94(4-11 ) 193/194 63.3(45)61/62

53

First published in the United States by Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group Basic Books, Perseus Books Group

: Snyder, Timothy. Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books, 2010.

T.C53 : : /

. - : -, 2011. - 448 .ISBN 978-966-465-361-6

XX 14 . , , : , . - (1933-1938), - (1939- 1941), - (1941-1945) . , , , , .

- . , - , . . , . , , . . , , ...

94(4-11) 193/194 63.3(45)61/62

ISBN 978-966-465-361-6 -, , 2011

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2. ............................................................73

3. .................................................... 102

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1

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.

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, . , , . , . 1933 , . , . , - . : , 700 1937-1938 . , ..., - 1940 . 200 , , . 1941 : . , , 4 , . : . , . 5 , .

XX 14 . , , : , . - (1933-1938), - (1939-1941), - (1941-1945) , .

6

, , , , - . 14 1933 1945 , . , , . , , , , , . 14 , . , ; ; , .

- . , . , , : , . , , , , : , , , . - , - . , : , , , . . , , , , , , , . - , , , . , , , , , , . .

, , , . . 1 % , 1933 , 0,25 % . ( ). , 1933 , . 165

7

, - 3 % - . 1939 , 1941- - , - . , .

, . - . , (, , , ). , ' . , , . , . - , , ( 3 ) ( ) ( , ).

, , . , . . 1930- . , . 14 , 1933 1945 , .

. 14 - - . . 200 1939 1941 ,

8

. 14 , - . , , 1933 , , , . 3 . , 1937-1938 , , .

. 1930- , . , , 10 . . 1939 1941 - , . 1939 , , . , 1940 , , , , , , - . . ; .

, 1941 , . 1939 - , . , - , 4 ,

9

. , , (Einsatzgruppen), . , - , , .

, , , . : 1930- - 1940- , , , . , - . - , . , XX . - . XX .

1945 ; - , , . - , - . , - , , 10 . 1933-1945 - , 6 , 4 . 90 % , , . , ( , ), .

10

, , , , .

: . , , . , . ; , , , , , . , . --- , ( ) ; --- , . , , . , 14 , .

, . , , . , . , , , , - . . , , - . , , - , , . - , , . , .

. , .

, , - , - . . . 14 , 1933 1945 , , . XX . - 1930- 1940 - . , . , , 1941-1942 .

, . 1937-1938 700 . 200 , , . 300 , , . .

, . , , - , XVIII . 1,6 , - , , , . , , . 1940- , . , 1930-1940- : , , , , .

, . , , , , , . ,

12

, . , , , , . , , , - . , .

. , - , - , - ?1. ; , , . : () , ; , . , . , , , ( ) . , , 1940 - . , , . , , , . , 1933 , , 1941 ; , 1941-1944 .

, , , , , , 1991 . , , , . , , 1932-1933 . , 1937-1938 , .

13

, . , . . , , . , . , , . , , , , , . , .

, . - , , , . : , , , , , , , - ( : , ; , , , , , ). , - . , - , - . , - .

, 1951 , . 1944 : , , .

14

- , , ? ? . , . - - , , , . . , , . , . , , , . , , .

, , , . ? , , , , , : , ; ; , . , . - , ; -- , .

- , , , , , , , - . - - , , . - ,

15

, , 1933 1945 . . - , . , . , . , , , . . , .

, XX -. , . , - . , - - . , , . . , . , . . .

1 .

- 1914-1918 . . . , , , , . , . . . , . - . , 1914 , ; , 1914 , .

, ( ) , , , , () . 1918 : , . , -, , , - . , , , . , 1918 . , , , , .

.

17

, : , !. : , , , ; , . , . - , . - . , , , , - .

, . . , . - , , . , , . , , , . , , , . , . , , . , .

1917 . , . . 1917 , .

18

1917- . 1918 - , , , . , .

- . , , , , . , , . , - . 1918- 1919 , . 1918 , , . . .

, , , . , - , , , - . , , , . , . , , , . , , . . , .

. XVIII , ,

19

. XIX , . 1918 , , , - , . . , , . , , , , . . . - . . , .

1919-1920 - , . , . , , , . , . 1919 1920 , , . , . 1920 .

, . , .

20

. . , . -, , , . , , 5 , 3 , . , ( ) . (, ) .

, , , . , . , . -, , . - . . , ; , . , 1919 , .

-, . , , . . , , , , . ,

21

- . , ( 1910) ( 1920) , , (, , ), . (, , ) , , .

- . , , . , . - , . , . , , , . , . - .

1920 . 1921 . , , . , , . , . , , , . - ,

22

. , 1919 . , - , , .

, . , , , . 1920- . , , . , ; , . , . , , . . - 1922 , , .

, . , . - , . , . , , . - , . , - (), 1920 , , - . - - .

, . , , : - , .

23

, , , : . , . - .

1921 , . , . , ; . , . , . , , , . , , . - , , , .

, . . , , . , , . , ; .

, , . , ,

24

, - . - , : , , , . , , , , , , .

, . , , , . , , , . . , . . , , . . , , , ; , .

; , . , , , . , , . ; , . 1921-1922 . , - . , . , , .

.

25

, ; , . , 1924 , , . . - . ; ; ; , , . , , . , , .

. 1924 , , , . , . ? , . 1927 , , .

, , . , () (()) . . , . , , ,

26

. 1927 - - , - . 1929 , - . , . , . .

, , . 1928 , - , . , , , , . - , , . , , , , , .

, . 1928 , , - . , , , . , . , , - , . , . 29 1929 . 7 1929 , , , . , 1930- , . . ,

27

, . , . , .

, . , , . ---, . - () . , , , , , . -, , - -. , , , , , , , . - , , . - -, .

1920- , . - - , 1920- , . : , 1918 , , . , , , , , . . , , . , , . :

28

, .

1923 , . - , , . , . , , . , , . , , . , , . , - . 1924 , .

1920- , , . , , , . , 1933 . , , . Mein Kampf ( ). ( ) , . , , , . .

. - ,

29

, . , - . 1928 , , , 2,6 % . , , . ; , . . , . 1930 18 107 , 1932 , 37 .

1932 , , . () , . 1932 () . 1933 , , . , . 5 1933 : - - 43,9 , 288 647 .

1933 - .

1933 , . , . , 1933 , . ,

. , , . : , , . , , , .

, (- ), . , . , . 1930- , , , . , , : - , , .

, , . 1920- , . , , . ( ) . , . .

1933 , . , , , - , - . , . , 1928 .

31

1920- , 1930- : , .

, , . , 1933- , , , . ( ) , . . , , . , , . , . , . 1930- 1920-: . -, , .

. , : , , , . , , . . , , ; , . 1930- ; , . , .

32

, - , , . . , 1918 . , . . . , .

. , . . 1933 , . , . 1941 , . , , . , , , - , .

1

1933- . , . , . - : , , , , . , 1933 , . , . , 1.

1933- , . , , , . . , . . , , . , . , . , . , - , , 2.

, . , . , , . , , , , ,

34

. . . , . , . , , - , , - . , . , . , 3.

. . , . , . , , - . , . , . , , . ( ) . . ; 1933 . , . , : , 4.

. 1933 . - , . , . , , , . , , . , , . , - , , .

36

, . , - , , , - . , . ( )5.

, 1932 , , . . . . , , . , , , . , , . , , , . , , . , , XX , , 6.

, . 1933 , , . , , , . , , , , . , . - , , : , , . . : 7.

1933 , 1928-1932 . ,

36

. , - , . , , . , , , , . , ; , , ; - 8.

, , . , , . , , . , , . , 1929 . , , . 1929- , 9.

- , . , , , , . , , . ! , , , , . : - , 10.

, - . , . 1930 . 2 , .

37

1

- . , ( , ) . : , - , - . , - , . 11.

1930 113 637 , . , , . , , , , , . , , - , . . , 12.

, , 1920- . , :

, , ! ... , .

- . - , . , . 1929 , . , , . , . 1,7 , , , 300 13.

38

. 1931 - (- ). . - 476 , 18 , 1,5-3 . , , , , , 14.

, . , , 170 21 . , , 1933 . - . , . , , : ; - . , - . 15.

, , . , ( 1300 ). , . , , , 1932-1933 - 16.

1930 . , . . , , , -

39

1

- . . . 25 . , , , 17.

1930 , , . , . , . , , . - - , . 18.

, , , , . , , , . , 1918- 1921-, . . 1920- , , . 1930 , , , . , 19.

. - . , , . , , -

40

, . - . , - , . , : . , , : , . , : 20.

, - . . , . , - . , . , , . , 21.

, . - . ; , , , . 1930 . . , , , , . : , , . , 22.

, . , , , . , .

41

1

. . - , . , , , . - - , . 1930 , 23.

, - , .

, . - ; 1930 - . , , , .

. , - 1904-1905 . , . , . , 24.

, , , . , , . . , . , . , , . ( ),

42

, , 25.

. , , . , , , , , . , . , 26.

. . . : . 2 1930 , , . , , . , . 1930 , . , , 27.

. ,

. . 1931 - . , , , , , . - , . , , . , . - - . - .

43

. , , 28.

, . 1930 1931 32 127 , . , . ; : - - . . , , - - . , , , , , . 1931 , , , . , . . 70 . 1930 , 29.

1930 1931-. . . 1930 . , 1930 , , . - - 1930 - . 1930 , , . . 1930 , 1931 , , . 1930 1931 . , 30.

1931 . : ; ; , ; ; ; ; , , .

44

1931 , , , , . , . , , 31.

1931 . . 5 , , , . , , , . . 1931 . , , . 1932 . 1932 , , 32.

1932 . , . . ! ! !. : , ?33.

, . . 1932 , . 18 1932 , , , : . , , . , . , 18 1932 , , . . . ,

45

. , , 34.

, . , . . , 1921 . . , . - . , 1932 . , 35.

, . ( ) . , ; , , , . 1932 , , , , . , , 36.

- 1932 , , . , , , . , , .

, , - , . , : , , , , 1931 , 37.

46

, , :

, , : , , , , - . , , , , , . - . - .38. , -

. - , , . , . . () 6-9 1932 . . - , , , . 39.

- , . , . , , , . - , , . . . 1932 , - ,

47

1

, , 40.

, , - . , , . - , , . , - . , . . , , - . , , : , - , - 41.

, 1931 , . 1930 . . . 1931 , . , - , 42.

, 1931 . , - , . , . , ; .

48

. . - 1932 43.

1932-1933 . . . 1930 1932-. , . 1932 . , . . , . . , . 1932 , , , . , 44.

, 1930 . -, 1932 , . 1932 ( ) , . , , , , , . , , - . , , . , , ; . . 7 1932 45.

, . ,

49

. , - , . , . , , , , , 46.

- , . . , , . , , , , . , . , , , ? ! , , 47.

, , , ; . , , , , , . , , , - , . , , , . . , , , - . 48.

. , , . , . . , , 1932 , . , .

60

, . . , , . 1932 49.

, . 7 1932 , . , , . . , 50.

. . , 8 1932 : , , . , , . 1623 . : 400 . : , . , , 51.

1932 , . , , , , , , . : , . - , - 52.

, , , . , , . , - , - , , . , , . , , , , , ,

61

. - , - . , , - , 1932 53.

. , , . , , , . , , - , . , . , - , , 54.

, - . , , 1920- , , . - . , , , , . , . , - (3 ) . , 1932 , , . 55.

1932 , , , , , . , . - , , - . ,

52

. , - , . , , , 56.

, , , . , . , 1932 . , , . 1932 - 1933 - - . - , , , - .

1. 1932 , . , , , - . , . , . , 57.

2. , 20 1932 , . , , . , , . . , , . , . , , , , . , , . . , , - , , . 58.

3. , 28 1932 , . , ,

53

1

, . , , . , . - . - . , , 59.

4. 1932 , . 15 24 . , , , , . , , , 60.

. , . , , , . 14 , . . 1933 , 61.

, . . , 1932 - , . , , . : , , . ,

54

, . ( ) 62.

5. 21 1932 ( ) , 1933 . 27 () , . , . 20 , . , . 3 . , - . , - 3 . . , , 63.

, , , . 29 1932 , 64.

6. 1933 , , , , , . 14 1933 , . . 22 1933 , , . . , - , , . 1933 190 65.

, - , , , .

55

1

7. , 1933 1932 . -- . 1932 , . . , , . . , , . 37 392 , 66.

, , . , , . , , , , . , . : , , . , , . ; 1933- () . , , . , - , , , 67.

1933 , , . , , , , . .

( ), , . . , , , . , , , , ,

66

, . , 68.

, , , , , , -, . - , , , , , . , , . , - , , . , , . . , , . , : - . , . , , . , 69.

, . , , , 7 1933 . , . . , : . , . , : , 70.

, . . . , , . . , . . - : , , , .

57

1

. . , 1933 10 71.

, , , . , . - 1933 15 . , , 60 . 1933 142 , , 72.

. - , . , , . 1933 67 297 , 241 355 , . . , , 73.

, , , . 1933 : , , , -- . , . . , . , . , . , . . , . , . ; , 74.

, 1920- 1930- , , .

68

, 1933 , . . , , . , . , , ; - . ! - , . : . , , - . , . , 75.

. - , , , . , , : , , , , . , . . , ? ? , 1933 76.

. , , , . . , , , . , . , . , . , , : , , , , . , . . , , . , .

59

, , 77.

, , , - . , , , , , . , . . , , . , , . , , 78.

, - . , . , , . . 1933 . 79.

, . 1933 , , , , . . , , . , , . , , . , , . , , . 1933 , . , , . , 80.

. , . : , , , . , , . , - , . . - , . . 81.

60

- , , . , . 1933 , . . , , . . , . , . , . - . . 1932-1933 2505 , , , 82.

. , , , , . . - , . , , . . , . , - . . . . , . : , , . 83.

, , - . 1933 , : , . -, . , . , , , .

61

1

, . , , , ? , . , , , , . , , 84.

1933 - , , . , 1933 , . , , - . . , . . , , . , , 85.

1930- ? . . : , , 1933 493 644 . . , 86.

1937 8 , : , . , - . 1933 5,5 . - , 87.

, 2,5 .

62

, 2,4 . , . , , 3,9 . , . : 1932-1933 3,3 . - , - , , , . , , 200 , , . 100 ; 1,3 . 3,3 ; , 88.

- , , . . , , . , , , , . , , . , . , , . () - , 1933 . , 89.

, , . , , , . , . . -

63

1

, , . , , , . . , . . 1933 . - . : , !90.

. . , , , , . , . , , , . , , , . , , , . , 91.

, , . , , . , , , . 1933 , , -: , . . , . , , . , , , 1920- , , , 92.

, . : , ,

64

. , . : , , , , . , , , , . 1932 . , . , , . , , 93.

1932 , . . , , .

, , . , ; . , . , , . - 1933 , , , - 94.

, , , . - , . 1932 . , , , , . - ; 1933 ,

65

. , . , . , , . , , , - . . , - , , , 95.

, , , , , . 5 , . 1933 , - . , . , . , 96.

. , . . 1933 , - . 1933 .

. 27 1933 . - , 1932 . , , , . , 97.

, . ,

66

, . - , - . . , , , , , . , , . , , - . , , , , . . , 98.

1933 . - , - . . , , - . , . , , : . , 1933 , , . . , ? , , . . , . , . , 99.

, , - . . . .

1 : Siriol Colley, More Than a Grain, 161.2 .: Siriol Colley, More Than a Grain, 224-238; Jones, "Will there be soup?"; Conquest, Harvest, 309 [. .: , ]; Dalrymple, "Further References," 473. .: Falk, Sowjetische Stadte, 140, 172-175, 288; , , 557; Werth, Terreur, 130. .3 Falk, Sowjetische Stadte, 284-285, 288, 298-300.4 : Falk, Sowjetische Stadte, 299, . 297-301; Kusnierz, Ukraina, 157,160. .: Davies, Years, 160, 220. . : Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror, 171,184 [. .: , ]. .: Graziosi, War.5 : Siriol Colley, More Than a Grain, 233. : Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, 111. .: Maksudov, "Victory," 211.6 .: , , 61; . : Siriol Colley, More Than a Grain, 235. .: Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror, 170. - .: Todorov, Memoire du mal, 61. . : Koestler, Yogi, 137.7 : Serbyn, "Ukrainian Famine," 131; . : Falk, Sowjetische Stadte, 289.8 : Harrison, Soviet Planning, 1-5.9 : Kuromiya, Stalin, 85; Kusnierz, Ukraina, 37.10 .: Viola, War, 177; Viola, Unknown Gulag, 32.11 : Viola, War, 238; Conquest, Harvest, 121. .: Davies, Years, 20, 46; Werth, Terreur, 463; Viola, Unknown Gulag 6, 32; Kusnierz, Ukraina, 51, 56; Khlevniuk, Gulag, 11; Graziosi, War, 48; Davies, Years, 46.12 113 637 , , .: Viola, War, 289; . Kulczycki, Holodomor, 158. .: Kotkin, "Peopling," 70-72.13 - .: , , 259. .: Applebaum, Gulag, 18-20, 49 [. .: , (., , 2006)]. .: Viola, Unknown Gulag ( , , . 195 32).14 : Applebaum, Gulag, 48. .: Viola, Unknown Gulag, 3; Applebaum, Gulag, 583. .: Khlevniuk, Gulag, 1-10; Applebaum, Gulag, xvi-xvii; Viola, Unknown Gulag, 2-7.15 : Siegelbaum, Stalinism, 45 ( ); Viola, Unknown Gulag, 53. .: Khlevniuk, Gulag, 24-35; Applebaum, Gulag, 62-65.16 Applebaum, Gulag, 64-65.17 : Viola, Unknown Gulag, 35. . : Viola, Best Sons. .: Kusnierz, Ukraina, 39.18 .: Kusnierz, Ukraina, 40.19 : Snyder, Sketches, 93. .: Beauvois, Bataille; Edehnan, Proletarian Peasants; Hildermeier, Sozialrevolutionare Partei; Kingston-Mann, Lenin; and Lih, Bread and Authority.20 : Dzwonkowski, Glod, 84. .: Kulczycki, Holodomor, 170. . : Kusnierz, Ukraina, 70.21 .: Kusnierz, Ukraina, 66, 72; Conquest, Harvest, 158.22 Graziosi, War, 53-57; Viola, War, 320; Kulczycki, Holodomor, 131; Snyder, Sketches, 92-94.

23 : Morris, "The Polish Terror" 753. , , .: Report of 13 July 1926, AVPRF, 122/10/34. . : Snyder, Sketches, 83-114.24 Kuromiya, "Spionage," 20-32.25 Cameron, "Hungry Steppe," chap. 6. .: Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 191-210.26 Snyder, Sketches, 101-102.27 Kusnierz, Ukraina, 74; Snyder, Sketches, 103-104.28 Davies, Years, 8-11, 24-37; Kusnierz, Ukraina, 86-90.29 : Viola, Unknown Gulag, 75; Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, 106. 32 127 , .: Kulczycki, Holodomor, 158. .: Kusnierz, Ukraine, 86.30 Davies, Years, 48-56.31 .: Davies, Years, 57-69, 110-111; Graziosi, "New Interpretation," 1-5; Dronin, Climate Dependence, 118. Kociopa .: Davies, Years, 72, 82, 89, 95.32 Kusnierz, Ukraina, 102-103; Davies, Years, 112-114.33 .: Davies, Years, 112-113. : , , 434; ,"," 151.34 .: Kusnierz, 104-105. .: Davies, Kaganovich Correspondence, 138. .: Lih, Letters to Molotov, 230. (23 1932) .: Hunchak, Famine, 121.35 Cameron, "Hungry Steppe," chap. 2; Pianciola, "Collectivization Famine," 103-112; Mark, "Hungersnot," 119.36 : Davies, Kaganovich Correspondence, 138. - .: Kulczycki, Holodomor, 180; Kusnierz, Ukraina, 152.37 .: , , 21. ' , , .: Davies, Years, 105-111,117-122.38 . : , , 110.39 . : Davies, Years, 146. . : Kusnierz, Ukraina, 107; and Werth, Terreur, 119.40 [our father] .: Sebag Montefiore, Court, 69. .: Sapoval, "Lugen," 136. , .: Lih, Letters to Molotov; Davies, Kaganovich Correspondence.41 . : Davies, Kaganovich Correspondence, 175,183.42Snyder, Sketches, 83-95; Kuromiya, "Great Terror," 2-4.43Snyder, Sketches, 102-104; Haslam, East, 31.44 . : Report of 6 June 1933, CAW 1/303/4/1928. .: , , 36. .: Snyder, Sketches, 102-108; , , 80.45 Kusnierz, Ukraina, 108; Maksudov, "Victory," 204.46 .: Solomon, Soviet Criminal Justice, 115-116. : Kusnierz, Ukraina, 116.47 . : Kusnierz, Ukraina, 139; , , 168. .: Kusnierz, Ukraina, 115; . : Maksudov, "Victory," 213; Conquest, Harvest, 223-225.48 .: Maksudov, "Victory," 192. .: Kusnierz, Ukraina, 144-145, 118-119; Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror, 170-171.

49 57 % ; .: Davies, Years, 183. .: Davies, Years, 171-172.50 .: Sebag Montefiore, Court, 21,107.51 . : , , 44. .: , , 152; Davies, Years, 174. 1 623 .: Davies, Years, 174. 400 : Kusnierz, Ukraina, 59.52 [fairy tale] .: Sapoval, "Lugen," 159; Davies, Years, 199.53 . : Kusnierz, Ukraina, 124. . : , "," 60; Kuromiya, Stalin, 110 .54 . : Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror, 174. ( ) .: Davies, Years, 206.55 ., .:, Jahn, Holodomor, 25; Davies, Tauger, and Wheatcroft, "Grain Stocks," 657; Kulczycki, Holodomor, 237; and Graziosi, "New Interpretation," 11.56 Sen, Poverty and Famines, . c. 7; . c. 154-155. : Martin, "Ukrainian Terror," . 109 passim. . : Simon, "Waffe," 45-47; Conquest, Harvest, 219. 1932 .: Kulczyski, Holodomor, 236.57 Graziosi, "New Interpretation," 8; Kusnierz, Ukraina, 143; Maksudov, "Victory," 188, 190; Davies, Years, 175 , , 151.58 , ', .: , " ," 162; Maksudov, "Victory," 188. . : Dzwonkowski, Glod, 71. : Dzwonkowski, Glod, 160; . 219. .: Hunczak, Famine, 59.59 , " ," 162; Maksudov, "Victory," 188; , , 171; Werth, Terreur, 123.60 , "."61 Davies, Years, 190; , , 171.62 Snyder, Sketches, 107-114.63 . : Davies, Years, 187. 20 .: , "," 55; Graziosi, "New Interpretation," 9; Kusnierz, Ukraina, 135.64 Davies, Years, 190-192.65 , , .: , "." 190 000 , , .: Graziosi, "New Interpretation," 7. 22 .: , , 189; Graziosi, "New Interpretation," 9.66 37 392 .: , , 192. . : Davies, Years, 161-163.67 .: Conquest, Harvest, 233. .: Sapoval, "Liigen," 133. .: Davies, Years, 138.68 .: , , 31; Dzwonkowski, Glod, 104. . : Arendt, Totalitarianism, 320-322.69 . : Dalrymple, "Soviet Famine," 261. .: , , 132.70 . : New York Evening Post, 30 March 1933.71 .: Dzwonkowski, Glod, 104. .: Kusnierz, Ukraina, 105. : I Chose Freedom, 104-106.72 ' .: Davies, Years, 210. .: Martin, "Ethnic Cleansing," 846.73 67 297 , .: Khlevniuk, Gulag, 62, 77. 241 355 , .: Viola, Unknown Gulag, 241.74 . : Khlevniuk, Gulag, 79.

75 . : Dzwonkowski, Gtod, 215-219; , , 365. .: Vallin, "New Estimate," 256.76 .: , , 471, 46.77 .: Kuromiya, Famine and Terror, 173. .: , , 95. ' .: , , 284 .: Kusnierz, Ukraina, 155. .: Falk, Sowjetische Stadte. .: , , 290.78 . : Czech, "Wielki Gtod," 23. ' .: , , 132. .: Kusnierz, Ukraina, 168. .: Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror, 172.79 , .: Maksudov, "Victory," 213. . : Kusnierz, Ukraina, 119.80 : Dalrymple, "Soviet Famine," 262. : Kusnierz, Ukraina, 157; Dzwonkowski, Gtod, 142. . : Graziosi, "Italian Archival Documents," 41. [ . . , ]81 Kusnierz, Ukraina, 157.82 2 505 , .: Davies, Years, 173. .: , , 31. ': Conquest, Harvest, 227.83 .: Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror, 173. [Kolya Graniewicz] .: Dzwonkowski, Gtod, 76. .: Conquest, Harvest, 258.84 . : Bruski, Hotodomor, 179. .: Dalrymple, "Soviet Famine," 261. .: , , 31, 306, 345.85 . : Graziosi, "Italian Archival Documents." . : Davies, Years, 316.86 493 644 , , .: , , 233.87 .: Schlogel, Terror. 5,5 .: Dalrymple, "Soviet Famine," 259.88 . (.: Vallin, "New Estimate"). 2,6 1928-1937 , , , . ( 2010) : , 15-22 2010. 2,5 , , : , "," 73-74. 1933-1934 9-12,3 (Ellman, "Note on the Number," 376). 1926-1937 3,9 (Maksudov, "Victory," 229). 3,5-3,8 (Graziosi, "New Interpretation," 6).89 . : Serbyn, "Lemkin." . : Martin, Affirmative Action Empire Snyder, Sketches.90 . : Koestler, God That Failed, 68; Weissberg-Cybulski, Wielka Czystka, 266; Koestler, God That Failed, 77.91 .: Kusnierz, Ukraina, 178. : Falk, Sowjetische Stadte, 288; Davies, Years, 158; Conquest, Harvest, 237. [sausage makers] .: Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror, 172.92 . : Conquest, Harvest, 256. . : Slezkine, Jewish Century Fitzpatrick, Education.93 . : Subtelny, "German Diplomatic Reports," 17; Polish Consul-General, 4 February 1933, CAW 1/303/4/1867; Border Defense Corps, 15 November 1933, CAW 1/303/4/6906.

.: Snyder, Sketches, 110. .: Hungersnot. . : Berkhoff, "Great Famine."94 : Deutschosterreichische Tageszeitung, 3 March 1933. .: Dalrymple, "Soviet Famine," 254. [Innitzer] .: Reichspost, 20 August 1933 and 12 October 1933; Die Neue Zeitung, 14 October 1933.95 .: New York Times, 31 March 1933. .: Taylor, "Blanket of Silence," 82. .: Orwell and Politics, 33-34. . : Engerman, Modernization, 211. - 1 11 1933 .96 , , 33, 46, 57.97 .: , , 56. .: Time, 31 October 1932. . : Zlepko, Hunger-Holocaust, 177; Conquest, Harvest, 314.98 . : , , 353; Zlepko, Hunger-Holocaust, 180; . : 175-179. . : Mark, Hungersnot, 26-27; Subtelny, "German Diplomatic Reports," 21; , , 256-257, 283; Time, 22 January 1934.99 , , 257; Zlepko, Hunger-Holocaust, 176-177; Time, 11 September 1933. : Werth, "Un Etat"; , , 283. , 1940 . .

2

- - . , - , . - , 1933 , . 25 1933 , . , - , - . : , , . , , , . , - , . , 1.

, , , , . , . . , . , , - . , 1930- . 1930- , , , 2.

, , -.

73

. . 27 1933 , , , - . , , . , , , , . , , 3.

. , ; , . 28 1933 , . 5 , 43,9 288 . , : -. 20 . , , . , . - : , , . , 4.

- -. 23 1933 , , , . , , . , 29 1933 , - . , , . , 5.

74

, , . , , . 2 1933 , , . () -, . ( ) , , , , . , , , , 6.

, . , , . , . -. , , , -. , . -, .

1932 1933 , , . , . . , . . , ,

75

2

-. - , , . 1932-, 1933-7.

, , . , -. 1933 . , , - , , . , , 8.

. . : - . 1933 , . ; - 1933 37 . , -. - 9.

, . , . , , . 1933 , ,

76

. , , - . , , - - 10.

1933 , , . , , , . , , - , . - , - .

, . , , -. 1933 200 , , . 1933 , : , , . 81 , , . 1933 , , . , . , , . , , . 11.

, , , - , . 1922 , . - 1922 1926 1931-.

77

2

. 1933 . 1934- . . , , . ?12

, . : , , - , . , . , , , . , . , . 1933 - , , , . , . , - . - , . 1934 , 13.

1934 . . - , -, , .

. XVII () - 1934 , , , . - -

78

. , . . , , . , , 14.

, , . , , , . , ( ) - 15.

, , . , - , . , . , , . . . 1934 16.

. 1934 . , . . , , . , , . , ( ) ( ). - - . ,

79

2

3

6

, - . , 17.

, - - . , , . , . , ? , , , . , 1934- - 1939-, 750 , . , . . , 1933 , 18.

, . , 1936 . ( ) , - . , , , . , , . . , , , , , . 19.

, 1936 . . , , . - .

80

, . 1936 , . , . 20.

, . , . , , . , . : . ( ), , , , . , 21.

. . 25 1936 - . 11 1937 . 22.

. 1937 , - , . - . , - .

81

2

. , . , - , . 223.

, . , , , - 24. 1935 - , . , , , . . - , . . 25.

, . , ; , . . . , .. . . , , . , .

( ) ( ). , , .

82

( ), , , . , 26.

- , . - ; ( ) . , , 1917 . - 1904-1905 . , 1920 . - - , . - - , . . , , . , , . 27.

, , , , . . 1930 , , . , , , , , . - , . - - , , , , 28.

. ,

83

2

. - . , , : , . , , . ; 1917 . , , . , 1917 . , 29.

1937 , , - . , . , , . 7 1937 , ( ), : , - , - . , , !30.

, - , ( ) ( - ), ( - ). , . , : . (, ) , . , - 1930 , , , , , . - . 1930- ,

84

, , 31.

. 1934 . , . , . , , , . , . , , 32.

, , . , , . , , . , , . , - , , - . 1935 , . . , , . , . 1936 , . , 33.

1936 . . 19-24 , . , . , . , ,

85

2

, . 1920- : , . 1928 , , . , . - , , . 22 1936 : --- . , , , ? ? , - 34.

, . , , : , , , . , , - , . 1936 , . - : , . , 35.

, ; , , . - , , . . , , . , . , - . 36.

86

, . , . , . , , , . , 1937 , , , - . : , . . , . , , - 37.

, , . 1937 , . , - , , . - . , - . , . 8 ; . 139 , 1934 ( ), 98. , 50 38.

* * *

, 1934-1937 , - , , . , ,

87

2

. , , . , , , , . , , , .

, , , - . , ( ) 1933 . -, -. 1933 1934 , . , . , , , . , - . , , 39.

1934 , , . , , . - , , , . . 14 1935 , 74 ; - 85, . , , , . , . , , 40.

88

, , - . , , -- . . . 1936 . , . ( ) , ; . 1937 41.

, , . . 1934 , . , , , . , . , - . 1934 . - . 1935 - , 42.

, , - , - . , . , . , , , , . ,

89

2

. , . , , : 1939 1941-43.

: , . . , , . - - . , , 1937-1938 , .

, , 1937-1938 . , , . ; 1937 , . , , , . 1937 , - . , - 44.

, : , , . ( ) . , . , , - , , . ,

90

, , , . , . - 1937 . 45.

, . . , . 3 . , : . 200 , , , . 400 - , - . , . 1930,1931 1932 , 1935,1936 1937-46.

, , , . 1930- . , , . - , , 1930 . , . 1937 , , . , , . ?47

, , , , : ? 1937 , . , . . :

91

2

; , - , , 48.

. 1937 . , , . , , , . 1937 , . , . , , . , 49.

, . . , , , , . , , , , .

2 1937 . , - . . . 11 . , . - , , . , 50.

92

, . 00447 31 1937 , . 79 950 193 . , 272950 . , 51.

, , . , . , , , , . 79950 , . 1938 , 00447, 38679852.

00447 , 1930- - . , . , . 64 , . , . . , , . 53.

00447 . , . - , , - , . , . 64 . , . , 54.

. , .

93

2

, , , . , , . 21 1937 . , . , . , . 55.

, . , 00447, . -. : . ( ). , , ; . , 658 56.

, . : , , , . : , , , , . 10 , 178 . . , . 1 1937 , , 00447, 8- . 1301 57.

. , , . - , . . , . , , ,

94

. , , . , , . , - , - , . 1937 . , , . . - , , 1937-1938 20 761 58.

. , 7 1937 35 454 . - , , , , (378 326 389 070 ). : , ; , , . ( ) 35 -. , 59.

, , . 00447, , . 40530 . , , 1933 . 1937 ( ) , . 1938 23 650 . 1937-1938 70868 . 1938 , , . - 35 563 830 . , - 1938

95

2

1102 . 1226 , 1938 60.

, . , , , , . , . , . : , . , 87 61.

, 1920- 1930- , , - . , , . , . , , . , , . , . , , . , 62.

, , ( !) , . , , , - . . ; . ,

96

, . , , : , .

, , , , - . . , . : , , , . . . , . 00447 ; . . : , 63.

1936-1938 : , , ; , , , . , , ( ) . , , , . , , , . , , . , 1937-1938 . , . : , 64.

97

2

. , 1933 , (1936), (1937) (1938). . 1938 , 20 . , 25 65.

- . 400 , N00447. 1937-1938 267 , - 378 326 . -, , , , 700 , 66.

, 1937-1938 . , . , . , .

1930- - . .

1 . : Siriol Colley, More Than a Grain, 212, 216.2 Jones is cited in Siriol Colley, More Than a Grain, 218.3 Quotation: Evans, Coming, 330.4 .: King, "Ordinary," 987-988 and passim. .: Goeschel, Concentration Camps, 14. , : Eiber "Gewalt in KZ Dachau," 172.5 Evans, Power, 23.6 Quotation: Deutschosterreichische Tageszeitung, 3 March 1933.7 On "class against class," see Brown, Rise and Fall, 85. On voting behavior, see King. "Ordinary," 987-988. See also, generally, Bayerlein, "Abschied."8 Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 26-32, quotation at 38; Toore, Wages o f Destruction, 73.9 37 000 .: Evans, Power, 15. . : Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 126.10 Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 35.11 Goeschel, Concentration Camps, 7.12 See, generally, Kruger, Die Aufienpolitik; Turner, Stresemann; Snyder, Sketches.13 Roos, Polen, 130-154; Ken, Collective Security, 94,157; Kornat, Polityka, 32-33; Rossino, Hitler, 2.14 Quotation: Davies, Kaganovich Correspondence, 33.15 : Kotakowski, Main Currents. : , !.16 Graziosi, "New Interpretation."17 See, generally, Haslam, Collective Security; Furet, Passe; and Brown, Rise and Fall.18 .19 .: Burrin, Fascisme, nazisme, autoritarisme, 202, 209. . : Weber, Hollow Years. .: Judt, Burden of Responsibility.20 Haslam, Collective Security, 120-121. .: Schlogel, Terror, 136-137. . : Beevor, Battle fo r Spain. , .: Furet, Passe.21 Orwell, Homage, 53-64. : Schlogel, Terror, 148. . : Brown, Rise and Fall, 89.22 11 .: Kuromiya, "Anti-Russian," 1427.23 : Kuromiya, "Notatka," 133, also 119.24 (1900-1986) - , 1939- 1940 pp. , , .25 Levine, In Search ofSugihara, 13-89; Kuromiya, Miqdzy Warszawq , 160-175; Siriol Colley, Incident.26 [Haslam] ; . East, 64-70. ( ) .: Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 206-207. .: Brown, Rise and Fall, 100.27 .: Kuromiya, Stalin, 136.28 : McLoughlin, "Mass Operations," 12129 Khlevniuk, "Objectives"; Kuromiya, Stalin, 118-119.30 : Kuromiya, Stalin, 134, also 101.

31 .: Wheatcroft, "Mass Killings" 126-139. .: Andrew, KGB; and Dziak, Chekisty.32 Getty, Yezhoy140; Kuromiya, Stalin, 116.33 .: Wheatcroft, "Agency," 38-40. ' .: Getty, Yezhov, 216.34 : Haslam, Collective Security, 129. .: Kuromiya, Stalin, 83.35 : Brown, Rise and Fall, 122. , , - - [Antoni Stonimski; .: Shore, Caviar and Ashes, 150. - .: Furet, Passe.36 Werth, Terreur, 282. . : Kuromiya, Stalin, 121. , .: Furet, Passe.37 Orwell, Homage, 145-149, at 149. . : Furet, Passe, 296, 301, 306; Haslam, Collective Security, 133.38 56 209 . (. ) . 1937-1938 681 692 . , [I provide a general figure because slightly different totals for the kulak action circulate]; .: Jansen, Executioner, 75. .: Wieczorkiewicz, tahcuch, 296. .39 Evans, Power, 21-22.40 Ibid., 34, 39; Shore, Information, 31, 37.41 .: Longerich, Himmler. .: Westermann, "ideological Soldiers," 45. , . , '. 5, 6 7.42 Evans, Power, 627; Lee, Dictatorships, 172.43 6 7.44 .: Wheatcroft, "Mass Killing," 139.45 : Baberowski, Feind, 758-759.46 Werth, Terreur, 280; Viola, Forgotten Gulag, 195.47 .: McLoughlin, "Mass Operations," 124; , "C ," 181-183.48 Shearer, "Social Disorder," 527-531, c. 531.49 .: Ablazej, "Die ROVS-Operation," 287-298: Baberowski, Terror, 189-190; Kuromiya, "Accounting," 93.50 Binner, "Massenmord," 561-562; Werth, Terreur, 283. : Jansen, Executioner, 82, 87.51 [once and for all] .: Binner, "Massenmord," 565, 567. .: , "," 93.52 , , 38. ... .: Baberowski, Terror, 192.53 Binner, "Massenmord," 565-568.54 Ibid., 567.55 Ibid., 568. .: Michniuk, "Przeciwko Polakom" 118. . : Weissberg, Wielka czystka, 293. .: McLoughlin, "Mass Operations," 127.

56 Binner, "Massenmord/' 571-577. ; ., ., , , 72-73. 1825 - '.57 .: Binner, "Massenmord," 657-580. 1301 .: McLoughlin, "Mass Operations," 129. . : Khlevniuk, Gulag, 150.58 .: McLoughlin, "Mass Operations," 130, 131; Schlogel, Terror, 602, 618. .: Gregory, Terror, 71.59 35 454 .: , , 201. .: , " ," 207. On the camps, see Werth, Terreur, 285; and Khlevniuk, Gulag, 332. .: , "," 99. 35 - .: Schlogel, Terror, 624; McLoughlin, "Mass Operations," 136; Binner, "Massenmord," 590.60 .: NikoTskij, "Kulakenoperation," 623; , "," 100. , 00447, .: Sapoval, "Behandlung," 339, 341. 40 530 .: , "Represyvna," 153. 23 650 .: Sapoval, "Behandlung," 343. 70 868, 35 563 830 .: , , 533. 1102 1226 .: Nikol'skij, "Kulakenoperation," 634-635.61 Stronski, Represje, 243. .: Weiner, Making Sense.62 .63 , "," 202.64 Goeschel, Concentration Camps, 26-27. 5 000 15 000 , ; .: Evans, Third Reich at War, 535.65 Goeschel, Concentration Camps, 4, 20, 21, 27; Evans, Power, 87. , , : Martin, Affirmative Action Empire [ 2012 . - . .].66 267 .: Evans, Power, 69-70.

, ,

. - , . 1937-1938 . . 1930- . , . 1930- 400 ( ), 600 ( )1.

, . , , . 1933 1937-1938 . 1933 - . , () , , . , , 2.

. 1930- - , . , - 1919-1920 , . 1921 . ,

102

. 1930- . 1930 1931 , , . - 1932 . , , , . , . , 1933 , . : , 3.

1933 , , . , , . , , , , , . 1933 . - 1933 , . , . , 1933-: 4.

. 1934 - , , . 1933- . 1934- 10 800 . 1935 , , , . - 1935

103

3

41 650 , . - 1936 69 283 , . . , : , 5.

, 1933 , , . 1934 , , - . , . , , , , . - ; . , , , , , . , 1936 , 6.

, . 1936 , . , , . , . , , , , . , . , , . , 7.

104

. 16 1937 , , , . . , , , . , , ? , , . , , . 7 ; , , - . 8.

1937 , , . , , . , , , , . , , . ( ) , ; 9.

11 1937 00485 - . . 00447, , 00485 . , , . . .

105

3

- . , 10.

. , , , , . , . , (1936), , 11.

, . , . 1936 , , . 40 , - 50 - . , . , ( ) , , , : , , . , : , 12.

, , , . . . , . , , . , , , , 1920- 1930- . , . ,

106

. 1937 , ; , . , - . , . 69 100 . . 13.

, , - , , , . ; , . , . , - , . . - , , . - , , . : . 14.

- - . , . , , . , , - , . , , , . ,

107

3

, . : , . 15.

, . , - , - : . . , , () , . , . : . , . , 2 . . , - 16.

, . : , . , , , , , -, . 20 , , , 23 216 . : ! . 17.

, ,

108

. .

, , . , . . , . 1936 . 1937 , , : , - , - . . - , . , . , , . , . 18.

, , , . . , , , . , , . . , . , , . . , . 6 597 . : , , . , , , . 19.

, . , , . , , . 1937-1938 , , 34 ,

109

3

. , , : 89 % - , . : 79 % . , , : 8-10 20.

, . , , , . , , , - . . . : , - , . 18 2 1938 . , , . , , -. , 21.

, . . XVIIXVIII . XIX , , , . , : , , . 1920- , . , , . , , 22.

,

110

. . . , -, , . , , , . . . , . 218 . , 00485: 23.

, . . , , . , , . . , , . , , , , . 24.

3 19 931 , , 17 772 . , . , . 60 25.

, 70 600- . 55 928 , 47 327 . 1937-1938

111

3

. , . , , . : 1938 , . ( 1938 , - )26.

, . , , . , , . , , , , . , , 27.

. . , . , . , - - , . , , . , . 28.

, . , , , . , , . 1938 , ,

1 12

. . . 168 29.

. . , , , , . . , , . . 25 , , , . , , 30.

, . , . : !. . - . , , , . , . : , . . , , 31.

- 1937 , , - , . . , . 1937 , , , . , . , : . , , . 19 1937 , 32.

113

3

, , . , , . , 1933 . - , . 1938 . : , 33.

1938 : , . . , . 1938 100 . , . , : , . , . , 34.

, 72 . , : . 22 1938 , 138 , 408 28 35.

. . , . , , ..

148 810 , , 111 091 . ,

1 14

. , . , , . , 1937-1938 85 , 1/8 681 692 . , , 0,4 . 40 , 36.

. , , , . 16 573 . 7998 , 9078 . , , 247 157 . , 1,6 , 36 . 20 , . : 78 , 74 . , 3/4 , , . , , : , . , , : - 37.

, , , , ,

115

3

. , , ( , ) . 1937-1938 , . 38.

, , . , , . , . , . , , . : , , . , 1930- .

1937 . . , . , 17 , . , , . , , , . 1924 . 1937 , 1937-1938 , 20 474 . 39.

. , . 1937 ,

1 16

, . , . , - . 1930- , , : . . , , .

, , , , . , . , . , , . -, ( ) , : .

, , . 1936 , - . , - , - , , . , , . 1936 , . , , - . , , , . - 41 989 , 40.

. , , . , . . 681 692 ,

117

3

1937-1938 , 625 483, 9/10 3/4 41.

, , , , . . 681 692 , , 123 421 - , . 42.

. 1917 , 1930 , 1937-1938 . , . . 1930- , . , , .

: . 1938 , . . , , . , , , . , , , . , 43.

, . , , . 1937-1938 , , , , , ,

118

. ( , ), , . , - , .

-, , - , , . . , . 17 1938 , 20 . 4 . , . : , - - , , -, . , , . 1939 ( 2/3 -) , . : . , , , 44.

, , - . , : , , . . , , . , - , . , . , , , , , 45.

119

3

1938 . , , 3 , , . 1938 , , , . - , . , . , . , . , , 46.

1938 , . , , , . , , . , . 1935 . , . . , , , . , . 1938 , . . , 47.

1938 , ,

120

. - , . . , . , , , . 12 ; . 1938 10 . , 48.

1938 17 . , . , , - . - , : 7 , ; , 1923 . , . , : . 9-11 1938 ( 91), . , , 49.

. , . . , . , 247 157 . 1938 , . , , . , ,

121

3

, . , , , .

, ; , , , , . . . , ; 26 , , . 1938- 1939 100 50.

, . , 12 1938 , , : , - . , , , , , . , . ; , : , . ( , - - . 1938 )51.

, , . 1938 , , . 3 , . (5

122

, 3 , ) , . 1935 , , . 1930- , -, - , 52.

, , . , - . : , , . 26 1939 , . , , . , , - 53.

, , . , , . , , . 1939 , , : : , , .

123

3

98 , . , ; 54.

1939 : - , . , . 6 . 3 , - , , . 1939 , . , . 21 , . 25 55.

. . , , 1939 . 1939 . . , , .

1939 , . , - ; - . , . , 3 1939 . . , . . 1934

124

- - . - , ? , , -- ; 1922-1933 56.

. - - . 1939 , . , , . , , . , 57.

, . 1939 . , . , . , , , . , , . 20 1939 , 23- . ; , . , , , 58.

. , . , - - -. , 23 1939 , . , , :

126

3

, , , , . , 100 , . - ; 59.

1 1939 , , , . .

- 1939 , . . , - . , . 20 1939 ( ) ( ) . 23 1939 , , . - , , . - , . , 60.

, , , . , , , , . , , . , , , . , , . - . - 61.

126

15 1939 - . , . 681 692 , . . - , - . - -- , - , . 17 1939 , , . . 28 , , - .

. , , , . . , 21 .

, , . , , .

1 : Martin, "Origins" . : Jansen, Executioner, 96; . Baberowski, Terror, 198.2 .: Snyder, Sketches, 115-132.3 Snyder, Sketches, 115-116. , 1929, ; .: Stronski, Represje, 210.4 Stronski, Represje, 211-213. .: Kieszczynski, "Represje," 202. .: Shore, Caviar and Ashes. , : Reguta, Historia.5 1934 .: Stronski, Represje, 226-227. .: Kupczak, Polacy, 324.6 .: Kuromiya, Voices, 221. [know everything] .: Stronski, Represje,. . : Morris, "Polish Terror," 756-757.7 Stronski, Represje, 227; Snyder, Sketches, 119-120.8 , , 337; Stronski, Represje, 227. .: Shapoval, "," 69-74. , (). 1933 .9 .: , " ", 126; Paczkowski, "Pologne," 400; and Stronski, Represje, 220.10 00485: , 454-456.11 .: Gilmore, Defying Dixie.12 Petrov, "Polish Operation," 154; , Represyvna, 105. .13 .: Kuromiya, Stalin, 118. .: Snyder, Sketches, 121-127. .: Kieszczynski, "Represje," 198. : Budzyriska, Strzqpy.14 . : , " ," 23. : Brown, No Place, 158.15 Stronski, Represje, 240.16 , " ," 28; Werth, Terreur, 294.17 : , , 299-300. : Stronski, Represje, 223, 246.18 .: Gt^bocki, "Pierwszy," 158-166, . 164.19 .: Gt^bowski, "Pierwszy," 166-172. 6 597: Petrov, "Polish Operation," 168.20 , "Leningrad," 1522.21 : Dzwonkowski, Gtod, 236. ( ): Schlogel, Terror, 615. - .: , , 40, 44.22 [Polish borderland identity] .: see Snyder, Reconstruction o f Nations. : Brown, No Place.23 .: , , 262-266; . 266. . : Michniuk, "Przeciwko Polakow," 115. 218 .: Mironowicz, Biaforus, 88-89. . : , , 624.24 .: Goujon, "Kurapaty"; Marples "Kurapaty," 513-517. . Ziotkowska, "Kurapaty," 47-49.

25 17 772 .: , " ," 168. (61 501) .: Morris, "Polish Terror," 759.26 Jansen, Yezhov, 258. nop.: Parrish, Lesser Tenor, 6, 11; Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror, 40.27 Werth, Terreur, 292.28 .: Kuromiya, Voices, 49-51, 221-223.29 : Dzwonkowski, Gfod, 94. .: Stronski, Represje, 235;Iwanow, Stalinizm, 153.30 .: Dzwonkowski, Gfod, 244. . Stronski, Represje, 235; Iwanow, Stalinizm, 153.31 , .: Dzwonkowski, Gfod, 90,101,147.32 1937 .: , " ," 26; Kupczak, Polacy, 327, 329; Jansen, Executioner, 97. .: Dzwonkowski, Gfod, 151,168.33 .: Dzwonkowski, Gfod, 215-219, . 219.34 , " ," 30; Binner, "Massenmord," 591; Werth, Terreur,294, 470.35 100 138 .: Stronski, Represje, 228.36 111 091 .: , " ," 32. ' .: , " ," 171. .: Jansen, Executioner, 99. 95 000; .: , NKVD, 299. See also Schlogel, Terror; 636.37 .: Morris, "Polish Terror," 762. .38 .: , "," 316. 1937-1938 (Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, CAW). .: Snyder, Sketches, 83-112. , .39 , ; .: Baberowski, Feind, 771-772. 20 474 .: Kuromiya, "Asian Nexus," 13. . : Gelb, "Koreans."40 . : Evans, Power, 357. . N9 00439 (55 005 , 41 989 ). . : Schlogel, Terror, 628.41 Khlevniuk, Gulag, 147. : , " ," 207. 386 798 , 00447; .: Martin, "Origins," 855.42 22 % 27 % ; .: Gregory, Terror, 265. 123 421 .: , , 402; . 340 1937-1938 : 53,2 % ( 78,2 % ), - 7,7 % (11,3 % ), - 2,6 % (5,2 % ), - 18,9 % (1,5 % ), - 10,2 % (1,4 % ).43 Khlevniuk, "Party and NKVD," 23, 28; Binner, "Massenmord," 591-593.44 .: , , 475; Gregory, Terror, 63. 1936 (54 %), (64 %) (67 %). .: , , 119 ( ); - , "," 326-331 ( ). , . , , , ,

20 761 . .45 .: Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain, 122.46 Haslam, Collective Security, 194.47 Hirsch, Empire, 293-294.48 .: Dean, Robbing, 86, 94,105.49 .: Tomaszewski, Preludium, 5, 139, passim. . : Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 193-204; and Kershaw, Hitler, 459, 472.50 Goeschel, Concentration Camps, 24.51 12 1938 .: Polian, "Schriftwechsel," 4.52 .: Polian, "Schriftwechsel," 4, 8. .: Arens, "Jewish Military," 205; Spektor, "Zydzi wotyriscy," 539.53 - .: Roos, Polen, 253, 396; Kershaw, Hitler, 475; and Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 20, 404, 484.54 . : Evans, Power, 604.55 Kershaw, Hitler, 482; Zarusky, "Hitler bedeutet Krieg," 106-107.56 .: Haslam, Collective Security, 90, 153. .: Herf, Jewish Enemy, 104; Orwell, Orwell and Politics, 78.57 . : Wieczorkiewicz, tahcuch, 323.58 Haslam, Collective Security, 227. . : Weinberg, World at Arms, 25. , ; .: God That Failed, 75-80.59 . : Lukacs, Last European War, 58-59.60 Krebs, "Japan," 543; Haslam, East, 132.61 Levine, In Search o f Sugihara, 121; Sakamoto, Japanese Diplomats, 102; Kuromiya, Miqdzy Warsawa , 470-485; Hasegawa, Racing, 13.

4 -

. 4:20 1 . , . , , . 70 , , , . ; , , . . 158 1.

, . , . . 10 1939 . 17 . , . 25 , . 560 72 . 25 6 . , , . , 2.

. , , , . , . , . 1920-1930- . , 39 ( 900 ) 59 ( 1.5 ). , , . , .

131

, , -

. . . , , , . . . . 11 . . 38 . , , , . . 3.

, - , - . , , . , - , . , , , , . , . . . , , -, . . , , , , . 4.

22 1939 . . . , , - , . , , . . . . 63 . .

132

. , . . , . . , . , 5.

, . , - , - . , . , . , . , . . , . . , , , , 6.

-, , . , . . . , . . , . , 7.

, 6 1939 . , , . , , , 114 , . 255 , , , , . 8.

. , - . ,

133

4

-

, . , , , , , . . . , . . 1939 10 , , . , . , , .

, , - , , . . , , , - . -- , . , , . , 9.

. , , . - . , , . . 200 . 7 45 , 1939 . , 10.

, , , , . 1935 . , , . ,

134

. - .

* * *

, 17 1939 . , , , . , , , . , . , , , . 11.

, , . : , . , ., , . , . , , , . - , , . , . - 12.

, , , : ? . , , . , -, , . , . , . . . - . , . 13.

135

4

-

, , . -, -, , . , . , , . . , , , - . 15 , : , , , 14.

- - , , . 100 , . 2/3 , -, . , , , 15.

. , , , . . , . . , , , , . , , , 16.

, . 21 , - 109 400 . - 8 ; 8513 17.

-, , . , , .

136

, , , . , . . 1939 , - ( ) (Sicherheitsdienst, ,

. , . , . 16-19 500 . . 20 - 20.

, . 28 1939 , , , , . , - . ( - ). . 4 , . .

, -. , . , . - , , 1939 , . , ; , - , . , 21.

- . , , , . , , - . 43 % , 33 % - , 8 % , - , ,

138

, , . , , . 22 1939 , : . 15 22.

. , , . : 150 (, , , ) . - 23.

4 1939 , : -, , , . , 40 , : 139 794 . , . , 24.

, - , . , . , , , - ? , , . . . . , 25.

5 , 11 . , : . . ,

139

4

-

. . . . , . 25 , . , , 26.

, . , . , , . , - , - ; . , . , , . . : . . . : . 27.

, . , 1930- . , . , - , - - . -, , . - . , . , . . , , 28.

, , . . , --

140

, . - , . , , . , - , .

- , - . , , , . . , -, , --. , . - . . , 29.

. , , , . 1939 . , , . , , , 30.

, . . . , , : 6 . , , . 31.

, ( , ) ,

. , . , 9 . ( 600 ), , ( 330 ). - ( 1 560 ), 2 . , , (233 ), (82 788) (91 480) . , -, , . , , , . - , , 12 , 6 2 . 32.

, , , . . 4 , 366 327 . 1940 , . - . . - 1939 . , , . 7700 , ; , . 70 . ; . 33.

142

- . , ( ), . . , . , , , . , . - . 7 1939 - , 34.

1-17 1939 - -, 87 883 . , . 10 - 15 1940 40 128 , . . , , , -, . , . : . , 35.

1939-1940 . , . . . , 11 , . . - , , , -. , 36.

, :

143

4

-

, , . , . , - 24 1939 , , , 37.

. , . , . , , , . , , , , . , . , . . , , . - , - . , . , 38.

, . , . , , . , , , , , . , 39.

. . - , . . , . , , - . , , ,

144

1918 . 1939 - 1940 , , . , . , . 1949 : , . , . 40.

. - , , , . , . 5 1940 , , , , , . , . , . , . 1940 25 . , , . ( - ) 41.

, . , . , . , , 1937 1938 : , 6 ( 3 ), , . - 97 % , 14 587 , . , , .

145

4

-

6 1305 , 42.

, . 1940 , . - , , , . , - . . . . : , ... . . , 4410 43.

. 250-500 ( ). , . , , ; . , , . : . ? : . ? : . , 6314 , , . , 44.

, , . , . , , , . , , . 200 500 . , . , 45.

100-200 . ,

146

. , , , , , , . - , . . : ? - . , . . , . , 46.

3739 , : , ; , ; , ; , ; - ; , , , , , . : 47.

, 1939-1940 . . , ? 1940 , , . : - . : , , - . . , , 48.

, , , . , , . , . , , , .

147

4

-

, , . . , , 49.

, , , . . , . , , , , . , , , , , , , , . - . , , , . , , , , - , .

, , , - . - . : ? , , . : , , , , , ; , . , . , . , , , , , . , 50.

, , 21 892 . ,

148

, . , , , . 8 , - 51.

, , . , , . : , . 60 667 , . - , . , . , . ( , 13- ), , , , . 20 1940 , , , , . , , 52.

, , . , , . , , , . , , . , . . . , , - , . , . -, - , . 53.

, 1940 , , . , , , . , , , .

149

4

-

, , - . , . , , , . , , . , . 1940 78 339 , 84 % 54.

, . . , . , . , 55.

*

: . 1939 . , , , , , , , . , .

1940 , . , 10 - . 14 100 60 , . . , 1940 , , : , .

, , . , - . , , , . 1920-1930-

150

, . 1939 . , , . , , . 1940 , , , , . 56.

, . 1940 . , 1941 . , - . , , . . -. . , 57.

- , 1939 , . 1940 , . : 17 500 , 17 6 . . , , . , 58.

V 1940 , 2 , ,

161

4

-

. - . , (700 ), , , - (600 ) (500 ). . - , . 1939- 1940- - . 408 525 ; , . , . , , . 59.

1939 , . - , . , , , - , , . , - . 1939 , , - 4 . , , : 2 , , . , , , . ( ), , , , . 1940 . 60.

- , , - , ? , ( ). ,

152

8 1949 , 233 . , , . - 100 - , , 100 . . ; , ( ). , , . - 61.

1940-1941 . , ; , , . - , . . , . , . , , , . . , , . 1943 -62.

1940 , , . , -. ; . : , - . : - , , . , , , , ...63.

153

4

-

, , 400 . , 80 . , , . - , , . , , - . , , . - , . 60 , 1940-1941 , . - , 1940 . 64.

, . , . , , , , : , . , , . , , . , 65.

. , . . , , . , , . , , . . , - , , - 66.

- , ,

154

. 1940 , - . , . , , : , , . : 2 1940 , , . , : , . , , , . 1940 3 , , 67.

, . - -. , , , . , , , . , . , 30-50 . , . . 15 1940 450 68.

, . - . . , . , , . 20-21 1940 - 358 69.

. , , . - , . :

155

4

-

3:30 - , 3:45 - , 4:00 - . , . , , . : . , . , , . , , 70.

. 4 1940 - , - . , . . , . 71.

, . , . , , , , . , , , , , 72.

. - - , , . - , , . , . , , , . , , , , . , . : , . 73.

, , , .

156

, . , , . , . , - .

, , . , . . , . 1939 - . 1939- . , . , , , . , . , . 21 22 1940 , 4409 . . 1939 . 1940-, , , . 21 1940 . , 74.

, , - , - , . , . . 1932 . 1940 . 1939- , , 29 1940 . : , 75.

1940 .

157

4

-

1940 . 20 . -, , - , . , , , . ; 14 1940 31-758. ; - . 15 ; , . 1940 . IG Farben. , - , , 76.

, , , . - , . . 5 ,