Гласник на ИНИ, год.57, 2013 година

UDK 93/99

GLASNIK god. 57 br. 1-2 str. 1-178 Skopje 2013

57

1-2

2013

ISSN 0583-4961

GLASNIK

GLASNIK

INSTITUT ZA NACIONALNA ISTORIJA

. 57 . 1-2 . 1-178 2013

: . - , : . - : . - , . - , . - -, . - , . - , . - (), . - ( ), . - (), . - - (), . - (): . - -, : : ( ). . 3, .. 591, 1000 , : : : 200

BULLETIN 57-th year No. 1-2 pp. 1-178 Skopje 2013INSTITUTE OF NATIONAL HISTORY SKOPJE

Editor-in-Chief: Prof. Dragi Gjorgiev Ph.D., Director of the INIEditor-in-Chief for this Edition: Prof. Vera Gosheva Ph.D.Editorial Board: Prof. Marjan Dimitrijevski Ph.D., Prof. Marija Pandevska Ph.D., Prof. Biljana Ristovska-Josifovska Ph.D., Prof. Irena Stefoska Ph.D., Prof. Ahmet Sherif Ph.D., Prof. Larisa Vaknina (Ukraine), Ph.D., Prof. Husnija Kamberovich Ph.D. (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Prof. Marija Proskurnina Ph.D. (Russia), Prof. Irena Stawowy-Kawka Ph.D. (Poland), Prof. Filip Shashko Ph.D. (USA)Secretary: Katerina Mladenovska-Ristovska Ph.D.Proofreading and technical editing: Vesna StojchevskaManuscripts in two copies to be sent to: Institute of National History (Editorial Board of Glasnik), Str. Grigor Prlichev 3, P.O.Box 591, 1000 Skopje, Republic of MacedoniaPrinted twice a yearPublishing supported by the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of MacedoniaTypesetting and layout: Institute of National HistoryPrinting: Vinsent Grafika SkopjePrinted copies: 200

ISSN 0583-4961UDK 93/99

GLASNIK

. 57 . 1-2 . 1-178 2013178

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ARTICLES

: ................. 7Vojislav Sarakinski: The Macedonian Tribes in Persian Encirclement ....................... 7

: ........................................................................................................ 27Aneta Shukarova: Methodological Analysis of Rhetorical Actes Semiological Interpretation of the Historical References to Ancient Macedonia .......................................................................................................... 27

, : ................................................................... 39

Trajche Nacev, Dragan Veselinov: Late Antique Civilian Fortification along the Valley of the River Bregalnitza ..................................................................... 39

: X .......................................................................... 49

Dragan Gjalevski: Church Officials in Byzantine Diplomacy in the 10th Century Balkans.................................................................................................. 49

: ............................................................................................ 61

Vladimir Janev: The movement of Shabbatai Zvi and its influence to the Jews in Europe .............................................................................................. 61

: (1889 1892) ................................................................................. 73

Makedonka Mitrova: Vladimir Karic appointed consul in Ottoman Macedonia (1889 1892) ................................................................................... 73

: ............................................................................................................ 81Vancho Gjorgjiev: The issue of amnesty for the leaders of the Ilinden Uprising .............................................................................................................. 81

3

4

: ................................................................................................................... 95Todor Chepreganov The Jews from Thessaloniki in the British Diplomatic Correspondance in the Aftermath of World War One .......................................... 95

: ................................................................................................... 109

Lidija Gjurkova: The conditions of handicraft between the two world wars in Skopje ........................................................................................................... 109

: (1941 1949) ............................. 121

Katerina Mirchevska: Macedonian Women in the Movement for National Liberation in the Aegean part of Macedonia (1941 1949) ............................ 121

: (1956 1967) ................ 133Sasho Dodevski: The Participation of Macedonia in the UN Peacekeeping

Mission in Egypt 1956 1967........................................................................... 133

: a ... 155Atanas Atanasoski: Ornaments composed by branches and tendrils ...................... 155

- REVIES-BOOK REVIEWS

, : , . : , 2013, 90. ( ) .... 167Akira Iriye, Global and Transnational History: the Past, the Present and

the Future. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, 90. (Darko Stojanov) ... 167

, 1944 : . : , 2010, 375. ( ) ............................................................................................. 170

Tchavdar Marinov, La question macdonienne de 1944 nos jours. Communisme et nationalisme dans les Balkans. Paris: LHarmattan, 2010, 375. (Petar Todorov) .............................................................................. 170

ANNOUNCEMENTS

(Trk Tarih Kurumu) ( ) .................... 175

5

Annoucement for the Acceptance of Honorary and Corresponding Members of the Turkish Academy for Historical Sciences (Ahmet Sherif) ..... 175

2013 (, 1-4.7.2013) ( ) ............................................................................................ 177International Medieval Congress 2013 (Leeds, 1-4.7.2013) (Darko Stojanov) .... 177

7

57 1-2 2013 7-26 ISSN 0583-4961

94(381) 94(355)

.

Abstract

The body of preserved data on the first Persian incursion on the northern coast of the Aegean is rather small. A dissection of the information preserved in Herodotus, combined with a detailed analysis of the features of local geography, show that, in all probability, Persia managed to establish control over the majority of the Thraco-Macedonian coast. However, there is little indication that the Persians attempted to administer this territory at such an early date. At the time, a major benefit for the Persians was establishing control over the road network leading to the west a fact which indicates that Persian ventures were far from over and that this line of communication was of critical importance for further conquests. Most importantly, the road to the west led the Persians to the immediate vicinity of the kingdom of the Argeadae.

Keywords: Persia, Macedon, Macedonian tribes, Northern Aegean, Argeadae

. ; , , , , , , .1

1 , Bury (A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great, McMillan & Co., London, 1912, 239) Bury & Meiggs (A History of Greece, fourth edition with revisions, Palgrave, London, 1978, 152) ; Burn, Persia and the Greeks, second edition with a postscript by D. M. Lewis, Stanford University Press, 1984, , ;

8

57 1-2 2013

; , .

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, . : , ( ) . , . .

, , , :2

[] , , , . [] j . , , , . , , , , . [] , . , .

Dandamaev, A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire, translated by W. J. Wogelsang, Brill, 1989, 150; Errington, A History of Macedonia, University of California Press, 1990, 9, , - . Hodlofsky, Macedonian Relations with Athens to 413 B.C., Thesis, The Pennsilvania State University, 1979, , , a Briant, Histoire de lEmpire Perse, Paris, Fayard, 1996, 156-7, . Cawkwell, The Greek Wars: The Failure of Persia, Oxford University Press, 2005, , , .

2 Hdt. 5.12-13.

9

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(499494 . ..). , , - , :5

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3 . : -

, , , , , 1998. 4 Hdt. 5.14-16. 5 Hdt. 5.98.

10

57 1-2 2013

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6 Hdt. 5.23. 7 N. G. L. Hammond & G. T. Griffith, A History of Macedonia, volume II, 550-336

B.C., Oxford, 1979, 57-59.

11

. , - , - . proprie dicti (- , , ) , ( ) . , , ; , , , .

- .8 , ,9 -;10 , , .

; ( ) , , , -, -, . , : , , - , , , ? , ( 513/2 510/9 . ..)

8 Hdt. 5.12-13. 9 A. Fol & N. G. L. Hammond, Macedonian Hegemony Created, in The Cambridge

Ancient History vol. IV, Persia, Greece and the western Mediterranean c. 525 to 479 B.C., Cambridge University Press, 1988, pp. 235 sqq.

10 , , - , , , ; cf. . 5. Demand, Hero-dotus and Metoikesis in the Persian Wars, The American Journal of Philology 109.3/1988, pp. 416-423, - (Hdt. 1.162-170), .

12

57 1-2 2013

, ; . ,11 - , , -? , , .12 , , circulus vitiosus -.

, , - ( ), ( - ) . , ? ? , , : , , , - .

, ( -) . ; , , ,

11 , , How & Wells, A Commentary on Herodotus: With Introduction and Appendices, Volume I (Books I-IV), Volume II (Books V-IX), Ox-ford University Press, 1989, ad loc.

12 (1979, 1988) leading power, ( How & Wells, A Commentary..., q.v.). , , . (1) , , , , (2) - , - , , . , - ; , - , .

13

.13 , , ; , - - , . , : , , . , . , , .

3. ,

o : ( ) , , , . - : , - ; , - , , ; , - , , . , - ,14 . , - 512 509 . .. .

, , 15 .

13 V. , , Historia Antiqua

Macedonica 5, , 1997, 105, - .

14 Hammond & Griffith, A History..., 55 sqq. (57-58) , , .

15 ,

14

57 1-2 2013

j , , (sic, ) . , , , . - ( , ), - .16

O - ; , . , , , , - , . , ; , , .

, - . , , . - ,17 ,18 - ( -), . , , , , , , -

. , , , ( - How & Wells, A Commentary...; cf., , 5.1., ad loc.). - , .

16 Aesch. Pers. 492 sqq. 17 Strab. Geogr. 7, fr. 11. 18 ,

; cf. . 14.

15

. , , , , -. , - ( ) , - .

4.

.19 .20 , , , - VI .. .21 , , .

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19 -

, , , -, , I: I , : , 2000, 27-63.

20 ( 30 ) - ( 41 ), - , . CAH2 6, 427, Hammond, N. G. L. & Moon, W. G. (eds.), Ancient greek art and iconography, 1983, 246 (non vidi).

21 Cf. Hammond & Griffith, A History..., 75 sqq., . - 540 . .., .. ; -, 510 . .., ( , ) 480 . .., I . , , , - - . V. , , 44-51.

16

57 1-2 2013

:22 509 . .., , .23

, 509 . .., - ? , - - ; , . , ; , , , - .24

, , , , . , , , .

, , . , , , - . , - , , , , , , , , . , - - . , 479 . .., (, ,

22 V. Hansen & Nielsen, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, An Inves-tigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation, Oxford University Press 2004, 802.

23 , (1979: 77) , . - Kraay, 1976: 139 sqq., , 470 . .. - VI ..; contra Taeva, On the Problems of the Coinages of Alexander I Sparadokos and the So-Called Thracian-Macedonian Tribes, Historia 41.1/1992, pp. 58-74, .

24 Cf. Hammond & Griffith, A History..., 83 sqq.

17

) I. , - , ; - . , - . , , -, , . , 509, 500 . .. (, -, ) , , .25 ( ), ( ) .

, 500 . .. / , , , ; , , . 499 .. , . , (. ) , , - . , - ( ),26 - . .

25 Hammond & Griffith, A History..., 84. 26

; , , , - I , . V. Borza, Some Toponym Problems in Eastern Macedonia, The Ancient History Bulletin 3.3-4/1989, pp. 60-67; cf. Hammond, A History of Macedonia, volume I, Historical Geography and Prehistory, Oxford, 1972, 193 sqq., How & Wells, A Commen-tary..., ad 5.16. , cf. Hatzopoulos & Loukopoulou, Recherches sur les marches orienta-les des Temenides (Anthemonte Kalindoia), Ire partie, Meletemata 11, Athnes Paris: De Boccard, 1992, 19,

18

57 1-2 2013

; , , - , - , . , , 509 . .. - , ( ) , . , , , .

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, , ( , , ), - , . - , , , , , - . , , , - , , . -, ; - , , .

19

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, , . , , . , where numbers are small, argu-menta ex silentio should be avoided.27

* * *

- . , , - - , . - , , . , ; , ( ) . , - .. -, .28

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,

27 Hammond & Griffith, A History..., 90. 28 e Irwin,

Whats in a name? and exploring the comparable: onomastics, ethnography, and kratos in Thrace (5.12 and 310), in Irwin & Greenwood (eds.), Reading Herodotus, A Study of the Logoi in Book V of Herodotus Histories. Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 41-88; Irwin & Greenwood, Introduction: Reading Herodotus, Reading Book 5, in Irwin & Greenwood (eds.), Reading Herodotus, A Study of the Logoi in Book V of Herodotus Histories. Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 1-40, Osborne, The Paeonians (5.11-16), in Irwin & Greenwood (eds.), Reading Herodotus, A Study of the Logoi in Book V of Herodotus Histories. Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 88-97. , - , - ; , -.

20

57 1-2 2013

. - , - , .29

, , , . , IV , , ;30 , , - . , , , .31 - , , .32

, , ; , , . , , , , . , , - . , - , - .33 , , .

7. , .

, -

29 , ; ; ; , . Cf. Irwin, Whats in a name?... 41-44 ( ), sborne, The Paeonians..., 88 sqq., .

30 Hdt. 4.143-4. 31 Hdt. 5.1. 32 Hdt. 5.11. 33 Cf., , Osborne, The Paeonians..., 89: in a familiar

enough Herodotean technique, a new section begins with the name, no the article, of the prime protagonist; Nenci, Erodoto. La rivolta della Ionia. V Libro delle Storie. Milan, 1994, tipica formula di transizione.

57 1-2 2013

. - , - , .29

, , , . , IV , , ;30 , , - . , , , .31 - , , .32

, , ; , , . , , , , . , , - . , - , - .33 , , .

7. , .

, -

29 , ; ; ; , . Cf. Irwin, Whats in a name?... 41-44 ( ), sborne, The Paeonians..., 88 sqq., .

30 Hdt. 4.143-4. 31 Hdt. 5.1. 32 Hdt. 5.11. 33 Cf., , Osborne, The Paeonians..., 89: in a familiar

enough Herodotean technique, a new section begins with the name, no the article, of the prime protagonist; Nenci, Erodoto. La rivolta della Ionia. V Libro delle Storie. Milan, 1994, tipica formula di transizione.

21

,34 , .

; - , , a a; , , . , , , . , ; (), ,35 , - . , , , . 36

, ;37 , , , - . , - . , , . , 38 ,39 nomoi40 .

34 , -

; , , , - , , , , .

35 Hdt. 1.7-13. 36 FGrH 90 fr. 71. 37 ( )

, , . , . V. Hdt. 5.97; 5.98.

38 Hdt. 5.13.3. 39 Hdt. 3.38, ,

. 40 ,

: diaita, ethea nomoi; Redfield, Herodotus the Tourist, Classical Philology 80.2/1985, 98-99, q.v. Diaita , -, ; thea - ; nomos, ,

22

57 1-2 2013

, nomoi , , . , - , . , -, , , ; - , . : , -, , - , . , - , .

8. , , -

, , , . ; ; , , , .41

, , , , . , - ; , . , , , , . , ; , , . , , - , , .

- , ,

ethea, , , . Nomos ; ethea, nomoi (cf. Hdt. 4.106), .

41 Hdt. 5.16.4; cf. Athen. Deipn. 345e.

23

, .42 - - , .43 , , , . , , . ? , , fabulae gratia ?

9. ,

, , . , , ;44 , , , . : ,

42 , , , (5.11); ( , ) ( ).

43 , . : , (1.11.2), (9.111.2-5). , .

44 Osborne, The Paeonians..., 96, , , (Hdt. 5.39-42; 6.51-55; 6.61-70), (Hdt. 1.60, ). , - . Greenwood, Bridging the narrative (5.23-7), in Irwin & Greenwood (eds.), Reading Herodotus, A Study of the Logoi in Book V of Herodotus Histories. Cambridge University Press, 2007, 131 sqq.

24

57 1-2 2013

, - . , , , , -.

- , , - . , , : ; ; ; - .45 ; , nomoi , .

, , , ? , - , -. - , , - ( ) -.46 ( ), , , ; . , - , - ( ) .

( - ) -, ;47 , , . - , , ; , ?

-; , , .

45 Cf. Irwin & Greenwood, Introduction: Reading Herodotus..., 29-30. 46

Irwin, Whats in a name?..., 50-56. 47 Hdt. 5.11.2; cf. 5.23.

25

, ,48 .49 , , - ; , , , , - , .50

- . , - , , , . , , - , . , , - , - .

(, , - , ), , . - , , , - , (, ), , , - , ,

48 Thuc. 1.100.3. 49 Hdt. 9.75. 50 , , ,

. Heinlein, Histiaios von Milet, Klio 9/1909, pp. 341-351, . Grundy, The Great Persian War and Its Pre-liminaries; a Study of the Evidence, Literary and Topographical. John Murray, London, 1901, 69, e ; Blamire . , .

26

57 1-2 2013

.51 ; - , , , - .

- . , , , , / , . , ; , - .

, , . , . -.52 , .

51 ;

; , , ; , - .

52 Cf. Grundy, The Great Persian War..., 71. ; , - , Mare Nostrum.

27

57 1-2 2013 27-37 ISSN 0583-4961

94(381):808.5

Abstract

A major asset in historical research are those literary works created cum ira et studio-

works which directly reveal the truth in flagrante (in fire and passion). Such works repre-sent the Hellenic rhetoric which, with its vivid oratorical public form and, above all, with its acute function as political speech, fully reflects the heated political practices of the time. Understandably, speeches, as being marked, always mediate between the marker and the one to whom messages are sent. Because of their temporal distance and polysemy, the spee-ches of the researched rhetors mediate not only the actual milieu of that time-the Athenian demos, the Hellenic genus, etc., -but also interact with every new researcher of those circumstances and times, who in that moment becomes a new collaborator, even a new critical accuser. The textual, contextual and out-textual messages have been sent through many space and time codes, so that they continually correspond with a new auditorium. In this sense, this discourse, too, has the courage and intention of sending new messages and confirming the meaning of rhetoric as history in process, history in growing, with all the reflections of thought and will, according to the many consequences upon historical practice.

Keywords: Hellenic rhetoric, rhetors, political speech, discourse, Demosthenes, Iso-crates, Aeschines, city-states, Macedonian basilea, Philip, Macedonian basileos, Mace-donians, domestic, foreign, other, different, otherness, hostile, semiotic references, rhetorical references, in flagrante...

, , - , - - IV .. , :

28

57 1-2 2013

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;

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, , -: , - , . , . - : - , . - .

, .. , (, , -, ). , - .

29

...

- - . , , - - - , , -, .. II.

, in flagranti, - , , : - , : , , , . , ; . , , , -... , - , ; , , : - (), ( ). , - , .

, , , , ; , , - , -- . - () (. )1

1 R. Bart, Knjievnost, mitologija, semiologija, Beograd, 1979; (E. Benveniste, Problems de lingvistique enerale, Paris, 1974) : ( ) ( ). -, . , - , , - , - -.

30

57 1-2 2013

, , - . , -. . - , , , - .

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- , . , . , ; , , -, - , .

- , , - , . - , -

31

...

, , , - , , , , , ; , - ( - , ; -, , -, , -).

, - , , . - : , , , . , - ; - , , -; , de facto , , sine ira et studio. , cum ira et studio ; , -, , ( : tehne ars oratoria). , ; -, , -. , , - .

, , , - , . , - ; - . , -. -. , , ( ) , .. (-). , , , , , .

32

57 1-2 2013

, , , , , , , , . ( -) - ; , . (, ...). , caput mortuum, .

- ; . -, ; , , , .

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, , ; -, , , . , dif-ferentia specifica , - : -, ; , , - - . , - , .. , - , , , - , 2.

2 .

XX , . . - . , - .

33

...

, , . , - , , - , , , , .

- (alteritas, ) - . , (, . ); -

. , , . , , - (Ferdinant de Sosir, Opta lingvistika, Nolit, Beograd 1969). -, , - .

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1. , .

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, .. . , : , , , - - . , , , -, .

34

57 1-2 2013

( ); - , , , . , (); - , 3.

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-, , , , . 4 -. , - (), .. , -

3 , (, , , . ) - , -, . , , - , ( , , ). , -.

4 - . 1984 . . : , , - , ...

35

...

, - , , , - - , ; , - , , , -; - ; , ( ) , . , , - , -, . - , - . - , () - , , , , -; , , - , ( , -, , ). - , -, , ! , -!?

, -, ; , -, , , - ( , , , , , -, , , ).

, , 5.

5 Rossi Braidotti, Sexual diference and Nomadik Subjekt, Hypatia 1993.

36

57 1-2 2013

. - ( !). : - , .

, ( - .., ), , , ; - - . , - , , . , , , . , , - , - .

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37

...

, (, ). - , .

, : , ; - . pro contra , , , ; - -. , - , -, . : - ; , , .

39

57 1-2 2013 39-47 ISSN 0583-4961

904(497.7)"652" 904:711.4(497.7)"652"

Abstract

After overcoming the social, economic and spiritual crisis of the Roman Empire in the middle of the 3rd century, began stabilization. Also was covered and valley of Bregalnica river as part of the eastern half of Roman Empire. Special attention was dedicated to the security and defence of populated areas. In the Late Antique period, new fortification elements were built and rebuilt along the valley of the River Bregalnica to enable greater security, protection and defence from enemy attacks. This process of defence and protection thus led to the construction of fortifications with civilian and military functions. Civilian fortifications along the valley of Bregalnica were essentially of great defensive-protective importance, primarily because of the presence within them of civilians and material and spiritual treasures.

Keywords: Late Antiquity, Bregalnica, civil fortifications, protection, defence

, . - , I, I II.

. - . .

40

57 1-2 2013 ,

. - . , , , - -.

, , - . , -, . , , - , : (refugia) (vicimurati).1

(refugia) , . - , . opus incertum - , . , .2

, , (-fossa), - .3 -, , .

IV V , - . V VI , , . 1 , -.

, - , - ( ) . -

1 , , - , . I, 1994, 139-145; , , . 8, 1999, 189-209.

2 , , 2013, 61. 3 Ivan Mikuli, Kasnoanticka utvrdjenja u S. R. Makedoniji Pokuaj klasifikacije,

Odbrambeni sistemi u praistoriji i antici na tlu Jugoslavije, Savez arheolokih drutva Ju-goslavije, Arheoloko drutvo Vojvodine (referati XII kongresa arheologa Jugoslavije Novi Sad 1984 g.), Novi Sad 1986, 110.

57 1-2 2013 ,

. - . , , , - -.



, , (-fossa), - .3 -, , .

IV V , - . V VI , , . 1 , -.

, - , - ( ) . -

1 , , - , . I, 1994, 139-145; , , . 8, 1999, 189-209.



41

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- .

- : , ; -, ; , ; , ; , ; , - .

, 2 , (. 1). 120 80 1 .

2 , , . - 1 .

500 . .

, (. 2), . 0,7 .

1 , , - (. 3). - 1,2 . (opus cementicum) , .4

, 2 , . opus cementicum , .5 1,5 .

(vicimurati) . . . . - .

, 2-3 , 1 .6 , ,

4 , . , 204. 5 , . , 226. 6 , ..., 61.

42

57 1-2 2013 ,

- civitas.

, - : ; 2, ; , ; 1, ; , ; - , ; (), - ; , ; , .

3 . .

2 , , . - 2 . , 200 - , .

, , (. 4). ( ), , . - . , - , 2 . opus incertum.7

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- . .

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() -, . . 2 3 .

2 , -. ,

7 , 128.

57 1-2 2013 ,

. - . , , , - -.



, , (-fossa), - .3 -, , .

IV V , - . V VI , , . 1 , -.

, - , - ( ) . -

1 , , - , . I, 1994, 139-145; , , . 8, 1999, 189-209.



43

5

2 . - .

3 1,3 , . (. 5).

, -, . . -, , . .

- . - , - , .8

opus cementicum opus incertum , . , , . , , , .9 , , -. , . -.

(vici murati) - -, . , , - , . (refugia) - - .

- - -

8 , ..., 267-272. 9 , 267 270.

44

57 1-2 2013 ,

- . , , . , , - -.

3 . 1: , . 2: , . 3: , . 4: (), . 5: ,

57 1-2 2013 ,

. - . , , , - -.



, , (-fossa), - .3 -, , .

IV V , - . V VI , , . 1 , -.

, - , - ( ) . -

1 , , - , . I, 1994, 139-145; , , . 8, 1999, 189-209.



45

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. 2: ,

5

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- . - , - , .8



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8 , ..., 267-272. 9 , 267 270.

46

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. 4: (),

57 1-2 2013 ,

. - . , , , - -.



, , (-fossa), - .3 -, , .

IV V , - . V VI , , . 1 , -.

, - , - ( ) . -

1 , , - , . I, 1994, 139-145; , , . 8, 1999, 189-209.



47

. 5: ,

5

2 . - .

3 1,3 , . (. 5).

, -, . . -, , . .

- . - , - , .8



- - -

8 , ..., 267-272. 9 , 267 270.

49

57 1-2 2013 49-59 ISSN 0583-4961

27(495.02)"09" 341.76(497.02)"09"

X

-

Abstract

Christianity played a very important role in shaping the Byzantine Empire and its civilization. It was deeply incorporated in all areas of Byzantine society and had a great impact not only on the imperial ideology and economy but also on diplomatic relations with neighbouring peoples. Because of this, the church became an instrument by which the state maintained or renewed its imperial hegemony, thus turning the priests into agents for the state, serving the basileus in Constantinople. Although they were often involved in the foreign affairs of the imperial government through religious missions, this was not the only duty assigned to them by the state. Sources indicate that church officials were involved in broader political and diplomatic activity in the Balkans in the 10th century, including serving as ambassadors of the Byzantine ruler. This is also proof that Byzantine diplomacy did not always act spontaneously by enacting adhoc decisions but probably carried out its activities at least occasionally following prior consultation within an informal advisory body. It further implies that the people who were actively involved in the foreign affairs of the Byzantine Empire, at least during the 10th century, had a certain level of knowledge and skills and a capacity for strategic thinking, which of course was rudimentary seen from todays point of view. The involvement of priests in solely diplomatic missions with clear political objectives, where their education and oratorical skills would be used to the utmost, and their complete exclusion from missions of a military character, is yet another example of how Byzantine diplomacy was implemented in the field, as well as a clear indication that some basic principles and methods did exist and were upheld by the imperial government during this process.

Keywords: Byzantine Empire, Church officials, Episcope, Monks, Byzantine diplo-macy, Envoy, Balkans, Tenth Century -

.

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- . - I (324337), - . , , - , - , .1

, , - , - . , , , . , , . , - , . , - , , - , , , . - :

1 : Norman

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3 , , Clio, 2006, 223. 4 : Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando

Imperio, (ed. Gyula Moravcsik and transl. Romilly J. H. Jenkins), Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, Vol. I, Dumbarton Oaks, 1967, 49.50-54.; Chronicon Monembasiae,

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- , . -

, VI, (. , .), , 1964, 68.

5 , VI, () - . : Notitiae Episcopatuum, , IV, (. , .), , 1961, 160-161, 163-165. : , 6001025, , 2007, 176-177.

6 - IX : Sergey A. Ivanov, Religious Missions, The Cambridge History of The Byzantine Empire, (ed. Jonathan Shepard), Cambridge Uni-versity Press, 2008, 314-320.; Jonathan Shepard, The Uses of 'History' in Byzantine Diplomacy: Observations and Comparisons, Porphyrogenita, (ed. J. Chrysostomides), Ashgate, 2003, 99-100.

7 , V , , , , , . , . , - , - , . - : , - , , -, 1969, 238-277. : , -, 380. : , VII-XIV I, , 1999, 230. , : The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Vol 1, (ed. Alexander P. Kazhdan), Oxford University Press, 1991, 638.

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.12 X . , - I (969-976).13

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53

- -, , - . -, .8 - - , , -. , , -.9 , , - , . , III (9961002) - .10

- X , .11 . (893927), , - ,

8 ,

-, ...- , . : , -, , 1969, 37. : Sergey A. Ivanov, Re-ligious, 314-316.

9 : Sergey A. Ivanov, Religious, 315, 320. : Shepard, The Uses of 'History', 99. : Shepard, Spreading the word, 231-239.

10 : , , 236. - : Douglas Lee and Jonathan Shepard, A Double Life: Placing the Peri Presbeon, Byzantinoslavica LII, Prague, 1991, 37, n.125.

11 - , . X : , , , 1966, 253-294.; Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine state and Society, Stanford University Press, 1997, 471-534.

, .2

- - , , -, , , - . , , , - -. . - . - , - - .3 . - - IX , .4 -

2




54

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.12 X . , - I (969-976).13

- X . -



55

. , - VII (913959) -.14 , - , VII, I (920944), , -, , , -, ,15 - , , .16

. - - .17 I .18 . , , - .19

14 VII : Nicolaus

Patriarcha, IV, (. , .), , 1961, 191-202.

15 : Nicolaus Patriarcha..., 202-297.

16 , - , . , , IX (10421055), - . : , -, (. ), , 2000, 214-215.

17 Nicolaus Patriarcha..., 248-249, 263, 284-285. 18 I

, 1 : Romani Lacapeni Epistolae, - , IV, (. , .), , 1961, 302.

19 : Theophanes Continu-atus, Ioannes Cameniata, Symeon Magister, Georgius Monachus, (ed. I. Bekker), Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonnae, 1838, 413.1-2. : , , (. . . ), -, 1992, 171.; Ioannis Scylitzae, Synopsis Historiarum, (ed. I. Thurn), Berlin,

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2




56

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, I , , -.20 , , -. , II (9761025), . , 986 ., , - , ... - . , II , - ... .21

- , X . - , , - . , , , ,22 , , ,

1973, X.18. : John Skylitzes, A Synopsis of Byzantine History 8111057, (tr. J. Wortley), Cambridge University Press, 2010, 215.

20 Ioannis Scylitzae..., XV.18. : John Skylitzes, Synopsis..., 293. 21 : -

o, , ( . ), , 1864, XXII, 175.

22 , . - : , ..., 333-340. , . : Paul Magdalino, The Road to Baghdad in the thought-world of ninth-century Byzantium, Byzantium in the Ninth Century: Dead or Alive?, Papers from the Thirtieth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Birmingham, March 1996, (ed. Leslie Brubaker), AshgateVariorum, 1998, 195-214.; Jonathan Shepard, The Uses of 'History', 100. : Robert Browning, Literacy in the Byzantine World, Byzantine and modern Greek Studies, Vol.4, University of Birmingham Press, 1978, 39-54. : Warren Treadgold, The Revival of Byzantine Learning and the Revival of the Byzantine State, The American Historical Review, Vol. 84, Washington D.C., 1979, 1245-1266. : Cyril Mango, The Revival of Learning, The Oxford History of Byzantium, (ed. Cyril Mango), Oxford University Press, 2002, 214-229.

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57

, .23 -, ( )24 - .25 , X , - , , , , ( -) .26 , - - . , - , , - , .27

- - . , X , , - , , . - - .28

23 - : On Strategy, Three Byzantine Military Treatises, (ed. and trans. George T. Dennis), Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae Vol. XXV, Washington D.C., 1985, 43.26-29. : Jonathan Shepard, Uses of 'History', 100.

24 : , , 224. 25 . X

. : Warren Treadgold, The Revival, 1250. . , X 300 . : Paul Lemerle, Le premiere humanisme byzantine: Notes et remarques sur enseignement et culture Byzance des origines au X sicle, Paris, 1971, 257. : , ..., 334.

26 , , 223-225. 27 Warren Treadgold, The Revival..., 1250-1251. 28 ,

, VII

, .2

- - , , -, , , - . , , , - -. . - . - , - - .3 . - - IX , .4 -

2




58

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, . VII , 451 . - 692 ., . , .29 , - ,30 . , ( ), , , . - , ,31 , , ,32

. . : DAI, 8.25-27.

29 J. Haldon, Byzantine Pretorians: An Administrative, Institutional and Social survey of the Opsikion and Tagmata c. 580900, Poikila Byzantina 3, Bonn, 1984, n.901.; George T. Dennis, Defenders of the Christian People, The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World, (ed. Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy P. Mottahedeh), Dumbarton Oaks, 2001, 36. - , , . , , 115, 232-233.

30 II , . : Ioannis Scylitzae, XIV.18. : John Skylitzes, Synopsis..., 263.

31 , , . : DAI, 32.82-86. , : Theophanes Continuatus, 387.2-3. : , 161.; Ioannis Scylitzae, IX.5. : John Skylitzes, Synopsis..., 196.; : Nicolaus Patriarcha, 210. : Jonathan Shepard, Imperial Informaton and Ignorance: a discrepancy, ByzantinoSlavica 56, Prague, 1995, 115.; Stiven Runciman, The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and his reign, Cambridge University Press, 1995, 109.

32 Leo Diaconus, (ed. Hasii), Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, Bonnae, 1828, 63.7-12. : The History of Leo the Deacon, IV.6., (trans. M. T. Rice and D. F. Sullivan), Dumbarton Oaks, 2005, 111.

59

- , , .

, , , , - X . , , - , , , . - ad-hoc , -, , .33 , - , X , , , , , . , , , . , , , - , - .

33 ,

, , , , . : On Strategy, 43.39-42. ( ), . : Dean A. Miller, The Logothete of the Drome in the Middle Byzantine period, Byzantion 36, Bruxelles, 1966, 438-470. Rodolphe Guilland, Les Logothtes: Etudes sur lhistorie administrative de lEmpire byzantine, Revue des etudes byzantine 29, Paris, 1971, 33-38. : Lee and Shepard, A Double Life, 33.

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2




61

57 1-2 2013 61-71 ISSN 0583-4961

94:26(=411.16:100)"14/19"

Abstract

The exposure of the Jewish element to constant persecutions by the authorities created a movement that ideologically opposed attempts at assimilation and the disappearance of Judaism. It actually represented a new form of Messianism adapted to the political situation in that period. After the mass exile of the Jews in 1492 from Spain, Portugal and other European countries, the disappointed population required an explanation of its own position in mysticism. It was then that Jews began to preach that the Messiah would soon come to gather all of them and establish a Jewish kingdom.

Keywords: Jews, Shabbatai Zvi, Nathan of Gaza, Isaac Luria, Judaism, mesianism, sabbatianism, Kabbalah, islamization, Ottoman Empire

, , .1 , - XV , 1492 .

2 - 1492 , .3 1493

1 , (XV XVII ), , 2006, 5. 2 .

. 3 , :

62

57 2013 1-2

, 1498 . . , , , .

, - , , . - . - , , 40 000 200 000 .4

XV 4 000 , , . , .5 - . , , - , . , , , , , .6

- . , , ,7 - .

, , , . XX, , 1985.

4 40 000 , - 90 000, 100 000, 200 000 .

5 , , , 1983, 39. 6 , XV

XVI , . 2 ( , , 8 9 1993 ).

7 . -, . . , , . , , , . -, . ( , ) , ,

63

3

1492 , - , - . - . 1503 . , XVI . 1502 , , -, , -, .

1524 . - . (1500 1532), . - , , . , 1532 , .8

(1515 1580), , , .

. ; . ( ), ( ). - - , . - , , , . , . , , . . , . , - . . (Enciklopedija ivih religija, Beograd, 1990, 450).

8 M. Franco, Essai sur lhistoire des Israelites de lEmpire Ottoman,Paris, 1897, 52- 53; I. S. Emmanuel, Histoire des Israelites de Salonique, Paris, 1936, 279; Nehama, Histoi-re des Israelites de Salonique, II, Paris, 1935, 161-166; Simon Dubnov, Kratka istorija jevrejskog naroda, Beograd, 1962, 164-168.

64

57 2013 1-2

.9

(1534 1572). ,10 - . . , (1542 1620) (1598 1678). , . - . .11

, (1565 1630), , , . .12

, .

9 Nehama, Histoire des Israelites de Salonique, III, Paris, 1936, 6-22. 10 ( , )

. , - . , , - . , . , , XII , XVI , . : , - . , , , . - , . , , , , . (Enciklopedija ivih religija, 356-357).

11 Simon Dubnov, Kratka istorija jevrejskog naroda, 164-165; Gerom olem, Ka-bala i njena simbolika, Beograd, 1981, 122.

12 Encyclopedia Judaica, Jerusalem, 1971, VIII, 990-994.

65

5

. (1595 1670), .13

, , , , , . - , -.14

, 1626 . , .15 , -,16 17 . , : , , , , , , , . - , 20- - .

1648 , . , . - , 1651

13 Encyclopedia Judaica, II, 951. 14 , , II, , 1983, 399. 15 Abdurrahman Kk, Dnmeler (Sabatayistler) tarihi, Ankara, 2003, 211. 16 ( , )

, . , . ( 450 ), ( 500 ). , . (Enciklopedija ivih religija, 704-705).

17 ( ) - . - -. (1240 1305), 1285 . 1300 , . (Enciklopedija ivih reli-gija, 806).

66

57 2013 1-2

.18 , , -.19

1654 , . , - . -, - . 3 000 , . - . , , . -, , , . .20

, , . 1658 , . - , 1662 , . - , , - - .

1663 , , .. . , -, - . , , , , , . - , , . , - , , .21

18 , , , . VI,

. 2, , 1930, 64. 19 , , . I, , 1978, 237-240. 20 , , II, 409-410. 21 , .., 412.

67

7

1665 , 1666 . -, , - , . - .22

1665 , 14 , . . - , , - , - , , . , . - , , . , , . - , .. .23

30 1665 . , , - . - , , .24 , . , , .

22 , 415. 23 Nehama, Histoire des Israelites..., V, 120-121; Cecil Roth, The Standard Jewish

Encyclopedia, Jerusalem Tel Aviv, 1958, p. 1965; Encyclopedia Judaica, XIV, 1223-1228.

24 Nehama, Histoire des Israelites..., V, 131-140.

68

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, , , , , .25

14 1666 , , , , . - . , - - , . , - . , - . 16 1666 .26

. , - . , - . - ; , .27 , . , - , , . , .28

. : - 29 , - .30

25 Encyclopedia Judaica, XIV, 1228-1231. 26 Nehama, Histoire des Israelites..., V, 133; , ,

64-65. 27 , , , 2008, 43. 28 ( ) -

, , -.

29 ( ) .

30 Gershom Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, the mystical Messiah, London and Princeton, N. J., 1973, 796-797.

69

9

, , .

, - , . , . - , . .31 - : , , .32

, . , - , - , . : - , ; , .

, - , . - . 1673 , (), . - , , . . 17 1676 , , , 50- .33

, -, , . - , . ,

31 Gershom Scholem, Major trends in Jewish mysticism, London, 1955, 312-315. 32 , , 44. 33 Bogumil Hrabak, Jevreji u Albaniji od kraja XIII do kraja XVII veka i njihove veze

sa Dubrovnikom, Zbornik Jevrejski istorijski muzej, Beograd, 1971, 94; Abdurrahman Kk, Dnmeler (Sabatayistler) tarihi, 315.

70

57 2013 1-2

, -. , . , - , , 12 1680 , .34 - .

. - . - , , - , . , 50 . , - , .35

. ; , , - .36 -, . . - , -. , , .37

, .38 , . . , - . , XIX , 115 000 .39

34 Dubnov, Kratka istorija jevrejskog naroda, 170. 35 , , 66. 36 , , , , 2004, 262-263. 37 Mira Elijade, Istorija verovanja i religijskih ideja, tom III, Beograd, 1991, 153. 38 (: ) ,

XVIII . (1700 1760) , . , , , -. (Enciklopedija ivih religija, 232-233).

39 Gershom Scholem, The crypto Jewish sect of the Donmeh, Scholem, The

71

11

XX , , - .40

-, . , -.41 -, , - .42

, -, - , . , - XIX , ; , , - .43

, - .44

messianic idea in Judaism and other essays on Jewish spirituality, New York, 1971, 147-166.

40 , , 46. 41 , 45. 42 Gershom Scholem, Sabbatai Sevi, the mystical Messiah, 748. 43 Gershom Scholem, Major trends in Jewish mysticism, 300-304. 44 , , 45.

73

57 1-2 2013 73-80 ISSN 0583-4961

341.81(497.11:497.711) "1889/1892" 32:929 ,

32.019.5(497.11:497.7) "1889/1892"

(1889 1892)

Abstract Vladimir Karic spent only a short time in Serbias diplomatic service. However, through

his work as a consul in Skopje (18821892) he left an indelible mark. He was a prominent Serbian professional consul of his time and was engaged in important national-political tasks of the Kingdom of Serbia. These tasks were difficult because the Serbian state did not have a separate Serbian millet recognized by the Empire. He was engaged in political pro-paganda work in Ottoman Macedonia, concerned with the opening and functioning of Ser-bian schools.

Keywords: Vladimir Karic, consul in Skopje, Ottoman Macedonia

80- 19 , -

- , .. .1 , 1886 - , 1887 . - . , (1887),

1 - 1885 ,

.

74

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2

(1889). 1889 , - , - (), . , 1889 , o , -, - , .2 , .

, , . 1868 . 1873 , , , - . 1879 : ; 1882 , , . .. - 3 -, . 1887 : , , .4 - (1888), . -- / . - . ,

2 , . . , , , , .

3 XIX XX , . , - - . (18781881), (), . - (1876, 1877/78), . XX , . , , - , : .

4 , , , . XLIV, 1998, 273-279.

57 1-2 2013

2

(1889). 1889 , - , - (), . , 1889 , o , -, - , .2 , .

, , . 1868 . 1873 , , , - . 1879 : ; 1882 , , . .. - 3 -, . 1887 : , , .4 - (1888), . -- / . - . ,

2 , . . , , , , .

3 XIX XX , . , - - . (18781881), (), . - (1876, 1877/78), . XX , . , , - , : .

4 , , , . XLIV, 1998, 273-279.

75

(1889 1892)

3

1889 - . , . . , 13 1889 , . 1892 , - .5

, - . - , : , . , 1886 , ,6 - - -.7 , . . , , , - , .8 , - , .9 ,

5 , 2, 1978, 203; ,

, 2003, 26-172; , , - (18891892), , 1, 1999, 5-6.

6 (18421915), -/ . , . - - . , - , .. 1886 . , , .

7 , , -: , , . 57, 2011.

8 . , , (18891892), 7. 9 . , ,

, 1929, 18-31; , (18561903). , 1992, 288-289; , - (18891897), , . LVII, - 2008, 328-329; . , , 273-279;

76

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4

, :

1. - . , -, - -. , - , - , , .

2. , .. , ( ) -- . , - , .10

, - - . . , , . , : - , - -; , , - ; - .11

, - 19 , 1973, 288; , (18781912), 1968, 148; , - XIX , 2006, 237-258; -, -- 19 , 2009, 128-142.

10 . , . , : - , 191.

11 , - 19 , 268, 313, 377, 401.

57 1-2 2013

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(1889). 1889 , - , - (), . , 1889 , o , -, - , .2 , .

, , . 1868 . 1873 , , , - . 1879 : ; 1882 , , . .. - 3 -, . 1887 : , , .4 - (1888), . -- /

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