选修 8 马林霞. grammar the present perfect tense 现在完成时 : 基本用法...
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选修 8
马林霞
Grammar Grammar
The Present Perfect Tense
现在完成时 : 基本用法 现在完成时表结果 , 他的动作发生在过
去 , 但是对现在有影响 , 而这种影响却往往是说话人的兴趣所在。现在完成时跨越两个时间 , 一个是过去 , 另一个是现在。
Lead in
e.g. 我从 1975 年起就学英语。 I have studied English since 1975.
自 12 世纪以来 , 中国就使用彩色印刷了。 They have done color printing in
China since the 12th century.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
现在完成进行时 : 基本用法 1) 强调时间的持续性。如: 电话响了差不多一分钟 , 为什么没人接 ?
The telephone has been ringing for
almost a minute. Why doesn’t someone
answer it?
2) 表重复。叙述从过去某时到现在或最近已在重复的动作。如:
最近天气变化无常 , 我时常感冒。 The weather has been changeable
lately; I’ve been having a lot of colds.
3) 有感情色彩。如: 今天真是一个多事之日。 Too much has been happening today.
现在完成进行时和现在完成时的比较 :
A. 未完结性 I’ve cleaned the windows.
我把窗户擦干净了。 I’ve been cleaning the windows.
我擦窗户来着。 ( 可能窗户尚未擦完 )
B. 短暂性 现在完成时与现在完成进行时都可以表示延
续至今的状态 , 但完成进行是常表示短暂性。 A. They have lived in New York.
B. They have been living in New
York.
句 A 具有长期性 , 而句 B 具有短暂性。
C. 刚完结性 与现在完成时相比 , 现在完成进行时有时
可以表示刚刚完结的动作。有时它是现在事件的直接原因 , 或者是得出结论的证据。如 :
我的手很脏 , 我在油汽车来着。 My hands are dirty. I’ve been
painting the car. 你的眼睛又红又肿 , 你是不是哭来着? Your eyes are red and puffy. Have
you been crying?
D. 连续性或重复性 现在完成进行时常常用于表示延续至今
的连续性或重复性动作。如: Jim have been phoning Jenny every
night for the several month.
All these days he has been writing
articles to our magazine.
结论 : 现在完成进行时主要用于表示 A. 过去开始而且现在仍在进行的动作。 B. 过去开始 , 现在刚刚停止的动作。 C. 现在看到其直接结果的动作。 现在完成时主要用于表示已经完成的动
作及其与现在的关系。
In pairs, take turns to read the
statement and turn it into a question using
the present perfect continuous tense. The
words in brackets may help you. (P41)
e.g. S1: Mrs Smith learned to drive
three years ago. (how long)
S2: How long have you been
driving, Mrs Smith?
1. Sam has just finished learning to fly
an airplane on a six-month course. (how
long)
How long have you been learning to
fly an airplane, Sam?
2. He swam till he felt very tired. He has
just stepped out of the swimming pool.
(how long)
How long have you been swimming?
3. Sally and Zhou Xin have been busy
all day. (what)
What have you been doing, Sally and
Zhou Xin?
4. They have argued with each other
for years about the best way to grow
potatoes. (what)
What have you been arguing about
for years?
5. Jiao Yang uses a particular kind of
washing powder and his clothes have
always been clean and soft. (what)
Jiao Yang, what kind of washing
powder have you been using that
makes your clothes so clean and soft?
XP: What have you been doing?
PR:
XP: Where did you go for your holiday?
PR:
I've been out of the country for
several months resting between films.
To the Maldives. They are a beautiful
set of small islands where one can
swim, dive, observe the fish and
examine the coral reefs.
Ex.3 (P41)
XP: I see. So what arrangements have
you made for your next films?
PR:
XP: What is your next film about?
PR:
I've planned one for this spring and
another for the autumn.
It's a love story with Julia Roberts,
sailing in a boat and searching for
treasure.
XP: That sounds good. When and
where will you film it?
PR:
XP: I'm sure your fans will love that.
Why have you been so private?
PR:
It'll be filmed in Hawaii and we'll
begin in March.
I'm fed up with all the attention. It
has also been difficult for my wife.
XP: That is understood. Thank you so
much for your time.
PR: My pleasure.
So now and then we plan a little
time away by ourselves. Oh, I’ve
got to go now. Sorry!
Consolidation
1. —— Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
—— I'm tired. I ___ in the living room
all day.
A. painted
B. had painted
C. have been painting
D. have painted
2. — There is so much snow these days,
isn't there?
— Yes, it ____ for a few days.
A. was snowing
B. has been snowing
C. had been snowing
D. snowed
3. Although these scientists ____ on the
project for nearly four years, I don't
know how long it will last.
A. have been working
B. had worked
C. were working
D. are working
4. Now that she is out of job, Lucy ____
going back to school, but she hasn't
decided yet.
A. had considered
B. has been considering
C. considered
D. is going to consider
5. The little boy is dirty from head to foot
because he ___ in the mud all morning.
A. has played
B. is playing
C. has been playing
D. was playing
6. I ___ my work by the time the teacher
____ back.
A. was finished.., came
B. shall have finished.., comes
C. had finished.., comes
D. have finished.., will come
7. I ___ to see the film last week because
I ___ it twice.
A. didn't go... had seen
B. don't go... have seen
C. hadn't go... had seen
D. didn't go... have seen
9. I'll phone you if she ___ this evening. In fact she didn't tell me if she___.
A. would come.., will come B. will come.., came C. comes.., would come D. come.., came
8. Who do you guess ___ where I ___ just now? A. lie.., lay B. is lying.., lay C. lies.., lain D. lied.., laid
10. I ____ into the bus when I ___ a girl
call my name.
A. had hardly got..., hear
B. had hardly got..., heard
C. was no sooner setting..., heard
D. did hardly get..., had heard
1. A: --- I am sorry I _________ (keep) you waiting so long. B: --- It is all right. I ________________ (read) the newspapers. 2. The CCTV ____________________
(broadcast) English programmers ever since 1977.
用现在完成时和完成进行填空 :
have kept
have been reading
has been broadcasting
3. You _______ (feel) better when you
__________ (take) the medicine.
4. She said we __________ (may keep) the
book as long as we _____ (like).
5. Please wake me up if I ___ still _______
(sleep) when you _____ (come).
6. My sister ________________ (learn)
English since she ____ (be) a child. She
______ (speak) English fluently now.
will feelhave taken
might keep
liked
am sleeping
come
has been learning
wasspeaks
7. My uncle ________ (come) to see us.
He _______ (arrive) here a few days ago.
I _________ (start) for Sydney
tomorrow morning.
8. He _____ (break) his glasses when he
___________ (play) in a football match.
has come
arrived
will start
broke
was playing
1. Learn useful words and expressions
by heart and practice them.
2. Finish Ex. 1 and 2 on pages 40, 79
and 80.
Homework
1. Davidson Black was a Canadian
doctor who helped develop the
__________ that led to the discovery of
the bones in the Zhoukoudian Caves,
near Beijing. He was a specialist in the
study of bones and found it challenging
to search for and _______ bones of
techniques
identify
Learning about Language (P40)
early peoples. As his university was
______ of the significance of his work,
they give him ______ free time to do this
research. But later they felt his
behavior was not __________. When he
should have been teaching, he was often
away. As a result, they forbade him to
travel there anymore . So it was his
aware
ample
reasonable
assistant, Pei Wenzhong, who made the
discovery of these ________ bones and
_________ stone tools. Somehow he
cycled thirty _____ from the site to
show them to Dr Black. The scientist
________ that this discovery would
change the way people thought about
early people in China. He knew that his
primitive
sharpened
miles
assumed
success was almost _______ due to his
assistant’s systematic hard work.
entirely
1) Dr Davidson _______________ Mr
Pei because of his talent and hard work.
2) Every mother has the right to live
with her child, ____________ her social
position.
regardless of in spite of
think of think highly/ little of
thought highly of
2. Fill in the blanks, using the phrases
containing of below:
regardless of
3. _________ the strong wind, the mothe
r bird flew off to find food.
4. She frequently ________ Sophie, the c
hild she lost during the war.
5. The boss ______________ Sally’s sugg
estion. As a result, his company lost £ 3,
000,000 that year.
In spite of
thinks of
thought little of
archaeology reasonable formal
systematic applaud primitive technique
regardless excavation assume
Using Words and Expressions (P79--80)
1. I am learning to be an archaeologist.
I know the study of ___________ is
very __________. First you have to
learn the _________ of removing the
earth carefully so that you don't spoil
any finds. We were given _______
lessons in a group on the right and
wrong way to remove earth. I had
archaeology
systematic
technique
formal
________ that this would be easy but it
was more complicated than it looked.
Last summer I went on my first
__________ . We were digging a Roman
house in the middle of a former Roman
town.
We discovered some very important
________ tools in this house. They were
assumed
excavation
primitive
like the tools we use today. I suppose it
is __________ to say that our tools
developed from theirs. We worked
every day _________ of the weather.
Even when it rained, we sorted and
cleaned the finds. When we finished
working there a month later, we were
_________ for our commitment to find
out more about the past.
reasonable
regardless
applauded
1) When I __________ to that special
day, I am filled with excitement and
wonder.
2) I had to _________ my studies now
and then, but in the end I completed my
course and gained my degree.
tentative relieve ample interrupt affection look ahead
2.
look ahead
interrupt
3. There were ______ opportunities for
me to meet the pop group because they
lived in our apartment block.
4. She felt very ________ as she drove
her car for the first time on the road.
5. Mary's ________ for her
grandparents is obvious.
ample
tentative
affection
6. Sam felt _______ when the doctors
arrived because the accident was such
a serious one.
relieved