العضوية مشتقات الهيدروكربونات استاذ رمضان غلاب تالتة...
TRANSCRIPT
٤٠
مرتبطة بشكل معني وتكون ركناهى جمموعة من الذرات على تغلبها املركب ولكن فعاليتها ووظيفتجزئ من
اجلزئ بأكمله خواص
R―OH CH3OH
OH― Ar―OH
―O―
R―O―R CH3OCH3
― C═O
CH3CHO
―C═O
CH3 CO CH3
C―OH―
CH3COOH
R―C―OR
CH3COOC2H5
―NH2 R―NH2 C2H5NH2
R―C―OR
O
R―C―OH
O
R―C―H
O
R―C―R
O
O
OH
O
٤١
أو أكثر يئاا على جمموعة هى مركبات عضوية حتتوى جز جمموعات اهليدروكسيل من
OHR─OH
OHAr─OH
R―OH H―OH
Ar―OH H―OH
― C ―OH
- H
+ R
- H
+ Ar
H
R―OHR―H
Ar―OHAr―H
- H
+ OH
- H
+ OH
CH3─OH
CH2―CH2
C2H4(OH)2
│ │ OH OH
CH2―CH─CH2
C3H5(OH)3
│ │ │ OH OH OH
CH2―(CHOH)4―CH2
C6H8(OH)6
│ │ OH OH
R―OH Ar―OH
CH3OH
OH
٤٢
++ """ ="
CH3CH2CH2OH
CH3 – C – CH2CH3
OH
H * C2H5OH
R – C – OH H
H
H
*
-
CH3 – C – OH H
H
R – C – OH R
H
CH3 – C – OH CH3
H
H
*
- - -
R – C – OH R
R
CH3 – C – OH CH3
CH3
CH3 –CH2– CH – CH3 OH
CH– CH2 – OH
CH3
CH3
CH3 –CH2– C – OH
CH3
CH3 C2H4(OH)2
CH3 –CH2– C – OH
CH3
CH3
H I
٤٣
OH
CH3―CH2―CH2―CH2―CH2―OH -
CH3―CH2―CH2―CH―CH3 - - -
CH3―CH2―CH―CH2―CH3
CH3―CH2―CH― CH3
CH3 ―CH ―CH3 – –––
–
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
2C2H5OH + 2CO2 C6H12O6
–
C2H4
CH2═CH2 + HOH CH3CH2OH
OH
OH
H2SO4
OH
OH
CH3
٤٤
CH3CH═CH2 + HOH CH3―C―CH3
-
CH3―C―C―CH3 + HOH CH3―C ═ C―CH3
٢ - -٢-
- -
RX + KOH R―OH + KX
CH3Cl + KOH(aq) CH3OH + KCl
CH3―CH2―Br + K OH(aq) CH3―CH2―OH + KBr
CH3―CH―Br + K OH(aq) CH3―CH―OH + KBr
- -
OH
CH3 CH3
OH
H2SO4
H2SO4
CH3 CH3
H I
H I
H I
I H
٤٥
CH3―C―Cl + K OH(aq) CH3―C―OH + KCl
<<
R─C─Br + KOH R─C─OH + KBr
R─C─Br + KOH R─C─OH + KBr
R─C─Br + KOH R─C─OH + KBr
––––
بيوتانول– ٢
CH3 CH2─C─CH3 + KOH CH3 CH2─C─CH3 + KBr
تانول بن– ٢ – میثیل – ٢
CH3 CH2 CH2─C─CH3 + KOH CH3 CH2 CH2─C─CH3 + KCl
–
CH3
CH3
H │
│ OH
H │
│ Br
│ Cl
CH3 │
CH3 │
│ OH
CH3
CH3
H
H H
H
مائیةR
H
مائیة
R
H R R
مائیة
R R
٤٦
–
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2 ↑
O─H
C2H5O Na + HO H C2H5OH + NaOH
R ― C ― O H
H │
│ H
HCl , HBr , HI
H2SO4
١٤٠عند ) ب ١٨٠عند ) أ
R─ O H
٤٧
–
CH3CO OH + H OC2H5 CH3COOC2H5 +H2O
:OHH O18O16
OH ZnCl2
C2H5OH + HCl C2H5Cl + H2O
HOH
"على أن تكون كل منهما حممضة حبمض الكربيتيك املركز" – H
CH3―C―OH + [O] CH3―C―OH CH3―C═O
H2SO4
ZnCl2
H
H
H
OH
H
─ C─OH
أكسدة أكسدة
یستقر بفقد H2O–جزىء
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
٤٨
CH3CHO + [O] CH3COOH +H2
– H
CH3―C―OH + [O] CH3―C―OH CH3―C― CH3
–
– H
–––
–––
:
CH3
H
CH3
OH
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
أكسدة
O
یستقر بفقد H2O–جزىء
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
٤٩
–
C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
–
2 C2H5OH C2H5 O C2H5 + H2O
C2H4 + H2O + [O]
H2SO4 180C
CH2 – CH2 OH OH
–
٫
KMnO4
H2SO4 140C
CH2 – CH2
OH OH
٥٠
H―C―C―C―H
CH2―O―NO2 CH2―OH
CH―OH + 3HONO2 CH―O―NO2 + 3H2O CH2―OH CH2―O―NO2
OH
– OH
–
OH
H2SO4
––
PEG
– – –
!!!
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
٥١
–
–
CH2OH
C=O CHOH)3(
CH2OH
H │ H―C―OH │ C ═ O │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H
CHO
( CHOH)4
CH2OH
CHO │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H―C―OH │ H
OH OH
OH
OH
OH OH
C6H5─OH
٥٢
+ NaOH + NaCl
–O─H –O─HH+
ح فيما يلىوالدليل على ذلك يتض
احلالة الطبيعية
التأثري على عباد الشمس
اخلاصية احلامضية
OHO─HH+
O─HH+
δ- δ+ C2H5─O-H
التفاعل مع الفلزات Naالنشطة مثل
C2H5─ONa + H2
التفاعل مع القلويات NaOHمثل
التفاعل مع األمحاض HClمثل
OH
C2H5─Cl + H2O
OH OH
C─OH
OH
Cl
δ+ δ+
O─H
ONa + H2
ONa + H2O
٥٣
""
!!!
H─C═O
a a + b b + ab
n
: –
–
:
III
+ 3 HO-NO2 H2SO4 + 3 H2O
OH
NO2
NO2 O2N
–
H I
OH
H
H H
٥٤
─ C─ OH
─ C── OH
–
–
HCOOH
CH3COOH
C3H7COOH
C15H31COOH
O
O
R─ C─ OH
O
C─ OH
O
HCOOH
CH3COOH
COOH
COOH
COOH
COOH
COOH
OH
COOH
٥٥
H─C≡C─H + H2O أستیلین أسیتالدھید حمض أسیتیك
O H―O
R ― C C ― R O ― H O
–
–
HgSO4 60°C H2SO4 40%
CH3─ CH CH3─ C─ OH [O]
R―C―O H
٥٦
2 CH3COOH + Mg (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
CH3COOH + 2 H2 C2H5OH + H2O
CO2
––
200C
CuCrO4
–
–
H2SO4
مركز
–
٥٧
2 + 3 O2 2 + 2H2O
HCl , CH3COOH , C2H5OH , ,
+ NaOH + H2O
+ C2H5OH + H2O
COOH
CH3 V2O5
400 C
COOH
COOH
COONa
COOH HClجاف
COOC2H5
OH
٥٨
١
HCOOH
١ -٢ - ٣ - ٤- ٥-
٢
CH3COOH
١- ٢ -- -
٣
-
-٫
٤
H │ H―C―COOH │ HO―C―COOH │ H―C― COOH │ H
- - -pH
٥
CH3 │ HO―C―COOH │ H
٦
٧
–– –
٨ –
(─NH2)
NH2CH2COOH ─NH2 + H CH2COOH
⍺
COOH
R─ C ─COOH
H I
I NH2
⍺
OH
COOH
٥٩
ألمحاض الكربوكسيلية مع الكحوالتهى نواتج احتاد ا
:
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
─ OH
R – C – OH + H –OR R – C – OR + H2O
HCOOCH3
CH3COOC2H5
COOC2H5
٦٠
:
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O CH3COOH + C2H5OH
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3COONa + C2H5OH
C6H5COOC2H5 + NaOH C6H5COONa + C2H5OH
CH3─C─OC2H5 + NH3 CH3─C─NH2 + C2H5OH
C6H5─C─OC2H5 + NH3 C6H5─C─NH2 + C2H5OH
R – C –OR + H2O R – C – OH + R–OH
HCl
مائیة
مائیة
٦١
:
+ + 3H2O
NaOHKOH
O CH3 || | H – C – O – CH2 – CH – CH3
O || CH3 – C – O – (CH2)7 – CH3
O || CH3 – CH2 – C – O – (CH2)4 – CH3
O || CH3 – (CH2)2 – C – O – CH3
O || CH3 – (CH2)2 – C – O – CH2 – CH3
O || CH3 – C – O – CH2 – C6H5
CH2 – OH | CH – OH | CH2 – OH
CH2 – O – C – R1 CH – O – C – R2 CH2 – O – C – R3
O
O
O
HO – C – R1
HO – C – R2
HO – C – R3
∆
٦٢
+ HO – CH2 – CH2 – OH
-
-
(OH , COOH) ..
HO – C C – OH
- H2O
HO – C C – O – CH2 – CH2 – OH
n
OH
O || – C – OH H – O – CH3+
OH
O || – C – OCH3
+ H2O
+ HO – C – CH3 || O
O H
O || – C – OH
O–
O || – C – OH
C – CH3 || O
H2O+
٦٣
(CH3CO─
III
CO2
O–
O || – C – OH
C – CH3 || O
H2O+ H+
OH
COOH + CH3 – C – OH