6 traditional housing styles. 7 introduction exterior design determines the style and mood that a...

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TRADITIONAL HOUSING STYLES

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Introduction

• Exterior design determines the style and mood that a home conveys to the public.

• That design also determines the basic layout and design of the home’s interior.

• Choices may include a traditional, modern, or contemporary style for the exterior of a home.

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Traditional Styles

• Over the years home styles developed in response to these factors:– family needs– available natural resources– climactic conditions

• Some of these historical styles still influence housing designs today.

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Native American

• Native Americans:– built the first homes in America.– used materials and a building style that

kept the structures cool in hot, dry weather.– developed the adobe home of New

Mexico, the most lasting adaptation of an Indian-style home.

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Adobe Home

• This style features thick, smooth adobe walls, flat roofs, and deep-set windows.

© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to produce for educational use only.

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Spanish

• Spanish-style homes:– existed in the southern part of

North America since the late 1500s.– are characterized by white stucco

walls and low-pitched tile roofs.– have wide overhangs, exposed roof

beams, balconies, and porches.– are most suited to a warm, dry

climate.


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Spanish Home

• Mexican barrel or red mission tiles are used on the roofs of Spanish-style homes.


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Swedish

• Swedish immigrants brought the log cabin to America.

• Original log cabins:– were small, rectangular one-story

homes with shingle-covered gable roofs.

– had windows made of thin, oiled skins.

• Log cabins may be built with round or squared-off logs.


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Dutch

• Dutch Colonial homes:– are most common in northern

states.– are usually constructed of

fieldstone, brick, or wood.– have a high gambrel roof with flared

eaves, their most notable feature.– include a central chimney, small

window panes, and dormers.


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Dutch Colonial

• This style, popular in New York and Delaware, has a flared eave called the Dutch kick.


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German

• Early German American homes:– were called Pennsylvania Dutch

Colonial homes.– were built of thick, fieldstone

walls for warmth and easy maintenance.

– often had small roof ledges between the first and second floor called pent roofs, which are a distinguishing feature.


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Pennsylvania Dutch Colonial

• The pent roof and unsupported hood over the front entrance are key features of this style.


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French

• The French Normandy style:– was the earliest of many American

housing styles influenced by the French.

– was brought to America by the Huguenots.

– is a rectangular cottage with a hip or gable roof and a central turret.

– usually stood 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 stories high with brick, stone, or stucco walls.

– used half-timber decoration.(Continued)


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French Normandy House

• The turret was originally used for grain storage, but eventually became a staircase.


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French

• The French plantation house:– was another architectural style

influenced by the French.– had an extended hip roof that covered

a porch.– often had French doors leading to a

patio.– in later styles, had a porch on the

second floor supported by posts or pillars.

(Continued)


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French Plantation House

• The French plantation house is most common in the southern states.


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French

• The Louisiana French style:– originated in New Orleans.– had a raised brick or stone

basement to protect against flooding.

– included balconies with lacy ironwork railings.

– had white stucco walls.

(Continued)


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Louisiana French House

• The typical Louisiana French-style house had a hip roof with two chimneys.


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French

• The French manor:– was a stately home, more

commonly built in northern states.– is rectangular and symmetrical,

having a wing on each side.– has a Mansard roof as its most

distinguishing feature and dovecote roofs on the wings.

– usually has painted brick walls.

(Continued)


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French Manor House

• The distinguishing Mansard roof is much more complex to build than gable or hip roofs.


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French

• Other French-style homes include:– the one-story French cottage.– French city houses, known as the

French Provincial style.


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French Provincial House

• The French Provincial style is known for second-story windows that break the roofline.


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English

• The Tudor-style home was predominant in England in the late 1500s.

• Tudor homes:– were distinguished by having several

gables on the roof and chimneys with many columns and decorative masonry.

– have half-timber construction.– are two to three stories tall with an

overhanging second story.

(Continued)


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Tudor Home

• Many modern homes are patterned after Tudor manors.


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English

• The Elizabethan-style manor:– displayed both Gothic and Dutch

influences.– was usually two or three stories

high, in an E-shape or other irregular shape.

– had bay windows, recessed doorways in arched frames, and decorative end gables.

(Continued)


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Elizabethan-Style Home

• Elizabethan manors are usually of stone, brick, or half-timber construction.


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English

• The Cotswold Cottage:– was popular in twentieth-century

America.– is distinguished by a compact size with

a very steep gable roof.– has small, irregularly-shaped rooms

that usually required walking through one to get to another.

– includes casement windows and recessed, arched doorways.

(Continued)


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Cotswold Cottage

• The walls of a Cotswold Cottage are brick, stone, wood, half-timber, or a combination.


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English

• The earliest colonial homes were simple in design, sturdy, and fairly small.

• The half-house:– had only one room on the main

floor, a tiny entrance, and a steep stairway leading to an attic.

– located the fireplace and chimney on a sidewall.

(Continued)


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The Half-House

• The half-house has one, small, multipurpose room on the main floor.


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English

• Later, double houses: – added a room to the half-house, thus

doubling the space on the main floor.– positioned the fireplace in a central

location.• The architecture of early homes

were adaptations of styles the colonists remembered from England.


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The Double House

• The centered fireplace warmed both rooms of the main floor.


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The Saltbox

• The saltbox:– evolved by adding a lean-to

structure to half-houses and double houses.

– has a long roofline that slopes gently from the ridge to the eaves.

• The addition provided extra space and protection from bitter winter winds.


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The Saltbox House

• The saltbox style is shaped like the boxes colonists used for storing salt.


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The Garrison

• The garrison style: – is known for its overhanging

second story.– had a steep roof, central

fireplace, and hand-carved brackets decorating the corners of the overhang.

– had walls of narrow wood siding.


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The Garrison House

• Extra space can be added to the second story of this style with little extra expense.


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The Cape Cod

• The Cape Cod:– developed from the half-house

and double house. – is one of the best-known examples

of traditional colonial styles.– has a steep gable roof with little

overhang.– usually has 1 or 1-1/2 stories with

a central chimney.

(Continued)


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The Cape Cod

• The Cape Cod (Continued):– may have narrow wood siding or

split shingles on the walls.– commonly has a central doorway

and small paned windows.

• Later Cape Cod homes:– had dormers on the second floor

and shutters on all windows.


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The Cape Cod House

• The style has a centered door, small paned windows, and steep gable roof with little overhang.


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The Cape Ann House

• The Cape Ann, a variation of the Cape Cod, has a larger central chimney and gambrel roof.


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Georgian

• As colonists prospered, they built more lavish homes, often in the Georgian style.

• The Georgian style:– is known for its symmetry, simple

lines, large size, and formal look.– is usually 2-1/2 or 3 stories high.– often has a band of stone between

stories.

(Continued)


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Georgian

• The Georgian style (Continued):– usually has a high hip or gable roof

with dormers.– may have a flat area on the roof

surrounded by an ornate railing.– in later styles, had a centrally

located main door with pilasters on both sides and a pediment above the door.


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Early Georgian Home

• The style featured brick or wood siding and large chimneys at both ends of the roof.


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Later Georgian Home

• Later styles had side wings and architectural details added to the front.


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Federal

• The Federal style of architecture:– was the style designed by Thomas

Jefferson for a newly formed country.– drew on the classic forms of Greek

and Roman architecture.– added Greek columns and a portico

to the front of a Georgian home.– often included pediments over

windows and doors.


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The Federal House

• Curved fanlights topped main entrances, and some roofs had balustrades along the entire edge.


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Greek Revival

• Greek-style homes:– are large and rectangular with

white-painted wood, brick, or stone exteriors.

– were distinguished by a two-story portico supported by Greek columns.

– have a gable end facing forward to form a triangular top.

– display pilasters instead of porticos at the front corners of smaller homes.


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Greek Revival Home

• The two-story portico supported by Greek columns is characteristic of larger homes.


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Southern Colonial

• The Southern Colonial:– evolved from the Greek revival

style.– reflects the warmth, charm, and

hospitality of the Old South.– were large homes with upper and

lower balconies.– featured three-story chimneys, a

hip or gable roof, ornate woodwork, and wrought iron trim.


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Southern Colonial Home

• This style is best known for its front colonnade and giant two-story portico.


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Italianate

• The Italianate style:– was best known for its square

tower at the top of the house.– became popular in America in the

1830s.– features a wide roof overhang

with decorative brackets.– has tall, thin windows and an

upright appearance.


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Italianate House

• The Italianate style is the forerunner of the city brownstone.


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Victorian

• English influence returned to American architecture after the Civil War.

• The Victorian style:– had scrolls and extensive

decorative trim called gingerbread surrounding eaves, windows, and doors.

– was named for Queen Victoria.


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Victorian House

• This ornate style also features high porches, steep gabled roofs, tall windows, and towers.


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Modern Designs

• New housing borrows many features and design elements from traditional styles.

• Most of today’s new homes are variations of the following basic styles:– the ranch– the split-level


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The Ranch House

• The ranch style:– is a long, low, one-story building

with no stairs.– was inspired by ranchers’ homes in

the southwest.– has a low-pitched gable roof with

long, overhanging eaves.– often has sliding glass patio doors

and large window areas today.

(Continued)


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A Ranch House

• A ranch is normally built on a concrete slab, but may have a crawlspace or basement.


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The Ranch House

• The ranch-style structure is rectangular or built in an irregular shape such as L, T, U, or H.

• Variations of the ranch include:– hillside ranch – raised ranch

• Part of the basement is exposed in a hillside ranch.

(Continued)


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Raised Ranch

• Part of the basement is aboveground in this style, allowing windows in basement walls.


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The Ranch House

• The ranch style is:– comfortable and easy to expand.– ideal for combining indoor and

outdoor living.– more expensive to build per sq.

ft. than two-story homes.– easier to maintain than other

home styles.


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The Split-Level House

• The split-level house:– is a ranch home designed for a

sloping or hilly site.– makes efficient use of space.– separates sleeping, living, and

recreation areas on different levels.

– requires very little hall space.

(Continued)


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A Split-Level House

• A split-level preserves the natural setting of a sloping site.


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• The lowest level:– is the basement level.– often includes storage, heating

and cooling equipment, and bath or work areas.

– usually takes up 40% to 60% of the total space occupied by the house.

(Continued)


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• The second level:– is ground level.– is called the intermediate level.– includes the garage, recreation

area, and foyer.

(Continued)


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• The next level:– is slighter higher than the

intermediate level and is used as the living level.

– is also at ground level due to the sloping site.

– includes the kitchen, dining room, living room, and bath.

– may also include the main entry, foyer, porch, and patio.

(Continued)


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• The highest level:– is the sleeping level.– houses the bedrooms and bath.– is private and quiet because the

sleeping level is separated from the living level.

– resembles the second story of a two-story house.

(Continued)


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• There are three main variations of the split-level design:– side-to-side– front-to-back– back-to-front

• Sites sloping from the left or right are best for the side-to-side design.

(Continued)


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Side-to-Side Split-Level


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• Sites that are high in front and low in back are best suited for the front-to-back style.– This style appears as a ranch

from the front and as a two-story house from the back.

(Continued)


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Front-to-Back Split-Level


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• A lot that is low in front and high in back requires a back-to-front design.– In this style, the living area is at

the rear of the house.


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Back-to-Front Split-Level


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• Split-level houses:– are natural solutions to hilly sites.– allow separation of functions in the

house.– are more expensive and

complicated to build than two-story or ranch homes.

– are difficult to heat evenly and may need zoned heating with separate thermostats.


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Contemporary Designs

• Contemporary designs:– are a departure from traditional

housing styles and materials.– are often experiments in solving

modern housing challenges.– usually complement the site and

provide a feeling of openness while retaining privacy.

(Continued)


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Unique Contemporary Design

• Contemporary styles may use nontraditional forms to create individualized designs.


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Familiar Contemporary Design

• Most contemporary homes are designed to harmonize with their surroundings.


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• Frank Lloyd Wright:– built some of the earliest

contemporary homes in the 1940s, focusing on efficiency, economy, and comfort.

– blended his home designs with their natural surroundings.

– generally used wood or stone as building materials.

(Continued)


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• Many contemporary homes are built with the effect of environmental conditions in mind.

• These homes include:– dome homes– solar homes– underground structures


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Geodesic Domes

• The geodesic dome design:– is an engineered system of

triangular frames that create a self-reinforcing roof and wall units.

– was created by R. Buckminster Fuller.

– reduces the quantity of building materials needed per sq. ft. by about 30%.

– also reduces heat loss.(Continued)


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Geodesic Domes

• Standard modular components were used to assemble this dome home.

Cathedralite Domes


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Geodesic Domes

• A dome structure needs no interior or exterior support systems.– This allows great flexibility for

interior floor plan designs.

• Other advantages include:– flexible interior decoration,

structural superiority, low cost, and reduced energy needs.


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Geodesic Dome

• Manufactured domes are one-story and two-story structures, with or without basements.

Hexadome of America, Inc., Nikkie Architecture


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Geodesic Dome

• Conventional materials such as asphalt shingles or cedar shakes weatherproof the exterior.

Linda Lindeman


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Foam Domes

• A dome built of polyurethane foam:– uses new materials as well as new

building and design concepts.– is created by spraying the walls of

an inflated polyurethane balloon with polyurethane foam.

– is the structure that remains after peeling away the balloon.

(Continued)


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Foam Domes

• Compared to a conventional home, a foam house:– costs about half as much.– can be built in a few weeks.– is 40% to 60% more energy

efficient.


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Solar Homes

• A true solar home:– has special design features for

maximum energy efficiency.– uses the weather conditions of its

site to advantage.– may use an active solar heating

system, but usually relies on passive solar heating.

(Continued)


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An Active Solar Home

• Solar panels installed on the roof provide active solar heating.

Trex Co.


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Solar Homes

• Signs of a solar home are:– a large, south-facing glass area.– a greenhouse on one or more sides.– masonry floors and walls serving as

heat collectors.

• Insulating glass is used for window areas and shutters preserve heat.

(Continued)


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A Passive Solar Home

• Large glass windows and masonry floors are often used to collect warmth from the sun.

Rutt


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Glossary• adobe

A building that has exterior walls of adobe brick, which are made of soil and straw and baked in the sun.

• Cotswold CottageA compact-size house with very steep gable roof; has casement windows and recessed-arched doorways.

• dormerA window set in a small projection from a slanted roof.

Back


98

Glossary• double houses

A colonial house with two rooms on the main floor and a centrally located fireplace.

• Dutch ColonialUsually constructed of fieldstone or brick; most notable feature is the gambrel roof that flares out at the bottom and extends to cover an open porch.

• ElizabethanHas both Gothic and Dutch influence; usually stone, brick, or half-timber construction standing two or three stories high.

Back


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Glossary• French doors

Doors with large areas of paned glass.

• French NormandyA housing style that is usually one-and-one-half to two-and-one-half stories high with brick, stone, or stucco walls and a central turret.

• geodesic domeAn engineered system of triangular frames that create self-reinforcing roof and wall units based on mathematically precise divisions of a sphere.

Back


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Glossary• half-house

A colonial house with one main floor room with a tiny entrance and a steep stairway leading to an attic.

• half-timberWall construction with large, rough wood support beams that are filled with masonry or plaster.

• hillside ranchA ranch-style house built on a hill so that part of the basement is exposed.

Back


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Glossary• Louisiana French

A housing style with a raised brick or stone basement and balconies with lacy ironwork railings that originated in New Orleans.

• Pennsylvania Dutch ColonialHouses built of thick, fieldstone walls with a pent roof and an unsupported hood over the front entrance.

• pent roofA small roof ledge between the first and second floors of a house.

Back


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Glossary• raised ranch

A ranch-style house with part of the basement aboveground.

• topographyThe configuration of the land’s surface with all its features, such as trees, streams, rocks, and manufactured structures.

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