صناعات كيميائية نظري
TRANSCRIPT
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FFEE
٢٥٧٢٥٧
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א ٢٥٧
FE
،،אא،אW
אא א א א אאאאאא،אאאאאאא
אאאא אאאאאאאWא
אאK
אאאאאאא א ،א אא
אאאאאא،אאא א ،א אא א א אא א א א א א א א
אא،אאאא،אK
א א ? FE ?? ?אאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאא،א ،א א אא
אאאאאK
؛ א אא אאK
אאאא
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א ٢٥٧
FE
אאאאא אאאאאאא
אאאא،אאא،אאKא
אאאאאאאאאאאא،א
אK אאאאאא
אאאK Jאאאאאאא Jאאאא
אא،אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאK ،אאאאא
אאאFאאאאאאKKKEאאK
אאא אאK
אאאאKאאאאאW
١K אאאא،אFאאאאKE
אאאאאאאאאK
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א ٢٥٧
FE
٢K אאFאאEאאK
٣K אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
٤K אאאאאאאאאאK
٥K אאאאאאאאK
٦K אאאאאאK ٧K אאאאאאא
K ٨K אK ٩K אאאאK
١٠K אא ١١K א ١٢K אאאאאאא
אK
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאK אאF٦EאאאF١٥E
אאאאאאאאאאא
אK
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א ٢٥٧
FE
אאאאאאF٣EאאאאאאאK
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אא
א
١
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE א
אאWאא
،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא .
אא Jאא JאאאKאאאFEא
אאא Jא J،אאK
אאאא(C1 –C4)אאאאא،אאא
(C5 –C18)אא،אאאK
א אW
١K אא אאא،אאאאא
א٣٥אKאאאאאאאK
٢Kא אאאאאFאKEאא
אאאאאK ٣Kא
אאאK
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE א
אא אאאFאEK
אאאאW ١K אאDistillation ٢K אאאThermal cracking ٣K אאCatalytic Cracking ٤K אאHydroracking ٥K Steam Reforming ٦K Catalytic Reforming ٧K אא ٨K אא
א ١K אא
אאאאאאאאK
٢K אא(LPG) אאאאאא
אא(25 atm)אK ٣K א
אWאאאאאאKFאE
א(CO + H2)אאאאאK ٤K אא ٥K א ٦K א ٧K א
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE א
אאאא אאאאא
אאאאאאאאKאאאאאW
١K אDensity ٢K אRefractive Index ٣K אViscosity ٤K אVolatility
אאא،אאאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאK ٥K אAniline Polar
אאאאאאDiesel IndexKאא
אאאKאאאאאאאKאאאאא
אאאKDiesel IndexאאK
٦K אAsh Content ٧K אאBleeding
אאאאאאאאאאאK
٨K אאBurning Point אאאאאאאא
אאאאK
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE א
٩K אCloud Point אאאאאאאא
אאאאK ١٠K אPour Point
אאאאK ١١K א ١٢K אDropping Point
אאאאאאאK
١٣K אא אאאאא
אאאאאאKKאאאאאא
אK ١٤K אאאHeat of Combustion
אאאאאאאאK ١٥K אאPenetration Number
אאאאאKאאאא
אאK ١٦K אאאSurface Tension
אאFאאאאאאKE
١٧K אאאSpecific Heat ١٨K אאאLatent Heat ١٩K אאאא ٢٠K אא
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE א
٢١K אCetane Number אאאK
٢٢K א ٢٣K א(Knocking)א
אאאKאאאאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאK،אאאא
K
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE א
אא
،אאאאאאאאאKאא
א אאאאא(50-90%)אא،،א
א(H2S)א(CO2)אאאאאאK
אאאאא(Sour Gas)אאא،(Sweet Gas)אא،א
אאא(Wet Gas)א،אאאאK
אאאW ١K אא
،אאאאאאK
٢K אא ،אא
אKאאאאאא،אF١EאאאאK
١Wאאאא
א
٧}٨٤ ٨}٣٦ ٦}٩ ٨}٣٢
٠}٣ ١}٢١ ١}١ ٨}٥ J J J ٧}٣
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE א
אאאאK
אאא אאא20-50 atm
אאאאאK אאאאאא(Natural Gas Liquids)
אאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאא אאאאאW
١K אאאאא،אאאאאאאאאK
٢K אאFאאאEאאאאK
٣K אא16%K ٤K אאאאא
אאK ٥K אאאאא
אאאK ٦K אא(OXO)
אאאאאאK ٧K אאאאאאK
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אאאא
א
א
٢
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٨ -
אאWאא
אאאאאאKאאאאא
،אאאאאאאאאאKאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאKאאאאאא Jאא JK
אא אאא
W Wאא
אאאאאאאא،אאאאאא
،אאאאאאאאאא،א٩٠٪Kאאא
אאאFאEאאKאאאאאאאאFKEא
אאאאאK
Wאא
אאאאאאKאאאאאאאא
אאא،אאאאאKאאא
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٩ -
אא،אאKאאאאאא
KאאאF40-180OCEאF180-230 OCEאאF405-305OCKEאאא
אאK
Wאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאאKאאאאFאEאאאאא
אאKאאאאאאאK
אא אאאאאאאW
١K אא אאא
٢K אא אאאאאK
אאאאאאאKאאאKא
אאאאK אאאאKא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ١٠ -
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאKאאאאKWאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאK
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ١١ -
אאאאא אאאאFאאEא
KאאאF4CHEאF62 HCEאF83HCEאF104 HCE،אאאF22 CHCH =EאאF22 CHCHCHCH =−=EK
אא
אאאWאאא Jאאאאא Jאאאאא
אKאאאאאא٦١٨א١٩٤٠אK
אאאאאאKאאאאאאKאאאאאאאFא،אא،א،Eאאאאא،
אאאאאאK אאאאאאא
אW
א(CH4)
אCH4)Eא،،א،،אאאKאא
WאאWאא،אא50%90%אאאאאאאK
אאאא אאאאאאKאאאא
F١E،
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ١٢ -
١Wאאא
אאאאאאאFאאEאאאאK
אאאאאא34oC45oCאFאEK
אאאא–אא JאאאאFClCH 3Eא،F2H/COE،
אF4CClEא،FOHCH 3Eא،F3NHKE
א
א
א
א
א
א
![Page 22: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ١٣ -
א(C2H6)
א אאאאאאאאאאKא
אא،א،אאK
א(C3H8)
אאאאאא،א،א،א
א،אK
א(C4H10)
א،אאC-C-C-Cא،אFאEאFאEאK
אאאאא،א
،אא،אK
אא
אאאאאאאאKאאאאאא
C5C10Kאאאא30-200oCאF،،EאאK
אאאC10C30א240-260oCK
אאאא،אK
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ١٤ -
א(CH3OH)
אאאK ١٩١٣(BASF)אאא
אK אא(ICI)אאא
אאאאא?א?אאK
א
אאאאאאאאאאאHאHא
אK אW
١K אאF١אKE ٢K אאF٢אKE ٣K אאF٣אKE
אאאאאW • אאאא
אאאאK • אאK • אאאK • אK
אא
אאאK١אאאא،אאא
א320-380oCא250-350 atm،אא
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ١٥ -
א(ZnO-Cr2O3)אF١ J٢E،אאאאאK
٢Wאאא
אא
٢،אאאאאא350oCא100-250 atm،
אאKאאאK
א
א
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ١٦ -
٣Wאאא
אא
אא،אKאאא٣،אאאאא
אאKאא240-260oC50-100 atmא(CuO)א
(ZnO)א(Al2O3)K
א
א
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ١٧ -
٤Wאאא
א
אאFσEאFπKE
אאאא،אאאאאאאאKאאא
אאæ اא،א،אא،،אKKK
אWF١EאאאF٢EאאאאK
אאאאא(C2)א(C5)אFאאE،א
א،א(C6)(C15)אאאFאאאKE
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ١٨ -
אאW
א(C2H4)
אאאאKא(CH2=CH2)،
אא،(C=C)אאאא،א،א،א
א،،אK אאאאאא٥K
٥Wאאא
א
א
א
א
א
א
א
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ١٩ -
Wאאאא ١K אאאאא(NGL)
אאאאא62%K ٢K אאFאאEא25%K ٣K אאאFאא،א،Eאאא
אא13%אK אאאאאKאאא
אאאאאאאאK אאW
١K אK ٢K אK ٣K אK
אאאאאKא٦אאK
٦אWאאK
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٢٠ -
אאאאאאC٢ JC٥K
א(C3H6)
א(CH3CH=CH2)،،אאא،Kאאאא
אאאאאאאKאאאK
אאאא
אאFא JBenzen Jא JTolune Jאא JXylene JBTXKEאאאא
(Aroma)אאאKאKא(Functional
groups)א(NO3)א(COOH)א(NH2)א(OH)א(F, Cl, Br, I)K
א(C6H6)
אאאאאאאאא–
(C=C) א (C-C) אאא .(C-H)
אאאאא
אאKאאאאאאאK
١אאאאאאאאאאאאאK
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٢١ -
١WאאאאאאאאאאאK
א אא(%) אאא(%) ١٦ ٥٣
٤٧ ٣٠ א ٣٧ ١٧
א،א،אאאא
،אKא٧אאאאK
٧WאאK
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٢٢ -
א(C6H6CH3)
אאאאאאKאאאK
אאאאאא(TNT)אKאאאאא
אאאאאאאKא٨אאK
٨אWאא
![Page 32: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٢٣ -
אא(C6H6 CH3CH3) א،
אאא(Methyl group)KאKא
אאKאאאאKא
אאא J אא אKאאא
אאאאאאK٩אאאאK
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٢٤ -
אאא٩Wא
![Page 34: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
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אאאא
א
א
٣
![Page 36: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٢٥ -
אאWאא
אHistory of Polymer Science אאאאאא(Natural Polymers)،א
אאאאאאאאאא(Oils)אאא(Fats)אאאא(Natural
resins)אאא(Arabic gum)אאאאאאאאK
אאאאא(Colloids)אא،אאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא١٨٨٠אא
(Raoult)(Vant Hoff)אאאאאאאאאא٠٠٠}١٠ J٠٠٠}٤٠ .
אאאאאאא(Macromolecules)אאW
J אאאאאאאאאאאא
אK J אאKא
،١٨٢٦(C5H8)א،אאאא(Isoprene)אא،
אאאאאW
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٢٦ -
CH3 I
CH2 --- C = CH-CH2 I CH2 --- C = CH-CH2
I CH3
אאאPolystyreneF١٨٣٩EFאFE١٨٦٠EPoly (ethylene Glycol)
אIsoprene RubberF١٨٧٩EאFStaudingerEאא(Macromolecules)אאאא
א(Staudinger)١٩٥٣אאא(Carothers)(1929)F١٩٣٧EFloryK
אאאאאאאאא،א
،אאKא(Staudinger)F١٩٢٥Eא
،אאאאאאאאא،אא،
אאא(Cyclic Structure)אאאאא١٩٣٧(Flory)
אא(Chain Reaction). א??Poly??א??Mer
?א?אאKאאאא??א
א،אאא(Linear Polymer)א،F١Eאא
א(Branched Polymer)אא
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٢٧ -
א(Comb form)א(Ladder form)א(Cruciform)אאאF١E
אאאאאאא(Crosslinked Polymer)FאF١KEא
אאא(Monomer)FאEאאאא(Polymerization)K
אF١EאאאK
FE FKEFK،EFKEK
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٢٨ -
אא(Structural Units)אאא(Repeating Units)Kאאאא
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٣٦ -
אאאא Classification Based on the Chemical Nature of Polymer
אאאW FE אאאOrganic Polymer
אאאאאאאאאאאאK
FE אאאInorganic Polymers אאאאא
אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאא(Silicon Polymers)אאא(Glass fibers)אא(Poly Silicates)
אFאEK
FE אאאאOrganic – Inorganic Polymers אאאאאאא
אאאKאאאאאK
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אאא Classification of Polymers Based on Technological Aspects
אאאאאאאאאW FE אאאThermoplastics
אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאא
אKאאאאKאאאאאאאאאא
KאאאאW،،،FאE،K
FE אאאאFאאEThermoset Polymers אאאאא
אאאאאאאKאאאאאא
אאאאאאKאאאאאאאאK
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א(Resilience)אאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאKאאאא
٢אאאאאKאאאאא(Tg)אאאK
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FE אFibers אאאאאאא
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FEאאאאאAdhesives and Coatings
אאאאKאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאK
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٢א אאאFאאאE
א
אא
١ J אא F١}٤אE
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٣ Jא (Nitrile Rubber)
٤ J K (S.B Rubber)
٥ Jא (Butyl Rubber)
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٧ J אאא א
٨ J א ٩ J א
١٠ J א
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אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאKאאאאאWאאאאא(Arabic Gum)אאאKאאאאא
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א٣ אאאאא
אאא
אא،א، אא
אא FאאE
א אא
א א
אא אא
Acrylic Adhesives
Cellulose acetate, butyrate, Nitrate
Expoxides
Synthetic rubber
Polyisocyanates
Metanoplast,
Phenoplast, Uroplast
Polyamides
Polyesters
Polyurethanes
Polyvinyls
Polysilicones
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٤١ -
אאאאא Classification Based on the Structural Shape of Molecules
אאאאאאאאאאK
FE אאאLinear Polymers אאא،אאא
אאKאאאאאאאאאאKאאאא
אא(High density – Polythylene)אאא–(Ziegler-Natta Catalyst)אא
א١K
FE אאאBranched Polymers אאאאאאאא
א،אאאאא،אא
אאאאאא١Kא
אאאא(Tm)אאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
FאEאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאא(Low Density Polyethylene)K
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٤٢ -
FEאאאCrosslinked Polymers אאאאאא
אFאא١KEא(Degree of Crosslinking)אאא
אאאאאאאאא،אא
אאאאא(Thermosetting resins)אאאK
אאאא Classification Based on the Homogenity of Polymers
FE אאאHomopolymers אאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאCH2 – CH2 -אאאאK
אK FEאאאFאאECopolymers
אאאאאאאאאאKאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאKKאאא،אאא
(Copolymerization)אאאאאאאאאאאKKKFאא
(Styrene Butadiene CopolymersאאאW
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٤٣ -
אאאאאאK
אא Comparison between Addition and Condensation Polymerization
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אאאאאW ١ J אאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאא
אאאא J٦אאאאאאאאא
אאאאK ٢ J אא
אאאאאאK
٣ J אאאאאW
א א
J אאK
J א
אאK
אא
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٤٤ -
אאK אאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאK
אאאאK אאאא
אאאאאאאK
אא אאאW،א،،אא،
אאא،Kאאאאאאא
אאאא،אאאאPolyethylene oxide
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אאאאא،אאאאא٦א–
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אאאKאאאאאאאאא
––(co)אאאאKאאאאEthylene glycolאTerphthalic
acidW
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א ٢٥٧ אא FE אא
- ٤٥ -
Fא––אE Poly (ethyleneglycol – co – terphthalic acid)
אאאK
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Poly (vinylalcohol)אאאFאEPoly (Vinylacetate)א
FאKE
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אאאWא
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אMass or Bulk Polymerization אאא،אאא
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אאאאאאאExothermicאאVinylmonomer،
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א DepolymerizationאאFאא٢KEאאא
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١אWאאא
אא١٤٠K
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א٢WאאאאאאאK
א٣אאא(Heat transfer)אאKאאא٣٠ J٦٠٪א
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- ٤٩ -
אאKאW
٣אWאאאאאאאאK
אא،אאאאאאאא
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%٣٣ J٣٠،אא90oC،אאאא٧٥
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אא200oCאאאאא(Extruders)א
א،אאKאאאאK
אאאאאKאאאאContinuous mass
polymerizationK
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٤WאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאKאא
אאאאאאאאKאאאאא70א
אKא٤אאאאאאאא١אאא
אאאאBatch Polymerization Suspension WiseK
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אאאאאאא،אאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
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אאאאKאאאאאאאאאK
אאאFאEFאאEאאאאא
،א(Autoaccelaration)אאאאKאאאK
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אאא
אאא FE אאW
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FE אאW
א
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אא
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א א
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אאSolution Polymerization אאאאאHomogenous polymerizationK
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- ٥٣ -
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאRefluxאK אאאאאא
אאאאאKאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،א
אאאאאאאKאאKאא
אאאKא،אאאאאא(Precipitation)
אK אאאאאא
אאAdhesive applicationsאאCoatingאאKאאאאKאא
אאאאאאאKא–אא30%א
אאKאאא،אאאK
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אאאHeat exchangersאK אאאאאאאא
אKאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאK
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א ٢٥٧ אא א FE אא
- ٥٤ -
،אאאאאאאאאא،אChain transfer to solvent
Kאאאאאא،אאאאK
אאאאStereoregularityאאאאאאאאאאDielectric constant
אאK
אאאSuspension Polymerization אאאאאSuspensionאK
אאאאאאאאאאא،אאאאאא
אא،אאאאK
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FאEPoly (vinyl alcohol)אFאEPoly (acrylic acid)אאאMethyl celluloseאK
אאאאאאאKaolinאMagnesium silicatesאאאאאא
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- ٥٥ -
אאאCa3(PO4)2אאאאאאאאאאK
،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
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אאאK אאאאאאאאאאW
١ J FאEPoly(methylmethacrylates) ٢ J אא
Polystyrene and rubber-modified polystyrene ٣ Jאא
Polyvinylchloride and its copolymers
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٥ J אFא–אE Syrene-acrylonitrile copolymers
٦ J אFא–אEא(ABS) Rubber modified styrene acrylonitrile coplymers (ABS)
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systemsKאאאContinuous systemsאאSemicontinuous systemsK
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- ٥٦ -
90oCאא.130oCא100% אא٣אאאא
אאא٥KאאאAdditivesאאStabilizersאאAntioxidants
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אאEmulsion polymerization
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אאאאאאאMicellesאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאאאאFאEאאא
אAlkyl sulphatesאAlkyl sulphonatesK
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٥אWאאאאאאא
אאK אאאאא
Critical micelle concentrationKאאHydrophlicאאאאאHydrophobicאאא٦Kא
א٢٥ J٥٠א1810-1710אL٣אאאאאאא
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- ٥٨ -
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאא(Swelling)אאאאא(Dynamic equilibrium)אאאא
K100-50אאאאאאאאאאאW
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١ J אאאK ٢ J אאאאא
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אאאאאא(Coating)K אאאאK
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- ٥٩ -
אא אאאאW
J אאאאאאאא٥٠אK
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J אאאאאאאאאאאאRedox initiatorאאא
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אאא–אK
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- ٦٠ -
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א Component Styrene ٢٥
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אאאאK
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- ٦١ -
אאאאאKאאאאאאאאאא
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- ٦٢ -
אאPrecipitation Polymerization
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אאא(Melt viscosity)K
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ٦٤ -
אאאאאאאא(Crosslinking)א(Branching)אא(Molecular weight
distribution)אאא،Kאאא(Flow properties)אאאאאא
(Rheology)Kא א(Melt index)אאאאא
KאאאאKאאKאאאא
אאא(Films)א(Pipes)א،(Containers)אאאKאאאא،
אאא،Kאאאאאאא
אאאK א(Flow)אאאא
K،אאאאאאאא،אאאא
א(Newtonian flow)אאאא(Newtonian fluid)א١אאKאאא
א١אא(Flow Rate )אאאאאKאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאא،אאא
אאאK،אאא
אאאאאKאאאאאאKא
אאאאא
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ٦٥ -
אKאאאאאK
١Wאאאא FE אFE K
אאא(Melt Flow Indexer, MFI)אאא
אא،Kאא190אoC Kא
א،،אאאאK
אאאאCompression Molding
אאאא١٩٠٩א(Buckelund)אאPhenol Formaldehyde
BakeliteאאK אאאאאאאא(Thermoset)K
א،אאאאאאאאאKאאא
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ٦٦ -
אא(Mold)אKאאא(Molding powder)אאאא
אאאאאKאאא١٠L٢אK
אאאאאKאא(Crosslinking)אאKא٢אאK
אאאאאאאאKאאא(Cold molding)אאאאאא
אאKאאאא(Fille)אאאאא
אאאאאא(Binder)אאאאא
אK
٢Wאא
אאאא(Thermosets)אאאאאאא(Alkide resins)אאא
(Epoxy resins)אאאאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ٦٧ -
אאאRequirements of compression molding
،אאאאאאW
J אאWאאאאאאאאאאKא
אאאאאKאאאאK
J אאW،אאאאאאא،אאאא(Curing times)
אא،אאאאאK
J אWאאאאא،אאאאW
١ J אאאאאK ٢ J אאאאאK ٣ J אאאאאא
(Erosion)אאאK ٤ J אK
J אWאאKאאאאא،אKאאאאא
אאאאאK J אWאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאAdvantages and Disadvantages of Compression Molding
אאאאW
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ٦٨ -
FE אאאאאאאאאאK
FE אאא(Strain)אאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאK
אW J אאאאאK
אאאאא(Cycle)KאאאאW
אאא 140-160oCא١٠ J٢٠אאאאאאאא(130oC)
אאאאאאאא٧٠–٣٥L٢אאאאאא
אאאאאK،אא75oC א
אאF٥ J١٠Eאא40oC אאא
אאאאKאאאאאאאאא
אאאK J אאא
אאאאאאK
،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ٦٩ -
אInjection molding
אאאאKאאאאאאאאא
אאאאKאאאאאא
אK אאאאאאאW FE אאPlunger injection molding FE אאSpiral Injection molding
א(Cyclical process)אאאאא
א(runner)אאאKאאא(Injection cycle time)Kאאא
١٠ J٣٠אאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאPlunger injection molding
אF٣Eאאאאאאאא(Hopper)K
אאא(Batches)אאאאא(Heating chamber)Kאאא
א،אאאאאאאאאאאא(Torpedo)
אKאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKא
א(Nozzle)אאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ٧٠ -
אאאאאאאKאאאאא
אאאאאאאKאאK
אאThe screw injection molding
אאאאאאKאאאFEאאאא
אאאK
אאאProcessing by Extrusion אאאאאא
אאאא(Die)אאFWEאא(Sheets)א(Pipes)
(Rods)؛FEאא(Coating)؛אאאאFEאאאא(Cables)K
٣Wאא
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ٧١ -
א٤אאאאאא،א(Screw)Kאא
אאאKאאאאאאאאKא
א(Screen)אאאאא(Die)א،א
K אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאFאאאEאאאאאאKאאאאאא
אKאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאא
אאKאאאאאאאאאאא
א(Hopper)Kאאאאא(thermocouple) אאKאאאאאאא
אאאאK אאאאאKאאא
אאאאאאאא١٦ J٣٠אאאא(Heat transfer area)K
אא(Feed region)،א(Compression region)א،(Metering region)Kא،אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאKאא
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ٧٢ -
אאאאא(Metering region)אאאאK
אאא(Pressure valve)א(Screen)،،אאאא،
אאאאאאKאאא
אאאKאKא،אאאא٤אאאK
א٤WאאאאאאאאDieK
אאאאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ٧٣ -
אאאאאא(Co-extrusion)אאאKאא
אאאאKאאKאאא
אאאאKאאא
אאאאאאאאאאK
אאאBlow molding אאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאKא(Blow molding)אW
J א(Softening) J אא(Pre-form)א(Parison)אK J אאאאK
אא٥אKאאאא(Parison)،אאאא(Injection
blow molding)אאאא(Extrusion blow molding)Kאאאאאא
אאאאאאאא،א،אK
אא(Parison)אאאאK١אאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ٧٤ -
٥Wאאאאאאאא
אא FE אאאאFKEאאאא
אK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ٧٥ -
א١ אאאאא
אא
Extrusion Blow Molding אא
Injection Blow Molding א
אאאK אK
אK
אאK אאאK
אאאאK
אאאא
אאאא
אK
אאK
אאא
אK אא
אאK
אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאKאאאאאאא
אא،אאא(Blowing pressure)K אאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אא(Parting line)אאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ٧٦ -
אאאאאאK
אאאאאאאK،אאאא
אאאא(Injection molding)KאאאKא،K
אאאאאאאאK אאאאאאאאK
א(Cycle time)אאאאאאKאאאא(Multy cavity molds)Kא
אא(Parison)אאאאאאאKא٦אאאא
אאא(Parison)אאאאאאאאא
אאאא٦K
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ٧٧ -
א٦Wאאאאאאא
![Page 90: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ٧٨ -
אאאאאProcessing by rotational molding אאאאא
אאאאאאKאאא
אאאאאKאאאK
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- ٧٩ -
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אאאא
א
א
٤
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٧٩ -
אWאWאא W
אאאאאאאאאאאאW
١ J א אאאאK
٢ Jא אאאא
אאאא،K ٣ Jאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאא٥٠א٪،אאא٢א٪אאאאא
אK אאאאאאW
١ Jאאאא ٢ Jאאא ٣ Jאא ٤ Jא ٥ Jא ٦ JFאE ٧ J ٨ JFאE
٩ JFאE
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٨٠ -
١٠ J ١١ Jאאאאאאאאא ١٢ Jאא
אW ١ Jאאא ٢ Jא ٣ Jא
אאאאאאW ١ J،אאאאאא ٢ JאאL
٣ Jאאאאאא אאאאאאא
אאK
אאאאאUאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאאאאK
אאאא
אW J ،אאאא
J אאא J א
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٨١ -
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אK אאאW
١ J אא ٢ J א
אאאאאאאW ١ Jאאאא، ٢ Jא ٣ Jא ٤ Jאא
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٨٢ -
אWDEGUMMING
אאW אאאאאאאאאאאאאW
J،א Jא، JאK
אאאאאאW
١ Jאlecithin אאאא
אאאאאאאאאKא٩٠٪אאK
אאאאאאK
٢ JאאאWGummy mucilaginous substances
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאPhysical Refining א
אאאאאאאאWSoap Stock
٣ Jא ٤ Jאאא
אאאאאאאאאK
٥ JאאW
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٨٣ -
אאאW ١ J א ٢ J אW
J א J אאא
אאאא٢٠٠אK ٣ J א،אאאא
אאK אאאאאאW
J אאא J אאאאאא J אא
אאאאאא١אKאאאאאאאא
אאאאW ١ J אא ٢ J J J
אאא
אאאF١EW
١ J FEאאFאאא٦٠E،
٢ J אאאאא٧٦ J٨٢،א
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٨٤ -
٣ J א٦٠،א ٤ J ،אא ٥ J אאאאאאא
אא، ٦ J אאK
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٨٥ -
אאאWBatch Water Degumming Process
אאW ١ Jאאאאאאאא، ٢ Jאאא٣٢، ٣ Jאאאאא٥}١ J٣٪א J
אאאא،אא ٤ Jאאאא١٥
، ٥ Jאאא٧٦ J٨٢١ J٥}١، ٦ Jאא٨٢،אאא ٧ Jאאאאאאאא٣، ٨ J،אאאאאא ٩ J،אאאאאא
١٠ JאאאאאאאK
אאאW Continuous Degumming Equipment
אאאאאF٢EW ١ Jאאאאאא
، ٢ Jא/אאאאא Jא
٧٦אאאאאאא J٨٢،
٣ J،אאאאאא ٤ J،אאאאאאאאא
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٨٦ -
٥ Jאאאא، ٦ Jאאאאא، ٧ JאאאאK
١Wאא
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٨٧ -
אאאא אאF٢E אא ١ J،אאאאאאא
אאאFE، ٢ Jאאא٧٦ J٨٢٣٠
KאאאאאאאאאK
٣ Jאאאאאאאאאאאא،א
٤ JאאאאאאאאFאאEאאא
،א א
אא٢ J٣٪אK אאW
١ Jאאא٧٠ J٨٢، ٢ Jאאאאאאאא
א،א ٣ Jאא٣٪
،אא ٤ Jאאא٢٠א J٣٠
،אא ٥ Jאאא٦٦
אאא،
٦ Jאאאא،
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٨٨ -
JאאWאאW J٣٠ J٣٥٪ J٧٠ J٨٠٪،אאאאא Jאאאא٣}٠٪
،אאאא JאאWאאא
אK ٧ J אאא
אK
٢Wאא
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٨٩ -
אא אאאאאאW
iK א iiK אא iiiK א
אאאאאאא٣}٠٪
אאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאא٥אK
אאאאאאאאK
אWRefining
אאW אאאאאאאאאW
J،אא J،א JאאאK
אאאאאאW
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٩٠ -
١ J אאאWאאאאאאאא١א،
٢ J אאWאאאאא٢٠٠،K٠–٠٠٤}٠،א
אאאאא
،אאא ٣ J אאא ٤ J א ٥ J אא ٦ J אאאא ٧ J אא ٨ J אאא ٩ J א ١٠ J אאאאא
אאאW
١ J ،אא ٢ J ،אאאא ٣ J אאאK
אאאאאאאK W
١ JאאChemical or caustic refining method
אNeutralizationK
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٩١ -
٢ J؛אאPhysical or steam refining method
WאWNeutralization
אאאFאאאEאאאאאאאK
١ J אאWChemical Reaction
אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאK
אאWPhysical Reaction
J אאאאאK J ،אאאאאאאא J אאאאאאאא
،א J אאאאאK
אאK אW
١ J،אאא ٢ Jאא ٣ JאאאאאאאK ٤ JאאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٩٢ -
אאאW
F٣WE
١ Jא ٢ Jא ٣ Jא ٤ Jאאאא ٥ Jא ٦ J ٧ JאאK
אאW
J אאאאאאKא،אא
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٩٣ -
٣Wאאא
J ٤٠אאאאאאאא٢٢א
אF٤٥ J٥٠EאאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٩٤ -
J א٨٠٠٠אאאא٧٠אאK
J ،אא J אא٣٠אא
אאא١ J٤א،א
J אאאאאא،א
J ،אאאאא J אא، J אאאאאא
א، אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאK
אאWContinuous Refining
אF٤EאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאK
אW
١ Jאאאאאא،K
٢ JאאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٩٥ -
٣ Jאאא٣٨א
،א
٤ JאאאאW Jאאאאאא،K
JאאK
٥ Jאאא٢}٨٢א٨٢אאא J٧}٨٧א١٥٪אא
K
٦ JאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٩٦ -
٤Wאא
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٩٧ -
٧ JאאאWאאאא
٨ Jאא
אאאKאאאא،אאא
٩ J،אאא
١٠ Jאאא
אאאאאאא
א٧١א٨٢Kאאאא٤٣K
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאWPhysical or Steam Refining
אW
١ J אאא ٢ J אאאאאא ٣ J אאא
W ١ JאאFאאE
Jא Jא
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٩٨ -
Jא Jאאא JאFE
٢ Jאאא٣١٦אאא
،אאא
٣ JאאFאאאאE
٤ Jאאאאאא
א،
٥ J،אאא
٦ Jאאאאאאאאאאאא،
٧ Jאאאאא
אאאאאאK
٨ Jאאאאאא١٪אאא،
٩ JאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ٩٩ -
אWSteam Refining אא
אאWאאאאא
אאאאאאK אאWאאאאאאא
אW Jא٢٥٠ J٣٦٠ J٣ J٥ J١ J٣٪
אאאאאK
אאWאאאK
אאW Jאאא،אא
JאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ١٠٠ -
אWBleaching
אאאאאאאאאאW
١ JאאאPeroxides
אאאאאאאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאK
٢ JאאאFאEאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאא
،
٣ JאאאאאאאאKאאW
Jא Jא
٤ J אא ٥ Jא
٦ Jאאא ٧ Jאא ٨ Jא
אא
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ١٠١ -
אאאאאאא
אאאאאW ١ J אאאKאא
אא، ٢ J אא ٣ J אא
אאאאא
١ Jאא ٢ Jאא ٣ Jא ٤ Jא ٥ Jאאאא،א
אאK
אאW
אאאאאאW Jאאא Jאא Jאא Jא
אאאאאאאא
אKאאW
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ١٠٢ -
ivK א vK אאאFאאE viK אאא
אא١א J٢٪אאFא٣}٠ J
٥}٠٪אאאKE
אאאאW
١ J אW٣٠אאאאאא٩٠אאאאא
١٠٥K ٢ J אאWאאאW J،אא J
אא،א J،אא JאאאאK
אאאW
١ J אאאאאW١ Jא
،א٢ Jאא،٣ Jא٣٠K
٢ J אאאאאא٥٠אא،א
٣ J אאאא٨٠א
،אאא ٤ J אאאאאא،א
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ١٠٣ -
٥ J אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אאאW
١ J אא٣٣א٪ ٢ J אאא٥٠٪ ٣ J אא٩٠٪K
אאאW
١ Jא ٢ JאFInsidine ValueE٢٣٠ ٣ Jא٢٧٠ ٤ J٥٠אא ٥ J١}٠אא ٦ Jא١٠אFא٥אE ٧ JאאאW٠٥}٠ J٣}٠٪א٠،٥ J١٪
אאK
٥א٦אאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ١٠٤ -
٥Wאא
٦Wאא
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ١٠٥ -
אWDewaxing אאאאאאאאאאא
אKאאאאWאאאKF٧א٨KE
٧Wאאאא
٨Wאאאאא
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ١٠٦ -
אאWDeodorization W
אW אאW
אאאW
١ Jאא ٢ Jא ٣ JאWא٥}٠ J٥}١٪ ٤ JאWא ٥ JאאאF٠٣}٠KE٪
אא ٣אאאW ١ J אF٩אWEBatch Type ٢ J אאF١٠אKE ٣ J אאW
J אאF١١אWESingle Shell J אאF١٢אWEDouble Shell
אאאאאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ١٠٧ -
٩WאאאאWא
١٠WאאאאWאא
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ١٠٨ -
١١Wאא
١٢Wא
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ١٠٩ -
אW Cooling Oil
אאא٣٨ J٤٩אאKאאאאא
אאא١٥K
אאאאאאאאאKאאאא
אאאאאאאאK
אWAdditives
אאאאאאW viiK אא viiiK א ixK אאא
אWStabilizer
אאאאאאאאאאא٨٣אאאW
١ Jאאא ٢ Jאא
٣ Jאאאאא،
K
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ١١٠ -
אW Filtration אאאא٦٦אאאאאאאאאW
J אFאאאE
J אאאאאאאאא
J אאאאא،
א٣٠אאאאאא١٠K
אאאאאK
אW
אאאאאאWאא،אK
אא٣٨אאאאאאאK
אWHydrogenation
אאאאאא
אאאאFאאKE
אאאאאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אאא
FE אא
- ١١١ -
אאkeselguhrK
אאאאאאאאKאאאאא
K אאאאאאאא
אK
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אא
א
٥
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١١٢ -
אאWא
١ J א אאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
א٩٠٪אאאKאאאא٤אאאאאאKא
אאא٩٠א٪אאא٣אאאא٢٠K
אאאאW
- אאאFאאKEאאאKאאא
אאאאאאאאאKאF
אאEאאאF٣٠ J٣٥KE٪אאאאאאאאא
،אאאאK
- אWאאאאאKאאאF
אאEFאKEאאאFאא
אאEא،FאKE
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١١٣ -
- אאא - א - אא
٢ J אא
אאאאאאאאKאאאא
אאKאאW - אאאא، - אא، - אאאאא، - אאאאאא، - אאאא، - אאFאאאא،KK،E، - אא، - אא، - אFא،אאEK
٣ Jא
אאאאKאW - אאWאאאאאאאא
K - אאWאאאאK
J אאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١١٤ -
אאFEאא
אאא،אאאאאאאK
JאאאאאW
K
אאאאא
JאאאW
2CH3-(CH2)16-COOH + Na2CO3 2 CH3-(CH2)16-COONa + CO2 + H2O
אאאאאאאא
אאאאאR-COOMWR-COOאאKMWאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١١٥ -
אאא
١ JאאאWאאא،אאא،אאא ٢ Jאאאאאא،א
אאא ٣ J،אאאאאאאאא
،אאאאאא ٤ Jאאאאאא ٥ JאאאW
Jאא Jאא Jאאאא
٦ Jאא ٧ Jאאאא
אאאא
١ Jאאאאאאאא
אאאאאFאCO2אאאE
٢ Jאאאאאא ٣ Jאא ٤ Jא،אאאא،אאאא
א،אאאאאאאאא،אאאאא
٥ JאאאאאאאאFאאE،
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١١٦ -
٦ JאאאאאאאאאKאאאאאאKאא
אאאאKאאאאא،א
٧ JאאאF Cold ProcessSemi Boiling ProcessFull Boiling ProessKE
אאא
J אאאאW ١ J אאאא
אא ٢ J ،אאאאא ٣ J אאW
JאאאאאאאFאאאאאE،
J،אא ٤ JאאאFWiE،FiiEא
،אאFiii)Eאאאאאאא،א
٥ J،אאאאא ٦ J،אאא ٧ Jאא ٨ Jאאאאאאא٣٪
K
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١١٧ -
JאאאW J Jא Jאא Jאא١٪ Jא١K٪
JאאאאאאאאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١١٨ -
אא אא،אאאאאא
אא،אאא٩٠א،אאKאאאאאא
אאאאW ١ JאאF٣٠٪אE ٢ J٣٠٪אא٥٠٪א
א،٩٠٪،אאא ٣ JאאאKOHאאNaOHK
אאא
–אא ١ J،אא
٢ Jאא٣א،א ٣ J،אאא ٤ Jאא، ٥ JאאFאE، ٦ J،א ٧ Jאאאא
، ٨ Jא، ٩ JאאאאאאK
Jא
אאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١١٩ -
אאאאא
١ Jאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאא٥٪א
א،אאאאאא،אא،אאאא
אאאאK א،אאא
K ٢ Jאאאאאא
אאאאK ٣ Jא،אאאאא
،אאא ٤ Jאאאאאאא،א
،אאאא،אא ٥ J،אאא ٦ JאאאאאאאאFאאא
Eאאא،אאאאKאאאאא
אאאאאא٦٠ J٦٥אאאאאאא٤٠ J٤٥אא،
אאאאK ٧ J،א،אאאאא ٨ Jאאאאאאאא
אאאאא،א،א
٩ J،א
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١٢٠ -
١٠ JאאאאאK
אא אWאא،אא،אאאאאK
אאאW،א אאW
١ J אאאאא ٢ J אא٤٥ J٥٠אאאאאא٥٠
א،אאא،אאא ٣ J ،אאאא
אאאא،א٢٧ J٣٢אאאKא١٠٠אא٥٠
א٣٧ J٣٨KאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
٤ J אאאאאאא ٥ J אאאאאא ٦ J אאאא، ٧ J אאאאאאאF،א،אאא
אאא،אF،אא،א،א،אאE،
٨ J אאאאא،،אאאא
٩ J אאאאאאאאאאאאאאא،אאאא
،אא ١٠ J אאאאאאאא٨٢ J٩٠
אא،אאאא٢٤F
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١٢١ -
אא٦Eא،אאK
١١ J ٣אאאאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١٢٢ -
אא
אאאאאאK אאW
١ Jאאאאא ٢ JאאאאFאE ٣ Jא ٤ Jאאאאאאא ٥ JאאK
אאאW
١ Jאאא K٢ Jא٣٥
٣ Jאאאאאאאא٤٣ J٨٠א
٤ Jאאאאא ٥ Jאאאאא
אאאFאאאE
אאאאא?אא?
אא
١ J אאאאאא،אאאא،٧٠אא
אאא،Kאאאאאא،אK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١٢٣ -
٢ J אאאאא ٣ J אאאא ٤ J אאאאא٢ J٣
אא،אאאאאאאא،
אאW Jאאאאאא
،א،א Jאאא،אא
،،א Jאאאאא
K ٥ Jאאאאאא،א ٦ J،אאאאאאאאא ٧ Jאאא١ J٢، ٨ JאאאאאK
אאאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١٢٤ -
אאא
،אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
K אW
١ Jא،אאאאאאאאאאא،אאא
،א ٢ Jאאאאא
אאאאא،،אא،אא
٣ Jאאאא،א ٤ Jאאאאאאא
אאK
אאאאאאW ١ Jאאאא ٢ Jאאאאאאאאאאא،
אאאאאאאאאא،אא،אאאאאא،א
٣ Jאאאאאאא،אא ٤ Jאאאאא
אאאאאא،אאא
٥ J אאאאאאא،אאא
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١٢٥ -
٦ J אאאאאW o KאWאאF١E
א ٢ ١٠
אW ٢١٤ ٢١٦
א ١٩٧ ٢٠٠ אא ٤٨ ٤٩ א ٣٨ ٣٩°
אאאאK
אאאאאא
١ J ١٠٠אא١٦١،١٠٠
א١٥٠א، ٢ J אא،אאא
،א ٣ J ،אא ٤ J אאא٨٥٪א،א
אאאא،אא١٥٪אאאK
٥ J K،אאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١٢٦ -
אאא
١ J אאאאW אאאאאאא
K אW
R-COOH + NaOH R-COONa + H2O
אאW ١ J אאאא
אאא٥، ٢ J אאאאאF٢٥E٪
אאאFא٥٠E،
٣ J אא٥אא،،אאאאאא،א٥א J١٠
،אא،אאא ٤ J אאאאא،א ٥ J אא١٠ J٣٠אא،٦٠ J٧٠
א،א ٦ J אאאא،א ٧ J אאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١٢٧ -
אא
אאאא،אW ١ Jא JDe Laval ٢ J J JFWEC.T.P Erich Hofman J JFאEBustourizio G Mazzoni ٤ JWMonsavon ٥ JWSharpls ٦ JWClayton
אאאאאא٣٠٠K
אאאW
١ J אאאאאא
אאאאאאאK ٢ J אאאאאא٣٠٠،אא ٣ J ،אאאאא ٤ J אאא،א ٥ J אא ٦ J ،א ٧ J ،אאא ٨ J אאW
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١٢٨ -
٥٩ ٦٠٪ א ٠٠٢}٠ ١}٠٪ ٢}٠ ٦}٠٪
٣٠٪
אאאא JאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١٢٩ -
אאW JWALFA -LAVAL
אאאאאBatch MethodW ١ J אאא،אאא٩٩٪
، ٢ J אאאאאאאא
אאאאא،א
٣ J אאאא
אF١E٣W ١ J אW ٢ J א ٣ J אFאE
אאאאא
١ JאאאאCleaner Centrifuge אאא
،אא ٢ Jאאא٣٠٪ ٣ Jאאאאאא٧٥
،אאא ٤ J،אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאא٧٥א،
٥ JאאאאאאאאאW J،אאא
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١٣٠ -
Jאאאא،אאא
٦ Jאאאאא،א
٧ JאאאאאאאK
١Wאא
١ J א
אKאאא
אאאאאK אW
١ Jאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١٣١ -
٢ Jאאאאאאא٢٠אאK
אאW
١ J א،אאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
،א ٢ J אאאא
אא،אאאאאאאאאאאאאא١١٥
K
אאאאאאאאאKאא٠٥}٠٪
אאאאאאאאKאאאאא
אאאאאאאK
٢ Jא
אאאא٣،אא JאאאKW Jאאאאא،אאא
אאאאאאK
![Page 149: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
٢٥٧ א אא
FE א
- ١٣٢ -
Jאאאאאאא، JאאF١E٪ JאK
![Page 150: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
אאאא
א
א
٦
![Page 151: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٣٣ -
אאWאFאEW NH3
١ Jאא אאאW
Jאא JאאאאאK Jא ( Solvey) אאW
CO2 + H2O + NaCl + NH3 NaHCO3 + NH4Cl
2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
- אאאW א NaH2 CO2 NH4
CO2 + 2NH3 NaH2 CO2 NH4
Heat NaH2 CO2 NH4 H2N CO2 NH2 + H2O
- אאאאאW
Cl2 + 2NH3 H2 NCl + NH4Cl
- אאאאאC6H5NH2אאאK
- אאאK
![Page 152: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٣٤ -
٢ Jא אW
١ J WHaber Bosch Synthetic Ammonia ProcessF١E ٢ J אא ٣ J א ٤ J א
אאאאאאK
١ J אא٣L١K
- אאאאאKא
א١אL١،אאאאאא٢L١
אאK - אאאLא
١L٣K - אאאא
FEאאאא،א 500 °CאאW
H2O + CO CO2 + H2
- ،א،א،אאאא
אאK
![Page 153: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٣٥ -
- אאא٢٠אאאאא
אK
٢ Jאאא
אאאאאאKאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאא
K ٣ Jא
1000 °Cאאאאא
אאאW
CaC2 + N2 CaCN2 + C
אאאאאאKאאאאאאא
א3000 °CאאאאאW
CaO + 3 C CaC2 + CO
אאא٣ J٤KאאאאW
CaCN2 + 3H2O CaCO3 + 2NH3
![Page 154: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٣٦ -
٤ Jא
אאאאאאאאאW
Al2O3 + 3C + N2 2 AlN + 3CO
AlN+ 3H2O Al(OH)3 + NH3
אאאK
Figure 1: Overall Layout of a Steam Reforming Plant for Ammonia Synthesis
١Wא
![Page 155: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٣٧ -
אאWאWH2SO4
א،אאאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאא
אW
S+ O2 SO2
SO2+ 0.5 O2 SO3
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
אא،אא،אאאאSO2 SO3אK
א،אאאאאאאאאאאK
אא?אFrasch?אK
אאאאאאK
אאF١Eא،١٥،אאאאא،אאאא
אאא٥}٧،אאאאאאאא٥}٢אKא
אאאאאאK
![Page 156: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٣٨ -
١Wאאאא
אאאא،א
אא SO2SO3K
١ J אאW Lead Chambers Process אאא١٨א،SO2 א
אFEאאאאSO2אאאאאK
SO2אאאאא
אאאאאאאאאSO2אאK
אאאאSO2אאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٣٩ -
אSO2אאאא
אFאאאKE אאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאאאאK
א٤א،אא،א،אאאאא
אאאאאF٢KE
٢Wאאא
אא،אאאאאאאSO2אאאאא
![Page 158: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٤٠ -
א،אאאאאK،אאאאא
אא SO2אK אא SO2א
אא،אאא?Glover?אאאא،אאאא،א
אאאא?Gay LussacK? ،אאאאאאא
אא،אSO2SO3،אאאאאאא،אא
אאאאאאK
אאאאאאאאאSO2אSO3א،אאא
אאאK ،אאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאK אאאאא
٨٪אאאא،אא،אאאאאא
אNO HSO4،K ،אאא
א،אאאאאא٥٠אאאאאK
![Page 159: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٤١ -
٢ JאWContact Process
SO2א،אKאאאאא
אK אאאאאאאא
אאא?Badische?،אאאא?GrilloK? אאאאFV2O5Eא
אאK א،אאא،א
SO2אאאאאKאאאF،،،אאEא
אאK
SO3אאאאאאא،אSO2אא٧٪SO2١٠٪٨٣א٪
אK
אאאFאSO3אאאESO2،אא٩٦٪SO3٥٠٠٨٥٪٧٠٠K
אאאא٥٠٠
אאאאאאא،אאא،א
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٤٢ -
אא،א٤٠٠א،אא٥٥٠K
אאאאאאא،אאאאאאא٤٢٠Kא
אאאאאאאאאKאאאאא،א
SO3K SO3אא
٣}٩٨א٪א?אOleum?אאאאא
٣}٩٨٪אאאא،אאאSO3F٣KE
٣Wאא
![Page 161: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٤٣ -
אאWא
אאאאאאאK אאאאאאא
אK אאאאאK
א،אאאאא،א
،אאאאאאא٣٤א٪אאK
،אא،،א،אאאאאא
א…K
אאאW
١ J אא ٢ J אא
١ J אא
אאאאא
אF٥٥E٪א٧٠٪אאאאאאאאאK
Ca3 (PO4)2 + 3 H2SO4 3CaSO4 + 2 H3PO4
![Page 162: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٤٤ -
،א،אאאאF١KE
١WאאK
אאאא٧٥٪H3PO4٥٤٪אאאא،א،
אאאK H3PO4אאאאאא،
אK،
![Page 163: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٤٥ -
١H3PO4٧٥٪٨}١אא٣٢٪א٧}١א٩٤٪٦٠אK
אא٣אFאWCaSO4, 2H2OEFKE
אאH3PO4אאאא
אK
٢ Jאא
אאאאאאאאאא،
אאK אאאאאאH3PO4K
١H3PO4١٠٠٪א٥}٢אא٤٤٠
אאאא٣}٢אאאאאK
אאאאאאאאא
אאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٤٦ -
אאWאFWNaOHE
אאא?אאא?אאאK
א،אא،אאאאא
אאאK אאאאF
אEF١EK
١Wאאא
אאאאאאאא
،אאאאאאא،אאאאא
אאאאאK
![Page 165: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٤٧ -
א،א J?Castener Kellner?אאא،אאK
אאאאאאאאFאE
א،אאאא،K
אאאאא،אא،אאאאאאא
אאאK
אא،،אאאא،אא
אאאK
אאא،אאא،אאא
،אאאאאאאאK
אאאאא،
אאKאאאאK
אאא،
אK
![Page 166: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٤٨ -
،אאאאאאאאאאא،אאאא
אאאK
אאא،אאאאאא٦}٣ J٧}٣،אא٩٥K אא،אא
٧א٪،א،אא،אאאא
אK
אא?HOOKER?אאK
אאאאא
אא،אא،אאאK
א٣٠٪،Kאאאאאא
אאK
![Page 167: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٤٩ -
אאWא
١ JW אאאW
١ J،אאאא ٢ Jאאא، ٣ Jא، ٤ JאאK
אאאאאא
אאאאאאK
٢ Jאאא
١ JאFWאSiO2E אאאאאאאאא
אKאא٩٩٪٠٥}٠٪א،א
אאאאאאאK
אאאאאאאK
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٥٠ -
٢ JאFNa2CO3E
אאKאאא
אאאאאאK
אאא٤٣٪
Na2Oא٥٨٪Na2OKאאאאאאKאאW٥}٥٩٪،
٢٢٪،١٥٪،٥}٣K٪ אאאאא
אאK
٣ JאאאCaCO3
אאאאאאאאאKא
אאאאאאאאאאאאK
٤ Jא
אאאאאאאאאאאאKאאNa2B4O7.
10 H2OאאאאאאKאא
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٥١ -
אאאאKאאאאאK
٥ Jא
אאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאאאאאאאK
٦ Jא
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאא
אאאK
٢ J אאא ١ J אאא ٢ J אאא ٣ J אא ٤ J אאאF١٤٠٠E ٥ J אW
Jאא Jאאא
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٥٢ -
Jאא Jאאאאאא Jאא Jא
٦ Jאא ٧ Jאאאאאא
٣ J אא אאW
١ J אאאאאאאא
٢ J א،אא٩٠אאאאK
٤ Jאא
אאאאא
אאאאK א،אא
א،אאאאאK
אאK אW
Jא
Jא אאאW
١ J אאאFאאאאE
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٢٥٧ א אא
FE אא
- ١٥٣ -
٢ J אא ٣ J אאFאE
אאK
אאW ١ Jא ٢ Jאא ٣ Jאאא ٤ JאFאאאE ٥ Jאא ٦ J ٧ JאK
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٢٦
٧
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א
٢٥٧
אא
- ١٥٤ -
١W
אאW
C2H6 C2H4 + H2
C2H6 + H2 2 CH4
אאאK٨٥א٪אFC2H6EאFIEKא١}٥٠٪אא١}٤٧א٪K
Kאאאאאא
אW
١ JאאW X = (1 -0.501)*85 = 42.42 mol
٢ JאאאW אאZא
WW = 15 mol ٣ Jאא
Y = 0.471*85 = 40 mol ٤ Jא
אאWאאאZאא 2*85 = 2X +2Y + T = 2*42.42 + 2*40 + T
WT = 5.2 mol ٥ Jא
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א
٢٥٧
אא
- ١٥٥ -
אאWאאאZאא 6*85 = 6X + 4Y + 2 Z +4*T = 6*42.42 + 4*40 + 2Z +4*5.2
WZ = 37.34 mol
א אא א אא א אא א
٣}٣٠ ٤٢}٤٢ ٨٥ ٨٥ C2H6 ٦}٢٨ ٤٠ J J C2H4 ٧}٢٦ ٤}٣٧ J J H2
٧}٣ ٢}٥ J J CH4 ٧}١٠ ١٥ ١٥ ١٥ I
١٠٠ ١٤٠ ١٠٠ ١٠٠ א
٢W
אאאFC6H6EאFC12H10 EאFC7H8EאW
C7H8 + H2 C6H6 + CH4
2 C7H8 + H2 C12H10 + 2 CH4
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א
٢٥٧
אא
- ١٥٦ -
אאאאF٢E١٦٠אF١Eאאאאא٨٠א٪אאא٨K٪
אW
١ JאאWאאאHאאZ١٠H٨٠G٪٦٠Z١٠H٤٨Z٥٨ ٢ JאאZאאFZ٨G٪٦٠LE٢Z٤}٢Fאא٢
א١אKE ٣ JאאZאאא–אאאZ٦٠ JF٤٨H٨}٤ZE٢}٧ ٤ JאאZאאאHאאFאאEH٢GאאZ٢٠H
٤٨H٨}٤Z٨}٧٢ ٥ JאאZאאא–אאאZ٧٠–F٤٨H٤}٢ZE٦}١٩
א אא א
אא א אא א
٥}٤ ٢}٧ ٥}٣٧ ٦٠ C7H8 ٣}٣٦ ٥٨ ٢}٦ ١٠ C6H6 ٣}١٢ ٦}١٩ ٨}٤٣ ٧٠ H2
٥}٤٥ ٨}٧٢ ٥}١٢ ٢٠ CH4 ٥}١ ٤}٢ J J C12H10
١٠٠ ١٦٠ ١٠٠ ١٦٠ א
٣W
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
CH4 + 1.5O2 CO + 2H2O
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
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א
٢٥٧
אא
- ١٥٧ -
٨}٧א٪٤}١٩٪٨}٧٢٪K
א٩٠٪אא٨אאאאאK
אאאאאK אW
א אא א
אא א אא א
٧٨}٠ 0.78٨}٧ ٨}٧ CH4 ٢}٦ 6.24 J J CO2
٥}٧٢ ٨}٧٢ ٨}٧٢ ٨}٧٢ N2
٧٨}٠ 0.78 J J CO ١٤ 14.04 J J H2O
٧٠}٥ ٧٥}٥ ٤}١٩ ٤}١٩ O2
١٠٠ ٤}١٠٠ ١٠٠ ١٠٠ א ١ JאאW
אאאZאאZ٨}٧٢ ٢ Jאא
אאZא אאאZאא
7.8 = X + Y +Z (1)
٤ J אא
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א
٢٥٧
אא
- ١٥٨ -
אאZא 2*19.4 = 38.8 = Y +2Z + T+2W (2)
٤ Jאא
אאZא 2*7.8 = 15.6 =2X + T (3)
٥ JאW
(7.8 – X)/7.8 = 90% = 0.9 (4) X = 0.78
٦ JאאLאאא
Z = 8Y (5)
٥W
X + Y +Z = 7.8 Y +2Z + T+2W = 38.8 2X + T = 15.6 X = 0.78 Z = 8Y
X = 0.78, Y = 0.78, Z = 6.24, T= 14.04, U = 72.8, W = 5.75
٤W
אאאFton/dayEאא50 א kg/hאאאאK
אW
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א
٢٥٧
אא
- ١٥٩ -
١ JאאW [C6H7 O2(OH) 3 ]n + 3n CH3COOCOCH3 [C6H7 O2(CH3COO) 3 ]n + 3n CH3COOH
٢ JאאאW JאW[C6H7 O2(OH) 3 ]n
n = 1אאW162 g/mol J אW CH3COOCOCH3FאWEmolL 102 g JאWC6H7 O2(CH3COO) 3W288 g/mol JאW CH3COOHW60 g/mol ٣ JאW JאW
אאאW 50*288/162)*24/1000 = 2.13 ton/dayE
JאאW ton /day٣٣}١.13*60/288 =٢3* WאאאW2.13*102*3/288 = 2.26 ton/day
٥W
50 אאאFton/dayEאאאאkg/dayאאאW
אW
١ JאאW
[C6H7 O2(OH) 3 ] + 3 HNO3 [C6H7 O2(NO3) 3 ] + 3 H2O
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א
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אא
- ١٦٠ -
٢ JאאאW JאW[C6H7 O2(OH) 3 ]n
n = 1אאW162 g/mol J אW molL 63 g JאאW297 g/mol JאW18 g/mol ٣ JאW JאאW
אאאW 50*297/162)*24/1000 = 2.2 ton/dayE
J אאW 0.4 ton/day.2*18/297 =٢3* W אאW2.2*63*3/297 = 1.4 ton/day
W6
אאא١٥א٥}١٤W
١ J א١٥ ٢ J אא٨٠K
אW
١ J אאאאאאK ٢ J אאאW
א Z١٤٥–F١٤٥LאאE
אאZ١٤٥FL١٤٥–אE
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אא
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٣ J אאאאW
אא١٥٠٠٠٥٥}٠אא٠٥٩}٠אאK
Wאאאאאא١}١٤}١אK
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١ Jאא١٠٠٠٣Aא ٢ Jאאא١٠٠٠א٣ ٣ JאאZ١L٢
אאאאאאאאW
J ،א J
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אא
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אW אW
J אאאאאאF١٠٠٠٣WE
J אאאאאWW
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אאZ٢L٣
אאW
אאאא٥٠٠א٣K
WאאאאאאאאאW1W
FWאאאאFLEאאאאאZE١L٢
W
(A – W1)/1000/ W1/500 = 1/2
W1/A = 1/2
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אא٥٠K٪
WאאאאאאאאאW2W א٥٠٪אאאאאא
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(0.5 –W2)/1000/W2/500 = 1/2 W2=0.25 = 25%
אאאW٥٠H٪٢٥Z٪٧٥٪
אאאא٤Fאא٢٥٠א٣Eא٣}٨٠K٪
אא٥א٥}٨١٪אK
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אאאK
אW
אאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאאK
אW
J אאאאא
J אאאאאא
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אא
- ١٦٥ -
Wאא١٩٣אאאאאא١٩٣אאאאאK
١٩٣KOHKא١٠٠٠א אאאאאW193×50/56 = 137.86 g
١٠٠٠א٨٦}١٣٧אאאK
אאאF٨٠٪א٢٠٪אE١}١٤٨
אW ١٠٠٠א١}١٤٨אא ١٠٠א٨١}١٤אא
אאאאF٢٢}٣١٪٣٧EאאאאאאאW
100×14.81/31.22 = 47.50
אאאאא٩٦}٣٤Z٪٤٠אאא
אאאאK
١٠W
١٥٪٢٥٪אFNa2CO3KEאאאאאא
אא(Na2CO3 10 H2O)אאא٨٪אKא١٠٠אאK
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א
٢٥٧
אא
- ١٦٦ -
אW
X HY = 100 - 8 = 92 (1) X = 0.15 me (2) 2Y/286 = 2*(0.25 me)/106 (3) X = 16.76 g Y = 75.27 g me = 111.56 g W =111.56 – 100 =11.56g
١١W אא٢٢Lא٢٥٪
אKאאא٥٪אKאאאאא٤١٠٠אK
אא؟
![Page 186: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
א
٢٥٧
אא
- ١٦٧ -
אW
me - ms = 1000 (1) 0.75 me - = 0.95 ms (2) me - = 4750 Kg ms = 3750 kg 3750 P = 400 + 22*3750 P = 28
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المراجع
١ J אא אאאא، J١٩٨٨
٢ J אא א،אאא J٢א J١٩٨٧א
٣ J אאאאא Jאאא Jא J١٩٩٥
٤ J אא אאאא Jאאא Jא J١٩٩٣
٥ J אאאאאאא א J٢א Jא J١٩٩٧
٦ J אא Jאאא אאא Jאא J١٩٧٥
٧ J אא Jא J١٩٧٥
8- Industrial Chemistry J. A Cent, V.N.R Co 7th Ed. 1974 9- Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants E. E. Laudwing- Gulf Publishing Co. USA- vol. 1974
10- Industrial Chemistry E. Raymond-Reigel- Reinold publishing Co.-USA-1970
11-Chemical Process Industries R M Shreve's- Mc-Graw-Hill, USA 1985
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א
٢٥٧
אא
- ١٦٩ -
א א
אא
א ١
אא ٢
א ٢
אאאא ٣
אא ٦
אאא ٧
אאאא ٧
אא ٨
אא ٨
אא ٨
אא ٩
אאאאא ١١
אאWאא ٢٤
א ٢٤
אא ٣٥ אאאא ٣٥
אאא ٣٦
אאאאא ٤٠
אאאא ٤١
אאא ٤٥
אא ٤٥
![Page 189: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
א
٢٥٧
אא
- ١٧٠ -
א ٤٥
אא ٥٢
אאא ٥٣
אא ٥٥
אא ٥٨
אא ٥٩
אא ٦١
אא ٦٢
א ٦٢
א ٦٢
אאאא ٦٤
אאא ٦٦
אא ٦٦
א ٦٨
אא ٦٨
אא ٦٩
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אא ٧٨
אא ٧٨
٧٨
א ٨١
אאא ٨١
אאא ٨٢
אאא ٨٤
![Page 190: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
א
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אא
- ١٧١ -
אאא ٨٤
אאאא ٨٦
אא ٨٨
א ٨٩
א ٩٠
אא ٩٢
אא ٩٤
אא ٩٦
א ٩٨
א ٩٩
אא ١٠٠
אא ١٠٠
אאאא ١٠١
אאאא ١٠١
אאאא ١٠٢
אאא ١٠٢
א ١٠٤
אא ١٠٥
א ١٠٨
א ١٠٨
א ١٠٨ א ١٠٩
א ١٠٩
א ١٠٩
![Page 191: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
א
٢٥٧
אא
- ١٧٢ -
אא ١١١
א ١١١
אאא ١١٢
א ١١٢
אאא ١١٤
אאאא ١١٤
אאא ١١٥
אאאא ١١٥
אאא ١١٦
אא ١١٧
אאא ١١٧ אאאאא ١١٨
אא ١١٩
אאא ١٢١
אאא ١٢٣
אאאאאא ١٢٤
אאא ١٢٥
אא ١٢٦
אא ١٢٨
א ١٢٩
א ١٣٠
אא ١٣٢
א ١٣٢
אא ١٣٢
![Page 192: صناعات كيميائية نظري](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022012402/58ee18701a28ab301a8b46c7/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
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- ١٧٣ -
א ١٣٣
١٣٣
א ١٣٤
א ١٣٥
אא ١٣٦
א ١٣٦
אא ١٣٧
א ١٤٠
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א ١٤٢
אא ١٤٢
אא ١٤٤
אא ١٤٥
א ١٤٥
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א ١٤٨
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אאא ١٤٨
אא ١٥٠
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١٥٢
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