عمليات الفصل التطبيقي
TRANSCRIPT
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א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
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אEquipment for settling ١K אאSimple Gravity Settling Tank
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אאKאאאאאאאאאאא
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א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
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אאt/VVאאאאאK
א=2PK
6.00×106 s/m6 = 2 ×א =KP אא= B= 6400 s/m3
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א =10-4 pa.s×8.937 A = 0.0439 m2
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٣١ -
( ) ( )
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3
4
11
3
46
1063.10103380439.0
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−
−
−
×=
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==
×=
×××
=×
mR
RPA
RB
kgm
m
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א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٣٢ -
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אW אאF١Eאאא:
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112
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( )( ) sm
BVKdtdv
fPf
/10737.110.1637.393.374
1
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⎜⎝⎛
s19410737.137.31.0
3 =×
×−
א =אHאHא
min73.2760
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19420 =++
א א=
א
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٣٤ -
F٤Eאאאא א33%אאF١Eאא67 kpaאאאא0.171א kg solid/k
אאאא2אא298 kא
0.8937×10-3Pa.s996.9 kg/m3Kאא250sאאאא
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3
3
113.039
2
/9.9961067
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10225.110671037.4
mkgPaP
sPa
PAC
K SP
=
×=∆−
×=
×=××=
∆−=
−
ρ
µ
α
αµ
filtratem
Csolidkg S
3
אאא
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٣٥ -
ssolidskgkg
solidkg
/1486.0s
slurry kg 0.778 slurry
191.0
=
×
א =א Jאא
0.778= א kg \ s
אא=אא×2 = 2 × 0.191×0.778
= 0.2972 kg/s א == 0.481 kg/s 0.778 - 0.2972 א=
filtratemsolidkg
C
sm
S 34
34
30810825.4
1486.09.996
481.010825.4
=×
=∴
=×
−
−
אא= 250 = 0.1206 m3 ×4.825×10-4
( )
( )( )
2
32
2
113
2
2
74.610672
1206.00.3
10255.1108937.033.02502
mAA
PAVC
ft Sc
=
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∆−=∴
−
αµ
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٣٦ -
אW
١ Jאאc25א46.2 kPaKאאא0.0439 m3אkg solid /m3filtrate
23.47אאאW t (s) V×103(M3)
17.30.541.31.072.01.5108.32152.02.5201.73
٢ JאאאF١Eא30א0.873 m2אאא46.2 kpaאא
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= (4.37×109) (-∆P)0.3α؟אא
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٣٧ -
אאWאאא Crushing Grinding and Screen Analysis
אParticle Characteristics
אאאאאאאאFSizeE،אFShapeEא(Density)،אאאאF
אאEאK אאאאאאא
،אאאאאK אParticle Size
אFאא-nominal diameter-אאא-equivalent diameter-אE אאא
א،אאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאא
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אFScreen sizeE،אא א،אFUltra fine particleEא
FSquare meters/GramKE אParticle Shape
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א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٣٨ -
١W٢W٣W
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אאאDpW
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pp
sss VS
VS= Φ
א Vp אW Sp אאW Ss Vs א
אאאW
)2(6
pp
p
SDV
Фs =
אאאFPDE 1אא،אאאא) ( DpאאאאE 1Z.
ФsאאאאאאKאאאאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٣٩ -
אאאW אVp،אאאא،אא
W J אאאאאאK
J אאK אאאאאא
אאK
١W אא25א mm3K
אW ،אאDp،אאK
DpZ6L3πDp א25: Z6L3πDp
W Dp = 3.628 mm
٢W אאאאאאW
J אdL، J LK אW
J אאאW4 LVp = πL3 /4 = πd3
אDpWVs = πDp3 /6
Vp VsW Dp = 1.1447 L
אאאאK אאאWSp = 2*( πd2 /4) + π d L = 6 πL2 /4
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٤٠ -
אW
pp
p
SDV6
Фs =
W
Фs = 1/1.1447 = 0.874
J
אאאWVp = L3 אDpWVs = πDp
3 /6 Vp VsW
Dp = 1.241 L אאאK
אאאWSp = 6 L2 אW
pp
p
SDV6
Фs =
W
Фs = 1/1.241 = 0.806
אאאא1FDp = LE
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٤١ -
אאW ،אא
אאאאאK אFMρpEא Dp
،אV،א،A،W
)3(p
MVρ
=
)4(6
pps DM
AρΦ
=
אא:Screen analysis
אFSievingEאאא
אאK א א FStandard Screen Series E ،א א א
א،א3 in 0.0015 in ،אאאאFmesh E
א،Fmesh per inch E،אאא FThe Taylor Standard Screen SeriesE ،
א0.074 א mm 200 ،אאאFBritish Standard Screens E ،א אאא אא אאא
FאE ، א אא 41.12א =א א FאKE
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٤٢ -
אW
אאאאDp،אאp
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MNρ
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אאK אאאאא
אFmesh size rangeEFRangeEאאאא
14/20 אאאאא14א20אאאאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٤٣ -
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אאnX∆W אאLאאK
אאאFCumulative Analysis E،א
א א א א אK
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21 n
NT
nnTX ∆Χ=∆Χ++∆Χ+∆Χ= ∑
=
LL
אאFCumulative Analysis EX DpK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٤٤ -
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JאאאFHistogramE JאאFFractional-DistributionE Jאאאאא
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١٤ 1.2 ١٨}٠ ٢٠ 0.8 ٢٣}٠ ٢٨ 0.6 ١٥}٠ ٣٥ 0.41 ١٠}٠ ٤٨ 0.30 ٠٦}٠ ٦٥ 0.21 ٠٥}٠
١٠٠ 0.15 ٠٤}٠ ١٥٠ 0.10 ٠٠٥}٠ ٢٠٠ 0.07 ٠٠٣}٠
א J ٠٠٢}٠
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٤٥ -
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אXאאFDpKE
אWאK
אDP Xn pD X ٤ 4.7 ٠ J ١ ٦ 3.3 0.2 ٠٥}٤ 0.98 ٨ 2.4 0.05 ٨٥}٢ 0.93 ١٠ 1.7 0.11 2.1 0.82 ١٤ 1.2 ٥}١ ١٨}٠ 0.64 ٢٠ 0.8 ٢٣}٠ ٠}١ 0.41 ٢٨ 0.6 ١٥}٠ ٧}٠ 0.26 ٣٥ 0.41 ١٠}٠ ٥٠}٠ ١٦}٠ ٤٨ 0.30 ٠٦}٠ ٣٦}٠ ١٠}٠ ٦٥ 0.21 ٠٥}٠ ٢٦}٠ ٠٥}٠ ١٠٠ 0.15 ٠٤}٠ ١٨}٠ ٠١}٠ ١٥٠ 0.10 ٠٠٥}٠ ١٣}٠ ٠٠٥}٠ ٢٠٠ 0.07 ٠٠٣}٠ ٠٩}٠ ٠٠٢}٠
א J ٠٠٢}٠ ٠٤}٠ ٠
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- ٤٦ -
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- ٤٧ -
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אאאWSauter Mean DiameterK
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אאאאW J،אא
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א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٤٩ -
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אאאאא אאאאאא
،אאאאאאKאא
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- ٥٠ -
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- ٥١ -
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אאא،אKאאאאא،
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- ٥٣ -
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אאאאאאא
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- ٥٥ -
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⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−Ε=
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P
W אאFhpE ZP
אאאFton/minE ZT
אאאאFftZEPD
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٥٧ -
אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאW אEi = 9.45
א Ei =11.37 אEi = 8.23
אאEi = 14.3 אא1.34K
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٥٨ -
אאF١E א10 tons/hrא80٪אאאא
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אאF٢E
אאאאא0.75 in tons / hr 129.3 hp K אא0.2 in אאא
אא10א tons / hr אאאאא0.15 in ؟
אאF٣E
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א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٥٩ -
אאF١E אW
FD= 123
= 0.25 ft
PD = ⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
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/ 12 = 0.0104 ft
iE = 12.68
T= 6010
= 0.167 minton
אא15W
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−∗∗=
25.01
0104.0168.1246.1
167.0P
∴P Z 24.1 hp = ( 17.96 kW ).
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⎟⎠
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⎟⎠
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15.0146.1
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אאאאK ٣K אאאAzeotropic Distillation אאאאאK
אאW
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٢K Multi-component Distillation אאK
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אאאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٦٥ -
אא Differential Distillation
אאאאאFBatch DistillationE אאאאאאא
אאאאK
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- ٦٦ -
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- ٦٧ -
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- ٦٩ -
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- ٧٢ -
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אאאאאKKKאאאא אא
FWeirEאאFVapor riserEאאאאאK
אF٢٦EאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאא،אאאאא א
FMulti pass flowEאאאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٧٩ -
F٢٦Eא אאאאאא
אאאאאאאKKKאFEntrainmentKE
אאאאאKKKאאאKKK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٨٠ -
אאFFloodingEאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאW
١E אאאאאאאK ٢E א(Tower diameter) ٣E א(Tray diameter) ٤E א(Weir dimensions) ٥E א (Down comer dimensions) ٦E אא (Nmber of holes in the tray) ٧E א FHole diameterE ٨E אא(Distance between holes) ٩E א(Tray thickness)
אאאאא
אאאאאאאא،אאאאאא،אאאאאאאא
אא،אאאאא،אאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא
אא،א،אאאאאא
אאאאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٨١ -
אאאאאאאאא،א
אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאFPlate EfficiencyKE
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٨٢ -
אאWאא Centrifugal Separation Processes
אאאאFEא?Force Gravitational?אאאא
אF Fluid Eאאאא،אאאאא
אאאאאאאאK
אW ١ J אאאאאK ٢ Jאאאאאאאא
אאK אאאאא
אאאאאK
אאאאאאאא
אK אאאאאW
אאא،אאא
אאאאאאא(Centrifugal Force)אאאאא אאאאאאא،א
F٢٧EאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٨٣ -
F٢٧EאאFWE،אFEאאא،אFE
אאאK אFEאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאFEאאא،FE
אאאאאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٨٤ -
אא Equations for Centrifugal force אאאא?Acceleration?אאאW
)1(2rwa c = W אאאאW(m/s2) ac אאאW(m) r אאאFWangular velocity E(rad/s) w:
אאFc אאW )2(2mrwmaF cc ==
אא v Fm/sEwW
)3(rvw =
אאW
)4(22
rmv
rvmrF c =⎟
⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛=
אאא FN: rev/min E
W
)5(60
2 NW π=
)6(260
rvN
π=
אF٢EאF٥EW
)7(01097.060
2 22
mrNNmrF c =⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛=
π
אאFgW
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٨٥ -
)8(mgF g =
)9(22
gmw
mgmrw
FF
g
c ==
2WאF٥EW
)10(001118.0 2rNFF
g
c =
FcFgאאא F KKKKKKKKKאFE g forces KE
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٨٦ -
אאW Equations for Rates of Settling in Centrifuges אאW
אאאאאאאאאאאKאF٢٨Eאא
אאאאאאא Vt (Terminal Velocity )
אאאא،אאbאאrBאא
אr2،אrB < r2אאאאא،אrB = r2אאאאK
אF٢٨EאאאK
אאFLaminar FlowEאVtאr W
)11(18
)( 22
µρρ rwD
v pPt
−=
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٨٧ -
אW
)12(18
22)(
1
2
r
rLn
wpDPTt µ
ρρ −=
אW
)13()(18
22)( 21
22
1
2⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡ −
−= rrb
r
rLn
wpDPq πµ
ρρ
אאאאאאF13Eאאא،אאאאא
אK אאאאאאr1r2،
אאאאאאKאאאqc W
)14(2
1
22
)(
21
2218
)(⎥⎦⎤
⎢⎣⎡
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−
+
−= rrb
rr
rLn
wpcDPcq 2
2π
µ
ρρ
אאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאW
)15(18
)( 222
PpP
t
rwDv Ψ
−= ε
µρρ
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٨٨ -
אאאאא Centrifuge Equipment for Sedimentation אאא
אF٢٩Eא100 mm150 mmאאאF١٣٠٠
אE15000 rev/min،אאאאא75אmm)EאF60.000 rev/ minEאאא
Fultra-centrifugesE،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאK
אF٢٩Eאא
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٨٩ -
אאאא אאאF٣٠Eאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאKאאאא
אאאאאK
אF٣٠Eאא
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٩٠ -
W אאאאאW 1 JאW
אאאאאאאF٣١Eאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאK
אF٣١Eאאאא
אאאאאאW
אאאאאאאאF٣٢Eאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאא
K
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٩١ -
אF٣٢Eאאאא
אאאאאאW אאאא
אאאאאאא אאF٣٣Eאא
אאאאאאאאאאK
אF٣٣Eאא
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٩٢ -
אאW אK
אאK אאאאK
אאאFאאאאKE אאW
F١EאK F٢EאאאאK F٣EאאאK
אאאאW אאאאK
אאאא
אאאאאאאאאא،
אאאאאאF٣٤Eאאאא
אאK
אF٣٤EאאW
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٩٣ -
W ١ JאאאאK
٢ JאאאאאאאK
J אאאאK J אאאאאאK
٣ Jאאא53.34 m/sאא،r1 = 76.2mm
אאr2 = 305 mmKאאאאאאK אK
٤ J0.05 mmא،אא
א1050 kg/m3א1000 kg/m3א،0.0012 Pa.sKאWr1 = 5 mm،r2 = 30 mm،b = 100.1mmK
אאאK
٥ JאאאW r1 = 5 mm،r2 = 30 mm،b = 100.1mm،N = 2600 rev./minK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٩٤ -
אאWאExtraction אW
אאאאא،א
אאFאSolventEאאאאאאאאFExtractFEאEא
אאFSolventEאFraffinateKE אאאאאאא،א
א( Solvent Extraction)אאK אאW
١ J אFacetic acidEאאאאאFאאIsopropyl Ether Eא
א؟א،אאאאK
٢ J אאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאW J אאאא
J ،אאא J אאא
J–K J אאאאא J אא
אאאאאאא
אאF٣٥אKE
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٩٥ -
FE
FE
F٣٥EאאFEאא،FKE
אא J Equipment of Liquid- Liquid Extraction
אא Jאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאW ١ JאאאאאK ٢ Jאאאא
אKאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٩٦ -
אאאW JאMixer - Setter for Extraction
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאF٣٦KE אאאאאאאK
FE FE אF٣٦EאאFWE،אFEK
Jאאאאאאאאאאאא Plate and Agitated Tower Contactors for Extraction
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאF٣٧KE
FE FE אF٣٧EאאFWEאאא،FEאאאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٩٧ -
Jאאאאא Packed and Spray Extraction Tower
אא אא אא א א א אF٣٨אKE
אF٣٨Eאא
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٩٨ -
3 JאאW אאאkg/hr 100 1 %
FEא200 kg/hr0.05 %אאK
אאא0.1 א %Kאאאאאא30%א؟
אאאאFXEאFYEW
X0.00101 0.00246 0.00500 0.007460.00988 0.02020
Y0.000806 0.0019590.0045400.009820.00904 0.01850
אW
אאאאK L * (X1-X2) = G *(Y1-Y2)
100(0.001-0.001) =200(Y1-0.0005) Y1= 0.0005
JאאאאFXEאFYEאFoperating LineEFEX2, Y2EFX1, Y1EאאאאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ٩٩ -
אW אאא=4א
אאא=3.04
=13
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١٠٠ -
אאאWאאא Absorption of Gaze
א
אאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאKאאאאאK
אאא אאאאאאאאא
אאKאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאK
אא אאאאא،
אאאאKאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאKאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١٠١ -
אאEquilibrium Between Liquid and Gas
אאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאא F = C - P + 2
FWאאאאאK PWאאאK
CWאאK אאCO2אאאא،אא
FCO2،אא،אEאאאW F = 3 - 2 + 2 = 3
אאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאCO2אאFxAEאאCO2אאFyAEאאאא
KאאאאאאאאW
PA = H XA PAאאAאאK xAאאAאאK
אאHKאאאאxAאא
אאKאxAPAאאאאאאאאאאאKאאא
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١٠٢ -
אאאאK
אMechanism of absorption
אאאאאאFtow Film theoryEאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאא،
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאF٣٩E
F٣٩Eאאאאא
CAi
CAL
PAf
PAi
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١٠٣ -
אRate of Absorption אאאאאא
אאאאאאאW
NA = kG (PAG - PAi) = kL (CAi- CAL)
NAאAFKmol \ unit Area unit timeE kGאאאאאK Fmol \ unit pressure unit Area unit timeE kLאאאאאK PAGאאאאאK
PAi אאאאאK CAiאאאאK CALאאאאK
אFPAG - PAiEאאאאאאאFCAi -CALEאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאF٤٠E
אF٤٠Eאאא
D
BPAG - PAi
APAG
PAi
PA א
א PAe
CAi - CAL
CAL CAi CAe
אאאא
א
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١٠٤ -
אא
G
L
ALAi
AiAG
kk
CCPP
=−−
אאאאאאאאא
אאG
L
kk−אאאBאא
kLkGאאאKאאאאאאW
NA = kG (PAG - PAe) = kL (CAe- CAL)
PAeאאאאאCALאאK
CAeאאאאאאא PAGK אאאאאFkC , kLEאא FkG , kLEא
( ) ( )( ) ( )
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−−
=∴
−=−=−=−=
AiAG
AeAG
GG
ALAeLAeAGG
ALAiLAIAGGA
PPPP
kk
CCkPPkcCkPPkN
11
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−−
+⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−−
=AeAG
AeAi
GAAG
AiAG
G PPPP
KPPPP
k11
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١٠٥ -
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−−
+=
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−−
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−−
+=∴
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−−
=
ALAi
AeAi
LG
AiAG
AeAi
ALAi
AiAG
LGG
ALAi
AiAG
LG
CCPP
KK
PPPP
CCPP
kkk
CCPP
kk
11
111
11
אאא
LGG
ALAi
eAAi
kH
kk
CCPP
H
+=
−−
=
11
אא
GLL kHkk111
+=
א
LG kH
k=
1
אאkGkLאאא kGkLאKא
אאאאאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١٠٦ -
אAbsorption Equipment אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאK אאאPacked Columns
אאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאאKאא
אאאאאאאא75 %אאא
אאF٤١EאאK
F٤١Eאא
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١٠٧ -
א אאאאאאאא
אאFRingsEאFBerl saddlesEאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאK
F٤٢Eאא א
אאאאאאKאא
אאאKאאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١٠٨ -
אאאא Calculation of Height of Packed Columns
אאאאאאאאאd2F٤٣Eא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
א
AVm dY = A Lm dX
AאK VmאאאאK LmאאFאאאEא
אK YאאאאאאאK
XאאאאאFאאאEאאK
אא
Vm A d Y = NA (a dV) = kG a (PAG - PAi) A d z =kLa (CAi - CAL) A d z
aאאאאאאאK dVא= Adz
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١٠٩ -
١ Jאאאאאא Height of Columns Based on Condition in Gas Film
( )
YPYP
AdzPPaKAdYV
AAG
AiAGGm
+=
−=
1
PאאאאK
( ) ( )( ) ( )
dZYY
YYaPK
VdZZ
dzYY
YYaPK
dzY
YY
YaPkdYG
Y
Y i
iZ
G
m
i
iG
i
iGm
∫∫ −++
==∴
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡
++−
=
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡+
−+
=∴
2
1
11
11
11
0
אא
)1(2
1
LL∫ −=
Y
Y iG
m
YYdY
aPKVZ
אY<1
٢ Jאאאאאא Height of Columns Based on Conditions in Liquid Film
( )
XCC
CdZCCakdXAL
AT
A
ALAiLm
=−
−=
CAאאאאאFאHאאאECTאאFאHאאאEאא
FאHאאאKE א
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١١٠ -
( ) ( ) dZX
XX
XaCKdXLi
iTLm ⎥
⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡+
−+
=11
( ) ( )
)2(
112
10
LL∫∫ −==
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡
++−
=
X
X iTL
mZ
i
iTL
XXdX
aCkLdZZ
dZXX
XXaCk
٣ Jאאאאא
Height of Column Based on Overd אאאY-YiY-YeKGaKGaאאF١Eא
∫ −=
2
1
)3(Y
Y eG
m
YYdY
aPKVZ LL
אאאXi-XX-XeKLaKLaאאאF٢Eא
)4(2
1
∫ −=
X
X eTL
m
XXdX
aCKLZ LL
ZאאאאאאאKא
אאאK
אאאאאא Absorption of Dilute Gases אy=Y
אא ( )dZyyaAPKGMAdy eG −=∴
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١١١ -
521
21
22
11
LLxxyy
m
cxmy
cxmy
cxmy
ee
e
e
e
−−
=
+=
+=
+=
אאאאא
( ) ( )
( )
∫ ∫ −=
−−=
−=−∴
z y
y em
G
m
m
mm
yydydz
VaPK
yyLVxx
yyVxxL
0
11
11
2
2
)6(LL
y L
m
m L
V
V y1
x
x
1, m
m
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١١٢ -
(6)
( ) ( )[ ]( )
( ) cyyLVxmy
cxmy
LmV
ycyyLVxmdy
yydy
m
m
m
m
y
y
y
y mme
−⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛+−
+−
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
=
−+−+=
−∫ ∫
1212
11
11
1
ln1
/
2
1
2
1
(5)(6)
( )
( ) ( )( )( )
( )
( )ln
ln
ln
ln
1
1
21
21
22
11
2211
21
2121
21
21
2112
11
21
21
21
21
eTG
m
e
e
e
ee
eee
e
ee
yyyy
aPKVZ
yyyy
yyyy
yyyy
yy
yyyyxx
xxyyyy
yy
yyxx
xxyy
−−
=∴
−−
=
−−
−−−
−=
−⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−−
−−
−−
−
−−
−−
−=
( )ln21
eTL
m
xxxx
aCKLZ
−−
=
אאא(KGa)(KLa)KG kLaאאאאאאy2 y1x2 x1
10K٪
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١١٣ -
F١FEE
אאאCO2אא1.333×104 paאא1.133×105 pa،אאא CO2303 kאxACO2؟א
P =H xA
1atm1.333×104 paPA =
105×1.325 = 0.1316 atm
5
4
4
1007.710186.0
1316.0
10186.0
−×=×
=∴
×=
Ax
fractionmolatmH
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١١٤ -
F٢FEאאE אא0.03 kil H2Skilo molא
א،אH2S1%אאאאא300א kאא،אאYe = 2X،א
אאH2S0.013 k H2Skilo molא،אאא אW
١ JאאK
٢ JאאNOGא
אאy =Y
X 2 = 0
mLmV
1100
* 0.03
2Y
mLX10.013
mVY1
0.03
2 015.0smmolk
aPKsmmolk
G 04.0 2 =
( )eG
m
YYYY
aPKV
Z−−
= 21
( )eG
m
yyyy
aPKVZ
−−
=∴ 21
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١١٥ -
Ye1 = 2 X1
= 2 x 0.013 Ye2 = 2 X2
= 2 x zero = zero
Vm = 0.015 k mol / sm 2
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
OGOG
e
e
e
e
e
eee
NHZm
Z
YY
YYYY
YYYY
YYYYYY
×==
−=∴
==
⎟⎠⎞
⎜⎝⎛
−=−∴
=−=−=−
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−−
−−−=−
8.700143.0
0003.003.004.0015.0
00143.059.2
0037.0003.0004.0ln
0003.0004.0003.0
004.0026.003.0
22
11
22
11
2211
= NOGאאK = HOGאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١١٦ -
21375.0
8.7
375.08.7
375.004.0
015.0
==∴
×=∴
==
=
OG
OG
G
mOG
N
N
m
aKV
H
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١١٧ -
F٣FEאE 25 mol %אאאKא
אFאHאאE181.4 mol/h303 kא 1.013×105 paאאKאא
0.005א mol fract אא2 mol %K אW١ JאאאאK
٢ Jאא1.5אK אW
אאאאאאYא
אX
XXX
XXX
yyY
YYy
−=⇒
+=
−=⇒
+=
11
11
2XLm ,X2 = 0.005
X
mV Y1,
0.2511y =
XmL 1,
mV Y1,
y =2 0.02
Y
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١١٨ -
( )11 ,YX
( X1- Y1 ) אFline operatingEאאאא
אאאאFX2 , Y2EאאLmאאאpאאאא
אF٤٣E
F٤٣E
אpאY-YeY-YiXe-XXi-XK
( ) ( )
( )m
m
m
m
mm
VLYXX
VLY
XXLYYV
11
11
+−=
−=−
y1
y2
x1 x1 max
x2
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١١٩ -
אאא
אאאxA
אאאyA1 atm
0.01260.0151 0.01670.0201 0.02080.0254 0.02580.0321 0.0309 0.0390 0.04050.0527 0.05030.0671 0.07370.105 0.09600.145 0.1370.235 0.1750.342 0.2100.463 0.2410.597 0.2970.945
אאאאאאאאאא( X2, Y2 )אp
( X2, Y2 )אאאא
005.0 005.01
005.0 1
02.0 02.01
02.0 1
333.0 25.01
25.0 1
2
22
2
22
1
11
=−
=−
=
=−
=−
=
=−
=−
=
XXX
yyY
yyY
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١٢٠ -
L m \ V m )min( Vm = 0.98×181.4 = 177.8 k mol/h
א= 177.8 Lm=×الميل
∴
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١٢١ -
א ١ JCO2FאEא303 k0.90×10-4kg CO2 /kg
waterא0.186 atm،אא CO2אאאא؟
٢ Jא0.254 mאאא293k101.3kpa،אאא4.88mאאFE3.30kg
mol/hy1 = 0.01053y2 = 0.0072x1 = 0.0072אFE =9.03kg mol/hאKGa؟
٣ Jאאאא0.015 mol fraction،א
א1%אאאאKאאאFE1kg/m2sאFE1.6kg/m2sKא
אye = 1.75xyeאאאאאxאא؟،אאא
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١٢٢ -
אאF١E
0.2032 mא1000 rev/minאW J؟אאאאאא
J ؟אאאאאא אאF٢E
אא؟אא١ ٢אא؟אאאאא
א؟ ٣אא؟אאא ٤אאא؟ ٥א؟אא؟אאאא ٦אא؟אאאאא ٧אאאאא؟א ٨אאאאא؟אא ٩אאאאא؟א
١٠؟אאאאא
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١٢٣ -
אאאF١E FWE אW
N = 1000 rev / min r = 0.2032/2=0.1016 m
אF10EאאאW
אFEW r = 0.2032 m
( )
.2.227
10002032.0001118.0 2
gravities
FF
g
c
=
∗∗=∴
אאF٢E
١אאאאאאאאאאאK
٢אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאK אאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאK
٣אאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאKאאאאאא
אאאאאאא
( )210001016.0001118.0 ∗∗=g
c
FF
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١٢٤ -
אאאאאאאאאאא؟אא
٤אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאK ٥אאאאאא
PA = H XA PAאאאA XAאאA Hאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאK ٦א
F = C – P + 2 CWא،א3 =אאאאא
אאא PWאאא،א2 =
F = 3 – 2 + 2 = 3 אFאאאאאאאE
3=אאאאאאאאאאאאאK
٧אאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא אא
- ١٢٥ -
٨אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאKאאאK ٩אאאא
אאאאKאאאאאאאאא
אאאK ١٠אאאאא
אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאKאאאאאאאK
א ٢٥٦ אא אא
- ١٢٦ -
אא
1. GeanKoplise C., J, "Transport Processes and Unit Operations", Mc Graw-Hill Inc., USA, 1993
2. Mc Cabe W., Smith J., Harriot P., "Unit Operation of Chemical
Engineering" 4th Edt. , Mc Graw-Hill Inc., USA, 1985
3. Coulson J. M., Richardson J. E.," Coulson's Chemical Engineering
Series", 4th Edt, Vol.2, Pergamon Press, 1991
4. אא،אאא،٥٩٣٣א J١٩٩١
5. ،،،אא،א،א،אאא،אאא٢٠٠١א
א ٢٥٦ א אא
א
אאWאאSettling & Sedimentation ........................................... - ٢ -
אאא .................................................................................. - ٣ -
אEquipment for settling .................................................................... - ٩ -
אא .............................................................................- ١٣ -
......................................................................................................- ١٧ -
אאWא Filtration ............................................................................- ١٨ -
אConstant Rate Filtration ........................................................- ٢٣ -
א .......................................................................................- ٣٠ -
אW ......................................................................................- ٣٦ -
אאWאאא ..................................................................- ٣٧ -
- ٥٨ -.................................................................................................. F١Eאא
אאF٢E ..................................................................................................- ٥٨ -
אאF٣E ..................................................................................................- ٥٨ -
אאF١E ...........................................................................................- ٥٩ -
אאF٢E ...........................................................................................- ٥٩ -
אאF٣E ...........................................................................................- ٦٠ -
אאWDistillation ٦٣ -.......................................................................... א -
אא Differential Distillation .............................................................- ٦٥ -
אאFlash Vaporization ..................................................................- ٦٦ -
אאWאא ...................................................................- ٨٢ -
אא Equations for Centrifugal force .....................................- ٨٤ -
אאW Equations for Rates of Settling in Centrifuges.- ٨٦ -
אאאאא Centrifuge Equipment for Sedimentation ..- ٨٨ -
W ............................................................................................................- ٩٣ -
א ٢٥٦ א אא
אאWאExtraction .......................................................................- ٩٤ -
אאאW ...........................................................................- ٩٦ -
אאאWאא١٠٠ - ................................................................................ א -
.................................................................................................. - ١١٣ -
א .................................................................................. - ١٢١ -
אאF١E ............................................................................................... - ١٢٢ -
אאF٢E ............................................................................................... - ١٢٢ -
אאאF١E ........................................................................................ - ١٢٣ -
אאF٢E ........................................................................................ - ١٢٣ -
א١٢٦ - ........................................................................................................... א -