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Page 1: ˆˇ š† JEA Magazine˜˚˛˚˝˙ˆˇ ˘ ˙ ˆˇ ˝ ˇ ˇ ˙ ˆˇ ˚ ˇ ˇ ˜˚ ˆ˚• 2018.12.15 (BIM) †“‘ˆˇ ˘’ ˚ š€ ˚ “’“˝€ ‚ ˆˇ “ƒˆˇ … ˙

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7- References:1. Abel, Chris, Architecture, Technology and Process, Architectural Press, 2004.2. Breuer,Marcel,Vegesack,Alexander,Remmele, Mathias& Bergdoll, Barry,Marcel Breuer, Design and Architecture, Vitra Design Museum, 2003.3. Charleson, Andrew, Structure as Architecture: A Source Book for Architects and Structural Engineers, Architectural Press, 2005.4. Farouk Abbas Haidar, The Modern Encyclopedia of Building Construction Technology, The Basics of Building Construction, Part One, 9th Edition, Knowledge Establishment, Alexandria, 2006.5. Ali Raafat, Environmental Course - Building of the Future, Triangular of Architectural Creativity, Intellectual Creativity Courses, Cairo, First Edition, 2007.6. Davies, Colin, High Tech Architecture, Thames and Hudson Ltd., London 2000.7. The website of the brick company www.kitebricks.com8. Annual Civil engineering workshop at Ecole Centrale de Lille (ACE workshop 2017), Danich Technological Institute. https://www.dti.dk/projects/3d-printed-buildings/36993?cms.query=3d9. www.wired.co.uk10. https://3dprinthuset.dk/11. The website of the Chinese company apis cor http://apis-cor.com/en/12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing 13.https://www.treehugger.com/green-architecture/office-future-3d-printed-dubai.html

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5- 7 Software used in printing buildings 3D:3DM (Rhino), 3.DS (3DStudio), AC3D, ASE (3DStudio), CATPART and 3MF.6- The following table shows an analytical comparison between the smart bricks and the electronic bricks as two of construction systems in a method of pre-casting and the three-dimensional printing as a method of automated construction, with some standards:

6- 1- The results: - The building technology of the 3D printer will enable easily some complex architectural designs to be done in a simpler and easier way, and will allow the architect to implement more creative ideas for architectural designs that have previously come from the path of imagination.- The 3D printer to be used in construction may enhance the aesthetic and visual appearance of architecture and cities urbanism.- The technology of manufacturing smart and electronic bricks in the factories can be considered as a development of the pre-cast units that is used in the modern construction, as well as the 3D printing technology is a remarkable development in the construction methods.- The Intelligent and electronic bricks are the development of the building's component unit which was previously made of green mud bricks, stones then prefabricated units.- These developed technologies can be considered environmentally friendly constructions because it’s sustainable, easy to maintain and relatively cost-saving.- Smart and electronic bricks and 3D printer cannot be considered from green architecture because it does not follow all the principles of green architecture.- The construction of reinforced concrete has generally become one of the traditional construction methods. Smart and electronic bricks have been considered as an important industrial addition to the world of architecture and construction, and have become high modern intelligent systems of construction.

- Intelligent brick construction is a technology that will make buildings more sustainable, energy-efficient and cost-effective. As well as, the e-bricks will allow for early maintenance and identification of damaged areas in the building, These technologies are advanced construction systems that is for the air and heat insulation systems, stable, strong and resistant construction system which will increase the building's lifespan and make it more sustainable.

- One of the disadvantages of using a 3D printer in buildings that the building will not be resistant to weather factors and this will increase the need for permanent maintenance and will reduce its sustainability.- These complex techniques require skilled manual labor relatively high wages, which will be roughly equal to the wages paid for the lot of unskilled labor. Thus, the total labor costs used in construction will not be less.

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5 -6 - 2 Processing parts of origin outside the site:It is used in buildings with one or more floors. The parts of origin are processed in the factories and then transported to the site and raised using the cranes and installed on the columns built previously by traditional methods. As the method of construction used in the device is made in the form of winding in the walls based on the columns armed, increasing the strength and durability of the building, taking into account the existence of spaces in the walls to facilitate the extension of health and electrical, in addition to the possibility of adding insulation between the walls within these spaces.In addition to insert iron bars incidentally in the wall to ensure that no curvature or distortions in the concrete wall will happen.

S.N. Standards

Advanced Technologies

Pre -casting Technology Automated

Construction Tech.

Smart Bricks Electronic Bricks 3D Printing Less Average High Less Average High Less Average High

1 High Intelligent Technology

2 Sustainable Technology

3 Environment-ally Friendly Technology

4 Green Technology

5 Flexibility in Architectural Design

6 Energy Saving

7 Need manual labor

8 Need Well Trained labor

9 Cost saving

10 Saving Construction Time

11 Enhance the Optical and Visual Appearance of the Building

12 Constant, Strong and Resistant Building System

13 Ease of Arming

14 Ease of Electrical and Sanitary Wiring

15 Easy Maintenance

16 Air and Thermal Insulator System

17 Weather Resistant

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5 -3 Examples of 3D buildings:5- 3 -1 Future Office in Dubai:It is the first printed building to be used in 3D printing technology and is the best in the world. The building was constructed of a special cement mixture. The material used in the hologram process is plastic. The building was painted and printed within 17 days, with an area of 2,700 square meters.

5 -3- 2 Pedestrian Bridge in Spain:The first 3D pedestrian bridge was launched on December 14, 2016 at the Castilla-La Mancha Urban Park in Alcobendas, Madrid. The material was developed and manufactured in three-dimensional print. The bridge is 12 meters long and 1.75 meters wide Meters and printed with a small concrete. The architectural design was carried out by the Institute of Advanced Architecture in Catalonia.

5- 3- 3 Water and Electricity Installations.The Chinese company apis cor specialized in printing 3D buildings that 90% of the structure of the whole construction, decorations, electrical extensions, water extensions and kitchen furniture was manufactured and equipped within the factory by a three-dimensional printing technique and installed inside the construction site and other ways are printed hollow walls, Inside the cavity to provide the reinforcement of the walls. This cavity also leaves space for insulation and extension of electrical and sanitary wiring. 5- 4 Advantages of three-dimensional printing:1. Increase ability of design a larger range of homes and custom buildings.2. Provide 3060%- of construction waste.3. Reduce production time by 50% -70%.4. Reduce construction labor costs by 50% -80%.5 - Save time so that the work is done in record time relative to the traditional construction.6 - Saving the cost of construction by a large proportion to the traditional construction.7. Preserve the environment.8. Life expectancy is 175 years.

5- 6 Basic rule in 3D buildings: After processing and drawing the origin in the CAD file and linking the file to the printer. The building is built in one of the following ways.5- 6 -1 Processing origin at the same site:"This type is used in the construction of one-story buildings". This is done by placing an iron disc in the center of the base and extending the concrete control arm in the diameter to be constructed. The printer will start pouring the concrete according to the shape set in the CAD file installed in the machine.

5- 7 Software used in printing buildings 3D:3DM (Rhino), 3.DS (3DStudio), AC3D, ASE (3DStudio), CATPART and 3MF.6- The following table shows an analytical comparison between the smart bricks and the electronic bricks as two of construction systems in a method of pre-casting and the three-dimensional printing as a method of automated construction, with some standards:

6- 1- The results: - The building technology of the 3D printer will enable easily some complex architectural designs to be done in a simpler and easier way, and will allow the architect to implement more creative ideas for architectural designs that have previously come from the path of imagination.- The 3D printer to be used in construction may enhance the aesthetic and visual appearance of architecture and cities urbanism.- The technology of manufacturing smart and electronic bricks in the factories can be considered as a development of the pre-cast units that is used in the modern construction, as well as the 3D printing technology is a remarkable development in the construction methods.- The Intelligent and electronic bricks are the development of the building's component unit which was previously made of green mud bricks, stones then prefabricated units.- These developed technologies can be considered environmentally friendly constructions because it’s sustainable, easy to maintain and relatively cost-saving.- Smart and electronic bricks and 3D printer cannot be considered from green architecture because it does not follow all the principles of green architecture.- The construction of reinforced concrete has generally become one of the traditional construction methods. Smart and electronic bricks have been considered as an important industrial addition to the world of architecture and construction, and have become high modern intelligent systems of construction.

- Intelligent brick construction is a technology that will make buildings more sustainable, energy-efficient and cost-effective. As well as, the e-bricks will allow for early maintenance and identification of damaged areas in the building, These technologies are advanced construction systems that is for the air and heat insulation systems, stable, strong and resistant construction system which will increase the building's lifespan and make it more sustainable.

- One of the disadvantages of using a 3D printer in buildings that the building will not be resistant to weather factors and this will increase the need for permanent maintenance and will reduce its sustainability.- These complex techniques require skilled manual labor relatively high wages, which will be roughly equal to the wages paid for the lot of unskilled labor. Thus, the total labor costs used in construction will not be less.

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5 -1- 4 Armrest control: There are two types of control arms:A: Passive robot nozzle (passive robot nozzle):Concrete flow is controlled by a pump and the nozzle robot acts as a distributor and determines the shape of the printed layers. B: Active "robot nozzle" Concrete flow is controlled by a pump: This helps to give a high degree of precision in concrete control.5- 2Types of printing three-dimensional:5 -2- 1 Print within the site:In this type of construction the printing is done in the same location.• Advantages and disadvantages of in-site construction:- Full construction at once does not need to be assembled.- Charging as few building elements as possible.- Changing weather factors, unless the building is kept in a tent (costs)

5 -2- 2 Off-site construction (Prefab Construction) Ready-made items are printed in the production area where the 3D printer is stationary. The items are then shipped to the construction site and assembled on site.• Advantages and disadvantages of off-site construction- Fixed system can be built over a floor- Stable weather factors (indoor)- Shipping items- More manual work at the construction site.

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5Usage of 3D Construction Printing:3D printing (added printing or additional manufacturing) is a production technique for creating solid objects from a digital file that has been loaded into a 3D printer. The printer reads the file and places successive layers of materials used in construction, such as plastics, resins, concrete, sand, or metals, until the entire object is created.The first 3D printer was invented in 1983 by Charles W. Over the past decades, 3D printing has become one of the fastest growing at present.3D printing technology will increase the sustainability of buildings Building homes can be built on the basis of physical ability to student home 3D buildings can be used to provide environmental sustainability of building materials.Building buildings in complex forms will be able to eliminate previous obstacles related to the reduction of traditional building techniques. 53 1-D printer components:5 -1- 1 Materials used in construction: Concrete is similar to the concrete used in conventional construction, but its thickness ranges from (14-cm) and is capable of bearing pressure more than concrete components (concrete / cement, wax, foam, polymers) (polymer bonding) It is thicker than regular concrete, allowing it to support itself as concrete groups and then spraying with water to begin the scaling process. And other materials are added to make them more powerful and hard.5 -1 -2 Concrete mixer:

Concrete mixer consists of multiple stages:1-Production stage A-line Concrete B-Block Concrete C-Drain Drying Moisture2- Pumping stage3- Stage printing: A-The concrete moves to the joystick53-1- Concrete pump:There are two types of concrete pumps:A: Peristaltic concrete pump.It is used in the flow of concrete through pipes but not used for its control difficulties which are large in size and used in the initial testsB: Progressive cavity pump.This type is controlled by concrete flow rate, which is better than other types and facilitates the process of control printing and suitable to high viscosity materials.

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Room temperature control significantly reduces operating costs. There is almost no debris in the construction site, which means clean and quiet construction.It does not require scaffolding, since when the brick is completed, it does not require a mortar or a compromise, so it is possible to build a multi-story building with ease.

And the existence of elevators enough to lift bricks and no need for cranes at the workplace, and do not need the floor of the building to the sand has become a building sand is expensive and there is little available in the world.All of the infrastructure can be accessed by patenting removable surfaces from barriers. This means that there are no more floors or broken walls to reach leaky pipes and cables.The bricks are available in suitable sizes, sizes and finishes. No additional finishing work is required at the construction site.

4-Electronic bricks:The idea of smart bricks in the future may lead to a more complex idea based mainly on providing bricks with electronic sensor technology and can make home and office towers and offices launch early warning signs of what the building could be exposed to, thus saving the lives of hundreds of people. These bricks may have been able to reveal the hidden destruction of such natural disasters. There are buildings and facilities that are heavily affected and in many cases destroyed by such disasters, but that effect remains hidden from the eyes of ordinary citizens and even engineers.

The difference lies in the fact that electronic bricks are equipped with sophisticated electronic devices, sensors, sensors, signal processors, wireless communication links, and a battery that provides the energy needed to perform its function and technological work. He said that all these devices and contents are stuffed in one package compressed together, in the smallest possible space within the smart brick unit.

In terms of construction engineering, the simplest and least skilled construction workers can deal with it as if it were dealing with ordinary bricks. Sensors are also included in regular building materials, such as plastic, wood, reinforced concrete.

However, the engineering idea is to distribute a number of these bricks in different parts of the building, which together constitute a single, highly efficient electronic network that can give a general and accurate picture of the engineering condition of the building and its stability. There is no doubt that this information will be of great importance to firefighters and other rescue teams in the event of any disasters or shocks, which have devastating effects on the building.

For example, electronic information about the building can identify for engineers and building managers where reinforcement and reinforcement are required, be it at the base or base of the building, the engineering need to change some walls, and other engineering weaknesses and maintenance requirements in the building. In this sense, modern technology will be of great help to architects and technicians in their work, especially in relation to the detection of building defects and vulnerabilities.

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The bricks are designed to be linked together in an innovative and deliberate way, similar in design to the Lego, to become a complete Lego full-sized building.The bonding of the bricks is designed by means of an adhesive that is somewhat similar to a strong adhesive tape on both sides, which means that these bricks do not require cement, as in traditional bricks, which greatly reduces costs.

3- 3The importance of smart bricks:3- 3- 1 Money saving: It is estimated that the use of the revolutionary brick system can save 50% of the total expenditure associated with the construction of an eight-story building.

32-3- Energy saving: The amazing thermal properties of bricks can lead to significant savings in heating and cooling costs. It is known that 60% of the building's energy costs are related to heating and cooling, including water heating. Intelligent brick technology enables huge savings in electricity and other energy costs by effectively reorienting heat in the summer, while being trapped and prevented from leaking through walls and surfaces in the winter. The design of the bricks allows more control of thermal energy through thermal insulation technology, which was the main reason for the development of this product. Thus provide great owners as well as a lower energy impact for all users of this technology.

3 -3- 3 Resource conservation: Custom-made bricks, including shapes, sizes and finishes, are manufactured from home and abroad. In the intelligent brick building project, the required bricks are delivered to the construction site, where the desired structure is installed quickly and quietly with minimal work and time, in addition to doors, windows and others.

3 -3 - 5 Progress in Construction Technology by Smart Bricks: There are no real alternatives to smart bricks. Most types of brick provide a simple structural scaffold of origin on or through important elements - just as it was 100 years ago. Some advanced blocks may contain quarantine. Smart Brick offers everything: high thermal control, complete pathway for pipes, wires, cables, interior and exterior finishes, and unusual tensile strength, easy of construction, material safety and overall application throughout the building - floors, ceilings and walls.

3- 4 The view of architects in the development of bricks:Architects who have been consulted in the development of bricks see a new world of possibilities and opportunities; revolutionary and inexpensive structures will be created, ranging from single-story homes to multi-story towers and a 50% reduction in construction cost.

3- 3 -4 Large Resistance: The meth od of building intelligent bricks and arming them with iron rods through its upper, connected openings makes it a strong and cohesive structure and is resistant to any load conditions or harsh weather conditions, which greatly reduces the requirements of natural materials such as sand, iron and water. These bricks are designed with the help of top experts in construction and design. Brick and associated structures are manufactured to obtain maximum resistance, including during earthquakes and various weather factors.

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1- Introduction: In the era of smart phones, smart homes and smart interactive screens, and the unusual competition for inventions in the fields of construction and the field of construction technology in particular has been developed in an exponential manner in the modern times to become the clearest sign of the civilizations and development of nations, also the era of skyscrapers and high-tech buildings.

2- Using Bricks as a New System in Construction:Kite Bricks has announced its intention to provide the world with intelligent coats that can be used primarily in multi-story buildings and even skyscrapers. Brick is distinguished from ordinary bricks for several reasons.

3-Smart Bricks:31- Definition of smart brick:Intelligent bricks as new construction system are a revolution in the world of construction technology. These bricks are suitable for the construction of houses, buildings and towers. They are constructed to be high resistance concrete blocks or light squares which suitable for the precise construction needs.

32-The internal structure of the smart brick: It contains gaps in the form of rooms, which reduces the weight, and earns a high thermal and aerodynamic isolation. The cabinets in these bricks are extended and connected to facilitate the extension of the power lines or the water extensions inside. The walls in this system are covered with removable interfaces so there will be no need to cover or paint them.The rows along the bottom of the brick are open on the lower row headstones, while the iron bars are inserted through the channels between the bricks to make the entire wall very durable.

In addition to an integrated access panel, it can be opened (as mentioned) to facilitate any modifications or repairs to the water or electricity network without the need to crack bricks.Each brick also contains intelligent optics that focus the inner solar radiation into small solar cells that enhance the total energy generated by each cell.

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Research entitled:Dr. Arch. Eng. / Lamis Sayed Mohamady AbdelkaderDepartment of Architectural Engineering, Hijawi Faculty of Engineering Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.Faculty of Industrial Education, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.Contact: [email protected]@yu.edu.jo

Abstract:The research discussed the usage of two of innovative precast and mechanic systems in construction. First, study the precast system which is using smart bricks as a new system in construction, in addition to clarification of the internal structure of the smart brick with its importance and explaining the progress in construction technology by smart bricks. As well as mention the view of architects in the development of bricks and electronic bricks and discuss the usage of 3D printing in constructions with telling the 3D printer components which are the materials, concrete mixer, concrete pump, armrest control. Then clarify the types of printing three-dimensional with mention some examples of 3D buildings. Finally, an analytical comparison between the smart bricks and the electronic bricks as two of construction systems in a method of pre-casting and the three-dimensional printing as a method of automated construction, with some standards such as sustainability, intelligence, environmental Friendly, green architecture, flexibility in architectural design, need for labor, enhance the optical and visual appearance of the building. Then, mention the desired results from the research and references. Keywords: Pre-Casting, Mechanism Constructions, 3D Printers, E-bricks, Smart bricks, Building Technology.

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Analytical Study for the Impact of Using Smart Bricks & E-bricks and 3D Building Printers on Architecture

3- 3 -4 Large Resistance: The meth od of building intelligent bricks and arming them with iron rods through its upper, connected openings makes it a strong and cohesive structure and is resistant to any load conditions or harsh weather conditions, which greatly reduces the requirements of natural materials such as sand, iron and water. These bricks are designed with the help of top experts in construction and design. Brick and associated structures are manufactured to obtain maximum resistance, including during earthquakes and various weather factors.

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• As a transparent armor material, ALON provides a bulletproof product with far less weight and thickness than traditional bulletproof glass. 1.6" thick ALON armor is capable of stopping .50 BMG armor-piercing rounds, which can penetrate 3.7" of traditional glass laminate.

• Semi-conductor related applications• Refractories• Insulators and heat radiation plates• Optoelectronic devices• Metal matrix composites• Power and multichip modules• Translucent ceramics• High temperature materials and heat sinks• Break rings• Thermally conductive filler• Integrated circuit packages and substrates

• Additionally, compliant and integrated internal structures can be tailored to enhance mechanical properties such as toughness, structural integrity or ballistic performance of the component. .LimitationsSince the discovery of transparent aluminum ceramics in the early 1950s, many researchers have been involved in the study of transparent aluminum ceramics. Their work reports a number of challenges to be resolved for obtaining transparent aluminum ceramics with high transmittance rate, which includes the following:• Minimizing impurities• Eliminating micropores• Controlling grain boundaries.

Although several research works suggest methods to improve transmittance of transparent aluminum by controlling the average grain size under 1 µm in specific wavelength, the grain sizes could not be decreased effectively into a scale that is very much smaller than the wavelength of visible light, using current techniques.As a result, the transmittance of the material is dramatically reduced with the decreasing wave length in visible light range. Therefore, the problem of birefringence in transparent aluminum could not be resolved essentially. In addition, the cost of producing transparent aluminum is very high when compared to that of other transparent ceramics.References• Method for manufacturing transparent polycrystalline aluminum oxynitride – Patentdocs• Aluminum Oxynitride (ALON) (Al23O27N5) Powder – Reade• Transparent aluminium is 'new state of matter' - Phys.org• How Transparent Aluminum Armor Works - Howstuffworks?• http://alemassociates.com/mambo/content/view/3358//

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Applications:

In this method, a sintering additive is added to a source powder composed of less than 0.5 wt.% of MgO. The source powder is then presintered at temperatures ranging from 1550 to 1750°C (2822 to 3182°F) to obtain a cubic-phased polycrystalline aluminum oxynitride ceramic having a relative density of more than 95%. The source powder can be again sintered at 1900°C (3452°F) in order to further increase the relative density of the material. As a result, the porosity is eliminated and the transparency increases to more than 95%.

Production MethodSome of the applications of transparent aluminum include the following:• Although this material is still currently very expensive, it has the potential to create various defense applications like Recce sensor windows, transparent armor, windows for laser communications and specialty IR domes with different shapes that include hemispherical and hyper-hemispherical domes. The transparent aluminum will not fracture like silica glass and can be used for harsh environmental conditions.

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Properties Values

Specific heat capacity 0.781 J/(g·°C)

Thermal conductivity in comparison with Silica

Glass

12.3 W/(m·°C)

Thermal expansion coefficient ~10×4.7−6/°C Transparency range 200–5000 nm

• ALON also appears to be radiation-resistant and resistant to damage from various acids, bases, and water.

3- Thermal and optical PropertiesThe thermal and optical properties of transparent aluminum are shown in the following table:

2- Mechanical PropertiesThe mechanical properties of transparent aluminum are shown in the following table:

Production MethodThe fabricated ceramic material is subjected to heat treatment at elevated temperatures followed by the process of grinding. The material is then polished to obtain transparency. It loses transparency at around 2100°C (3812°F). The processes of grinding and polishing mainly enhance the impact resistance and the resulting material is harder than sapphire by 85% and magnesium aluminate spinel by 15%.

However, transparent aluminum produced by conventional methods has a high porosity and hence low transparency. Lee et al from Yeungnam University proposed a manufacturing method that solves this in 2010.

References• Method for manufacturing transparent polycrystalline aluminum oxynitride – Patentdocs• Aluminum Oxynitride (ALON) (Al23O27N5) Powder – Reade• Transparent aluminium is 'new state of matter' - Phys.org• How Transparent Aluminum Armor Works - Howstuffworks?• http://alemassociates.com/mambo/content/view/3358//

Properties Values

Compressive strength 2.68 GPa

Compressive strength of aluminium from

0.03 GPa to 0.28GPa

Flexural strength 0.38-0.7 GPa

Fracture toughness 2 MPa.m 2/1 Knoop hardness 1870 kg/mm2 Poisson ratio 0.24

Shear modulus 135 GPa

Young modulus 334 a

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Properties:1- Chemical properties

Properties Values Chemical Formula Al 23-3/1XO+27X N 5-X

Molecular Weight N/A

Appearance White to transparent solid

Melting Point ~°1200C (°2190F).

Boiling Point N/A

Density 3.696 -3.691 g/cm3

Solubility in H2O Insoluble

Refractive Index 1.79

Crystal Phase / Structure Cubic, spinel

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Aluminum OxynitrideCAN ALUMINUM BE TRANSPARENT?

Transparent aluminum, also known as aluminum oxynitride, is a transparent polycrystalline ceramic with a cubic spinel crystal structure made of nitrogen, oxygen and aluminum.

The first reported work on transparent polycrystalline ceramics goes back to the 1950s. Candidate polycrystalline transparent ceramic compositions include yttrium aluminum garnet and yttria, but aluminum oxynitride (γ-AlON) and magnesium aluminate spinels seem to have established themselves as leading candidates in multiple market segments, such as the military, aerospace, and lasers, mainly because of their durability, availability in large sizes, and cost. Today, γ-AlON and magnesium-spinel are manufactured in large sizes and in large volumes. However, high cost remains a barrier to their deployment as replacements for glasses and some opaque ceramics. Growing demand in current and emerging markets position these materials at the cusp of new commercialization opportunities in terms of volumes and costs.

It is optically transparent in the near-ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions. It is four times harder than fused silica glass, 85% harder than sapphire and 15% harder than magnesium aluminate spinel. The material remains solid up to 1200°C (2190°F). It has good corrosion resistance and resistance to damage from radiation and oxidation. It is about three times harder than steel of the same thickness.

Domes, tubes, transparent windows, rods and plates can be produced from this material using conventional ceramic powder processing methods. Methods for manufacturing transparent aluminum remain refined. The cost of this material is similar to that of synthetic sapphire.

Transparent polycrystalline cubic spinels protect and defend

Eng. Abeer Awad

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0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Load

(kN)

Deflection (mm)

CBOS-T3-I0FD-I0BS-T3-I0BS-T5-I0FD-I45BS-T3-I45BS-T5-I45

Fig.3 : Load-Deflection relations

Table 1: Testing Results.

0

50

100

150

200

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Load

(kN)

Deflection (mm)

CBOS-T3-I0FD-I0BS-T3-I0BS-T5-I0FD-I45BS-T3-I45BS-T5-I45

Specimen

designation

Load at failure

(kN)

Maximum Deflection

(mm)

Strengthening ratio (%)

Failure mode

CB 191 6.90 - Shear

FD – I0 207 7.53 8.38 Peeling -off

OS-T3- I0 191 6.83 0 Shear

BS-T3- I0 223 8.30 16.75 Peeling -off

BS-T5- I0 247 9.10 29.32 Peeling -off

FD – I45° 211 7.64 10.47 Peeling -off

BS-T3- I45° 234 8.60 22.51 Shear

BS-T5- I45° 271 12.30 41.88 Peeling -off

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Fig 1: Sketch of Test Setup.

Fig.2: Strengthening Configurations.

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Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected], Tel: +962786188621.Experimental program

Experimental programTest beam designEight under-reinforced concrete beams with dimensions "15x25x130-cm", were designed with shear deficiency according to ACI code, 31814-. All beams were reinforced with three 14 mm diameter steel bars on the tensile side and two 10 mm diameter on the compressive side. The shear reinforcement consisted of closed ribbed steel stirrups of 6mm diameter distributed at "200 mm" spacing along the entire length of the beam span.

Test ProcedureAll specimens have been tested under a four-point loading using a load control criteria for the purpose of this study. One Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) was fixed at the mid span from the bottom of the sample to measure the vertical deflection of the samples during the testing, as shown in Fig.1. The testing was conducted using a hydraulic testing machine of about 370 kN load capacity and a load rate of (0.250.50-) kN/sec.

The load was gradually increased and the cracks were observed on the concrete surface until the specimen fails. After that, the load and displacement values were recorded using a computerized data collection system.

Strengthening ProcessFirstly, the grooves were cut in the concrete cover by an electrical drill so as to install the NSM-CFRP strips, to fit the groove dimensions.

Then the grooves were cleaned by a vacuum cleaner "hoover" to get rid from the dust, after that, the CFRP strips are cut at the required lengths by the cutting machine, then the two-components adhesive material is got by mixing the two components at a ratio of (3:1) by an electrical mixer, thereafter, the groove is filled halfway with epoxy paste, then the CFRP strip is placed in the groove and gently pressed, this force make the paste to flow around the strip and fill completely between the strip and the groove sides. Finally, the groove is filled with more paste and the surface is leveled. The specimens were cured for seven days, so that the strengthening components can be bonded strongly. See Figure 2 (a-h).Results of the Study

The failure loads carried by the tested beams and the maximum deflections at mid span of beams are listed in Table 1.

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The Effect of Length and Inclination of Near Surface Mounted (NSM) Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP)

Strips on the Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams

Mohammad I. AL-Zu'bia

Graduate student, Civil Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology,P. O. 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan.

AbstractThis paper presents the results of experimental work that investigated shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams have dimensions of (15x25x130-cm), using Near Surface Mounted (NSM) Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) strips. A group of eight RC beams have been tested under four-point loads, one of them was kept as a control beam, in which no NSM CFRP strengthening was applied.

The crack propagation and failure modes have been observed and analyzed. The results with respect to the load-carrying capacity, stiffness and toughness have been obtained from the load deflection relations of the strengthened beams, which were compared with the one got from the control specimen.

The length and inclination of the CFRP strips were utilized as major parameters, to get the optimum configuration which gives the most efficient strengthening process. In order to investigate the length of CFRP strips, four beams have been tested with four different configurations, the first one, the CFRP strips were installed at the full depth of the beam, while the second one is embedment of the strips "3 cm" far from the beam edge, once from the top, and the other from the bottom and so on, the last two configurations were to install the strips "3 cm" and "5 cm" far from the both beam edges. Also, to investigate the effect of inclination of CFRP strips, three beams have been tested in which the strips were installed at 45° inclination, with the same lengths mentioned above. It is found that the beams strengthened with strips trimmed by "5 cm" provided more failure load, stiffness and toughness than those strengthened with strips trimmed by "3 cm", which were more efficient than those strengthened with strips installed at a full depth.

The results showed that the embedment of CFRP strips at a one side does not improve the load-carrying capacity significantly. For the strips installed at 45° inclination, they provided a more strengthening capacity ratio, toughness and stiffness than those of the vertical strips. For the failure modes, almost all specimens failed due to shear cracks which caused peeling-off and delamination of the side concrete cover.

Key words: Near Surface Mounted (NSM); Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP); Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams; shear strengthening.

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Many architectural applications recently based on parametric computational genetic Algorithms that allow designers to solve the complexity of the Architectural design such as structural systems, spaces functions, complexity of circulations , building openings, environmental adaptation and space organizations ..Etc.

and each individual's genome is modified (recombined and possibly randomly mutated) to form a new generation. The new generation of candidate solutions is then used in the next iteration of the algorithm. Commonly, the algorithm terminates when either a maximum number of generations has been produced, or a satisfactory fitness level has been reached for the population at the end in order to achieve the target of architectural problem solving.

Figure 04: Architecture problem solving method using Genetic Algorithm

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Genetic AlgorithmsGenetic algorithm is the optimization method of architectural problem solving. Parametric designers recently consider it as the evolutionary principles applied to architectural problem solving. It is a metaheuristic inspired by the process of natural selection that belongs to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA) based on the concept of Darwin’s theory of evolution. Genetic algorithms are commonly used to generate high-quality solutions to optimization and search problems by relying on bio-inspired operators such as mutation, crossover and selection. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is widely adopted in optimization and the improvement of its optimization performance is attracting many researchers’ attentions. In solving practical problems in the process of architectural design, the ways of converting design problems into mathematical models that can be addressed by GA are of great significance in achieving final optimal results. However, no such rule that can be applied to such conversion has been developed so far. In general, problems which can be addressed by GA can be divided into combinatorial problems and numerical problems, by means of attempting to.Voronoi AlgorithmsThe Voronoi geometry in both 2D and 3D is an organizational natural phenomena that is in some cases referred to nature‘s rule. It re-occurs at a variety of scales, materials, and life forms. Many examples are found in biology, mineralogy of formation principles geometry, and construction such as foams, sponges, bone structures and crystals. The natural geometrical formula of the Voronoi is called Voronoi diagram. It is a partitioning of a plane into regions based on distance to points in a specific subset of the plane. That set of points (called seeds, sites, or generators) is specified beforehand, and for each seed there is a corresponding region consisting of all points closer to that seed than to any other. These regions are called Voronoi cells. The Voronoi diagram of a set of points is dual to its Delaunay triangulation (figure 2).disintegrate a complicated architectural problem into combinatorial and numerical problems, the feasibility of This method in architectural design and practicality of solving different architectural types of problems is simultaneously utilizing GA and discloses both advantages and disadvantages of GA by comparing with other algorithms (Figure 04). In a genetic algorithm, a population of candidate solutions (called individuals, creatures, or phenotypes) to an optimization problem is evolved toward better solutions. Each candidate solution has a set of properties (its chromosomes or genotype) which can be mutated and altered; traditionally, solutions are represented in binary as strings of 0s and 1s, but other encodings are also possible. The evolution usually starts from a population of randomly generated individuals, and is an iterative process, with the population in each iteration called a generation. In each generation, the fitness of every individual in the population is evaluated; the fitness is usually the value of the objective function in the optimization problem being solved. The more fit individuals are stochastically selected from the current population,

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Voronoi Algorithms have practical and theoretical applications in a large number of fields, mainly in science and technology, but also in Architecture. such as King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Centre designed by Zaha Hadid.

The project main inspiration was the Voronoi cells as the primary organizing strategy of the design is a cellular, partially modular system that integrates different departmental buildings as a single ensemble with interconnecting public spaces. Hexagonal prismatic honeycomb structures use the least material to create a lattice of cells within a given volume. This structural and organizational principle determined KAPSARC’s composition as an amalgamation of crystalline forms that emerges from the desert landscape, evolving to best respond to the environmental conditions and internal program requirements. The honeycomb grid is compressed towards its central axis as an extension of the natural wadi that runs to the west. (figure3).

The modular design generates consistent organizational, spatial and structural strategies that drive all elements of the plan. The six sides of the hexagonal cells also offer greater opportunities for increased connectivity when compared to rectangular cells with only four sides

Figure 2 : voronoi parametric algorithm inspired by nature

Figure 3: King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Centre designed by Zaha Hadid

Figure 1: parametric Architectural different metaphor methods

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Parametric algorithms of Nature

In this method, Nature is considered as the main source for parametric mathematical and geometrical equations. Actually, this method isn’t new as architects through history have used nature for inspiration for their building form designs and approaches of decoration. But using inspiration from nature developed the emulation process of nature to become the source for many disciplines and recently recognized as "BIOMIMICRY". Parametric relations inspired by nature provide innovations in the new architectural trend that can fulfil the complexity of nature geometries, shapes and form generation process; ways could apply the tools which could be used to emulate the algorithms of Nature. The new power of digital tools applications specially "PARAMETRIC DESIGN TOOLS" and the rabid development of computer aided design tools has been the main umbrella to generate this method. Nature allowed designers through Algorithms to emphasis their projects with elements which are characterized by natural patterns and phenomena such as connections, adaptations, interaction efficiency and structures and materials optimization, as well as interaction with the environment. The need for parametric computational tools: This inspiration from nature take evolves and expands to a large extent that made the designers has the desire to simulate nature forms, aesthetic elements and smart solutions derived by nature.

Voronoi AlgorithmsThe Voronoi geometry in both 2D and 3D is an organizational natural phenomena that is in some cases referred to nature‘s rule. It re-occurs at a variety of scales, materials, and life forms. Many examples are found in biology, mineralogy of formation principles geometry, and construction such as foams, sponges, bone structures and crystals. The natural geometrical formula of the Voronoi is called Voronoi diagram. It is a partitioning of a plane into regions based on distance to points in a specific subset of the plane. That set of points (called seeds, sites, or generators) is specified beforehand, and for each seed there is a corresponding region consisting of all points closer to that seed than to any other. These regions are called Voronoi cells. The Voronoi diagram of a set of points is dual to its Delaunay triangulation (figure 2).

Figure 1: parametric Architectural different metaphor methods

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ºא����� ºא���� ���� �� א���א� א��א�א���� א���א� א��א�א�� �� ��� א�¨כ� �א��¬��«

PARAMETRIC ARCHITECTURE METHODSAND PRODUCTS

Eng. Mustafa Khalifa

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���א�א ���¹א ���א.

�א ��ª א ���א���� ��ª א��� ��ª¾� ��ªא����א � ���� א« כא« �¨ �ªכ ����� א��ªא�א כ��א �ª� א����� א¦ א���א��א �� �Ç�� א����� א¦ �����א �� ��א�א��א א� ���� � א������.�

א¦ כ±� ��¨א�כ� � ����¸ ��א ��ªכ א� ��� א������ ���³ �� � Äא�� א���א��� ·��א« כא« �¨ �ªכ א����א��א �­��· ��ª �כ± א����� א¦ �����א � �¨א�כא ..א����א ���א ���א �א����� ���א ª©�א��א א������ �����א �א������ �� �� א�� Äא��� ���­�� «� א��¨ �א�� א���¨א�כ� א����� א¦ ��� ���.א���א¿� ­�� Ãא�� ������א �א ���

. ·�א����אParametric Architecture methods

Parametric Architecture is a design process based on algorithmic inspirations and thinking that enables the expression of parameters and rules that, together, define, encode and clarify the relationship between design intent and design response. Parametric design is a paradigm in design where the relationship between elements is used to manipulate and inform the design of complex geometries and structures.

The term parametric originates from mathematics (parametric equation) and refers to the use of certain parameters or variables that can be edited to manipulate or alter the end result of an equation or system. While today the term is used in reference to computational design systems, there are precedents for these modern systems in the works of architects.

Under the umbrella of parametric Architecture, many different methods have been followed by parametric designers. Each method has its own principles that provide different architectural products.

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Conclusion:This paper proposes a strategy for the integration and linking of building information modeling software and three-dimensional printing technology for use in transmitting buildings from live and dead loads, wind loads and earthquakes.

• The three-dimensional printing technology will see growth in the building industry over the next 10 years. It is expected to be heavily involved in infrastructure, roads and bridges.• Countries affected by civil wars and conflicts, as in most countries in the Middle East now, or countries that suffer from population crises, can use this technology to replace the crises in the construction industry.

• The creation or printing of shape organic designs, which are complex and can be implemented, is a breakthrough in future architectural designs of buildings without effort or waste of raw materials.

• Software Autodesk helps design and analyze buildings to be executed and printed. It helps connect BIM building information technology and 3D printing technology.

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Autodesk �±� ���א¦, � ¸�ª ��אכ א��כ������א Ã��� א���א��� �א������ א������� ºא�� ��� �א�����  ��Autodesk Robot Structural professional �°א¨�Fusion 360 � inventor. ��א����� ���­��� א� Autodesk Revit ��ª א� א������ �א��א ���א� ��אʳ א������א¦ (BIM) , �א��� ��כ� �� �©��א �� � ��� ���א�Autodesk Robot Structural professional º , ����א�� ��כא��� ����� ���א� ��א � ��ª ����­�� �� Å��® �� .µ£� ��¸ �� א�¨כ� ���א�¨� ��כא��� א��­��� ���א��� א���אµ א��א��� �ª א� �א¤ �א��� ���� ��ª א�����¥כ� ®��א¦ �� �כ������א א���א�ª �©��� א���א� , ���כ�« ��א �� ��à א����� �א��

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MethodologyThis paper proposes the integration of BIM and the use of 3D printing technology for buildings. Where a strategy will be proposed for the design and analysis of the building for loads and earthquakes, and to ensure the efficiency of the building before construction. The 3D design program will be used for Fusion 360 and the design will be transferred to the Autodesk Revit program to add details to the building and show it to the client. The integration link between Autodesk Revit and Fusion 360 will be the Autodesk Dynamo software, Autodesk Revit to structural analysis program Autodesk robot structural analysis professional.

Generic Design

Detail

Design

Structure Analysis

Export the Design ToThe Printer

Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis

From Autodesk fusion 360

Autodesk Dynamo + Autodesk Revit

Autodesk fusion 360

Professional

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In 2005, Z Corp launched a new printer called Spectrum Z215, the first high-resolution 3D printer. This technique has been manufactured for many industries in various fields of industrial and medical, and we see new development and research for the manufacture of buildings and houses in this technique after proven its ability in this area in terms of speed and lack of effort and cost. The first home in the world was printed in 2014 and the printing technology has entered the dimensional dimension of the construction and construction sector and can be utilized. The materials are now being developed to be suitable for weather, heat, environmental factors affecting the building and its resistance to side loads of the building, earthquakes and wind loads.3DP ProcesFirst: Product design You can design your product with any design software you want and one of the most popular 3D and open source software programs running on any operating system: 1) Autodesk Blender Blender2) Autodesk Fusion 360 3) Autodesk Tinker CAD (web development site of Autodesk) TinkercadAfter formatting, the file is saved in .(STL) format, which is supported in 3D printing.Second: Converting the design into a printer code (G Code)The three-dimensional printer is a mechanical machine (structure and motors) connected to an electronic part (which controls the entire movement of the machine) and does not understand the meaning of these designs and here comes the role of intermediate programs that turn the design into a code understood by the controller (electronic part)The most important components of the G-CodeThe code is a file that contains all the commands that will be implemented by the printer until you finish manufacturing the product.1) The melting temperature of the raw material is different from one substance to another2) thickness of one layer and motor bearings to draw the layer3) The number of layers used and the method of filling the layers4) Quantity of raw material used5) The size of the object and the number of copies required6) Print speedThird: The printer is equipped and the code is loaded into the printerThe printer is connected to the computer and the Geo Code file is transferred via Pronterface or Kura-Cura, which is responsible for controlling the printer during operation.The printer is heated to feed the raw material (often in the form of a roller)The starting point is then adjusted and the print surface is firmly installed and the code is loaded into the Brontevis program and uploaded to the memory cardFourth: The printing process itselfThe printer first draws and defines the frame in which you will work, then draws and compiles the first layer and fills the following layers until you reach the last layer.

Fifth: Finishing printing Often there are minor errors such as two-layer adhesion or some elongation and are overcome with a cutter. The compound parts are sometimes glued. In the end, the product can be colored in different colors from the raw material.

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It is possible for countries affected by wars and conflicts, whose effects have been affected by destruction or destruction. This technique is used for the printing of statues, columns and arches of architectural monuments with patterns in the form and color of antiques, in order to preserve them in case of erosion or even loss of archaeological artifacts. Through this process, the shape can also be reprinted at a size greater than or smaller than the original size of the shape. Such as Venus VomHohlefels reprinted with three-dimensional printing technology.

The reliance on this technology may lead to lower demand for labor, but at the same time it may contribute to raising the demand for labor in order to convert raw raw materials to goods and transport them from their places of origin as raw materials to materials used in the printing of buildings and others. At this time, Dubai aims to build the world's first 3D skyscraper. And seeks to be the world leader in the use of 3D printing technology in construction in 2030. Dubai's strategy is to have 25% of all new buildings by 2025 based on three-dimensional printing technology. The target of 2019 will reach 2% and gradual growth in this area will be achieved to achieve the desired goal.

Modeling technologies and their basic materials:1- Selective laser sintering (SLS): thermal plastics, metals, sand and glass2- Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM): Thermoplastics3- Digital Light Projection (DLP): Optical polymer4- Packaging Systems Lamination systems: Paper and plastic5- Three-dimensional printing (3DP): Different materials, including resins6- LitholographyStereolithography (SL): Optical polymer7- 3D ceramic printing: different silica and ceramic materials8- Electron beam Beam Melting (EBM): Titanium alloy

Background In 1984, the first printer was invented using three-dimensional printing technology, and over the past decades it has become one of the fastest growing technologies. During 1993, the Masachusettes Institute was awarded a patent for a new technology, called 3D Printing. The technique was described as quick, low-cost and cost-effective. It was called the original rapid prototype technique [RP [Prototyping Rapid, (> In 1996, three printers were produced in this field:

1- Genisys (by Stratasys).2- Actua 2100(by 3D Systems).3- Z402 (by Z Corporation).

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The work of this technique by the design work of the building on the computer by the programs and the adoption of the form, and then give the order of the printer machine to be implemented design by the material of the layers to produce the final form by design.The printing process takes several hours or days depending on the details of the form, its complexity and size, or even the nature of the materials made of it.

As for the software used and the appropriate process for this technology, such as Autodesk inventor and Fusion 360. For structural analysis, Autodesk robot structural analysis professional is a software for building information modeling (BIM), through which modeling can be performed on the Autodesk Revit program and analyzed on Autodesk robot structural analysis professional program, and we will discuss the possibility of designing and constructing a complex structure and discussing the possibility of analysis and resistance to wind and earthquake loads. And then printed in the form of layers of three-dimensional printing technology, and will be here in this paper applied to the building heydaraliyev cultural building in Azerbaijan, It was designed by architect ZahaHadid.

IntroductionIs one of the techniques of manufacturing in addition, where the pieces are manufactured by dividing the three-dimensional designs to the very small layers using the software and then are manufactured using three-dimensional printers by printing a layer above the other until the final form is formed.

The three-dimensional printing technology for buildings is often more technologically faster than conventional methods, and they agree that working with them reduces the risk of site execution. 3D printing is an easy, low-cost method in various sectors and specialties. It may be used in the medical field to manufacture artificial or even natural human organs if the same materials are available from cells and tissues. It can be used in the industrial field for the aircraft parts industry, for example, or even the giant aircraft structures in the near future. Thus, the ambition of this technology will not depend on its use in the construction of buildings and the introduction of technological development in the field of architecture and construction or even electromechanical works of the building.

Because of its low cost and rapid manufacture of models, it offers solutions to societal problems by helping to build new homes and buildings for countries suffering from wars and conflicts. Most of the Middle East countries need to repair war damage or even address the problems of some countries suffering from population crises Saudi Arabia in light of the rapid population growth. Federico Mariscotti, vice president of IT Kearney Global Management Consulting, said: "The areas where people are affected by harsh or conflict-torn weather patterns are fertile ground for building buildings with 3D printing technology. Small in just one day using equipment that can be transported by truck. "

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3D printing technology inbuilding construction

Hussam Hesham Zakieh [email protected]

ABSTRACTThis paper presents three-dimensional printing technology in the field of construction and building construction . And to identify the possibility of design and analysis of buildings in terms of their resistance to environmental factors and their ability to withstand the loads of structural design such as live and dead loads or even resistance to the loads of earthquakes and wind. The 3D printing technology will certainly be the pioneer in the near future because it is environmentally friendly and low-risk for workers because the human element to build this technology is limited. It has a high ability to achieve the geometric intricacies in shape and design.Several buildings are currently being implemented in this technique, such as Stupino town, Moscow,.Also (Canal House in Amsterdam, WinSuncompany and printing application for building carried out by Skanska company).

In the United Arab Emirates, Dubai, in 2016, the Future Office was printed for discussion, the Middle East's first printed building with three-dimensional printing technology.

Then came the construction of a house in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in Riyadh in 2018

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However, while this might be convenient from the perspective of the consumer it can be as costly as the traditional method of home show to companies. A more realistic approach would be to have consumers download the virtual world from the company’s website if they have their own individual VR gears. Since VR is a new technology which very few people know or possess, this might present a challenge to the use of VR to address home selling, showing and marketing using VR from company’s point of view.

Eventually, incorporating energy efficient design components has been expected. However, when it comes to energy effectiveness, usual modeling practices put irrelevant restrictions on the architect. The users can account for all types of environmental elements that change during various phases of the year by an architectural rendering created via virtual reality. An architect can invent a design that accounts for the various light cycles and consequently reduce the need for un-natural lights, by the help of virtual reality. This will result in a far more energy efficient design. Moreover, the clients can utilize the virtual reality system and experience the house in an actual world setting after demolition the show house and saving the environment from waste materials, consequently minimizing the request for such material.

Owing to the above discussions, it seems that while the VR technology if tweaked and improved in terms of software and hardware can improve home viewers and finders experience. The biggest challenge remains how the VR experience will be situated, whether it is to be taken to consumers or whether consumers are to come to it. In both cases, the will make significant contributions to user experience.REFERENCES1. Blonde, L., Borel, T., Doyen, D. (May 2010). 3D stereo rendering: New processing & perception challenges.

Retrieved from http://www.3dathome.org/resources-white-papers.asp

Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems Page assigned by journal

2. Costello, P.J. and Howarth, P.A. (1996c). The visual effects of immersion in four virtual environments.

VISERG Internal Report 9604.

3. Creswell, J.W. 2003. Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. SAGE.

4. Europe Economics. (2014). How to increase competition, diversity and resilience in the housebuilding

market. London: Europe Economics.

5. Hatch, J.A. 2002. Doing qualitative research in education settings. SUNY Press.

6. Holmans, A, 2013. New estimates of housing demand and need in England, 2011 to 2031

7. Jeff Rawley, Impact of Virtual Reality on Green Design, Technology, 2017

8. Lyons, S. (2014). The Lyons Housing Review: Mobilising across the nation to build the homes our children

need. Digital Creative Services.

9. Matsentidou, S., & Poullis, C. (2014). Immersive visualizations in a VR cave environment for the training and

enhancement of social skills for children with autism. Paper presented at 64 | P a g e the VISAPP 2014 -

Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Vision Theory and Applications, 3, 230236-.

10. Oxford, 2017. British & World English. Available from:

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/show_house. [20 January 2017].

11. Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Pine, BJ, & Gilmore, JH 1999. The Experience

12. Regan, E. and Price, K. (1993a). Some side-effects of Immersion Virtual Reality. APRE Report 93R01

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Such capability includes the need for more financial, digital, marketing and sales resources to make VR fulfil its function. For VR to meet the needs of home finders, companies will have to have capability in developing the needed technology as well as to manage user experience. As this maybe out of the scope of SME house builders, maximizing the VR experience to achieve the objective of house viewing and marketing may be an onerous task to achieve.

For example, as well as small and medium house builders investing in physical equipment such as VR headgear and other augmented devices to maximize user experience, they must invest in the design aspect of their homes into a digital offering. Few problems may be encountered in this regard. One is that since VR application development is not commonly available, companies may have hard time finding application developers who will design, build, test and manage the visual experience of home show. Companies may also be faced with the challenge of managing costs of developing new application whichFor example, as well as small and medium house builders investing in physical equipment such as VR headgear and other augmented devices to maximize user experience, they must invest in the design aspect of their homes into a digital offering. Few problems may be encountered in this regard. One is that since VR application development is not commonly available, companies may have hard time finding application developers who will design, build, test and manage the visual experience of home show. Companies may also be faced with the challenge of managing costs of developing new application which will depend on a lot of factors, such as the city where the company is situated in and the availability of developers. Third, companies are likely to spend a lot of money convincing new and prospective customers to choose VR rather than the traditional method of experiencing new homes. As this might require a lot of marketing and demarketing of the previous method, significant human and financial resources that companies might be able to commit might be involved.

It is possible that companies will stay away from engaging and investing in VR because of the high amount of investment in financial and human resources. As this can mean that the potential opportunities and advantages of VR would be missed, alternative methods of developing VR can be considered. The experience economy, as discussed in chapter two suggests that if companies can sell memorable experiences that engage consumers beyond traditional products and services, they can attract customers and compete better. Borrowing from the experience economy, small and medium scale housing providers can consider the use of VR for marketing as an experience economy offering for which they can also attract smaller fees. If they charge extra fees which is understandable, it is possible that the fees charged for investing in VR can be recouped.

Another concern that must be addressed is how users will access the VR experience in terms of travel and for how long they need to. This brings up the concern that if users need to travel in the first place, they might as well travel to the home location and view for themselves in the traditional way, rather than to a location to experience the virtual world. A convincing approach from customer’s perspectives would be to take the physical equipment to their respective locations by arranging appropriate times and dates.

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can be a costly investment for housing providers, especially the small-scale ones. This also brings us to concerns about quality of equipment and visual design. While there is cheap equipment in supply, the decent priced ones such as the one used in the experiment seem to provide less positive experience, as their functionalities deliver limited experience, for example strong sound.

VR equipment that deliver performance and full functionality such as Oculus Rift are costly and it may be costlier to design strong visual home shows. Since recent users as the respondents demonstrated are becoming exposed to the world of VR especially through the recent proliferation of commercial games such as PlayStation, X Box and other consoles, it may be difficult for small home providers to design the best experience that meets the experience needs of modern users who are exposed to the World. As a modern technology tool and device, people immediately have bigger perception and expectations from VR at the mere mention of it, therefore, there are greater tasks for companies to design, orchestrate and provide the best virtual experience that will provide positive experience for their users.

As part of the experience economy, it will also mean that housing providers will be under the pressure to study user behaviour more than ever to design and arrange consistent positive experience that home finders and seekers will consider as meeting their expectations and needs.

DISCSSION AND CONCLUSIONThe purpose of this thesis was to understand the views and experiences of users about virtual reality technology when viewing prospective homes. Through detailed review of the literature along with critical thematic analysis that relies on semi structured interviews, the thesis has shown that virtual reality can play a significant role in home builders marketing and sales function. Such function can be carried out through the power of virtual reality to engage and provide optimum experience to users. However, the study finds that a lot of concerns still surround the technology.

Some of the concerns as highlighted in the analysis include, VR impact on health and safety, its inability to fully perform the role of human housing agents, consumer low awareness of the technology and the expensive nature of the technology. Some of the above concerns do not only affect the capability of small and medium scale home scale providers to design the optimum VR experience that fits with their mission and sales objectives, it affects user’s views and perception of VR in fulfilling the function of home viewing. Given the above concerns, the findings of this study have shown that consumer perception of VR is not entirely positive because of the challenges and usability issues encountered during the experiment. The experiment also shows that while VR has the capability to respond to improving user experience of home viewing, companies must consider a lot more which seem to be outside their capability.

As inserting voice instruction required more time and effort, the option of background sound recording was made so that the user will not find the noise from the real-world distracting. Each respondent was shown the show house for around ۱۰ minutes, enabling

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the scenario. For example, pre-recording could have been made to navigate respondents through every movement during the experiment. Such pre-recorded voice could inform the respondent when they can touch the door or feel the knob rather than the respondents navigating without clear information or relying solely on visual cues in the virtual world. It also seems that the lack of sound maximisation made participants to rely fully on visual cues using their own initiatives to move around the virtual world. In the real world of housing show room and when builders take their customers around, the process is often supported by clear explanation from the agent or the housing manager explaining directly to the client or prospective customer when taking them around.

The lack of such information in the experiment could have impacted upon the experience, especially as respondents mentioned that hearing was important to them and while they heard sound, the sound was not bold and helpful enough to make the experience positive. Similarly, since most respondents felt one or two symptoms during the experience, it seems that VR has some health and safety issue that is not clear. Early authors of VR like Reagan and Price, 1993; Costello and Howarth ( 1996) have made mention of health and safety issues related to VR immersion, but such concerns tend to be waited in recent literature giving account of VR based on the belief that advances in VR have addressed such concerns. Reagan and Price (1993) particularly mentioned a VR sickness called the stimulator, sickness symptom which is a kind of motion sickness that causes nausea, dizziness, headache and discomfort. It has also been suggested that the symptom is both polygenic (has many sources) and polysymptomatic (induces many symptoms), which is indicative of how difficult it is to predict individual susceptibility and to measure the effects on the user. Ability to predict individual susceptibility to sickness might be useful in not only future VR experience but in ensuring that the experience delivers on its objectives.

The scope of colors utilized for beautifying reasons, assisted the respondent to evaluate the amount of natural light the building will receive, minimizing its reliance on sources of artificial light. There are some virtual reality programs permit users to experience various light cycles, reviewing design through different durations of the day. The architect can modify to minimize cooling and heating costs for the building or to maximize the property’s solar system by testing the orientation of the property.

If users have less concerns and distractions, they are likely to have more positive perception of the experience and consequently, the experience can deliver on its key objectives. Similarly, the data provided strong indications that the VR experience failed to provide full engagement to respondents by not engaging all their senses. To consider such concern critically, engaging all senses as some respondents considered important might require more investment and less flexibility of the experience. For example, engaging all body might require some addition of augmented reality in addition to virtual reality which

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The findings have shown that respondents encountered different feelings and views of the VR experiment based on their individual experiences. In terms of vision and hearing being considered as the most important factors that respondents measured to be significant, it is no surprise as the literature also confirms that while engaging different parts of the body is important during VR experiences, most focus is often on the visual aspect in most VR programs (Matsentidou & Poullis, 2014). In most VR experiences, the literature has shown that merely engaging user’s visual senses hardly provide satisfaction, this is because when the visual sense is engaged other senses are left open to distraction from the real world and may be disconnected from the experience that is being encountered in the virtual world. As one of the respondents suggested during the interview, the experience could have been more positive if users were asked to stand on a tread-mill –like device that moves forcing the user to stimulate the same movement in the VR game such as walking.

Table 2: Data matrix

Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems Page assigned by journal

all respondent’s thoughts and views (Patton, ۱۹۹۰). From reading of the data transcript, observed themes from each interview questionnaire gathered into the following table and further analysed subsequently.

Question

number

Main

question

Observed theme

Explanation

Question 1

Importance in

immersion

Vision and hearing Most respondents agree that the important factors to them

in VR immersion is seeing and hearing above other factors

such as auditory, taste and smell.

Question 2

Importance of

material size, texture

and space

Size and space The size and space of elements in the VR experiment were

important concepts to respondents than other factors such

as texture and materials.

Question 3

Observed visual,

psychological or

mental effects

Eye strain, dizziness

and nausea

Most respondents reported minor visual and physiological

effects affecting different areas of their body such as such

causing dizziness and eye strain.

Question 4

Ease of movement Unrealistic navigation Most respondents considered movements such as steps to

be easy but not natural and realistic during the experiment

Question 5 Improving the

experience

Engaging all senses Most respondents expressed the view that their experience

of the VR could be improved if it engages all their senses,

such as smell, sight, sound and taste.

Question 6 Immersive/realness

of the experience

Immersive but not

completely real

Most respondents had the opinion that the experience was

immersive but not %100 real

Table ۲: Data matrix

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User ExperienceAll respondents were invited to view the virtual show house at a chosen location, which was a quiet office room provided by one of the researcher’s contact. As mentioned earlier, both the headset and hand controls enabled respondents to experience the housing walk through by seeing and touching of objects (Figure 5).

As inserting voice instruction required more time and effort, the option of background sound recording was made so that the user will not find the noise from the real-world distracting. Each respondent was shown the show house for around 10 minutes, enabling them to navigate easily, while partaking in the visual experience. Following each of the experiment, respondents were asked a range of questions number 16-. The questions were to understand their experiences, perception, views and impression of a virtual show house and whether it met their expectation assuming they were viewing a prospective show house in real life.

The thematic method of qualitative data analysis has been utilized in this chapter to present and analyse findings from the interview data collection. Data was collected from 7 interview participants who provided different views and insights into their individual experiences of the virtual reality experiment. Following the experiment and interviews, the data-set was gathered into a transcript in line with the inductive thematic analyses method through reading and reading of the data to observe patterns and similarities across all respondent’s thoughts and views (Patton, 1990). From reading of the data transcript, observed themes from each interview questionnaire gathered into the following table and further analysed subsequently.

Figure 5. Walkthrough experience inside the house.

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For the software, the experiment made use of a 3DMax exported to unity 2017 FBX extension with steam plugin. Importing content in 3DsMax into Unity was quite a simple process, as it was done through FBX format (see Figure 3). Unity is one of the market available software for creating games, it is a more evenly balanced engine as far as quality and cost of development is concerned and is readily available for the developer (Blonde et al. 2010). Although, using advanced features of the Unity software comes at a cost, the researcher accessed the platform by utilizing the free option. An added advantage of Unity software is that contents created on it are deployable to other platforms, meaning that it offers installed plugin which allows contents to be deployable elsewhere, such as a browser, which means that potential home buyers can tour prospective homes from the comfort of their homes or smart phones.

TBy utilizing 3Ds Max, which was exported through Unity, a virtual show house was created to stimulate the idea of respondents walking into a real house (Figure 4).

Figure 3. A diagram model shows the process of transferring the house into VR experience

Figure 4. The Main model inside the unity environment.

Surname1, N1., Surname2, N2, et al. Paper Title Volume X, Issue

Figure ۳. A diagram model shows the process of transferring the house into VR experience

By utilizing ۳Ds Max, which was exported through Unity, a virtual show house was created to stimulate the idea of respondents walking into a real house (Figure ٤).

3dsMax Export to.FBX Import to Unity

DownloadSteam

DownloadSteam VR plugin

Touchpad Script

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RESEARCH PROCESSThe experiment was a digital show house involving seven participants who went through the whole experience of real immersive VR environment. The experiment was conducted with the aim to produce a synthesis of outcomes through several steps and procedures that reveals the many difficulties, challenges and views of people in experiencing digital show houses through VR. The experiment was conducted through the provision VR equipment with software integration of a full show house experience digitally. The house used for the virtual show house, was a typical family house with a total square footage measuring around 860 square feet, which has one bedroom, one living room, one dining room, one bathroom and a toilet. The living room is an open plan area that also contains the kitchen as well as a dining area. Figure 1 shows the floor plan for the house.

Since the experiment require two major inputs such as VR hardware and software, the hardware used was from the HTC Vive BE VR set and includes headsets with two controllers and two base stations that track the headset motion as shown in the below (Figure 2). The headsets, worn by the user provides the visual experience of digital reality while the controllers enable participants to touch specific objects and materials in the visual process.

Figure 2. HTC Vive Set

Figure 1. Floor plan for the house as exported from Unity

Surname1, N1., Paper Title

Figure ۳.

By utilizing ۳Ds Max, which was exported through Unity, a virtual created to stimulate the idea of respondents walking into a real house

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ANALYSISOut of the objectives of the study to test perspectives and understand user experiences, the research involves a user experiment that combines data from a real-life VR experiment. According to Stohr-Hunt (1996p. 23), an “experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis.

Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale, but always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results”. In the present study, the experimental process entails an action oriented research process where respondents were gathered into a room and made to experience a digital VR show house that was developed by the researcher. The process includes an input/output process where 7 different respondents experienced a virtual show house designed through a software program.

The main purpose of the experiment was to have primary understanding of the experiences of respondents of how they perceive, view and approach a VR housing show. The experiment was conducted individually with each respondent and followed by a semi structured interview process. The data collection was a primary interview that involved 7 respondents, who are presented in the following table.

The purpose of the interview was to understand the views and perceptions of respondents about the VR show house presented during the experiment.

Based on key observations and data collected from the interview process, the data analysis section supports the evaluation of user responses, views and perceptions. In the analysis, the thematic analysis method was used since it is proficient to recognize and distinguish, for example components or factors that impact any issue created by respondents can be classified and analyzed according to their order of importance. In this way, respondent’s elucidations are noteworthy regarding the provision of the most fitting clarifications for their view, perceptions and thoughts (Hatch 2002; Creswell 2003).

Moreover, Thematic Analysis gives the chance to code and classify information into subjects. For instance, how matters impact the impression of respondents (Miles and Huberman, 1994).

Table 1: Interviewee details

Respondent Gender Age Occupation

Respondent 1 Male 25- 35 StudentRespondent 2 Male 25 - 35 Student/VR enthusiastRespondent 3 Female 25 - 35 StudentRespondent 4 Female 35- 45 CAD DesignerRespondent 5 Male 35- 45 Software EngineerRespondent 6 Female 25- 35 Architect

assigned by journal Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems

earlier, both the headset and hand controls enabled respondents to experience the housing walk through by seeing and touching of objects (Figure ٥).

Figure ٥. Walkthrough experience inside the house.

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INTRODUCTIONThe Town and Country Planning Association published the latest approximations in housing needs in September 2013. The publication covers the period 2011 to 2013. According to Holmans (2013), the report is based on the official Government’s projections for households for the period 20112021- that was published in April 2013. Drawing from the report, the rising demand and need in housing in England could be countered by adding an approximated 240,000 to 245,000 additional homes annually. To this end, England produced 107, 820 permanent homes between 2012 and 2013. With respect to the UK, the housing production stood at 135,400 within the same period. A report by Lyons (2014) indicates that there is a need for construction of new homes, given that the country is experiencing the greatest housing crisis in a generation.

Attempts to bridge the gap in housing demand have shown the importance of small- and medium-sized home builders, as well as contractors who exhibit their products to the consumers prior to physically constructing actual homes. Oxford (2017) explained that large housing companies essentially produce several housing units that are used to exhibit their products. The generated housing units are duly furnished and decorated for purposes of appealing to potential buyers. The major challenge associated with exhibit houses is that they consume a substantial amount of time, effort, material, and cost besides the environmental features. However, these implications are not challenging to the large housing companies, given that they generate bulk number of housing units with the cost being subdivided per unit to show prospective consumers. In a bid to attain cost efficiency for each housing unit, there is a need for identification of alternative ways of exhibiting houses, particularly for the small and medium companies.

To this end, there has been advancement in technology that has provided an ideal solution in the form of Virtual Reality (VR). Basing on computable data, VR is claimed to provide an immersive and interactive system. Devices that offer immersion are sufficiently able to isolate senses, thus allowing an individual to feel transported to a precise space in a virtual house. The utilization of VR for housing thus enables the building of a virtual 3D model that allows the consumers to walk through a house from inside and outside. This is bound to offer an alternative solution that is more cost effective and less time consuming when compared to the actual construction of housing for show.

Under other conditions, VR has an obvious effect on continuity, accurately in examining passive housing, architects can utilize VR Technology to examine their design components long prior to the start of a construction. The approach by which a building interact with the neighboring environment may have a considerable influence on its energy effectiveness, however it can be difficult to mentally visualize such interaction without the help of VR. For instance, how a construction is oriented, this will lead to an effect on the house’s cooling and heating costs, in addition to the fact that the construction’s orientation can assist to increase the quantity of sustainable energy caused by solar boards and similar green technologies. Moreover, VR has a key contribution in minimizing the building’s possible effect on the environment not only during the phase of construction, but also after its completion (Rawley, 2017).

Page assigned by journal

earlier, both the headset and hand controls enabled respondents to experience the housing walk through by seeing and touching of objects

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ABSTRACTDuring the last few years, VR has emerged as a new technology promising to offer better user experience, while solving many of the traditional problems faced by housing providers. Show houses provide a physical artefact for customers to physically place themselves within it and experience a home before making a decision on house purchase.

Development on virtual reality has given an opportunity to provide related experience without physically building a show house. This research involves a user experience of Virtual Reality show house and its influence on energy effectiveness. In addition to qualitative primary interviews in which the views and experiences of selected respondents were collected and identified, a thematic analysis was used to analyse responses from the interviews, which enabled the researcher to gain clear insights and understanding into how people feel and see virtual show houses. This study has been presented as a solution for solving the traditional challenges of cost, travel and management of housing tour, often faced by small and medium scale housing providers.

Besides, this could include energy systematic design component to be considered for all types of environmental sections that change during various phases of the year. Through the insights gained from data in the research, it was identified that while VR is a viable option, much work needs to be done to ensure that it can ensure user satisfaction through better participation and engagement.

KEYWORDSVirtual Reality, Energy Effectiveness, Sustainable Architecture, Show houses, SMEs, Human-Computer Interaction.

Esraa Altwassi1, Abeer Abu Raed*, Niraj Thurairajah31 VR zone, Amman, Jordane-mail: [email protected] Department of Architecture, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaimah, UAEe-mail: [email protected] Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, UKe-mail: [email protected]

Virtual Show houses; Energy Effectiveness and Environmental

Impact

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7. REFERENCES

Wilberforce, T, El-Hassan, Z, Khatib, F. N., Al Makky A, Baroutaji, A, G. Vehicleton J., G.

Olabi A, Developments of electric vehicles and fuel cell hydrogen electric vehicles,

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, ScienceDirect, Elsevier, Available online 31

August 2017

Hardman, S., Shiu, E., Steinberger-Wilckens, R, Comparing high-end and low-end early

adopters of battery electric vehicles, Volume 88, June 2016, Pages 4057-

Lévay, P. Z., Drossinos, Y., Thiel, C., The effect of fiscal incentives on market penetration

of electric vehicles: A pairwise comparison of total cost of ownership, Volume 105, June

2017, Pages 524533-

Ashby, M., F., Chapter 10 – Case Study: Electric Vehicles, 2016, Pages 151–166, Materials

and Sustainable Development

Yang, Z, Li, K, Foley, A., Zhang, C., Optimal Scheduling Methods to Integrate Plug-in

Electric Vehicles with the Power System: A Review, IFAC Proceedings Volumes Volume 47,

Issue 3, 2014, Pages 85948603-

World’s top 10 best-selling electric vehicles (January 18, 2017) Retrieved from:

https://gearheads.org/worlds-top-10-best-selling-electric-vehicles/

Tala El Issa, Reasons behind the mushrooming of electric vehicles on Jordan’s roads,

October 15, 2017

https://www.wamda.com/memakersge/201710//reasons-mushrooming-electric-vehicles-jo

rdans-roads-qa///

A shocking news for owners, dealers and fans of the Hybrids in Jordan!",

https://www.garaanews.com 201803-04-

Jordanian Department of Energy Statistics, 2016

https://www.greenparking.ae/

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5. CONCLUSIONSTo conclude, most Jordanians are encouraged to buy an electric or hybrid vehicle as the fuel prices continue to fluctuate. However, some barriers stand against owning such vehicles. For instance, raising the taxes and customs, implementation of car recharging in car parks, and the need for a large vehicle that accommodate all family members. Depending on that, and after analyzing the answers in the questionnaire for showroom owners and potential customers, the answers show that Jordanian government should encourage the investment in electric vehicles as well provide loans with zero interest for members of the society to facilitate owning an electric vehicle.

6. RECOMMENDATIONSIt is recommended, additional to proposed solutions, that Jordan government should adopt the Bottom-up-approach (Fig. 5) to increase the awareness of green vehicles for different residents who live outside Amman, since the first have a global promising future, besides making a social accepted price of these vehicles.

Bottom-up-approach stated that the citizens must recognize the importance of green vehicle that leads to encourage the upper society (policies and agreements) to distribute the product. Therefore, as Jordanian individuals are aware about these ideas, it becomes easy for political committees to encourage the use of Electric vehicles all around the country.

Fig. 4: Vehicle Showroom Owners Questionnaire Results. Fig. 5: Bottom-up-approach for helping Electric vehicles idea succeed.

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It is important to point out that hybrid vehicle sales in Jordan market started in 2015 and electric vehicles in 2018. The astonishing number of hybrid vehicle sales sharply droping to one and zero in February and March 2018; respectively. This is because of the new legislation enforced in 2018 on hybrid vehicles that led to a huge reduction of the number of hybrid vehicles sold in Jordan.

In response to the question eight which asked if they think that charging an electric vehicle at home will increase the electrical bill, showroom owners answered they are not sure or cannot give you a definite answer, as this depend on the electric vehicle user.

Eighty six percent of showroom owners surveyed in response to question eight said that Jordanian government should encourage this type of technology rather to stop it. This can be done by increasing public awareness of electric and hybrid vehicles.

The response to question ten that states: “Do you think that recharging the battery of your electric vehicle will cover the distance you travel every day?” was vague and uncertain. Showroom owners said that it depends on the user journey’s distance.

Fig. 4: Vehicle Showroom Owners Questionnaire Results.

Vehicle showroom owners recommended in response to question eleven to reduce the maintenance cost by promoting the vehicles parts trade and enforce the vehicle’s agency. They argued that one of the solutions that the Jordanian government should implement is to eliminate old internal combustion vehicles in service before the year 2000 and give incentives for people to replace them with electric or hybrid vehicles.

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Question eleven asked for a personal opinion on the strategies that Jordanian government should adopt for Electric vehicles. Most of the answers emphasized the importance of adding more charging stations for electric vehicles in Amman and other provinces in Jordan, to train local mechanics on the maintenance of electric vehicles, to provide low interests loans for people wanting to own an electric vehicle and to increase public awareness about electric vehicles. It is worth to mention that Jordan Times daily journal reported that the Jordanian government is planning to build ten thousand electric vehicles charging stations in the near future, in their March 14, 2018 issue.

The survey conducted with electric vehicle show room owners was just as important. Questions 2 and 6 were excluded, as they are not of interest to this group. Electric vehicles showroom owners stressed that Electric and hybrid vehicles have higher performance than internal combustion engine vehicles.

In response to the question five, fifty-two percent answered that electric and hybrid vehicles have some disadvantages. That is because of the high maintenance cost and limited battery lifetime.

Electric vehicles showroom owners were also optimistic about the future of electric and hybrid vehicles as the sale figures of these vehicles between 2014 and 2018; show increase in demand (Table 2).

Table (2): Total number of vehicles sold inside Jordan (2014 – May 2018)

Year/ Item Internal combustion

engine vehicle Hybrid vehicles Electric vehicles

2014 62,047 --- ---

2015 52,710 21,591 ---

2016 44,011 26,906 ---

2017 33,713 37,454 ---

2018

Jan. 2,226 2676 299

Feb. 1,499 1 311

Mar. 1,853 0 464

Apr. 1,910 13 548

May 2,041 186 723

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Fig. 3 Potential vehicle buyers questionnaire results.

Question eleven asked for a personal opinion on the strategies that Jordanian government should adopt for Electric vehicles. Most of the answers emphasized the importance of adding more charging stations for electric vehicles in Amman and other provinces in Jordan, to train local mechanics on the maintenance of electric vehicles, to provide low interests loans for people wanting to own an electric vehicle and to increase public awareness about electric vehicles. It is worth to mention that Jordan Times daily journal reported that the Jordanian government is planning to build ten thousand electric vehicles charging stations in the near future, in their March 14, 2018 issue.

The survey conducted with electric vehicle show room owners was just as important. Questions 2 and 6 were excluded, as they are not of interest to this group. Electric vehicles showroom owners stressed that Electric and hybrid vehicles have higher performance than internal combustion engine vehicles.

In response to the question five, fifty-two percent answered that electric and hybrid vehicles have some disadvantages. That is because of the high maintenance cost and limited battery lifetime.

Electric vehicles showroom owners were also optimistic about the future of electric and hybrid vehicles as the sale figures of these vehicles between 2014 and 2018; show increase in demand (Table 2).

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5. RESULTS and DISCUSSION

The results of the surveyed sample of potential vehicle buyers were somehow astonishing. In the first question, for example, twenty eight percent did not wish to own an electric vehicle instead; they wished to own an internal combustion engine vehicle. They added comments such as “We prefer the characteristics of the internal combustion engine, we feel excited and thrilled when we hear the engine’s sound”. On the other hand, fifty-nine percent showed consent to own an electric vehicle. Their motives were obvious in their comment; “Electric vehicles are very important nowadays as fuel prices are very high in Jordan”. Furthermore, thirteen percent were doubtful due to their lake of knowledge concerning electric vehicles.

Sixty-nine percent of Jordanian individuals in response to the second question said: “Yes, the prices of electric vehicles are very high, but we wish to own them to save on fuel”. Others said “No” due to the fact that this issue is new to them. Moreover, sixty-four percent who have experienced electric vehicles said electric vehicles have higher performance than internal combustion engine vehicles; in response to the third question.

The results in question four varied, because there was no tax on Electric vehicles until 2016. Anyone who owned an electric vehicle before 2016 gained a handsome amount of money when he decided to sell his vehicle after 2016 that is why thirteen percent approved the statement “Electric vehicles will have a high resale value”. After this year, people said: “No”, since electric vehicles that you buy now on will depreciate after a period.

Amazingly, fifty-one percent of the people surveyed said that Electric vehicles have some drawbacks. They argued that the maintenance costs including vehicle’s parts are still expensive. They said, in addition, that maintenance shops are not familiar with the new technology of this type of vehicles in Jordan.

Despite the citizens’ poor knowledge of Electric vehicles, most (ninety-one percent) believe that electric vehicles are sure friendly to the environment. Sixty five percent of the people surveyed were very optimistic that Electric vehicles will have an excellent future and believed that more than fifty percent of the Jordanians will own electric or hybrid vehicle after 10 years.

However, nineteen percent were not sure about that and sixteen percent electric vehicles will not be prevalent in the next ten years Around fifty percent were definite that their electrical bill will slightly increase if they charge their electric vehicle from their house electric supply. Some thirty-five percent were not sure since electric vehicles are new for them. Regardless the slight experience in electric vehicles no one was against the idea that Jordanian government should support electric vehicles; ninety percent said yes in response to question ten. On the other hand twenty three percent accepted the fact that Electric vehicles may have limited mileage.

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(٪)

be (٪)

at all (٪)

(٪)

be (٪)

at all (٪)

1 Do you prefer to own a n electric vehicle ?

59 13 28 N/A N/A N/A

2 Do you think that electric

vehicle s in Jordan are cheap relative to other countries?

14 17 69 18 15 67

3

“Electric vehicle s have high

performance”. To what extent do you agree to this statement?

64 24 12 100 0 0

4 Do you think that electric

vehicle s will have a high resale value?

13 33 54 0 19 81

5 “Electric vehicle s have some

drawbacks” . To what extent do you agree to this statement?

51 31 18 52 17 31

6 Do you think that electric

vehicle s are environmentally friendly?

91 9 0 N/A N/A N/A

7

Do you expect that next ten years electric vehicle s will be

more than %50 of all total vehicle s sold in Jordan?

65 19 16 62 28 10

8

Do you think that charging an

electric vehicle in your home will raise your electrical bill value?

19 35 46 13 48 39

No. Question

Potential VehicleBuyers Vehicle Showroom Owners

Absolutely (%)

May be (%)

Not at all (%)

Absolutely (%)

May be (%)

Not at all (%)

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4. Social Interaction with Electric VehiclesTo find out the barriers concerning investment in hybrid and electric vehicles in Jordan, 19 vehicle showroom owners and 118 Potential vehicle buyers were surveyed by an interview for the same questions. The results are illustrated in table (1).Table (1): Electric Vehicles Questionnaire.

Fig. 2: Jordanian Energy Plan 2020.

3. Jordan Energy TrendsThe European Union Support to Research, Technological Development and Innovation in Jordan project 2016 report stated that Jordan imports about 96% of its energy needs from outside. However, to overcome the threatened of increasing oil prices a strategy in energy mix in 2020 was adopted (Fig. 2).

Renewables had a share of 2% in 2013 and 7% in 2015. Renewables including solar and wind have an excellent energy share with 10%. This value is expected to increase next years, since green vehicles are involved rapidly in Jordanian renewables market. Future Fuel Strategies 2017 report stated that in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017, there were 9, 336, 885, and 2258 electric vehicles registered in Jordan; respectively. The accumulated number till 2017 is 3488 vehicles.

The price of Hybrid and Electric vehicles is connected directly to fuel prices. As diesel and gasoline prices rise up, the hybrid vehicles operating cost increase too, at the same time the electric vehicles’ operating cost does not increase at the same rate; therefore, it is becoming favored in Jordan to own an electric vehicle. Most individuals in Jordan like to own a family vehicle, unlike mini-vehicles. Some of considerable problems in Hybrid and Electric vehicles are the less kilometers that they can travel, plus less comfort that riders can have, because high speed and AC consume much energy stored in the battery.

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Ashby et al. (2016) argued that at the end of 2014 there were 665,000 electric vehicles deployed globally, with the top three markets for electric vehicles being the US (39%), Japan (16%) and China (12%). It is estimated that the global production of electric vehicles – either hybrids, plug-in hybrids, or fully electric vehicles will exceed sixteen million per year in 2021 and will account for twenty percent of all vehicles manufactured. Electric vehicles, particularly, are seen as the new trend in road transportation.

Yang, et al. (2014) and World’s top 10 best-selling electric vehicles, (2017) mentioned that the popularity of the Tesla and other electric vehicles such as the Nissan Leaf, Toyota Prius and the recent introduction of the BMW i3 indicates that the automobile industry is investing heavily in transport electrification and believes that there is a market and future in electric vehicles. Figure (1) below shows number of several BEV units sold in USA from January to August, 2017.

Fig. 1: USA Electric Vehicle Sales (January to August 2017)

2. Hybrid and Electric Vehicles in JordanTala El Issa, Reasons behind the mushrooming of electric vehicles on Jordan’s roads, October 15, 2017 stated that Jordan is a unique example of Arab key players which invest in electric vehicles for a sustainable transportation system. In Jordan, the Tesla, Nissan electric Leaf, BMW i8 and i3 plug-in hybrids were available since 2015. Jordan has introduced fully Electric vehicles into public transportation, such as “Tawsileh”, which was launched in May 2016. According to Jordanian Department of Statistics, there are 5 Electric vehicles distributors, which are Nissan, Renault, Tesla, BMW, and BYD. Additionally, there were 3,586 Electric vehicles registered in May 2017. “Manaseer group” had established 8 fast charging stations in different sights in Amman, Jordan. Electric vehicles need forty-five minutes to an hour for a complete charge, knowing that Electric vehicles at homes require up to 8 hours for a full charge.

The price of Hybrid and Electric vehicles is connected directly to fuel prices. As diesel and gasoline prices rise up, the hybrid vehicles operating cost increase too, at the same time the electric vehicles’ operating cost does not increase at the same rate; therefore, it is becoming favored in Jordan to own an electric vehicle. Most individuals in Jordan like to own a family vehicle, unlike mini-vehicles. Some of considerable problems in Hybrid and Electric vehicles are the less kilometers that they can travel, plus less comfort that riders can have, because high speed and AC consume much energy stored in the battery.

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The Socio-Economic Aspects ofUsing Electric Vehicles in Jordan

Dr. Khair Al-Deen BsisuMr. Mohammad A. Bahlawan

1) Associate Professor, The University of Jordan, School of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department;Email: [email protected], [email protected]; Phone: 5355000, Ext. 22769; Cell: 962795583447+2) Mechanical Engineer; [email protected]; Cell: 962796337177+

ABSTRACT:Electric vehicles retailers are suffering from unexpected difficulties in marketing due to the high taxes and customs imposed on the sale of such vehicles, which lead to a direct loss of millions of Jordanian dinars. In this paper, the barriers and challenges were investigated with vehicle showroom owners and potential vehicle buyers in Amman, Jordan. It was found that three main obstacles for customer to buy a new electric vehicle. These include parking, battery charging facilities, and customs and taxes on these vehicles. People from both sides; owners and buyers, suggested that Jordanian government should cut off taxes on electric vehicles. Moreover, it was found that more than 50% of individuals surveyed welcome the environmentally clean electric vehicles while pollution rates and oil prices are on the rise.

KEYWORDS: Electric Vehicle, Greenhouse Gases, Battery Recharge, Hybrid Vehicle, Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle.

1. INTRODUCTIONWorld countries are striving in search for clean power sources to run the millions of different vehicles on the road on daily basis, as they are the main contributors to toxic emissions releases from internal combustion engines to the atmosphere. Wilberforce et al. (2017) argued that these toxic emissions contribute to climate change and air pollution and impact negatively on people's health.

[3] Hardman et al. (2016) stated that the automotive sector is moving towards a transition from primarily petrol and diesel fueled ICElectric vehicles to more sustainable HVs and BElectric vehicles. BElectric vehicles are considered to be the most beneficial of these due to them having zero emissions, high efficiencies and having the potential to be fueled entirely off renewable electricity. The transport sector is one of the main contributors to anthropogenic climate change worldwide, accounting for 23% of global energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which expected to double in 2050.

This number is similar in the European Union (EU). Lévay et al. (2017) stated that transport has the second biggest share, after energy industries, accounting for almost a quarter of total emissions. The modal decomposition of transport GHG emissions shows that road transport had the primary role in greenhouse gases emissions with a share of seventy three percent in 2014.

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4. Social Interaction with Electric VehiclesTo find out the barriers concerning investment in hybrid and electric vehicles in Jordan, 19 vehicle showroom owners and 118 Potential vehicle buyers were surveyed by an interview for the same questions. The results are illustrated in table (1).Table (1): Electric Vehicles Questionnaire.

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