+

Aim: Why have ethnic and religious conflicts divided some nations?

Do Now: Share out from homework. Was the Partition of India a good plan, given what people knew at the time?

Unit Essential Question: Why have deadly conflicts plagued some regions of the world?

+Common Themes in New Nations Borders drawn by European colonial powers left nations with

diverse religions and ethnic groups.

Ethnic and religious diversity has brought conflict.

+Sources of Conflict

Examples: War in Sri Lanka

Discrimination and violence due to religion

2009 – 25 year old Civil War came to an end

Divisions in Canada Ethnicity – English v French Peaceful cooperation (Quebec)

Troubles in Northern Ireland Religious and economic discrimination 1922 – Britain keeps Northern Ireland

(Protestant Majority) 1960s – extremists on both sides turn

to violence and terrorism Good Friday Agreement – 1998

peace accord Protestants and Catholics set up a

power-sharing government (2007)

+Russia and its Neighbors

Ethnic and religious tensions in several former Soviet republics fueled conflicts within Russia Example:

1994: Chechnya Russia crushed revolt

Azerbaijan: Armenians gain control Georgia: provinces wanted to break

away 2008, Georgia attacks separatists and

fighting breaks out between Russian and Georgian troops

Europe after World War II

+Yugoslavia Breaks Apart

Ethnic, nationalist and religious tensions tore Yugoslavia apart during the 1990s. Before 1991, Yugoslavia was multiethnic,

made up of six republics Fall of communism stirs republics to break

away Civil War Devastates Bosnia

1992, Bosnia declares independence Received money & arms from Slobodan

Milosevic (an extreme Serb nationalist) Bosnian Serbs conducted vicious

campaign of ethnic cleansing to keep “pure” areas

Fight for Kosovo 1989 Milosevic began oppressing Kosovo

Albanians NATO launches air attacks against Serbia

in 1999 2008 Kosovo declared independence

+Exit – answer the following questions

-Why have ethnic and religious conflicts divided some nations?

-Are conflicts inevitable?

-Was the world better off before World War I?

-Do we have any chance at peace?

Jawaharlal Nehru, first prime minister of India

Indira Gandhi, first female prime minister of India

Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of democracy movement

Sukarno, founder & 1st president of Indonesia

Suharto, military dictator of Indonesia

Corazon Aquino, democratic president of Philippines

+

AIM: Why have conflicts plagued some African countries?

Do Now: Over the last two years, you have heard many atrocious historical records and accounts from all over the world. When it comes down to it, do you believe that Africa has had it the worst?

+Common Themes in New Nations

Military coups, one-party systems, and dictatorships kept some countries from achieving democracy.

Citizens and foreign lenders have forced former dictatorships to hold elections and transition to democracy.

+Kwame Nkrumah, Founder & first president Of Ghana

Jomo Kenyatta, founder& 1st president of Kenya

Leopold Senghor Independence leader in Senegal

Nationalist Leaders Demand Freedom

+The Stories of African Nations

Ghana

Kenya

Algeria

Democratic Republic of Congo

Nigeria

Zimbabwe

Angola and Mozambique

Rwanda and Burundi

Sudan

In small groups, use the resource given to create a diagram sharing the story of your assigned nation

**will serve as your notes on this topic

+Africa’s Conflict Zones

http://www.cfr.org/world/africas-conflict-zones/p14543

Conflict Zones & hot spots for tension

+

AIM: What factors finally brought an end to apartheid in South Africa?

Do Now: What is apartheid? Bonus Points: Who brought the apartheid system to South Africa?

Apartheid: (1948) separation of the races. All South-Africans were registered by race: Black, White, Colored, Asian. Non-whites faced many restrictions (permission to travel, marriage bans, segregated organizations, unequal pay, not permitted to own land, inferior schooling)

African National Congress: (ANC) main organization that opposed apartheid and led the struggle for majority rule in South Africa

Sharpeville Massacre: a black township in South Africa where the government killed anti-apartheid demonstrators in 1960

• Nelson Mandela – leader of ANC; first president of post-apartheid South Africa; influenced by Ghandi’s practice of passive resistance & civil disobedience

• Desmond Tutu – black South African bishop; awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1984 for his nonviolent opposition to apartheid

• F. W. de Klerk – South African president who officially ended apartheid in 1990

+ Who is Nelson Mandela?

In 1990 South African president F. W. de Klerk agreed to end apartheid.

• In 1994 voting was extended to all groups

• Mandela was freed and was elected as the 1st president of South Africa

• Mandela peacefully worked with old enemies

• Expectations were high with slow progress

After decades the war ended and both countries began to rebuild.

Both nations established ties with the Soviet Union, leading South Africa and the U.S. to aid rebel forces.

Nationalist movements against Portugal in Angola and Mozambique turned to guerrilla war; they gained independence in 1975.

• Rwanda’s Hutus were the majority group, but Tutsis dominated the nation.

• Tensions worsened until 1994 when Hutu officials urged people to murder their Tutsi neighbors.

At least 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were slaughtered. Millions were left homeless.

Historic resentments and unjust governments fed ethnic violence in several African nations.

+

AIM: What are the causes of conflict in the Middle East? Do Now: What would you do if your brother, sister, or other family member (that use to share the bedroom with you) came into the room later today and said that you have to make room for them and their stuff or find another place to sleep? Who should get the room? Suppose you got pressured? How could you solve the problem peacefully?

+Common Themes in New Nations

Natural resources, such as oil, have been a source of wealth for some nations but have fueled conflicts in others

During the Cold War, the US and the Soviet Union competed for influence, particularly in regions with natural resources such as oil, or locations near strategic waterways.

+THE MIDDLE EAST AFTER WORLD WAR II

I. Creation of Israel

A) After World War II, part of the Holy Land (sacred area of the Middle East that includes Jerusalem) was used to create the Jewish nation of Israel.

B) Palestinians (Arab Muslims that live in the Holy Land) claim that they should have control over the region since they have lived there for hundreds of years.

C) Between 1948 and 1973, 4 major wars were fought between Israel and the Arab nations of the Middle East. Israel won each war.

D) Palestinians are still fighting to gain control of the Holy Land and frequently use terrorism (i.e.- suicide bombings) to achieve their goals.

+THE MIDDLE EAST AFTER WORLD WAR II

II. Islamic Fundamentalism

A) Islamic Fundamentalism is the belief that governments should create societies that are based firmly on the rules of Islam. Two countries that have established such societies in recent decades are Iran and Afghanistan.

B) Iranian Revolution (1979) 1) This event brought Ayatollah Khomeini (an Islamic religious leader)

to power. 2) Iran is still a theocracy- A country that is ruled by religious leaders.

C) Taliban 1) The Taliban is an Islamic group that ruled Afghanistan from 1996-

2001. 2) It created laws that were strictly based on Sharia (Islamic law).

D) NOTE: In countries that are based on Islamic Fundamentalism, women have very few rights. They cannot vote and are required to dress very conservatively (modestly) in public.

Gamal Abdel- Nasser, Arab nationalist & 1st president of Egypt

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,Shah of Iran

Ruhollah Khomeini, leader of religious government of Iran

+

AIM: Has the world community effectively resolved human rights violations since World War II?

Do Now: What are the different components of doing research?

+TOPIC: HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS

A) Human rights are the basic rights that all human beings are supposed to have. Basic human rights include freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to vote, and the right to live.

B) Genocide- Genocide is an attempt to exterminate (kill off) a group of people. It is the ultimate violation of human rights. Examples include: 1) Armenian Massacre- The Turks of the Ottoman Empire murdered about one

million Armenians during World War I. 2) Ukrainian Famine- Joseph Stalin (dictator of the Soviet Union) took away food

from the people of the Ukraine, which resulted in the death of millions of people. 3) Holocaust- Hitler and the Nazis murdered 6 million Jews during World War II. 4) Rwanda- The Hutus killed almost one million Tutsis in 1994. 5) Cambodia- Pol Pot was the ruler of Cambodia who killed 2 million people

within his nation. 6) Yugoslavia- Slobodan Milosevic was the Serbian ruler of Yugoslavia who

violently attacked non-Serbs (especially Albanians) living in his lands.