, aseve msesxeblebic, amitom sakredito kavSirismflobelebi da misi saqmianobis warmmarTavic TviT sakedito kavSiris wevrebic arian. sakredito kavSiri ar arin mogebaze orientirebuli organizacia. misi Semosavali mxolod sesxze darocxuli rocentia, romlis ZiriTadinawili ifareba sapaio kapitalze daricxuli procenti, xolo darCenili nawili xmardeba sakredito kavSiris mimdinare xarjebs. sakredito kavSiri ar miiswrafvis sapaio kapitalze da sesxze daricxuli procentuli sxvaobis gazrdisken.swored es ganasxvavebs sakredito kavSirebs iseTi finansuri organizaciebisagan, rogoricaa: banki, safinanso kompania da sxadasxa saxis organizaciebi. bankidan sesxis aRebisas saprocento ganakveTi maRalia, amasTanvinc iRebs bankidan sesxs, sesxis dabrunebis garantad aucileblad unda Cados bankSi Tavisi ZiriTAdi qoneba (Senoba, miwa, Zvirfaseuloba da a.S). amasTan mas SeuZlia bankidan aiRos sesxi, rac mis mier garantad Cadebuli qonebis mesamedia da Tu sesxs droze ar daabrunebs, mis garantad Cadebul qonebas banki waiRebs da gayidis Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr. amitom, soflis mourneobaSi dasaqmebuli mewarmisTvis warmoebis ganiTarebisTVis ufro xelsayrelia sesxis aReba sakedito kavSiridan, radgan igi iqneba ramisi wevri mTlianad gaakkontrolebs sakredito kavSiris muSaobas da gainawilebs srul pasuxismgeblobas. roorc aRvniSneT, sakredito kavSiridan sesxis aReba,SeuZlia mxolod sakredito kavSiris wevrs, romlis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens-sakredito kavSiris sapaio kapitali, amitom, sapaio kapitalis zrda sakredito kapitalis erT-erTi mTavari sazrunavia. sapaio kapitali ki izrdeba an axali wevrebis SemosavliT, an Zveli wevrebis mier TavianTi pais matebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, sakredito kavSirma saqmianoba ise unda warmarTos, rac SeiZleba metma adamianma moisurvos gaxdes misi wevri da dazogos Tavisi Tavisufali saxsrebi. sapaio kapitalis zrdasTAn ertad sakredito kavSirs saSualeba eZleva gazardos procentuli ganakveTi wevrTa sapaio Senatanebzze da Seamciros procentuli ganakveTi sesxze.

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sakredito kavSiris mepaie wevrs Tavisi wili sapaio kapitali SeuZlia hqondes ori formiT: erTi, rogorc mimdinare sapaio angariSi, saidanac Tanxis gatana SeuZlia nebismier dros da meore, rogorc vadiani sapaio angariSi, romlidanac Tanxis gatana SeuZlia winaswar dadgenili vadis gasvlis Semdeg, orive angariSs procentuli sargebeli ericxeba, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom vadianze ericxeba meti, vidre mimdinareze. sakredito kavSIris vadiani sapaio angariSIdan SeuZlia vadis gasvlamde Tanxis gatana, magram mepaie kargavs masze saprocento upiratesobas da masze procenti daericxeba rogorc mimdinare angariSze. magaliTad, davuSvaT , rom sakredito kavSiris wevris wili sapaio kapitalSi 100 laria, aqedan 50 lari man Seitana, rogorc mimdinare sapaio angariSi, romelsac yovelTviurad ericxeba 3%, xolo danarCeni 50 lari, rogorc vadiani sapaioangariSSi sami Tvis vadiT, romelsac yovelTviurad ericxeba 3,5%. aseT pirobebSi sami TVis Semdeg mimdinare sapaio angariSi gaizrdeba dagrovili saprocento sargeblis sididiT, anu 4,5 lariT, xolo vadiani sapaio angariSi 5,25 lariT. am orive daricxuli tanxis jami iqneba 9,75 lari, anu mimdinare da vadian sapaio angariSze daricxuli procentTa jamiT (9.75 lariT) gaizrdeba wevris sapaio Tanza (anu mepaies wili sapaio kapitali). sakredito kavSiris saqmianobas warmarTavs sakredito kavSIris gamgeoba, romelsac TviT sakredito kavSiris wevrebi irCeven, garda amisa irCeven sakredito komisias da sameTvayureo komisias. sakredito komisia ganixilavs sakrdito kavSiris wevris gacxadebas kreditis aRebis Taobaze. sameTvayureo komisia swavlobs da mTlianobaSi afasebs sakreditokavSiris muSaobas da iZleva rekomendaciebs muSaobis gasaumjobeseblad. sakredito kavSiris yovel wevrs aqvs mxolod erTI xma, Tavisi pais odenobis miuxedavad. amrigad, sakredito kavSiri iqmneba wevrTa (fermerTa) nebayoflobiTi gaerTianebiT, sakuTari wvrebisaTvis xelsayreli kreditis mozidviTa da gacemiT, wevrTa sakuTari fuladi saxsrebis mobilizaciis Senaxvisa da urTierTSoris efeqturi dabandebebisa da sxva finansuri momsaxurebis mizniT. amitom, fermerisaTvis igi sasoflo-sameureno warmoebis

35

ganviTarebisTvis da kanoniT daSvebuli yvela saqmianobis warmatebiT warmarTvisaTvis kreditis aRebis yvelaze misaReb formas waroadgens. dagrovili monacemebis analizma gviCvena, rom 2007 wlis 1 ivlisis mdgomareobiT arsebobda 20 sakredito kavSiri, romelTac ericxebodaT: safinanso organizaciis sesxebi 219968 laro, gadasaxdeli procentebi da dividendebi – 23744 lari, ganaRdebuli sawesdebo kapitali 241300 lari, xolo saerTo rezervi – 97157 lari. analiziT gamovlinda saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebis didi roli saqarTveloSi soflad sakredito kavSirebis, rogorc sakredito momsaxurebis erT-erTi efeqturi formis upiratesoba agraruli seqtoris finansur uzrunvelyofaSi. sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis glexTa kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadacemam da agraruli sferos sawarmoTa privatizaciam siflad warmoSva kerZo mesakuTreTa fena da moamzada winapirobebi fermeruli da wvrili glexuri moeurneobebis Seqmna-ganviTarebisaTvis. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom am meurneobebs sawyisi kapitali ar gaaCndaT. mdgomareobas isic arTulebda, rom qveyanas deficituri biujetis gamo investiciebis Tundac sakredito xaziT funqcionirebis saSualeba ar hqonda. saqarTveloSi sakredito kavSirebi maSin daarsda, rodesac glexebis (fermerebis) umetes nawils ar hqonda sameurneo saqmianobis dawyebis, teqnikis SeZenis saSualeba, mkveTrad igrZnoboda sabrunavi saSualebebis da gansakuTrebiT fulis deficiti. Tumca iyo zogierTi banki, romelic sesxebs gascemda, magram didi saprocento ganakveTiT, rac fermerebisaTvis xelmiuwvdomeli iyo. am kuTxiT mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula da asrulebs saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan aqtiuri urTierToba. .rogorc msoflio gamocdileba cxadyofsadgilobrivi danazogebis gamoyeneba da agreTve daxmarebebis miReba gacilebiT ufro advili da efeqtiania, Tu igi mimarTUlia ara calkeuli kerZo pierbis, aramed iuridiuli koleqtiuri pirebisaken.aseT iuridiul koleqtiur pirad ZiriTadad soflad sakredito kavSirebi gvevlineba. saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan TanamSromlobis procesis sworad warmarTViT saqarTveloSi agraruli seqtoris maCveneblebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda da igi dinamiur xasiaTs iZenda. Sedegad agraruli seqtori TandaTanobiT iqca mimzidvel

36

sainvesticio sferod, rac saqarTvelosTvis miznobrivi sakredito arxebis gaxsnaSi gamoixateba. rogorc, wesi sakredito pirobebi saqarTvelosTvis metad SeRavaTiania, magram maTi gamoyenebis strategiul mizans warmoadgens ara mxolod ekonomikis calkeul sferos , Tundac soflis meurneobisTvis xelSewyoba, aramed mniSvnelovani wvlilis Setana erovnuli mourneobis, rogorc erTiani sistemis aRorZinebaSi, makroekonomikuri stabilizacis procesebis ganviTarebaSi. samwuxarod, mixedavad safinanso bazarze donori organizaciebis mier Semotanili mniSvnelovani moculobis resursebisa, moTxovna maTze mniSvnelovnad aWarbebs realur miwodebas, rac iwvevs sakredito resursebze maRali saprocento ganakveTis Camoyalibebas. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTveloSi sakredito kavSirebis Seqmna mimzidveli aRmoCnda. sakredito kavSirebis saqmianobas dResdReobiR saxelmwifo uwevs zedamxedvelobas, erovnuli bankis meSveobiT, rac saSualebas aZlevsmosaxleobas maTI depozitebi myarad iyos daculi. erovnuli banki meTvalyureobas uwevs, Tu saiT midis esa Tu is rgoli da gakotrebis SemTxvevaS CaerTveba mis saqmianobaSi, raTa saSiSroeba Tavidan iqnes acilebuli. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sakredito kavSirebis efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia Sesabamisi kvlevis Catareba, raTa gamoCndes is mizezebi, romlebic xels uSlis maT ganviTarebas. Znelia dasaxelo qveyana, sadac ar arsebobs sakredito kavSIrebi, maT safiZvlad erTi da igive ideada procentebia Cadebuli, gamoiyeneba erTnairi meTodebi, xerxebi da resursebi. bevr qveyanaSi sakredito kavSirebi mcire Semosavliani mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis asamaRlebladmoxerxebuli da swrafi saSualeba gaxda.msoflio sakredito kavSirebi erTmaneTs sakredito kavSirebis msoflio sabWos meSveobiT exmarebian. saqarTveloSi 1995 wlidan sakredito kavSirebma sami modeliT (msoflio bankis, aSS-is da safrangeTis mTavrobis mxardaWeriT, afxazeTias da cxinvalis regionebidan ltolvilebisaTvis) daiwyes funqcionireba. mokle xanSi ricxvma 200 miaRwia. masSI gawevrianda 10850 fermeri, saerTo kapitali ki 3444420 lari Seadgina.

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Cvens qveyanaSi pirveli sakredito kavSiri msoflio bankis proeqtiT 1995 wels,kaspis raionis sofel kavTisxevSi Seqmna. 1997 wels kreditebi 100%- iT iqna dabrunebuli, xolo 1998 wels arnaxuli gvalvis gamo Seferxda misi srulad dabruneba. 2003 wlidan sesxis masiurad daubruneblobis gamo jer moxda safrangeTis mTavrobis mier kavSirebisaTvis sesxebis mTlianad SewyveTa, xolo Semdeg ki msoflio bankis da aSS-is sexsebi maqsimalurad Semcirda(2004 wlidan Sewyda). sesxis gadauxdelobasTan erTad kavSirebisraodenobis Semcireba imanac ganapiroba, rom aRniSNuli proeqti 5 welze iyo gaTVlili, amasTan saxelmwifosa da sakredito kavSirebis urTierTba metad arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi mimdinareobda. gaugebaria ratom unda daetovebinaT maT biujetisa da bankissaTvis gamoyofili finansuri saxsrebis meoTxedze meti. msoflio praqtikaSi aris faqtebi, rodesc saxelmwifos xelSewyobiT zogjer sakredito kavSirebi da asociaciebi msxvis safinanso institutebad yalibdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2005 wlis liTvis biujetma 2 mln evros odenobis saxsrebi gamoyo sakredito kavSirebis mier am Tanxis uprocento sesxis misaRebad. Tu ra saxe aqvs amjamad sakredito kavSirebis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi da rogor icvleboda igi ganvili periodis ganmavlobaSi, amis Sesaxeb warmodgenas gviqmnis qvemoT motanili cxrili:

cxrili 2sakredito kavSirebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi maCveneblebi 2005-

2007 wlebSi(aT. larobiT) sakredito kavSirebis dasaxeleba

safinaso organizaciebis

sesxebivaldebulebebi

kapitali mTlianad

2007w % 2005

2007w % 2005 w-Tan

2007w % 2005

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w-Tan w-Tan

1 “mercxali” 91.097 1012.2

95.688 7966.6 13.500 112.6

2 “meore sviri” 11.171 48.7 23.956 75.7 7.250 121.6

3 “mejiniswyali” 174.714 126.6 30.200 111.84 “kvaliTi” 6.135 67.8 9.603 87.3 3.150 1605 “xucubani” 1 0.7 412.726 106.6 30.150 52.16 “maTxojis

sakredito kavSiri”

6.214 124.8 16.354 54.6 5.550 40

7 “meriis sak. kavSiri”

43.020 100 35.250 153.4

8 “Semoqmedis sak.kavSiri”

2.780 150 2.800 0.4

9 “aWaris sak. kavSiri”

2.100 48.8 9.876 282.8 5.550 50.9

10

“Wognaris sak.kavSiri”

5.724 27.1 11.443 54.3 6.250 30

11

“dedofliswyaro sak.kavSiri”

41.696 75.8 50.345 96.7 10.700 356.6

12

“alvani” 29.900 73.2 42.349 67.1 6.800 78.7

13

“lixauris sak.kavSiri”

10.001 125 7.700 78.5

14

“saqarTvelos sak.kavSiri”

232.782 47.0 57.400 184.9

15

“mamaona” 10.673 76.9 5.400 41.5

16

“alamberi” 8.650 302 6040 3.300 60

17

“Tanadgoma” 17.280 9.516 1.4 1.200 40

18

“mija” 17.700 3.600

19

“sawmisi” 18.370 2.750

20

“sfinqsi” 2.800

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sul 219.968 40.6 1.392.498

888.958.9

241.300

104.3

2007 wlis mdgomareoiT saqarTveloSi funqcionirebadi 20 sakredito kavSiris valdebulebebi Seadgens 1.192.498 lars, xolo sul kapitali 241.300 lars. 12 sakredito kavSirs safinanso organizaciebs sesxi aRar aqvT da sakuTari kapitali gaaCniaT. 2007 wels 2005 welTan SedarebiT safinanso organizaciebis sesxebi Semcirda 40,6%- iT, kapitali gaizarda 104,3%. xolo valdebulebebi 88958,9%-iT. 2005 wels 37 sakredito kavSiri funqcionirebda, romeTla valdebulebebi Seadgenda 1.680.931 lars, xolo sul kapitali 231810 lars. 2006 wels 37 sakredito kavSiri funqcionirebda, romelTa valdebulebebi Seadgenda 1.558.853 lars, xolo sulkapitali 221.86 lars, 13 sakredito kavSirs safinanso organizaciebis sesxi ar hqondaT, Tumca wina welTan SedarebiT sakredito kavSirebis nawils, romelTac safinanso organizaciebidan sesxi ar auRiaT, saangariSoO wels mouxdaT amis gakeTeba nawilma ki uzrunveyo sesxis gareSe funqcionireba. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2006 wels, 2005 welTan SedarebiT valdebulebebi Semcirda 128.078 lariT, xolo kapitali 10524 lariT. bolo sam weliwadSi sakredito kavSirebis ricxvi sakmaod Semcirda, radgan ver pasuxobda im moTxovnebs, romelsac ayenebs parlamentis mier miRebuli kanoni sakredito kavSirebis Sesaxeb. Tumca unda aRniSnoT, rom sakredito kavSirebisaTvis gacemuli sesxebis procenti sakmaod maRaliada Seadgens 18-60%-s. sakredito kavSirs aucileblad unda gaaCndes giraoSi Casadebi qoneba. TavisTavad cxadia sakredito kavSirebs gauWirdebaT aseTi pirobebis Sesruleba, miT ufro aseTi maRali procentis gadaxda. Tu regionul WrilSi ganvixilavT sakredito kavSirebis sakanonmdeblo baza. miRebulia kanoni sakredito kavSirebis Sesaxeb, romelmac Seqmna samarTlebrivi safuZveli maTi registraciis, licenzirebis, finansuri parametrebis, marTvis struqturis Sesaxeb da sakanonmdeblo normebSi moaqcia maTi saqmianoba. amasTan erTad, erovnul bankSi Seqmnilia

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specialuri saregistracio sazedamxedvelo rgoli da igi meTvalyureobas uwevs (Carevis gareSe) sakredito kavSirebis mimarTulebas. miuxedavad amisa am ekonomikur subieqtebis optimaluri funqcionirebisaTvis jer ar aris Seqmnili xelsayreli garemo, rac aucilebelad moiTxovs:

saxelmwifos xelSewyobis realuri saprocento ganakveTebis pirobebSi grZelvadiani kreditebiT uzrunvelyofaSi da im kavSirebis restruqturizaciaSi, romelTac finansuri problemebi aqvT.

soflis meurneobis ganviTaebis strategiis damuSavebis proecsSi sakredito kavSirebisa da mwarmoebelTa urTierTobebis gaTvaliswinebas, rac uzrunvelyofs gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebisa da momxarebelTa mWidro kavSirs fermerul meurneobebTan.

fermerul meurneubebis sakredito kavSirebTan finansuri angariSsworebis dros produqciis naturiT anazRaurebis xelsayreli formis danergvas, urTierTSeTanxmebuli fasebis mixedviT.

sakredito wevrebis informaciul uzrunvelyofas, rogorc samamulo ise sazRvargareTis mowinave qveynebis safinanso, sabuRaltro, sagadasaxado. warmoebis gaZRolis, axali teqnologiebis, bazris koniuqturisa da sxav sakiTxebze, rom maT SeZlon mkveTrad gaaumjobeson produqciis warmoeba, gadamuSaveba da realizacia.

saxelmwifos mier sakredito kavSirebis wevrebisaTvis gadasamzadebeli kursebis Camoyalibebas saRricxvo, biznes-gegmebis Sedgenis, dakreditebis saqmianobisa da miwaTmoqmedebis kulturis amaRlebis sferoSi.

regionaluri servis kooperativebis, rogorc ufro maRali donis damakavSirebeli meqanizmebis Camoyalibebas.

specialuri sadazRvevo sistemis Seqmnas, romelic mxolod sakredito kavSirebis qonebasa da sesxebze imuSavebs.

sakredito kavSirebis mier gadamamuSavebeli sawaroebis Seqmnas, romlis pirobebSi mwarmoebelic da realizatoricTviTon iqneba, rac integraciis maRal formas warmoadgens

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Tavisufali safinanso resursebis mobilizacias da marali efeqtiT gamoyenebas, mosalodneli riskebisa da saprocento ganakveTebis Semcirebas, sesxebis daubruneblobis dazRvevas, sxvadasxva finansuri subieqtebidan Tavisufali fuladi resursebis mozidvas da savaluto operaciebisganxorcielebas.

agrarul seqtorSi finansuri mdgradobis gamyareba da maWirvalobis miRweva uzrunvelyofs regionebSi fulad-sakredito sistmis dacvasrogorc Sida, ise gare uaryofiTi makroekenomikuri Sokebisagan. amasTan, saqarTvelos finansuri parametrebi TandaTanobiT gauTanabrdeba im gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebis sabanko sistemis maCveneblebs, romlebic Tanamedrove sabazro urTierTobebis CamoyalibebiT, agrarul seqtorSi ukve miaRwies seriozul warmatebebs.

imereTis regionSi arsebuli problemebi

saqarTveloSi gansxvavebuli bunebrivi-sawarmoo pirobebi, warmoebis specializacia, resursuli potenciali, ekologiuri da demografiuli Taviseburebebi iwvevs araerTgvarovani dargobrivi da teritoriuli struqturebis formirebis aucileblobas. dargobriv da teritoriul struqturebSi vlindeba TiToeuli regionis bunebriv-geografiuli, istoriuli, socialuri, ekonomikuri Taviseburebebi, mosaxleobis sawarmoo gamocdileba, sameurneo fsiqologia, kulturuli da yofiTi tradiciebi. am struqturebis saSualebiT warmatebiT SeiZleba gdaiWras imereTis regionis agraruli seqtoris ekonomikur-organizaciuli problemebi, radgan sameurneo politikis aseT principebze ageba daemyareba diferencirebul midgomebs damaqsimalurad gaiTvaliswinebs regionul Taviseburebebs. imereTis regionSi, agraruli seqtoris sawarmoo Zalebisracionaluri gadaadgilebiT, bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT uzrunvelyofili iqneba warmoebis saqonlianobis marali done, sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis efeqtiani gacvla da regionuli bazrebis Seqmna.

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dRes imereTSi darRveulia dargobrivi da teritoriuli interesebis optilamuri Tanafadroba. es gamoixateba iseTi ZiriTAdi maCveneblebis mkveTr meryeobaSi,rogoricaa soflis meurneobis da gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis mTliani produqcia, miwiT uzrunvelyofa, dasaqmeba, Semosavlebi, saqonelbrunva, investiciebi, sawarmoo da socialuri infrastruqturis ganviTarebis done da sxva. agraruli warmoebis regionuli ganviTareba Semdegi ZiriTadi amocanebis gadaWras unda iTvaliswinebdes: regionuli bazrebis ganviTareba, qveynis sursaTiT TviTuzrunvelyofisa dasasursaTo usafrTxoebis stimulireba, fermerTa Semosavlebis zrdisTvis mxardaWera, soflis meurneobasa da mrewvelobas Soris prioritetuli urTierTobis formireba, funqcionalur-dargobrivi struqturis romelime sferos monopolixaciis Semcireba, mowinace teqnologiuri moRwevebis Tanmimdevruli gamoyeneba da efeqtianibos zrdis uzrunvelyofa. am amocanebis gadaWraSi mniSvnelovani roli unda Seasrulos saxelmwifo regulirebis sistemam, man unda moaxdinos: 1. sasoflo-sa,meurneo nedleulisa da produqtebis formireba. 2. adgilobriv mwarmoebelTa interesebis dacva. e.i. man unda gaataros fermerTa Semosavlebisa da maTi produqciis fasebis regulirebis politika. man unda daicvas saSinao bazari mravalricxovani importuli surogarebisagan. gansakuTrebiT yuradgeba unda daeTmos saxelmwifo investiciebis zrdas, sameliracio da miwis eroziisagan dacvas, veterinariisa da mcenareTa dacvis, ekologiuri usafrTxoebisa da soflis meurneobis infrastruqturis ganviTarebis programebs. unda aRvniSnoT, rom daRes imereTsi fermerebi SezRudulad, magram mainc axerxeben sawvavis, Sxamqimikatebisa da sxvadasxva masalebis SeZenas, magram kerZo seqtori kreditebis gareSe ver iarsebebs. Cven ramdenadac viciT, zemoTac aRvniSneT, sakredito kavSirebis ganviTareba aucilebeli pirobaa imereTis regionSi – regionaluri servisis kooperativebis CamoyalibebisaTvis, rac regionil soflis meurneobis aRmavlobis sawindari iqneba, radganac sakredito kavSirebis mier gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis Seqmna, romlis pirobebSic

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mwarmoebelic da realizatoric TviTon iqneba, rac integraciis maRal formas warmoadgens. imereTis regionSi, rogorc 1 cxrilSi naxeT aris Semdegi sakredito kavSirebi: xoni, sof maTxojis sakredito kavSiri, organiazciul samarTlebrivi forma kooperativi.registrirebuli 19.03.2003 w, direqtori zaira barbaqaZe, sakontaqto telefoni 899 724 607. Terjola, sof.Wognari sakredito kavSiri, organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma kooperativi, registrirebulia 19.03.2003w direqtori nana basilaZe, sakontaqto telefoni 895 45 16 88. zestafoni, sof.meore sviri, sakredito kavSiri ”meore sviri”, organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma kooperativi, registrirebulia 13.01.2003. direqtori olegi TuSaraSvili, sakontaqto telefoni 899 101 859. zestafoni, sof.kvaliTi, kvaliTis sakredito kavSiri, organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma kooperativi, registrirebulia 17.01.2003. direqtori kukuri gabriWiZe. sakontaqto telefoni 893 22 01 22 aseve 1997 wlis 11 dekembers daarsda xonis raionis sof. kuxis sakredito kavSiri, wevrTa raodenoba iyo 63, sakredito kavSirebis saerTo aqtivebi-3.150 lari, sul gacemuli sesxebi Tanxa 220.00 lari, raodenoba 560 sesxis saSualo odenoba erT wevrze 550 lari, depozitis saSualo raodenoba ert wevrze 330 lari, portfelSi sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis sasxebis wili 40%. 2000 wlidan kuxis sakredito kavSiris wevrma nikoloz SavyalaZem aamusava mefrinveleobis fabrika, sesxis aReba versad ver SeZlo garda kuxis sakredito kavSirisa. dReisTvis sul hyavs 3000 frTa qaTami da cdilobs gazardos 7000 mdeisev sakredito kavSiris daxmarebiT. misma saqmianobam gazarda misi ojaxis Semosavlebi, aseve misca SesaZlebloba kvlav sakredito kavSirSi daezoga Tanxa. rac Seexeba “Wognaris” (Terjolis r-ni) sakredito kavSirs isic daarsda 1997 wlis3 seqtembers, registraciaSi gatarda 2003wels. wevrTa raodenoba 93, sakredito kavSirebis saerTo aqtivebi 7.145 lari, sul gacemuli sesxebi tanxa- 185.055 lari, raodeoba781. sesxis saSualo odenoba erT wevrze 362 lari, depozitis saSualo odenoba erT wevrze 100 lari portfelSi sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis sesxebis wili: 66%

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“Wognaris” sakredito kavSirebis wevrebma omar abulaZem da Salva basilaZem sakredito kavSiridan aRebuli sesxiT gaakeTes saqonlis ferma, romlis daniSnuleba iyo xorcis warmoeba, yavT 38 suli pirutyvi. sistematurad sargebloben kavSiris momsaxureobiT da am saqmianobidan sakredito kavSirSi Seinaxes Ffuli da naxes damatebiTi sargebeli. savalalod – dRes kavSiri wyvets arsebobas, samwuxarod sakredito kavSiris ganviTarebis centris xelmZRvanelebma, soflebSi aseTi kavSirebis Seqmnis da ganviTarebis xelSewyobis nacvlad, mis bazaze moindomes raionul centrebSi “didi sakredito kavSirebis Seqmna” da sofels mowyvites soflisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis safinanso dawesebuleba. “didi sakredito kavSirebis” Seqmnis ideam xeli Seuwyo da daaCqara mravali sasoflo-sakredito kavSirebis gauqmeba. dRes imereTis regionSi relaurad moqmedi sasoflo-sameurneo kavSiri aris xonSi “maTxojis sakredito kavSiri” igi warmatebiT funqcionirebs, rac ganapiroba kargma menejmentma da mondomebam. Ziritadi kapitali – 10000 lariproeqtidan qondaT danazogebi, magram SeuwydaT da amJamad muSaoben Senatanebis xarjze, anabrebi 62 025 lari. sul aqtivebi – 42 885 l. aqtivebi – 104 920 l. mimdinare depozitebze – 558.042 l vadian anabrebze gadaxdili procenti – 1461l wminda procenti, Semosavlebi(xarjebi) – 8165l mogeba(aqtivebi da rezervebi) – 1853l wminda mogeba – 1534 l sul yavT 200 wevri sawesdebo kapitali – 10000 l gaunawilebeli mogeba – 8305l sul kapitali – 42 895 l sul valdebulebebi da kapitali – 104920 l aqtivebi- 104920l gacemuli sesxebi – 78631 lSesaZlo danakargebi rezervi – 1483l

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wminda sesxi – 77148l misaRebi procenti – 1007ZiriTadi saSualebebi – 1957lmimdinare depoziti – 21152lmaqsimaluri gacema – 4000 lsaSualo – 2000lvadiani depozitebi – 33752 l

Cven ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom sasoflo-sakredito kavSiri erTaderTi organizaciaa, romelic okros, Zvirfaseulobas da sxva safinanso organizaciebSi rTuli, glexebisaTvis miuwvdomeli procedurebis gareSe afinansebs misTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis saqmianobas mcire kreditebiT: xvna-Tesvis, baRis gaSenebis, mcire fermeruli meurneobis warmarTvisaTvis sasuqis Sxamqimikatebis,Teslis, nergebis, pirutyvisa da sxvadasxva saqonlis SesaZenad. amjamadsasoflo sakredito kavSirebi ara Tu gauqmdes,piriqiT unda ganviTardes, radgan es aris soflis da glexkacis gadarCenis erTaderTi garanti. msoflio bankis eqspertebis gaangariSebiT saqarTveloSi SesaZlebelia sakredito kavSirebis aqtiuri ganviTareba. kaspis raionis sof.kvaTisxelis sakredito kavSiris magaliTidan Cans , rom ori wlis manZilzeman SeZlo aRebuli valdebulebis Sesruleba. kerZod dividendis saxiT miiRo 2176 lari da oTx weliwadSi kapitali 9216 laramde gaizarda, rac sakmarisia imisTvis, rom SemdgomSi sakrediTo kavSirma aRar aiRos sesxi da damoukideblad gaagrZelos saqmianoba. aseTi warmatebiT moqmedi sakredito kavSirebia: aWaris avtonomiur respublikaSi kaxabris sakedito kavSiri, dedofliswyaros, xobis raionis Sua xorgis sakredito kavSiri da sxva. saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba da gadamamuSavebeli mrweveloba amJamad dekapitalizirebulia. ar aris sakmarisi sasoflo-sameurneo teqnika, Seqmnilia energodeficiti, sistematurad izrdeba fasebi da sxva. yovelive es qmnis obieqtur winaaRmdegobebs soflad sakredito kavSirebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT. finansuri problemebidan unda aRiniSnos, rom uWirT moiZion saWiro resursebi maqsimalurad xessayreli saprocento ganakveTiT, moipovon nebismieri sakredito organizaciis ndoba da sesxis aRebis

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SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyon isini. yovelive amas emateba warmoebuli produqciis arakonkurentunarianoba da maRali danaxarjebi. sxva sferoebisgan gansxvavebiT agrarul seqtorSi gansakuTrebiT didia bunebrivi riskis saSiSroebac. miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflio bankebisa da sxa organizaciebis xelSewyobiT saqarTvelos bevr raionSi Seiqmna da funqcionirebs sakredito kavSIrebi, mainc arsebobs maTI normaluri saqmianobis Semaferxebeli winaaRmdegobebi. soflis meurneobaSi sakmaod problemuria xelisSemSleli mizezebiT kreditebis droulad dabrunebis SesaZlebloba. amJamad moqmebi wesebiT giraoSi Cadebuli likviduri saSualebebi (oqro, saxli) realizacia sabolood gaaratakebs mosaxleobas. es ki Tavis mxriv gamoiwvevs undoblobas krditoris mimarT, rac sabolood damRupvel gavlenas iqoniebs mTlianad agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebaze. agraruli politkis umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa warmoebis ekonomikuri efeqtianobis amaRleba da mogebis zrda, rasac ganapirobebs sabazro kanonebi. amitom, agraruli politika unda xorcieldebodes mizanmimarTulad da Tanamimdevrulad im konkretuli Taiseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlitac xasiaTdeba saqarTvelos ekonomika. gavecnoT da ganvixilot sakredito kavSirebis konsolidirebuli monacemebi.

cxrili 3sakredito kavSirebis konsolidirebuli monacemebi IV kvartali 2010 w.

aqtivebi sul1 naRdi fuli 3594542 saxelmwifo savalo fasiani qaRaldebi 749453 fuladi saxsrebi sabanko angariSze 1096524 moTxovnebi bankebis da arasabanko

sadepozito dawesebulebebis mimaT---

5 klientebisaTvis gacemuli sesxebi 213658

5.1 minus: sasxebis sesaZlo danakargebis rezervi 728456 wminda sesxebi 20658137 misaRebi procenti 509808 dasakuTrebuli moZravi da uZravi qoneba 3156

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9 piradi saSualebebi da aramaterialuri aqtivebi 11529110 sxa aqtivebi 3125711 sul aqtivebi

valdebulebebibankebis fuladi saxsrebi

2810548

12 ---

13 mimdinare depozitebi 10831314 vadiani depozitebi 169107115 safinanso organiazciebis sesxebi 39122116 gadasaxdeli procentebi da dividendebi 6335117 sxva valdebulebebi 2926418 sul valdebulebebi

kapitaliganaRdebuli sawesdebo kapitali

228322019 271850

20 minus gamosasyidi pai ---21 Semowiruloba kapitalSi 4706422 saerTo rezervi 11301423 aqtivebis gadafasebis rezervebi 14976224 gaunawilebeli mogeba 15336225 sul kapitali 52832826 sulvaldebulebebi da kapitali 2811548

rogorc sabalanso uwyisidan Cans 2010 wlis bolos sakredito kavSirebis aqtivebi Seadgens 2810548 lars. m.S. klientebisaTvis gacemuli sesxebi 2138658 lars. sakredito kavSirebis valdebulebebi ki 2283 220 lars, m.S. safinanso organizaciebis sesxebi 391222 lars sakredito kapitali ki 528328 laria, sul valdebulebebi da kapitali 2811548 lari. aqedan daskvna unda gavakeToT, rom sakredito kavSirebis ZiriTadi nawili safinanso organizaciebidan sesxiT sargeblobs. Zalian mcire nawilia, romelmac uzrunvelyo sesxis gareSe funqcionireba. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom sakredito kavSirebis ZiriTadi upiratesoba bankTan SedarebiT aris mis wevrebze marali saprocento ganakveTi, radgan sakredito kavSiri momavali mogebis did wils winaswar unawilebs Tavis wevrebs, Tumca orive struqtura (sakredito kavSiri da komerciuli banki) aris saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier licenzirebuli.

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bankTan SedarebiT sakredito kavSiris upiratesobaa operaciebis simartive, anabris miRebisa da sesxis gacemis gamWirvaloba, gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi TiTeuli wevris monawileobis SesaZlebloba, kavSiris wevrebze orientirebuli ojaxuri garemo, kavSiris saerTo miznebis ganxorcielebaSi aqtiuri monawileobis miRebis saSualeba. sakredito kavSiri mis wevrebs aZlevs saSualebas miiRon monawileoba kavSIris mier ganxorcielebul sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi, iqneba es saqvelmoqmedo programebi, mravalricxovani ojaxebis daxmareba da sxva. aseve sakredito kavSirs bankTan SedarebiT gaaCnia susti mxareebic, konkretulad, sakredito kavSirs ar gaaCnia klientebis mimdinare angariSebi, sakredito kavSiris wevroba SeuZliaT mxolod fizikur pirebs.

sakredito kavSiris ganviTareba ucxoeTSi da saqarTveloSi

sakredito kavSirebis istoria iwyeba jer kidev 1852 wlidan, rodesac germanelma ekonomistma franc herman Sulcem daaarsa im droisTvis axali sapilote proeqti germaniis or patara qalaqSi. sul ramodenime aTeul weliwadSi sakredito kavSIrebi ukvemTel evropis masStabiT sTavazobdnen tavianT wevrebs sesxis gacemisa da anabris Semotanis gamartivebul, moqnil da gamWirvale provedurebs, romelebmac moixveWes didi popularoba. tanamedrove msoflioSi sakredito kavSirebi Warmoadgenen mZlavr finansur dawesebulebebs aseulobiT aTasi wevrebiTa da moculobiti aqtivebiT. saqarTveloSi sakredito kavSirebs Sedarebit ufro mcire istoria gaaCniaT, vidre komerciul bankebs, dasavleT evropisada CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebSi isini warmCenilebi arian, rogorc gacilebit ufro stabiluri finansuri daweebulebebi, romlebTac aRmoaCndaT finansuri krizisis ufro meti mdgradoba, erTis mxriv maRali likvidurobis, meores mxriv gacilebiT didi finansuri gamWirvalobisa da wevrebis sakredito kavSiris saqmianobaSi maRali CarTulobis gamo.

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aRsaniSnavia , rom sakredito kavSirebi aris gavrcelebuli mTels msofioSi da maTSi mosaxleobis udidesi nawilia gaerTianebuli. statistiuri monacemebiT, msoflio maStabiT sakredito kavSirebis 200 mln wevri da 1,4 trilioni aSS dolaris aqtivebi aqvs. aSS-Si 12 aTasamde sakredito kavSIria registrirebuli da qveynis mosaxleobis 43% maTi wevria. kanadSi sakredito kavSirebi mosaxleobis 48%-s aerTianebs. irlandiaSi ki mosaxleobis 90% gawevrianebuli. msoflioSi sakredito kavSirebis Seqmnis idea me-19 saukuneSi ganxorcielda. pirveli sakredito kavSiri, rogorc safinanso instituti, germaniaSi Camoyalibda 1850wels. gaRatakebuli fermerebisTvis da wvrili mewarmeebis saanabro da sakredito momsaxurebisaTvis. amJamad, sakredito kavSirebis msgavsi formebi kooperaciuli bankebis saxiT moqmedebs amerikaSi, kanadaSi, avstraliaS, aziis, laTinuri amirikis da afrikis qveynebSi, maTi ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa samomxmareblo da sawamoo daniSnulebis organizaciebis samomxmareblo da sakredito momsaxureba. 16 wlis win, jer kidev 1995 wels, msoflio baknmada soflis meurneobis ganvitarebis saerTaSoriso fondma saqarTveloSi mcire fermerta sameurneo saqmianobisdasafinansebladda sakredito kavSirebis Sesaqmnelad 6.5 mln amerikuli dolari gamoyo. proeqtis farglebSi saqarTveloSi Seiqmna sakredito kavSirebis ganviTarebis cenrti, daarsda 150 sasoflo-sakredito kavSiri. konkretulad, guriaSi 27 sakredito kavSiri arsebobda, Tumca bevri maTganis xseneba maSinve gaqra. im periodSi, yovel sakredito kavSirze gamoyofili iyo 5000 amerikuli dolari, saidanac 3000 dolari aRniSnulikavsiris registracias Tu ofisis xarjebs unda moxmareboda, xolo 2000 dolari sasoflo-sakredito kavSirebs unda mieRoT, roca wevrTa Senatanebi miaRwevda 25000 dolars. sagangebod yuradsaRebia is faqti rom Seqmnili 150 sakredito kavSiri sasoflo sameurneo xasiaTis iyo, amitom Tu ki vinmes surda , rom saqarTvelos sofels exeira,qveyana gaZlierebuliyo, sword aseT sasoflo kavSirebs saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebiT da erTgulebiT unda gafrTxileboda .

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dRes ,roca lamis moduri gaxda soflis meurneobis aRorZinebaze saubari da ukve glexkacs kars moadga xvna-Tesvis sezoni, soflis mcxovrbTa 90%-ssawvavis, sasuqis ,yanis damuSavebisaTvis saWiro Tanxa ara aqvs. arcerTi safinanso organizacia glexs mcire sesxs biurokratiuli barieris gareSe ar aZlebs. amerikaSi 1913 wels gacemuli sesxi wliur ert procentSi, sakredito kavSirebma 1975 wels gadaixades, saqarTveloSI ki roca sabrunavma saSualebebma 1000 lars miaRwia, 26%-iani krediti aiRes,mere 14%-mde davidnen.saxelmwifos ki es sesxi procentis gareSemisces, mxolod momsaxurebis 0.75%-ixdis. sasoflo-sakredito kavSiri erTaderTi organizaciaa, romelic oqros Zvirfaseulobisa da sxa safinanso organizaciebSi, rTuli, glexebisTvis miuwvdomeli procedurelis gareSe afinansebs misTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis saqmianoba mcire kreditebit: xvna-Tesva, baRis gaSenebis, mcire fermeruli maurneobis warmarTvisaTvis, sasuqis, Sxamqimikatebis, Teslis, nergebis, pirutyvis da sxvadasxva saqonlis SesaZenad. 150 milionia gamoyofili soflis meurneobisaTvis, rac aucileblad unda moxmardes sofels, glexs, fermers, mewarmes da sakredito kavSirebs. sakredito kavSirebis instituti iseve unda ganviTardes saqarTveloSi, rogorc msoflios yvela ganviTarebul qveyanaSi. M mikrosafinanso organizaciebi

qveyanaSi gansakuTrebiT xeli unda Seewyos mikrosafinanso sistemis ganviTarebas, romlis mizania qveyanaSi Seiqmnas mcire sawarmoebis, gansakuTrebiT soflad, efeqtiani da dinamiuri sistema; warmoebis stimulireba damwyebi fermerebisaTvis SeRavaTiani kreditebis gacemis gziT. Mmikrodafinansebam unda gadaWras Semdegi amocanebi : _ xeli Seuwyos sabanko klienturis gafarToebas, ramdenadac mikrosafinanso organizaciebis klientebi droTa ganmavlobaSi ukve formirebuli sakredito istoriiT Semdgomi momsaxureobisaTvis banks mimarTaven;

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_ arasabanko institutebi, rogorc wesi avseben da afarToeben sabanko sistemis funqcionirebas, xels uwyoben unaRdo angariSsworebis danergvas mcire biznesSi da mcire biznesis klienturis aRzrdas. Mmikrosafinanso sistema mraval qveyanaSi danergili da ganviTarebuli. 2005 wels amerikis SeerTebul Statebis arasabanko mikrodafinansebis organizaciebis mier gacemuli sesxebis erToblivma portfelma naxevar miliard dolarze meti Seadgina. Mmikrosafinanso organizaciebi asruleben mniSvnelovan rols qveyanaSi safinanso bazrebis ganviTarebis procesSi. jer erTi, isini mravali mcire sawarmosaTvis warmoadgenen sesxis miRebis erTaderT sagareo wyaros. Mman am organizaciidan SeiZleba miiRos mravali informacia, konsultacia da a.S. meorec, msesxeblis biznesis ganviTarebasTan erTad izrdeba misi moTxovnilebebi finansebze, rasac ukve mosdevs mewarmis gadasvla ufro maRal, sabanko dakreditebis doneze, amasTan aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am mewarmes ukve aqvs sakredito istoria. saqarTvelos mikrosafinanso organizaciebis (qveyanaSi registrirebulia 18 organizacia ) mTliani aqtivebi, 2008 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT 68389319 laris tolia. maT mier macemulia 56,9 mln laris moculobis sesxi, rac mTliani aqtivebis 83% Seadgens. TandaTan izrdeba soflis meurneobis dafinansebisaTvis gamoyofili sesxebis wili, romelmac 19% Seadgina. Mmikrosafinanso organizaciebs sesxebad gasacemi saxsrebis mopovebis ori ZiriTadi wyaro aqvT; kerZod, pirvels warmoadgens sakuTari kapitali, romlidanac mTliani aqivebis 32% formirdeba, xolo meores nasesxebi saSualebebi, romlebic mTliani aqtivebis 59%-s abalansebs. Saxsrebis 10% ki sxva valdebulebebze modis. amasTan, am aspeqtSi aRsaniSnavia mikrosafinanso organizacia “qarTuli kreditis” mier sakuTari savalo fasiani qaRaldebis gamoSvebac. marTalia jer-jerobiT misi wili pasivebSi jer kidev mcirea da absolitur cifrebSi mxolod 340 aTas lars Seadgens, magram aRniSnuli RonisZieba dasawyisisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania. sayuradReboa isic, rom Tuki qveyanaSi iqneba stabiluri politikur-ekonomiuri mdgomareoba, arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom kargi muSaobis Sedegad Tavad romelime mikrosafinanso organizacia gadaiqces msxvil

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sakredito dawesebulebad (komerciul bankad). Aamis magaliTi saqarTveloSi ukve arsebobs _ mcire sakredito organizacia “finka saqarTvelo” ukve emzadeba komerciuli bankis licenziis misaRebad (samwuxarod, qveyanaSi arsebobs amis sapirispiro magaliTic. kerZod, araefeqtiani muSaobis Sedegad komerciuli banki mikrosafinanso organizaciad gadaiqca. Swored ase daemarTa “Tbilbiznesbanks”). marTalia, qveynis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze mikrosafinanso organizaciis ganviTarebas xels uSlis mwiri finansuri resursebi, magram gamosavali mainc SeiZleba gamoinaxos komerciuli bankis sesxis saxiT, gansakuTrebiT im bankisa, romelTac survili aqvT imuSaon mikrokreditis momxmareblebTan, magram jer-jerobiT mzad arian aucilebel infrastruqturaSi saTanado saxsrebis CadebisaTvis. statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, am etapze mikrokreditebis gacemis ZiriTad areals warmoadgens vaWrobisa da momsaxurebis seqtorebi. swored am sferoebze modis gacemuli mikrosesxebis 30,5% mikrosafinanso organizaciebis mier soflis meurneobis dafinansebisaTvis gamoyofili saxsrebi jer kidev mcirea da maTi wili mTlian sesxebSi mxolod 4,7%-s Seadgens, xolo gacemuli mikrosesxebidan 10% sxva dargebze modis. Mmikrosafinanso organizaciebis klientTa udidesi nawili individualuri pirebi arian. iuridiul pirebis wilad maT mier gacemuli sesxebis mxolod 6%-ia. Ggasuli wlebis gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom mikrosafinanso organizaciebis warmatebul muSaobaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis saerTaSoriso safinanso organizaciebs, romlebic maT grantebiT da SeRavaTiani, grZelvadiani kreditebi uzrunvelyofen. Tumca saqarTvelos erovnul bankSi registrirebuli mikrosafinanso organizaciebidan es wyaro jer-jerobiT gamoyenebuli arc erTs ara aqvs, garda “riko eqspresisa”, romelsac ararezidenti iuridiuli pirisgan grZelvadiani sesxi aqvs aRebuli. Amis paralelurad qveynis agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebaSi intensiurad unda CaerTos sxvadasxva saxis fondebis finansuri resursebi. erT-erT aseTs warmoadgens “aTaswleulis ganviTarebis programa” (Georgian fund

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agribusiness development project), romelis saxsrebiTac ukve ramdenime qarTvelma fermerma isargebla. aRniSnuli fondis saxsrebi moxmardeba kartofilis, Taflis, rZis da xorcis masStabebis gazrdas. sul fondi daxarjavs 15 mln amerikul dollars, aqedan 2,2 mln-ia daxarjuli, romlis safuZvelze 720 samuSao adgili Seiqmna. B proeqti iTvaliswinebs grantis sam saxeobas. Eesenia: pirveladi warmoebis da gadamamuSavebeli warmoebis erTi wlis vadiT; aseve servis-centrebis Camoyalibebas, romlebic komerciul sawyisebze iqneba agebuli. Aam aspeqtSi asaniSnavia, rom TiTqmis privatizirebuli amerikuli soflis meurneoba mTavrobis mravalmxrivi mxardaWeriT sargeblobs _ gadasaxadebis SeCerebidan dawyebuli da subsidebiT damTavrebuli. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, arsebobda da arsebobs mudmiv urTierTdaTmobebi Tavisufali mewarmeobis Teorisa da gansakuTrebul ekonomikur miznebTan misaRwevad mTavrobisadmi daxmarebis TxovniT mimarTvis praqtikas Soris. Cveni mTavroba, romelic ultraliberalur mTavrobaTaa miCneuli, sasurvelia, Tu aRniSnuls gaiTvaliswinebs. mTavroba unda exmarebodes fermerebs ara mxolod produqciis warmoebaSi, aramed moyvanili produqtis bazramde mitanisa da realizaciaSic. Uunda daarsdes saswavleblebis qselli, sadac axalgazrdoba momzaddeba agrarul seqtorSi samuSaod. unda Seiqmnas agraruli eqsperimentuli sadgurebi da servisuli sadgurebi da servisuli saagentoebis qseli.

cxrili 4Mmikrosafinanso organizaciebis konsilidirebuli monacemebi

Pperiodi: IV kv. 2010sabalanso uwyisi

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NN Aaqtivebi sul1 naRdi fuli 57618452 Ffuladi saxsrebi sabanko angariSze 442866423 Ffasiani qaRaldebi 187544 mTliani sesxebi 2295302625 Mminus sesxebis SesaZlo danakargebis

rezervi233195

6 wminda sesxebi 2271920667 daricxuli misaRebi procentebi da

dividendebi5517056

8 dasakuTrebuli uZravi da moZravi qoneba 11571819 investiciebi sawesdebo kapitalSi 14751510 ZiriTadi saSualebebi da arameterialuri

aqtivebi17114191

11 sxva aqtivebi 835265612 mTliani aqtivebi 309547906

13valdebulebebi

sakuTari savalo fasiani qaRaldebi17162156

14 nasesxebi saxsrebi 17919095715 daricxuli gadasaxdeli procentebi da

dividendebi6185302

16 sxva valdebulebebi 1393547517 subordinaciuli valdebulebebi 1143200918 mTliani valdebulebebi 227905899

19kapitali

sawesdebo kapitali47330394

20 minus gamosyiduli aqciebis wili ---21 saemisio kapitali ---22 grantebi da Semowiruloba kapitalSi 10195623 rezervebi (109703)24 gaunawilebeli mogeba 3340226525 aqtivebis gadafasebis rezervebi ---

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26 sul kapitali 8164201227 mTliani valdebulebebi da saaqcio kapitali 309547911

2010 wlis IV kvartlis mdgomareobiT mikrosafinanso organizaciebs Seadgens 309547906 lars, valdebulebebi ki 227905899 lars, xolo sul kapitali 81642012 lars, mTliani valdebulebebi da saaqcio kapitali 309547911 lars. mTliani sesxebi ki 229530262 lars. Nnasesxebi saxsrebi ki 179190957 lars.

3.2 ucxouri kapitalis monawileoba qarTulsabanko seqtorSi

uaRresad mniSvnelovan faqtors, romlis amoqmedebac saWiroa ekonomikis yvela dargis da gansakuTrebiT soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis, rogorc adgilobrivi, ise ucxouri investiciebis mozidva

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warmoadgens. rogorc cnobilia, qveyanaSi samamulo investiciebi sakmaod SezRuduli moculobiTaa. Aamaze isic metyvelebs, rom CvenTan monetarizaciis koeficientebi “mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fuli” mSp-Tan mimarTebaSi odnav aRemateba 10%-s, rodesac es maCvenebeli ruseTSi 30%-mdea, xolo evropis qveynebSi, m.S. gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSic ki es maCvenebeli maRalia, amasTan, didi sibrTxilea saWiro, rom didi raodenobis ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis dros rogorc qveynis sabanko sistema, aseve ekonomikis zogierTi sxva dargic, ucxoeli investorebis mTlian kontrolqveS ar gadavides. sabanko seqtoris swraf ganviTarebas uaRresad gazrdilma konkurenciam da ucxouri investiciebis Semosvlam Seuwyo xeli. 2007 wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTul sabanko seqtorSi xuTi axali banki Semovida da pirveli sami kvartalis monacemebiT sabanko seqtorSi ganxorcielda 118 mln aSS dolaris pirdapiri ucxouri investicia. amasTan, arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom yvela im qveyanaSi, romlis sabanko sistemaSi didi raodenobiT ucxouri investiciebi iqneba moziduli yovelTvis rodis gaumjobesdeba efeqturobis maCveneblebi, vTqvaT, romelsac RO (sabanko sistemis mogebis Sefardeba sabanko aqtivebTan) warmoadgens. mag., iseT gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi, rogorebicaa xorvatia, Slovenia, CexeTi. Efeqtianobis maCvenebeli moziduli investiciebis gavleniT marTlac gaizarda, magram ungreTSi, latviasa da litvaSi ucxouri investiciebis sabanko sistemis muSaobaze zegavlena TiTqmis sruliad ar mouxdenia, xolo bulgareTSi, rumineTSi, poloneTsa da estoneTSi (sadac ucxouri kapitalis xvedriTi wili mTlian sabanko kapitalSi 60-100%-mde meryeobs) sabanko sistemis efeqtianobis maCvenebeli gaauaresa kidevac.

cxrili 5qarTuli bankebis sawesdebo kapitalSi ucxouri bankebis wilobrivi monawileoba

bankebi saaqt.kapiataliaT.lari

ucxouri wili%

ucxouri wili, aT.lari

standart banki 32475393 0 ---saxalxo banki 76631251 72.5 55557656

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bazis banki 177020043 0 ---saqarTvelos banki 49772633272 91.5 454995893

kaskad banki 12414775 91.5 113595419ziraaT banki 13250865 100 113250865

azrbaijanis banki 11193219 100 11193219investbanki 12944487 100 12944487

qarTu 10070239 0 ---taobanki 57140152 98.8 56454470

agroinvesti 25383241 0 ---prokreditbanki 72918016 100 72918016

banki respublika 808852236 70 566109665silqroud banki 34984265 76 26588041

Ti bi si 31433300286 69 216867197kavkas. ganviT.

banki12045951 100 1245951

TeTri 126651197 67 8445682vi Ti bi 62904721 87.0 41265496

S C 14273715 100 142737712sul 14710466321 73.3 1064779869

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTveloSi ukve moqmedebs ramdenime baki, romelTac mTlianad ucouri kapitali aqvT. esenia: ziraaT banki, azerbaikanis banki, investbanki, prokreditbanki, kavkasiis ganviTarebis banki da HSBC. MAmaRal donezea aseve warmoedgenili ucxouri kapitali saxalxo bankSi (72.5), saqarTvelos bakSi (91.5), kaskad bankSi(91.5), taobankSi (98.8) da a.S mTlianobaSi saqarTvelos bankebis sawesdebo kapitalis 73.3 procents ucxouri bankebi floben. mosalodnelia, rom sabanko seqtoris ZiriTadi maCveneblebis (aqtivebi, kapitali, kreditebi, depozitebi) matebis tempi gauswrebs mTliani Sida produqtis zrdis temps. bankebi SeinarCuneben da ganimtkiceben wamyvani finansuri Suamavlis rols.

saqarTvelos sabanko sistemis ganviTarebis strategiis warmatebiT ganxorcieleba xels Seuwyobs agreTve sabanko momsaxurebis speqtris gafarToebas, msxvili mravalprofiliani bankebis, calkeul momsaxurebaze

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(samomxmareblo dakrediteba ipoTeka, mcire da saSualo biznesis dakrediteba) orientirebuli sabanko dawesebuleba da saangariSworebo da ara sabanko sadepozito_sakredito organizaciebis optimalur Tavsebadobas. racionaluri da jansaRi konkurenciis principze dafuZnebuli sabanko seqtori gaxdeba sainvesticio resursebis akumulirebis myar bazad. stabiluroba soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaze saxelmwifo danaxarjebis amoRebis garantiaa, amitom, rogorc wesi, misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi ukavSirdeba fermerTa axali Taobis mosvlas, maT aqvT axali codna samewarmo saqmianobaze da midian riskian kapitalur dabandebebze. am mxriv sainteresoa evropis qveynis gamocdileba. Mmag. italiaSi amis gaTvaliswinebiT dasmulia sakiTxi pensiaze fermerTa adreuli gasvlis RonisZiebaTa SemuSavebis aucileblobaze maTTvis cxovrebis sakmao donis uzrunvelyofiT. Amis garda gaTvaliswinebulia sxvadasxva saxis dabalprocentiT kreditebi axalgazrda Taobis am sferoSi dasasaqmeblad. dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi saxelmwifo mimarTavs iseT RonisZiebebs, romelTa mizania sasoflo_sameurneo ganaTlebis sistemis, fermuli meurneobis gadasaxadis da im programis srulyofa, rac stimuls miscemda fermerebs kapitali daabandos warmoebaSi, agreTve fermerTa socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da garemos dacvis sferoSi.Aagraul seqtorSi prioritetuli rangebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis saxelmwifo biujetma unda gamoyos Tanxebi, rogorc mokle, aseve grZelvadiani dakreditebisaTvis (meCaioba, mevenaxeoba, mexileoba, mecitruseoba da sxva). Pprioriteruli mniSvneloba unda mieces agraul sferoSi im sawarmoebs, romlebic gare bazrobisTvis qmnian produqcias. Eaucilebelia saxelmwifos mxridan gagrZeldes TanamSromloba saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan agrokreditis CamoyalibebisaTvis. Ees meqanizmi moqmedebs ganviTarebul qveynebSi rac uzrunvelyofs agrarul seqtorSi aramomgebian dakreditebas.

eqspertebis mier dargSi aRnusxuli siZneleebi pirdapir Tu arapirdapir agrokreditis sistemis uqonlobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. Ddamxmare damatebiTi masalis (Sxamqimikatebi, sasuqebi da a.S.), energoresursebiT uzrunvelofis, soflis meurneobis produqciiT vaWrobis, produqciis xarisxis, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis codnis uqonlobis problemebi TavisiT gaqreba,

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rogorc ki glexoba gadaxdisunariani Seiqmneba. kerZo winadadeba gamovlindeba maSin, rodesac moTxovna gaxdeba gadaxdisunariani.

urTierTdaxmarebis agrokrediti im ekonomiuri da socialuri eqspertebis memkvidres warmoadgens, romlebic ganaxorcieles sensimonis mimdevrebma me_19 saukunis bolos. Ees moZraoba ganviTarda mTel evropaSi 1870 wlidan. kerZod, safrangeTSi _ agrokreditis, germaniaSi _ rainfenzenis kreditis, belgiaSi _ bendenbordis, holandiaSi _ pabobankis saxiT da a.S. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sawyisi kapitali sistemis amoqmedebisTvis mTavrobebis mier iqna gamoyofili. urTierTdaxmarebis kreditis sistemas cudad icnoben anglosaqseli eqspertebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, mas saxelmwifo bankSi ureven. am aRrevas sasoflo kreditis sistemis xelaxla gamogonebasTan mivyavarT, romlebic, albaT, BbangladeSis soflebs ufro miesadageba, vidre qarTvel fermers.

mizanSewonilad migvaCnia Seiqmnas erovnuli salaro. igi daaCqarebs da Seamsubuqebs misi CamoyalibebisaTvis saWiro saSualebebis miRebas, ganaxorcielebs koordinaciasa da kavSirebs lokaluri da regionaluri struqturebis Sesaqmnelad. igive mizezebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tavdapirvelad erovnuli salaro imuSavebs, rogorc nawilobrivi saxelmwifo struqtura, romlis reorganizacia warimarTeba mxolod da mxolod lokaluri salaroebis Camoyalibebis Sesabamisad. sakredito resursebiT soflis meurneobis garantirebuli uzrunvelyopa, agrokreditis Sesabamisi sistemis Seqmnis gareSe, mxolod komerciuli sakredito dawesebulebebis gamoyenebiT SeuZlebelia. Amitom saWiroa SeRavaTiani kreditebis sxva wyaroebis Zieba. Amis gamocdileba qveyanaSi ukve arsebobs. 1882 wlis 22 aprils, Tbilisis saadgilmamulo bankis sazogado krebam moismina da moiwona gamgeobis moxseneba glexobisaTvis “iafi” kreditis micemis Taobaze da imperiis finansTa saministros dasamtkiceblad warudgina. Mmefis mTavrobam saWirod ar CaTvala kerZo bankisaTvis miendo “iafi”kreditis saqme. maT mizanSewonilad miiCnies saxelmwifo kooperaciuli saglexo sakredito bankis daarseba, rac ganxorcielda kidec. amasTan, agraruli sabanko sistemisa da komerciuli bankebis interesebi ki ar unda upirispirdebodnen, piriqiT, unda avsebdnen erTmaneTs. maT Soris

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ar unda Seiqmnas antogonisturi damokidebuleba. Amis kargi magaliTia aSS, sadac warmatebiT funqcionirebs fermeruli sakredito sistema. agraruli sferos dafinansebaSi komerciuli bnkebis wili 1/4-s utoldeba. A agrokreditis sistema dakavSirebulia saxelmwifos maorientirebul da maregulirebel rolTan. mas SeuZlia xelaxla daubrunos imedi im aTasobiT fermers, romlebic amJamad sul ufro metad iketebian sakuTar naWuWSi. uazrobaa, daikargos im sistemis Tavidan gamosagoneblad, romelmac ukve daamtkica Tavisi sicocxlisunarianoba iseT garemoSi, rogorSic amJamad saqarTvelo iyofeba. sakredito-sabanko sistemis Camoyalibebis paralelurad aucilebelia Sesabamisi sadazRvevo sistemis Seqmna es rogorc mewarmeebs, ise kreditorebs saSualebas miscems miiRon ufro Tamami da riskiani gadawyvetilebebi ara mxolod Cadebul giraoze dayrdnobiT, armed warmodgenili biznes gegmis da mewarmis profesiuli donis gaTvaliswinebiT. zogierTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi tendencia saqarTvelos finansur sistemaSi

saqarTveloSi fulad sakredito sistemis institucionaluri Camoyalibebis, mikroekonomikuri garemos stabilizaciis, komerciuli bankebis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis sabanko reformis Sedegad finansur sistemaSi Camoyalibda dadebiTi tendencia, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: 1. saxezea ekonomikis stabilizaciisa da fulad sakredito da sabiujeto sagadasaxado sistemebis Tanmimdevruli erTiani politikis ganxorcielebis srulyofis tendenciebi; 2. fulis racionaluri miwodebis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxda inflaciuri procesebis marTva da SenarCunebuli iqna sxva valutebis mimarT laris gacvliTi stabiluroba;3. mniSvnelovani warmatebebia miRweuli bankebis konsolidaciiasa da gamsxvilebis saqmeSi, rac bankebs Soris konkurenciis gazrdasTan erTad mniSvnelovnaT ganapiroba minimaluri sawesdebo etapobrivma gazrdam;

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4. stabilurma gacvliTma kursma da sabanko sistemisadmi mosaxleobis ndobis umniSvnelo amaRlebamac dadebiTi zegavlena moaxdina depozitebisa da sakredito dabandebebis zrdaze;5. axali sabanko teqnologiebisa da uaxlesi momsaxurebis danergvis qarTuli bankebi momxmarebels sTavazobs sabanko momsaxureobis TiTqmias srul pakets;6. qarTuli bankebis saxiT qveyanaSi Camoyalibda mniSvnelovani finansuri instrumentebi ;7. sabanko bazarze Seiqmna konkurenciis maRali done. Tumca dadebiT tendenciasTan erTad ar SeiZleba ar iTqvas im naklovanebebze, romelic jer kidev axasiaTebs saqarTvelos sabanko sistemas:

1. miuxedavad zrdis maRali maCveneblebisa, sabanko sistemis maStabebi jer kidev mcirea; 2. bankis sabanko portfelis da depozitebis udidesi nawili ucxour valutaSia denomirebuli; 3. arsebobs depozitebis aradamakmayofilebeli diversifikacia (misi damokidebuleba 2-3 did bankebze); 4. sabanko sitemis gareT fulis brunvis jer kidev maRali maCveneblebi;

5. bankebis kapitalizaciis arasaTanado done;6. bankebSi arsebuli riskebis dabali done.

Tumca bankebiisadmi mosaxleobas naklebi ndoba aqvs, maTTan urTierTobas metad frTxilad ekideba da saimedo bankebs arCevs. kerZod, fizikuri pirebis anabrebis 88% xuT bankSia Tavmoyrili, m. S. “Tibisi bankSi” _ 33%, “saqarTvelos bankSi” _ 22% “prokreditbankSi” _ 14%, “gaerTianebul qaTul bankSi” _ 10%, bank “respublikaSi” _ 9%. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom depozitis struqturaSi upiratesi zrdis tempiT salaro depozitebi gamoirCeva, ris gamoc bolo ori welia kleba daiwyo dolarizaciis mCvenebelma, saxezea sabanko sistemisadmi mosaxleobis ndobis da brunebis frTxili, magram mzardi procesi. dapirebulad darCa jer kidev vaWrobis msoflio organizaciaSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebamde glexobisaTvis micemuli dapirebebi agraruli reformis meore etapze

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samomxmareblo bazris dacvis kompleqsur RonisZiebaTa SemuSavebisa da ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb da sxv. erT-erTi arsebiTi xasiaTis problema, romelic miwis reformam warmoSva qveyanaSi miwebis danawevreba-parcelacia, maTi wvrilkonkurentunarianoba da mravalnakveTianobaa. statistikis sasoflo-sameurneo aRweris masalebidan irkveva, rom 285,3 aTasi glexuri meurneoba anu maTi saerTo ricxovnobis (802aTasi) 35% flobs 0,5 ha-mde miwis nakveTs. maT saerTo mflobelobaSia sul 667 aTasi ha, xolo 27% flobs 0,5-dan 1,0-mde miwis nakveTs, romelTa saerTo mflobelobaSia 160 aTasi aramarto am monacemebidanc kargad Cans miwis reformis arasasurveli Sedegi, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom glexur meurneobaTa absoluturi umravlesoba (62%) flobs mxolod 1 ha-mde miwis parTobs. maTze modis reformirebuli miwis fondis 23,8% anu 228 aTasi ha, maSin, roca danarCen 28%-ze modis 730 aTasi ha miwis parTobi.

erT heqtaramde miwis nakveTze (miT ufro 0,5 ha-mde) raime progresuli teqnologiis danergva, sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoTa meqanizaciis ganxorcieleba, kulturaSi racionaluri SeTanawyoba da Sromis nayofierebis amaRlebis sxva RonisZiebis ganxorcieleba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. aseTi meurneobebi ZiriTadad TviTuzrunvelyofaze arian orientirebulni da maTi saqonlianobis done sxva Tanabar pirobebSi yovelTvis dabali iqneba optimaluri sididis meurneobebTan SedarebiT.

aseT pirobebSi dabandebuli Sroma da kapitali, raTqmaunda, ver uzrunvelyofs im donis Semosavlebs, rom glexurma meurneobam Tavisi saqmianoba gafarToebuli kvlavwarmoebis reJimSi warmarTos, ris gamoc miwis wvrili mesakuTreni iZulebulni xdebian gaecalon siRaribis xafangs. xelisufleba ki am viTarebaSi arafers akeTebs miwis reformis dros danawevrebuli miwis nakveTebis konsolidaciis xelSewyobisaTvis. MmxedvelobaSi gvaqvs soflad miwis wvril mesakuTreTa SesaZlo kooperireba im formiT, romelic ufro misaRebi iqneboda maTTvis mimdinare etapze. Aaraferi gakeTebula aseve miwis kapitalizaciis xarisxis asamaRleblad ( anu miwis, rogorc uZravi qonebis, fulad kapitalad gadaqcevis xarisxis gazrdisTvis). aRniSnulis gamo miwaze sakuTrreba wvrili mesakuTresaTvis mxolod uflebriv kategoriad rCeba, radgan dRemde

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ver xerxdeba misi ekonomikuri realizeba (anu maTTvis ar moaqvs mogeba). Cveni azriT, am mimarTulebiT mdgomareoba kidev ufro gauaresdeba bolo periodSi miRebuli rigi antiagraruli gadawyvetilebis ganxorcielebis Sedegad. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs miwis nakveTebis erTjeradi morwyvis SeRavaTiani tarifis (6 lari 1 ha-ze) gauqmebis da mTeli xarjebis (75 lari 1 ha-ze ) miwis mesakuTreebze gadakisreba (amasTan, arxebis saremonto samuSaoebis zustad im sezonze dawyeba, rodesac naTesebi gansakuTrebiT moiTxoven morwyvas), saZovrebiT sargeblobisaTvis gadasaxadis SemoReba, soflispira tyeebis ucxoelebze privatizeba (an gaijareba) da sxva, ramac SeiZleba soflad Sromis motivacia nulamde daiyvanos.

Cveni qveynis agraruli potenciali arasakmarisad aris CarTuli ekonomikuri zrdis samsaxurSi da jer kidev gamouyenebelia am TvalsazrisiT qvynis bunebrivi resursebi (klimati, niadagi, wyali da a. S.) damafiqrebelia saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebSi soflis meurneobaze gaweuli xarjebis xvedriTi wilis dinakima: 2005 wels – 1,8%, 2006 wels – 1,6%, 2007 wels 1,1 da 2008 wels 0.9%. mcirdeba am dargebis dafinansebis moculoba absolutur maCveneblebSic kerZod, 2007 wlisaTvis saoflis meurneobaze gaweulma xarjebma 2006 wlis analogiuri maCveneblis 845 Seadgina, xolo 2008 wlisaTvis gaTvaliswinebulma dafinansebam (49,0 mln lari) – 91,4%. am fonze garkveul winaaRmdegobebs vawydebiT, rodesac vkiTxulobT 2008-2012 wlebis samTavrobo programas, romelic soflis meurneobis efeqtianobis zrdas gvpirdeba da momavali 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi qveynis mTlian eqsportSi am dargis produqciis wilis 25%- mde gazras varaudobs. Tumca migvaCnia, rom gacilebiT gonivruli iqneboda, Tu mTlian eqsportSi soflis meurneobis produqciis gadamuSavebiT moRebuli saqonlis wili gaizrdeboda. maSin ufro damajerebeli iqneboda amave programis debuleba 200-ze meti sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmos Seqmnisa da 1000- mde adamianis dasaqmebis Taobaze. jerjerobiT qveynis biujetis xarjebis struqtura ar exmianeba 2008-2012 wlebis samTavrobo programas da masSi gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis dafinanseba gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris.

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saerTod, saqarTveloSi Seqmnili mdgomareobidan, gamomdinare, makroekonomikuri stabilizaciisa da ekononikuri transfornaciis mizniT aqcenti fulad-sakredito politikaze ufro keTdeba, vidre biujetur-sagadasaxadoze. situacias arTulebs isic, rom saqarTvelodan resursebis totaluri gaJonvis Sedegadgardauvali gaxdeba warmoebis gaZvireba, romlis koncefciac warmoebis intensiuri faqtorebis danergviT mTavar sirTuleebtanaa dakavSirebuli. cxadia, intensiuri faqtorebis danergva warmoudgenelia farTo masStabiani sainvesticio proeqtebis dafinansebis gareSe, magram erToblivi moTxovnis gauzrdelad warmoebis gagarToebis araviTari stimuli ar arsebobs, amitom, am momajadoebeli wridan Tavis daRwevis mizniT, gardauvali xdeba sakredito ieqciebis udidesi sifrTxiliT ganxorcieleba. sainvesticiod gamiznulma sakredito resursebma araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda gadainacvlos samomxmareblo arxebSi, raTa Tavidan aviciloT erTi mxriv, samomxmareblo bazarze inflaciuri zewola, meore mxriv, sasoflo-sameurneo sferos daukmayofilebloba finansur resursebze. amrigad, sabanko sistemisa da qveynis fulad-sakredito meqanizmis mzadyofna, imoqmedos ekonomikuri krizisis daZlevaze, kerZod gadaiqces investiciebisa da dargebis momsaxurebis instrumenTad, romelsac zaluZs ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofa - damokidebulia mtarobisa da bankebis moqmedebaTa koordinaciaze sabazro reformebis erTiani koncefciis FfarglebSi.

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fulad-sakredito politikis amocanebi

fulad sakredito politikis amocanebia: fulze moTxovnisa da miwodebis dabalanseba, fulis bazarze

wonasworobis SenarCuneba, mimoqcevis sferoSi fuladi masis regulireba da kontroli;

erovnuli valutis kursis regulireba; inflaciis donis regulireba ekonomikuri ciklebis regulireba iafi sakrdito resursebiT ekonomikis regulirebis seqtoris uzrunvelyofa,

finansuri gajansaReba da investiciebis stimulireba. ekonomikuri subieqtebis interesebis realizacia.

amrigad, qveynis makroekonomikur regulirebaSi fulad-sakredito politikas udidesi roli akisria. zemoT aRniSnuli amocanebis realizaciis gareSe igi mowyvetilia qveynis socialur-ekonomikur procesebs da ekonomikis destabilizaciis mniSvnelovan faqtorad gadaiqceva. es ukanaskneli ki gamoixateba ekonomikis struqturil deformaciasa da mis dabal konkurentunarianobaSi, ekonomikis monopolizaciis maRal xarisxSi, ekonomikis kriminalizaciisa da korufciis did masStabebSi, incvesticiuri krizissa da masobriv gadauxdelobaSi, saxelmwifo valis zrdaSi da a.S. yovelive es udidesi ekonomikuri safrTxis winaSe ayenebs saxelmwifos da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis moSlas ganapirobebs. maSasadame, fulad-sakredito politikis avkargianobaze, imaze, YTu ramdenad kargad aris misdagebuli igi ekonomikis saerTo pirobebs da, aqedan gamomdinare, rogor asrulebs Tavis miznebsa da amocanebs, bevradaa damokidebuli qveyanaSi ekonomikuri wesrigis damyareba.

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fulad-sakredito sistemis adeqvaturi politikis ganxorcielebada maTi optimaluri SeTanawyobils miRwevis metad rTuli problemis gadaWra saxelmwifos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa da upirveles yovlisa, centraluri bankis prerogativaa. es ukanaskneli sabanko ekonomikaSi mTlianad agebs pasuxs fulis mimoqcevis mdgomareobaze. fulis mimoqcevis efeqtian regulirebas emsaxureba qveynis mTeli fulad-sakredito sistema, romlis simyare finansuri usafrTxoebis mniSvnelovani instrumentia. fulad-sakredito urTierTobis arsis sworad gageba saSualebas iZleva adamianebi ukeT gaerkvnen finansuri muSaobis praqtikaSi, ganasxvavon arsebiTi araarsebiTisagan da amiT finansur saqmianobaSi warmateba uzrunvelyon. qveynis fulad-sakredito politika agreTve gulisxmobs ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganmtkicebasa da ganviTarebas Tanabaruflebianobis principebis dacvis safuZvelze. sakredito sistema organulad aris dakavSirebuli qveynis finansur sistemasTan. krediti, rogorc ekonomikuri kategoria gamoiyeneba ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da ganmtkicebis aqtiur iaraRad. krediti iTvleba sasaqonlo-materialuri faseulobis da fuladi saxsrebis brunvis daCqarebis mniSvnelovan faqtorad, rac amcirebs sasaqonlo stadiaSi yofnis dros da mimoqcevis xarjebs misi Senaxvis periodSi. sabazro ekonomikis pireobebSi krediti soflis meurneobaSi gamoiyeneba rogorc sawarmoo danaxarjebis, aseve ZiriTadi fondebis cveTis xarjebis dasafaravad. Tu krediti gamoyenebuli iqna mkacrad dadgenili danaxarjebis dasafaravad da winaswar gansazRvruli xarjebis normebis dacviT, am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kreditis mizani miRweulia da kreditis dafarva Semosavlebis xarjze-garantirebuli Tanamedrove pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli yuraReba unda daeTmos miRebuli kreditis miznobrivi gamoyenebis princips. am mxriv jer kidev bevri ram aris gasakeTebeli. sasoflo-sameurneo waromoebis dabali done garkveulwilad ganpirobebulia sawarmoo danaxarjebis daukrediteblobiT. aRniSnuli ki ori garemoebiTaa gamowveuli: jer erTi komerciuli bankebi SezRuduli

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resursebis pirobebSi Tavs arideben soflad sakredito urTierTobebis damyarebas da meorec, amave finansuri mizezis gamo maRali saprocento ganakveTi sawarmota finansur mdgomareobaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs. ganusazRvrelad didia sabanko-safinanso sistemis mniSvneloba soflis maurneobis da kvebis mrewvelobis yovelmxrivi ganviTarebisaTvis da mimarTulebiT, dRes, rogorc arasdros, aucilebelia soflisaTvis saxelmwifos mxardaWera, glexuri (fermeruli) maurneobis, axlad Seqmnili kooperativebisa da meurneobriobis sxva formebis saqmianoba mniSvnelovan wilad damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogori mxardaWera eqneba maT saxelmwifosagan – gansakuTrebiT samarTliani, SeRavaTiani, drouli sakrdito uzrunvelyofils TvalsazrisiT. soflad kreditze moTxovnileba maRalia, magram ar arsebobs am moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis srulyofili da myari sistema. dReis mdgomreobiT SezRudulia kreditis gamoyenebis sfero, rac aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis. soflad ekonomikis Sesatyvisi warmoebiT urTierTobaTa damkvidreba ki farTo SesaZleblobebs Seqmnis, Setanili iqnes adeqvaturi cvlilebebi sakredito urTierTobebSi. qveynis erovnuli ekonomikis Rrma krizisuli mdgomareobidan gamoyvanisa da mis finansur ganmtkicebaSi didi roli eniWeba swori fulad-sakredito politikas. igi rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri politikis ganuyreli nawili, unda emsaxureboes erovnuli ekonomikis ganvitarebasda warmoebis iseTi donis miRwevas, romelic uzrunvelyofs mimoqcevaSi gamoSvebuli fulis masis maqsimalur dasaqonlebas da amiT inflaciis Tavidan acilebas, rac ase aqtualuria dRevandeli saqarTveosTvis. momavalSi qveynis mTavrobisa da erovnuli bankis mier unda ganxorcieldes Semdegi RonisZiebebi:

Sida bazris dacva da saeqsporto saqmianiobaze mkacri kontrolis dawesebis saxelmwifoebrivi politikis ganxorcieleba.

qveynis mosaxleobis uzrunvelyofa sasursaTo magariT, romlis ZiriTadi wyaro unda gaxdes soflismeurneoba da gadamamuSavebeli mrewveloba.

soflis meurneobisadmi saxelmwifo finansuri daxmarebis programaSi mTavari sakiTxi unda gaxdes kerZo-sasoflo-sameurneo

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seqtoris dakrediteba, rodesac sesxebi SeiZleba mieces tamasuqis qveS, momavali mosavlis realizaciis amonagebidan dafarvis pirobiT. amasTan, faswarmoqmnaSi gamoyenebuli unda iqnes Tundac erTi sameurneo wlis manZilze Camoyalobebuli sabazro fasebis done. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebisaTvis aucilebel resursebze, meqanizmebze, inventarebze, navTobproduqtebze, sasuqebsa da herbicidebze. gamoricxuli ar unda iqnes samrewvelo saqonlis agrarul seqtorze – produqciaze gacvlis sakontraqto sistemis gamoyenebac

saxelmwifos daxmarebiT sainvesticio bankebis (saxelmwifo, saauqciono da komerciuli) farTo qselis Seqmna. maTi mTavari funqcia unda gaxdes komerciul safuZvelze mTeli sainvesticio finansuri brunvis organizacia, sawarmoTa arendiT gadacema, aqciebis yidva-gayidva grZelvadiani sesxebis gacema da a.S dRes realurad ar moqmedebs grZelvadiani dakreditebis instituti, romlis gareSec sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebis xsna SeuZlebelia.

minimumamde unda Semcirdes subsidiebi saxelmwifo biujetidan da igi unda Seicvalos sesxiT, amiT gaizrdeba fulis resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianoba

aucilebelia fulad-sakredito politkis liberalizacia. ra Tqma unda, igi zRvargadacilebuli ar unda iyos.

sistemur midgomaze dafuZnebuli qveynis anti inflaciuri programa da mis Sesatyvisad SemuSavebuli, kargad mofiqrebuli da gamoTvlili fulad sakredito politika Tavisi maRali saSemsruleblo pasuxismgeblobiT unda wroadgendes saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri reformebis programis Semadgenel nawils, romelic mowodebulia, xeli Seuwyos erovnuli ekonomikis winsvlas. safinanso-sabanko da fulad-sakredito sistemis srulyofis Ziritadi Sedegi iqneba saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi misi rolis arsebiTad amaRleba, finansuri mdgradobis gamyareba da gamWirvalobis uzrunvelyofa, ramac tavis mxriv xeli unda Seuwyos regionebSi fulad-sakredito sistemis dacvas, rogorc Sida, ise gare uaryofiTi makroekonomikuri zewolisagan. yovelive es

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ki uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis ndobis amaRlebas da maTi danazogebis akumulirebas bankebSi, rac gazrdis investiciebis wyaros.

daskvnebi da winadadebebi

moZiebuli masalebisa da Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Seswavlis Sedegad SeiZleba Camoyalibdes Semgedi daskvnebi da winadadebebi: sakredito kavSirebis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa xeli Seewyos maT kreditis miecmiT da ara marto produqciis waroebis, aramed realizaciis mizniT. seriozul yuradRebas moiTxovs warmoebuli produqciis sesyidva da realizacia. winaT moqmedi damzadebis sistema TiTqmis ar arsebobs, igi

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satanado sakredito daxmarebis miRmaa darCenili sabiTumo damamzadebeli bazrebis Seqmna da maTze muSaoba SeravaTiani dakreditebis pirobebis gavrceleba. saxelSekrulebo fasebze gadasvliT TandaTanobiT amoqmeddeba sakredito kavSirebis mier produqciis realizaciisagan mirebuli Ffuladi SemosavlebiT kreditis gadaxda da warmoebis masStabebis gafarToeba. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sakredito kavSiri ise gaZlierdeba, rom mas arar dasWirdeba kreditis aReba, warmoebis organizaciis gaumjobesebisa da rentabelobis amaRlebis kvalobaze, isic moeqceva dabegvris sistemaSi da miujetis Sevsebis wyarod iqceva. sakredito kavSiri ganxilul unda iqnes ara mxolod demokratiis sxvadasxva formis, TviTmarTvelobis iniciativis waxaliseba da masebis TviTSemoqmedebis forma, aramed rogorc moqnili, sicocxlisunariani ekonomikuri sistema. gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebisaTvis saWiroa SeravaTiani dakrediteba, raTa mTlianad soflis meurneobaSi da maT Soris sakredito kavSirebis mier warmoebuli produqcia swrafad iqnes realizebuli, aucilebelia gadamamuSavebel sawarmosa da sakredito kavSirs (nedleulis mwarmoebeli) Soris daidos urTierTxelsayreli xelSekruleba, romlis dazusteba moxdeba yovelwliurad, pirobebis mosalodneli cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. miuxedavad imisa rom msoflio bankis da sxva organiazaciebis xelSewyobiT saqarTvelos bevr raionSi Seiqmna da funqcionirebs sakredito kavSirebi mainc arsebobs maTi normaluri saqmianobis Semaferxebeli winaaRmdegobebi. kerZod:

1. soflis meurneobaSi sakmaod problemuria xelisSemSleli mizezebiT krditis droulad dabrunebis SesaZlebloba

2. sakredito kavSirebs – ar aqvT sakmarisi sasoflo-sameurneo teqnika, Seqmnilia energo deficiti, sistematiurad izrdeba fasebi, es ki soflad xels uSlis sakredito kavSirebis Seqmnas.

3. sakredito kavSirebs – uWirT moiZion saWiro resursebi xelsayreli saprocento ganakveTiT, moipovon nebismieri sakredito organizaciis ndoba da sesxis aRebis SemTxvevaSI uzrunvelyon

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isini. amas emateba warmoebuli produqciis arakonkurentunarianoba da marali danaxarjebi

4. sxva sferoebisagan gansxvavebiT agrarul seqtorSi didia bunebrivi riskis saSiSroebac.

miuxedavad winaaRmdegobebisa aucileblad unda danviTardes soflad sakredito kavSirebi, radganac sakredito kavSirebs SeuZlia:

1. lomis wili gaswios glexkacis fexze wamodgomaSi2. sasoflo-sakredito kavSiri erTerTi organizaciaa, romelic oqros,

Zvirfaseulobebisa da sxva safinanso organizaciebSi, rTuli, glexebisaTvis miuwvdomeli proceduris gareSe afinansebs misTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis saqmianobas mcire kreditebiT: xvna-Tesvis, baRis gaSenebis, mcire fermeruli meurneobis warmarTvisaTvis, sasuqebis, Sxamqimikatebis, Teslis, nergebis, pirutyvis da sxvadasxva saqonlis SesaZenad.

amJamad – saxelmwifom xeli unda Seuwyos soflad sakredito kavSirebs – grantis mopovebaSi, dabalprocentiani sesxis miRebaSi. soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis da xelSewyobisaTvis qveyanaSi didZali granti da dabalprocentiani sesxebi – auceleblad unda aRwevdes glexobamde, fermerebamde.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. l.beriZe, m.WipaSvili, d.mujiriSvili _ makroekonomika Tb. 2010w2. o.qeSelaSvili _ biznesuri ekonomika Tb. 2010 w3. o.qeSelaSvili _ saqarTvelos agruli seqtoris ekonomikuri zrdis

strategiuli sistema. monografia Tb. 2008 w4. o.qeSelaSvili _ saqarTvelos agruli seqtoris ekonomikuri zrdis

strategiuli sistema. monografia Tb. 2009 w5. saqarTvelos statistikuri welidwleuli Tb. 2010 w6. broSura _ Sen da sakredito kavSiri, gza keTildReobisken

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7. Jurnali _ agraruli ekonomikuri mecniereba da teqnologiebi #1 Tb 2008 w

8. internet masalebi _ Zieba ”sakredito kavSirebi”

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