after 10+ years of fighting mexico won independence from spain however, in the following years...
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THE HISPANIC SOUTHWEST
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MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE
After 10+ years of fighting Mexico won independence from Spain
However, in the following years Mexico experienced political chaos
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MAP OF NORTH AMERICA AFTER MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE
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NORTHERN TERRITORIES
The far Northern territories of California, New Mexico, and Texas were part of Mexico however, these areas experienced a great deal of political independence…..why?....
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THINKING CRITICALLY
Explore the map on the next page Note the location of New Mexico,
California, and Texas Locate the capital Mexico city
Why did these areas of Texas, New Mexico, and California experience a lot of political independence at this time from Mexico?
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ANSWER
These areas were located about 1,000 miles from Mexico City making them geographically removed from the government in Mexico
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THE NORTHERN TERRITORIES (NM, CA, TX)
Not very populated Native Americans and Hispanic settlers
Mexican Frontier as it was called was threatened in several ways: Settlements in NM and Texas faced Apache,
Comanche, and other Native American attacks
Westward expansion from the U.S.A. Southward expansion from Russians (1780’s
Russia began Colonizing Alaska)
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Russian threat to Mexico’s Northern Territories of southward expansion
U.S. threat of westward expansion
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SPANISH MISSIONS
The Spanish expanded the territory of New Spain by establishing missions on the northern frontier
Purpose of these state-financed (?) missions was to spread Christianity and Spanish culture to Native Americans
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MISSION’S CONTROL
Missions controlled a lot of land These lands contained:
Grazed cattle Sheep Horses
Native Americans tended to these animals and did other work at the missions “under conditions of near slavery”
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INFOGRAPHIC PAGE 261
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MISSION’S DECLINE
By 1800’s mission system was in decline Little financial support during the struggle for
independence Many Mexicans believed that state –sponsored
religious institutions was inappropriate for a republic
1834-Mexico’s government secularized –transferred power from religious to civil (government)control
Land then went to private owners
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The goal of the reformers was to divide mission lands up and give them to Native Americans
However, most lands ended up in the hands of cattle ranchers who relied on Native Americans for labor
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FORTS
Frontier presidios (forts) became weak due to labor shortages & reduced funding
This left frontier settlers vulnerable to attack
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CALIFORNIA
Secularization of the missions- freed up land for cattle ranching, which became the main money maker
Rancheros or ranchers- owned a lot of land These white Spanish “Dons” and their
families made up 10% of California’s population
However, they controlled California society
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MIDDLE CLASS
Beneath these Elites was a class of mestizos
Mestizo- persons of mixed European and Native American ancestry
Some were “vaqueros” (cowboys) Many were skilled craftspeople
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THE NATIVE AMERICANS
At the bottom of society Suffered high mortality rates under the
Spanish rule Often exploited by the new class of
rancheros Many escaped to live on the edges of
California’s frontier to live with independent Native Americans
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MEN’S ROLE
In California men played a powerful role in the family
Only men could vote or hold elective office
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WOMEN’S ROLE
Women, especially upper-class women had some rights and privileges as well
Unlike American women of the era, Hispanic women retained control over their own property after marriage and could seek legal redress from the courts
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NEW MEXICO
New Mexico included present day Arizona
Did not change much immediately after Mexico’s independence Remained rural Sheep ranching thrived in dry climate
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NEW MEXICO ATTACKED
1820’s Navajo and Apache launched a series of attacks on New Mexico
The Mexican Government was unable to provide protection
This continued a growing dissatisfaction with the national government
1837, Pueblo people and hispanic settlers North of Santa Fe rebelled Killed the unpopular territorial governor 16 other government officials killed
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AMERICAN INFLUENCE
After Mexican independence American influence in these territories increased Immigration increased Trade increased
Traders from U.S., Russia and other countries arrived in California ports to exchange manufactured goods for sea otter skins and hides and tallow (?) derived from cattle
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TALLOW- A HARD FATTY SUBSTANCE MADE FROM RENDERED ANIMAL FAT, USED IN MAKING CANDLES AND SOAP
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SETTLERS
Governor of CA Juan Bautista Alvarado - hoping to attract settlers granted 50,000
acres to John Sutter (A German Immigrant) Sutter built a trading post and cattle ranch
Sutter’s Fort More settlers arrived- differences between
CA and Mexico increased Tension between Mexican National
government and territorial governments Still only 700 Americans at this time (1845)
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SANTA FE TRAIL
William Becknell opened this trail Connected Independence , Missouri to
Santa FeAmerican Manufactured goods in exchange silver, mules, and furs
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TEXAS
Buffer zone between Mexico and the U.S.
Texas Sparsely (lightly) populated Settlers faced recurring raids from
Comanche and Apache Native Americans
Most of the 2,500 Spanish speaking Tejanos in towns like San Antonio and Goliad
Americans began to flood the territory
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REVOLT
Decision by Mexican government to allow Americans to settle their ultimately led to revolt against Mexican rule
Independence for Texas New Mexico and California remained
Mexican territory for 25 years Texas where Americans soon
outnumbered Tejanos broke away after 15 years
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INDEPENDENCE FOR TEXAS
Unable to persuade its own citizens to settle their
Mexico continued policy of letting foreigners settle there
1823-1825 Mexico passed three colonization laws –offered cheap land to anyone who came to Texas
Last law gave a 10 year tax exemption but required foreigners to become Mexican citizens,
abide by Mexican law, and convert to Roman Catholicism
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EMPRESARIOS & SETTLERS
Empresarios- “agents” &“contractors” National Colonization Act-Mexico gave
26 empresarios large amounts of Texas land In exchange emprasarios promised to fill
the land with a certain number of settlers Empresarios governed these colonies they
established
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STEPHEN AUSTIN
Most successful empresario Founded the town Washington-on-the-
Brazos By mid1830’s persuaded 1,500 American
families to immigrate
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AMERICANIZING TEXAS
Americans accepted Mexican citizenship at first
However, the Mexican government thought American citizens would adopt Mexican customs and see Mexico as their country –but few did
Many Mexicans distrusted the settlers because of this
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BENJAMIN EDWARDS
Brother of empresario Haden Edwards led a rebellion against Mexican authority Disputed regional control over who
controlled the region Mexico or the mepresarios
Edwards declared that the settlements of Americans in Texas now constituted the independent nation of Fredonia
The rebellion dispersed when Mexican troops threatened however
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MEXICO’S REACTION
Most settlers ignored Edward’s call for rebellion
However, Mexican government feared it signaled an American plot to acquire Texas Closed their borders to further American
immigration and banned importing slave labor
Also taxed goods on imports from foreign countries
Hoping to discourage trade with the U.S.
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SETTLER’S REACTION
Furious! Mexican government making rules for
them Making goods more expensive Saw no need to obey a government they
hardly considered their own
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TEXAS GOES TO WAR
Tensions existing- settlers met at 2 conventions in town of San Felipe 1832 & 1833
At first convention settlers chose Stephen Austin convention’s president
1st convention asked Mexico to reopen its borders to American immigrants and loosen taxes on imports
2nd convention recommended separating Texas from Coahuila and creating a new Mexican state
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CAUSES OF WAR
Convention sent Stephen Austin to negotiate with the Mexican Government Visited Mexican president Antonio Lopez de
Santa Anna got him to agree to some demands
While returning home he was arrested Taken to Mexico city jailed for treason
President Santa Anna denounced Mexico’s constitution and declared himself Dictator
Austin urged Texans to organize army and they did
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EARLY BATTLES
Mexican army serious problems Political instability in Mexico denied the army
sound leadership, training and support Texan army first victory –Mexican force
demanded surrender but had no authority to attack so they retreated rebels (Texans) followed and attacked (Decmeber 1835)
March 2, 1836 Texas declared independence drafted a new constitution derived from U.S. and protected slavery
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THE ALAMO
Former governor of Tennessee Sam Houston became Texans military leader
Meantime Santa Anna organized 6,000 men to crush rebels
When Santa Anna’s forced got to San Antonio they found 180+ Texas rebels holed up in an abandoned Catholic mission called the “Alamo” Under command of William B. Travis small force
wanted to delay Santa Anna’s army so Houston’s army could prepare
Called for reinforcements
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SAM HOUSTON
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WILLIAM B. TRAVIS
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ALAMO
Call went largely unanswered- only 32 settlers came from Gonzales
Texans held off Santa Anna’s men for 13 days This was when Texas government official
declared independence (March 6, 1836) When Santa Anna’s men stormed the Alamo
they still fought them off for 6 hours killing 600 of Anna’s men before being overrun
Defenders of the Alamo bought Houston’s men nearly 2 weeks
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