淡江資管碩專一 799630180 許瀞文 799630081 陳雅玲 指導教授:戴敏育 博士...
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淡 江 資 管 碩 專 一799630180 許 瀞 文799630081 陳 雅 玲
指 導 教 授 : 戴 敏 育 博 士報 告 日 期 : 2011.03 .26
Soft Systems Methodology
-Peter Checkland “Soft Systems Methodology: A Thirty YearRetrospective” Systems Research
and Behavioral Science Syst. Res. 17, S11–S58 (2000)
Agenda
Overview History The 7-Stage Approach of SSM CATWOE Conceptual Models of Human Activity
Systems Outcomes and applications of SSM
Overview
ProblemSituation
Overview
Hard v.s. Soft實體論 v.s. 認識論
Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology
Soft systems methodology
來源 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology
Overview
Soft systems methodology
“is a framework which does not force or lead the systems analyst to a particular ‘solution’, rather to an understanding”
-- Hirschheim et al. (1995:242)
來源 : http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/publ/html/totland/ch0526.htm Beyond the information systems outsourcing bandwagon: The insourcing response --- Lacity, Mary Cecelia & Hirschheim, R. A.
History
1966 Gwilym Jenkins , University of Lancaster 使用系統工程的方法解決管理問題
1969 Peter Checkland Brian Wilson
Checkland, P. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, John Wiley & Sons, London, 1981.
Soft Systems Methodology: A Thirty Year Retrospectivea
來源 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology
The 7-Stage Approach of SSM
entering the problem situation,expressing the problem situation,formulating root definitions of relevant
systems,building Conceptual Models of Human
Activity Systems,comparing the models with the real world,defining changes that are desirable and
feasible, andtaking action to improve the real world
situation.來源 :Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice
來源 : http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/publ/html/totland/ch0526.htm
來源 :Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice
CATWOE
Game Rule
Criterion
思考方向
CATWOE
Clients – Who are the beneficiaries or victims of this particular system? (Who would benefit or suffer from its operations?)
Actors – Who are responsible for implementing this system? (Who would carry out the activities which make this system work?)
來源 :Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice
CATWOE
Transformation – What transformation does this system bring about? (What are the inputs and what transformation do they go through to become the outputs?)
Weltanschauung (or Worldview) – What particular worldview justifies the existence of this system? (What point of view makes this system meaningful?)
來源 :Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice
CATWOE
Owner – Who has the authority to abolish this system or change its measures of performance?
Environmental constraints – Which external constraints does this system take as a given?
來源 :Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice
Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems
To represent a viewpointNot intended to represent real world’s
objects
來源 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology
Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems
Form of bubble diagramsDescriptions of activities are enclosed in
bubblesBubbles link to each other by arrowsArrows are intended to represent logical
dependency
來源 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology
Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems
1. Using verbs in the imperative2. Write down activities necessary to carry out
the transformation3. Aim for 7 plus or minus 2 activities that are
at the same scale4. Select activities which could be done at
once
(Soft Systems - Modified December 2005, Bob Williams, The Kellogg Foundation)
Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems
5. Place these activities in a line6. Then those are dependent on these first
activities in a line7. Continue until all are accounted for
(Soft Systems - Modified December 2005, Bob Williams, The Kellogg Foundation)
Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems
8. Indicate the dependencies9. Rearrange to avoid overlapping arrows where
possible10. Add a means of assessing performance11. Include the aspects of the environment
identified in CATWOE12. Check
(Soft Systems - Modified December 2005, Bob Williams, The Kellogg Foundation)
Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems
An ongoing purpose A means of assessing performance A decision taking process Components that are also systems Components that are interact An environment Resources Continuity
(Soft Systems - Modified December 2005, Bob Williams, The Kellogg Foundation)
來源 :http://www.bryanhopkins.co.uk/learning_design/soft_systems.htm
來源 :http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=852235&show=html
來源 :http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jors/journal/v60/n2/full/2602542a.html
Conceptual Models of Human Activity Systems
Checkland - limited to a small number (seven, plus or
minus two) of bubblesCybernetics - the main activities are always supplemented
by bubbles representing monitor and control systems
Wilson's Information Requirements Analysis -
may expand to include hundreds of bubbles, and the monitor and control systems are
dropped.來源 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology
Outcomes and applications of SSM
Learning systemPart of a new paradigm for Operational
ResearchA front-end for information system design
來源 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology
Outcomes and applications of SSM
Address any kind of unstructured soft problem in any organizational or social context
Function as a learning system by facilitating a greater understanding of the problem situation
Produce various types of result by bringing out the world views of the people involved in the problem situation
來源 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology
Outcomes and applications of SSM
Organizational designInformation systemsGeneral problem solvingPerformance evaluationEducationMiscellaneous
來源 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology
References
線上資料 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_systems http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_systems_methodology http://www.idi.ntnu.no/grupper/su/publ/html/totland/ch0526.htm http://www.eulacias.org/materiales/caso_uy/curso_coinnovacion_2010/modulo2/
materiales/soft_systems_methodology_retrospective_checkland_2000.pdf http://www.bryanhopkins.co.uk/learning_design/soft_systems.htm http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=852235&show=html http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jors/journal/v60/n2/full/2602542a.html
書籍 Checkland, P. (1981) Systems Thinking, Systems Practice
論文 Peter Checkland (2000),“Soft Systems Methodology: A Thirty YearRetrospective”
Systems Research and Behavioral Science Syst. Res. 17, S11–S58 Lacity, Mary Cecelia & Hirschheim, R. A. Beyond the information systems
outsourcing bandwagon: The insourcing response Bob Williams (2005), Soft Systems - Modified December 2005