G RAMMAR 2009/2010

Parts of Speech Sentences Verb to BE Verb to DO Verb to HAVE

Nouns Countable Nouns

Spelling Rules for Plurals Uncountable Nouns Definite & Indefinite Articles Pronouns Object Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Relative Pronouns

TENSES Present Simple Tense Past Simple Tense Future Simple Tense Present Continuous Tense

English Alphabetic Main Menu

English Alphabetic Capital Letters

S mall Letters Consonant Letters Vowels Letters

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz

aeiou

Parts of Speech Noun .Ahmed, bookPronounVerbAdjective .I, he, she, it, etc. ..

.Play, played, will play

Rich Man .

Adverb

Ahmed writes quickly. .Preposition Conjunction Interjection

Ahmed goes to school

They traveled by plane Ali and Ahmad visited us yesterday. Alas! She died. ! . .

Article :a, an, the a . an . the .This is a book. .This is an apple. This is the book I bought yesterday.

:

. :( ) : Ali doctor :Ali is a doctor

G RAMMAR 2010/2009

Sentences Simple SentencesCompoundSentencesComplex Sentences

Simple Sentence :I saw a boy.The boy was riding a bicycle. :I saw a boy riding a bicycle.

Compound Sentence

.

Complex Sentences :Main Clause Subordinate Clause Noun Clause Adjectival Clause Adverbial Clause

Clause & Phrase . .A clause is a combination of words containing a verb and has a complete meaning

A phrase is a combination of words forming part of the sentence but without a verb. I saw the man who was carrying a stick.I saw the man carrying a stick

orbutand and Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him :Ahmed did his homework and Anas helped him.

but Khaled is rich. He is unhappy Khaled is rich but he is unhappy.

or We can play football. We can watch TV. We can play football or we can watch TV.

Verb to BE

Verb to BE It is used as a principal and a helping verb SubjectIHe, She, ItWe, They, YouPresentPastPast participle areisamwerewaswasbeenbeenbeen

Verb to BE .I am a pupil. .They are boys

Negative Sentences with the verb to BE () (not) .We make negative statements with the verb to BE by using the word not after the verb to be.AffirmativeNegativeI am at homeYou are tallI am not at home.You are not tall.

Making Questions with the verb to BE Yes or No questions and short answers () () :Yes or No questions Be+Subject + Complement tAreyoua teacher?Werethe boysa teacher?Short Answers Affirmative NegativeYes + Subject + BeNo + Subject + Be + notYes, I am.Yes, they were.No, I am not.No, they were not.

Verb to DO

Verb to DO It is used as a principal and a helping verb :SubjectI, you, we, they

PresentPastPast participle dodiddonedonediddoesHe, She, It

Verb to HAVE

Verb to HAVE It is used as a principal and a helping verb. :

Subject

PresentPastPast participle I, you, we, theyHe, She, Ithashavehadhadhadhad - . - .

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a main verb Subject+ do/does/did+ not+ have+ ComplementI HeThey

not

notnothavehavehave

breakfast this morning.A new watch.a car.dodoesdid

Making Questions with the verb to HAVE as a main verb Yes or No questions Do/Does/ Did+Subject DoDoesDidyouhethey+havehavehavehaveComplementa car?a new watch?Breakfast this morning?Yes + Subject + do/does/didNo + Subject+ do/does/did +notShort Answers AffirmativeNegativeYes, I do.Yes, he does.Yes, they did.No, I do not.No, he does notNo, they did not.

Verb to HAVE as a helping verb Verb to have is used as a helping verb to form the perfect tense .They have lived here for two yearsAdel has just finished his work

Negative Sentences with verb to HAVE as a helping verb not .I have lived here for a long timeI have not lived here for a long time

Making Questions with verb to HAVE as a helping verb Yes or No questions and short answers : ( ) .They have lived here for a long timeHave they lived here for a long time?Yes, they have. No, they have not.

Other Uses of Verb to HAVE To express necessity in the present and past Have to, has to, had to. . I have to leave now.With some model auxiliaries. . :You had better see a doctor.To show that something is caused by another person. .I have my shoes cleaned every week.

Nouns

NounsNouns are words we use to name man/father/teacher/neighbor people things book,table,sugar,fruit . Places school, street, city, house, .. ideas freedom, honesty, truth, . Feelings happiness, anger, boredom, joy, .

Countable & Uncountable Nouns Countable Nouns: are things that be counted as one, two, three, and so o : ... Uncountable Nouns: cannot be counted.

: .

Countable Nouns These nouns have singular and plural forms. .Before singular countable nouns you can use a/an. (a/an)

You cannot use singular countable nouns alone without words such as: a, an, one, my, your, his, etc.

.

Spelling Rules for Plurals

Spelling Rules for Plurals We form plurals of most nouns byadding s to the singular noun. . sSingular

Pluralone bookone horsetwo booksmany horses

(1)SingularPluralmatchbusdishboxmatchesbusesdishesboxes

(2)SingularboySingularkey

PluralboyskeyscitybabyPluralcitiesbabies y s y y ies

(3) SingularradioSingularzoo

PluralradioszoospotatotomatoPluralpotatoestomatoes o , es o , s

(4) SingularclassroomSingularpoliceman

PluralclassroomspolicemenknifeshelfPluralknivesshelves f fe v es

(5) Singularchildperson

Pluralpeoplechildrenmanwomanmenwomenfeetteethgeesemicefoottoothgoosemouse

Uncountable Nouns Uncountable nouns cannot be counted. s essalt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood. a an

Uncountable Nouns

floursaltmeatinformationcoffeeknowledgebutterfoodteasugargoldbloodnewsglasscheesemilkpaperbreadricewoodfurniturerainsteelgrassclothmusicmarble

Uncountable Nouns Plurals . Coffee is a traditional drink in Yemen . -Milk has many minerals . - .Two cups of tea are not enough for me.Five liters of oil do not operate this machine.

Definite & Indefinite Articles

Definite & Indefinite Articles Theis used as definite articles. .a/anare used as indefinite articles. .We put a before a noun starting with a constant sound.a .We put an before a noun starting with a vowel sound. an .

The Definite Article The A noun that is theonly one of its kind. .The river Nile The KaabaNames of rivers seas, oceans, etc. .........The Arabian GulfThe Red SeaA noun which is the object of a sentence. .Umar answered the questionThe names of musical instruments. .Can you play the duffThe is used before: :(1)

(2) :The is used before: .The United Kingdom The U.S.A.Names of some countries.With some time expressionsWith dates .With some general expressions. . .Listen to the radio/news.Go to the market/desert.On the first day of every month at the weekendin the evening

Use article with the name that is repeated.I saw a man. The man was young. . . .... .do not like science. Myfavorite subject is mathematics.I am going to school.I always go to bed early.on Monday, in Junein summer (sometimes the summer).before breakfast.No article is used names of studies of subjects. No article is such words as school, home, bed, work, etc.No article is used before such words such as day and month names.(3)

Indefinite Articles a & an We put a before a noun starting with a constant sound.We put an before a noun starting with a vowel sound a . an . Vowelsa e i o - u (1)

(2) Before a singular countable noun. .a table an eggSaleh is a doctorHe is an engineer.he is an English women.Before a particular group of people or a nationality.With numbers that mean every.He washes his hands ten times . (means every day). . We use a/an:

(3) No article is abstract nouns and the names of metals. .Love, beauty,hatred, wood, silver, goldNo article is usedbefore plural or uncountable nouns.We DO NOT use a/an: .There are books on the table. Milk is good for you.

Pronouns

Pronouns A pronoun replaces a noun . Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns PossessiveAdjectives PossessivePronoun ReflexivePronouns youhehershisyoursherselfhimselfyourselfsheherhisyouryouhimhemyselfminemymeI(1)

Pronouns Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns PossessiveAdjectives PossessivePronoun ReflexivePronouns itWeyoutheirsyoursoursitsThemselvesYourselvesourselvesitselftheytheiryourouritsusityouthem(2)

Pronouns (3)We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or what we are talking about. .Ali is a good student. He passes all his tests .

Object Pronouns We use an object pronoun After a prepositionAfter to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend,pass, take, show.

Do you live near them?Send the box directly to meThe little boy made it for her.

Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive pronouns are used: .for emphasizeDid you do the decorations yourself I did the painting myself.With some special expressions Help yourselfEnjoy yourselfBehave yourself.

Relative Pronouns The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.

. :1- .- who- which - whom . (1)

- that .- whose 2- .

(2)Who [ ] who .Here is the man. The man is a doctor. the man who :Here is the man who is a doctor.My friend swims well. He lives here.My friend who lives here swims well.Ex;

(3) [ ] Whom whom . The man came here. I visited him. him whom ( ) :Ex;The man whom I visited came here.:

The man whom I paid was working with me.This is the girl whom you gave a flower.The man was working with me. I paid him.This is the girl. You gave her a flower.

(4)Which [ ] which . :He found his book. He lost it yesterday. it his book which ( ) . He found his book which he lost yesterday.This is the house. I live in it.. This is the house which I live in

(5) That [ ] that . :This is the boy. You met her.This is the boy that (whom) you met. I have a bird. It sings.I have a bird that (which) sings.

(6)Whose whose This is the man. His car hit the boy.This is the man whose his car hit the boy. car the man whose car .

TENSES

Present Simple Tense . . 1

every always usually generally often sometimes rarely never from time to time

I go to school everyday.They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m.We often drink coffee in the morning.Ali drinks milk every morning.A cow gives us milk.: s .

Past Simple Tense . ed . :2

yesterday last ago in 1988 AD, in 1415 AH:

I watched television last night.They visited their uncle yesterday.We went to Makkah two months often.I, He, She, it was They, We, Youwere

Future Simple Tense .

will shall . shall I We Will . shall will 3

:

tomorrow next in the future in 2010 AD, in 1425 AH:

I will go to school tomorrow.They will play foot ball next FridayHe will join the army in the future. : am , is , are going to

Present Continuous Tense . : ing+ + am / is / are I am + verb + ingHe, she, it is + verb + ingThey, we, you are + verb + ing4

::I am reading a story at the moment.They are watching television now.Look! the bus is coming.

now at the moment look listen at the present time

:

like love want prefer wish hate dislike feel hope hear think seem appear fear consider fit believe trust understand

Past Continuous Tense

. : ing+ was / were+ :

.

5

when while as because

While I was sleeping , a thief entered my room.( ) . When we were eating , my father came . ( )

: :A thief entered my room while I was sleeping .My father came when we were eating . . .

while . while .

Future Continuous Tense . : ing) + + ( will + be :6

at by in fromto.. all after

By 7.30 tomorrow, I will be flying to Cairo.They will be waiting for you at 10 o'clock .

Present Perfect Tense . : +have/has :7

Since For Just Yet Ever Never recently Already

:I have lived in Riyadh for six years.I have not visited him since 1995.Ahmed has already finished his homeworkShe has written three letters just now.

Since & ForSinceFormeans from some definite point orperiod n the past up to now .means a definite period of time .

:Since &For

For a moment3 minutesan hourmany hours3 days/ 5 weeks / 4 monthsa year10 yearsa century

since 2 oclockMondayyesterdaylast nightlast week/ last month/ last year1996last centuryhe came

Past Perfect Tense . : + had :8

After Before Which as soon as

:I had washed before I prayed .They went home after they had finished their work.Ahmed had eaten the cake which he bought.As soon as they had bought a car, they drove to Makkah. .

Future Perfect Tense . : + will + have :9

by At

:By 2.00 this afternoon, I will have finished my work. At 10.00 tonight, she will have written five letters.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense . : ing + has / have + been+ :10

for since

:I have been studying English for six years.She has been sleeping since 2 oclock.

Present Perfect :Maha started making cakes three hours ago. There are now one hundred cakes on the table. :Present Perfect Continuous Tense She has been making cakes for three hours .She has made 100 cakes.Present Perfect Tense.

Active & Passive

Active & Passive . .:Statements Questions Command

Statements Ahmed broke the window yesterday. Active Ahmed The window was broken yesterday.The window was broken (by Ahmed) yesterday. Passive Passive :by

Active Passive : . ( ) to be . . by . .

Active Passive Ali writes letters.Letters are written (by Ali).Huda wrote the lesson.Saleh will buy a car.Khaled is helping Ahmed.She has eaten the apple.The lesson was written (by Huda)A car will be bought (by Saleh)Ahmed is being helped (by Ali)The apple has been eaten (by her)

(3)

to be :

am, is, are was, were shall be, will be am being, is being, are being was being, were being has been, have been had been can be, could be, may be, might be, must be, ought to be

Questions Active Passive : . ( ) to be . . by . .(1)

Does Ahmed write letters?Are Letters written (by Ali)?Did he eat the cake?.Will Ali buy a new car?Why is he using a pen?Who broke the window?Was the cake (by him)?Will a new car be bought )by Ali)?Ahmed is being helped (by Ali)By whom the windowwas brokenActive Passive (2)

Command Active Passive : let . . ( ) to be be .(1)

Let the lesson be written.Write the lesson.Passive Active Let the door be opened.Let this letter be sent toyour friend.Open the door.Send this letter to friend.(2)

.

Active Passive Ali does not write lettersLetters are not written (by Ali).Dickens wrote those novels, didnt he?Those novels were written by Dickens, werent they?Dickens didnt write that play, did he?That play wasnt written by Dickens, was it?

Best wishes.Hassan Salem Saeed Aldebany.(2009/2010)