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UjJI AdaJI -13. Jilijll ASJ* jbikV cUi«2 (4-2) tPi (10-15-10 cm)

**4J» UaJl (4-2) js-iX-ray diffraction A*f* -14

Shimadzu ) £j-> a- 4* VI (XRD) (iii'-5j5')-ije (0.15406 nm) (

_A ' v_iJa jjlll <* *. (6000

i jl -lt ( jJ-*li i>- j(0.02 deg./s ) c- j-«X 30mA) jW j( 40kv)

.jUL 0.3 U>S iVl <Jj (8O-O)=20

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Jf?- J4* - 15

JL*JVLJ Ia_uJi _C- illL-ajia-a j-lc. (Jj > <-» •> U -UIASI J $ > <0 mi

.(jljjl ji j$Ja SjtxLa. ClLuiUilt CujaJ JAI 3 j mil jUJ 15 l$-}3 ju

Atomic Force Microscop (AFM) J4** J4* - 16

I XuiLk -"' 'fl \ l_

il/ Si j_u<all J

_l*_ll 4_iIS _

3 jH-t -ail _3 4 jil-ill e A uajS

(AA 3000 Scanning probe Microscop) £> t> 4>

LCR meter <j-M jL$* - 17

(HEWLETT-PACKARD) o-M jl**HP(16047) u'-Mj* u» jWA U' J HP( 4245 ) J 3- (4274A)jU JI SJJU- C SJ ( 6 - 2 ) JS-ill L lOO HZ - 100 KHz ' ci j

O-j'/ LJJJI' CS* jWA' '•**J. A*j*> S*

29

tJLadl

JJl AulaJI -13

(jjlajll ^j=«. U**iuu (4-2) ^ LaS (10-15-10 cm)cjlj aAl

r

AalaJI (4-2)

X-ray diffraction AAuJl-14

Shimadzu ) u-^ (XRD) (^^j^1) cjUwll

^ (0.15406 nm) cjtj Ûjii <-AL (jjill axA*.\ k^j*. Ju.ci^b (6000

(jjl j-li t>-*-^j (0.02 deg./s ) ^j—-j( 30mA) 40kv)

_ jlalLo 0.3 c3^-d 4-2bajj (8O-O)=20

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) ûwdl j^?-4 -15

^LoVlJ îa-uJ) [j-0' CLiL-a_jLt-a (_s-1E- (JJ; ..-TtH uwJl J.£..>^ (Jîal-^1

itjljjl ^ (jl j^Ja ^ ClLuUSl) CLiJ^.1 .1^ jl*jl jjlSall 1^-19 t. jjj

Atomic Force Microscop (AFM) - 16

^lAaJ-uiUt (j-jl/ ^j-ldj AjIS j n-v all ^ jVa"ill oii i""i>iij^

.îjjb Uiio jj (AA 3000 Scanning probe Microscop) t-P ^

LCR meter AA^_yl\ JLâ - 17

(hewlett.packard) ^

HP( 16047) bjCaij_>a o^j HP( 4245 )t-7J J (4274A)

jl^Jl SjjL*^ ( 6 - 2 ) îUS(100 Hz - 100 KHzÂP l5^j

(jj!/ 4jjA^' (A j n-t all ^ jl g ■> ll lift j. ^liaJLub

- (AA1

29

f>11/

Jlj-ll c '> 3-2Graphene c«atj t 1-3-2

i>» J>>*•*'< JjV' UJ J|891 IiJ ijjj' j£l'> J

-; AJJVI O! J A US .jjal>1! J\ 4l\j*S <ul51lj >11

Graphene oxide o*s'j&' j' j : S> '_• LJLOJ tjjalj£ll Ijoi ji JK >.V'I 1* 1j-alA 4ijla (J.- > •>'Ti

-Uli t_st aJ y-aJj j.Lu. £- »JJJ (H2SO4) O 1-3- l>> ( <-M2)

iilj- -a.J j*"' »» < iiLjj jj f.L3_laj » «.) (NaN03) f o * ( gm 0.25)

JLJC. ji (gm 0.1) uj-h? f5 .( 15) (L J 1 >-=> ') ?-j .ajklw*

( 10) J 4i L i>Y I AjLaC. (JjjLLaJ UJJaJ c iaJ 0J -al' t iLjaJj CjjlilJSII( |y'1 -.'i -.'1 4 7. j'i Ir. 4 Ual Ml j .,.jL.1 Ml Ml 4 li..J ji Aluball i L ya

_lll £A

W <-&A? (KMn04) f CJUIIAJJ (1.5gm) jj 'ijj ((jilii 5) gjj-1' JJJ AiLiaV' ( <SJ5 20) <aL aV' (3J*J*4J i!

A£-Luj((_5

_iauiaU*-a]l til all) «UaLuiJJ liLjiMl] liljJJj TMMI LaaJI ( -a £CJ ill j jLaJI (jjj-lll4-=a_p £ijj fJJ (4JJ3J20) (JJ*"' M -iJ-lai Jj-laiJ frLall (jA ( <_U23) i-jLiaJ c*Uj XJ.

j-=4jl j J J j IAJI cLall ( -a ( Jx>70) <-jLjaJ f j <jxj ( AAISJ 20) ® » ( »98) J'£-A MIJMJ jl (H202) LW JJ-5 ' ( 4.5 ml) £ . (ijj 10)

aXc. f.Lalb (j-aUk J4*ijJ (JJJ ' aajuulj 4jJ (JJ -all jJJtAc-lui i. «. il a a

. G- (4) ? 70 -60) >JJ Ull 1

jj Digital Multimeter O-IJS jl jULkl <J LS HH

jl (JjU3l ( jjj j»Jt (jjalj£ll . u » *£jl 4' . i a j_l& <L aaJLuu>11 sjLall (jj J (jl 1. ' >J

.( tjSll ji (> (0.085gm )

aeiy

sulfuric acidsodium nitrate

+ potassium permanganatehydrogen peroxide

30

âperimtfntal/Mwt ^(J.uaalt

L^jUll jIÂI) 3-2

Graphene 1-3-2

^j-o JjitSji JjV ijjJjJaio O-J^J ''"'_>x''-^

_. iij^l cjljlaiJI jA LttS <11 jjki îjljllj tiJjjalj^ll

Graphene oxide u^'j^1 -^j1 j-'-^1: S^kkll

-t j^jULaJ (jjaljSll 'j- ji JJ>>|~.'! JîlA (J/T^ln 4_l]i ^La=. ^ ,j£_)a]1 (H2SO4) (>° ( {3^12)

j -.a 1 ■■ia '■'.' (NaN03) ^j—" l>—0 ( gm 0.25)

jLjo jl ^ (gm o.l) (jj-h? fj .(^-^ 15) ^ jL-=ll) "^-J^

( 10) jj..1."vj AaUâVi Ajiac. (3/i t'lj-t; ijS^! cs^ '—'1—dijlil jSIl

.(f04)Cj^J ajl_) -.H AjvjJl ^ lr. 4 U.al -. ^11J ^ ■ ..J U1 ii nil iÎ^^xlII tilj^pJill

W ^LS-1^ (KMn04) (> (1.5gm) ^ LS^ >-aLjaJ ^

3" (S1^ 5) i^?-lj iiljJJ AiLja^l ( "G-d^gO) 5iL^=Vi (jjAJxjU jl

<C-l_^:(i_s .njlÛjâll td_)4N-all) liljljj ^sJjll ^LasJI (j^ LSJIAJI 3J

4_3»._p ^-iJJ (4_ai3j20 ) I 3>^"'I JJiij ^ .l-iJl aLall (jî ( Ja23) ' 'ij ^Hj

tilJ^Jul vilC-L«il ( cUTO) "—alâJ (>«J ( ALaj 20) ((*98) J'

tiLjaal! ^ liljiu jl (H2O2) ( 4.5 ml) t-iL-A} AJ . (o^-3 10)

aXz. allj (_lxiiij .^1 L3JJ C*'1 1' (^lûtA^-LaJ ■—a. ^ 1 a^x

_CJIC.UX (4) p 70 -60) ®j'_>=k ^-jaj Qj* i_s* t ">,'j ^411 f4 tiil_y

j) Digital Multimeter <^>11 jW^-1 <-! l$_hh ^

jO j) gjLjl! 3^ 1 Iî_yx _>JCt 41 .■o-.Tlmxll ajUxll jl '-rLT

(jjalj^ll Auuiji j- (0.085gm )

Aau

sulfuric acid sodium nitrate

+ potassium permanganate hydrogen peroxide

f-YY""*

<"«"« iTOtl

30

all f jaJ1/ iM!

I89' jjatJSII JljSii AoiluJl SjlaaJt(> 100) C5JJJ t> ( 0.05)

aL-ailj 1j tn ji < -a jiLaia JC. (jjlt-C. UJ5j . J l~»8<alt cLall (JA ((3*25) *• <1**~»J

( J-«0.5) 4-1 f-J AfiLui L a .fii Si-d Jjj* ' >> 1' gO*ll JiJ

(i» 100) «J'J *- " o i j (N2H4.H2O) jjjljxjU <>>

lllLal > «<all 4JL19J (jjj jll iJ » «*»<J t( Afi-Lui 24) <_>*£lc-a sj lAi*Jj ( CH3OH ) n a l i-J Cllj-e SJLC- 3 ...1» j jJaLall al-alb vlllj-a Sic. (J > >wj

.(Jj-aya jjjfLjS 4jjlj )g£ll <LlLj-ajjlt jLua.1 <1 s «->jj

HOOT COOHCOOHOM

*+ N2H4.H20

Graphene Oxide Graphene

Synthesis Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) AJaAll jj Vi -5-2Jj pH i L-dt (ci- 800) C5-3 4- aalt vlllji (fC-2,5)

(C6H507Na3) « 'ji J>1~ o- ( J-125) (>95 )*JLH>

. „J U w \l , 5lj 4 U „1J3 JuiiJl X a (ilVi l.a (J >*ij ii-1 <• lyl ) (0.01mol)4j]lall Jc- ladl AJJIJLX ). -> Sjl aJl L5lc JaSLa-all j

4Ag+ + C6H507Na3 + 2H20- 4Ag|+ C6H507H3 + 3Na+ + H+ +02tAiLiaVI i*Jt(8-2) (JS-4 LaS jjjilt jjljiA. j yic. 4-Jaalt Si j-a i-lJJ (Jclijll eljjl

. j > %.«'ij i «7*j Jiliall |»J JSJJ liljjj

1

/

ji-aailI f LSI 4-daill Sl a JJ (8-2) JS*i

31

'89' tl'0

(j&La 100) -ULxa. tj jjlj (Jjj-2 (ji âjJj (jjalAi^jl ^ 0.05)

cLftilj tjj9l_^S]l "IJ i .5j\ (j-a ^jjuLaia OS fUill ((3^25) ' <1 > ^-»J

( iJ-Ô.S) OLi^J jXJ Ac.Lui > a I ^-11 oX«] Ajjj.i î'I CLll'Nâjl i^g& ^3^'

(f 100) ojlj-a.A_a.jJl ^-k. ja_4-ajj 4 (N2H4.H2O) ^J-1^ Udj^J-1^^ (j-0

CjLat mxill 4_aj3J OOJ jalAalxuL iuil jil 4^ Ac-Lui 24) °-1*0 (J^^-

(*_x4aj UJljuj ( CH3OH )Jjj1-kJlj CJ! j-a ejx. 3 "'*J 3i-J Wâll CJI J-a Oic. 3-'-"*J

_ J. ^yi jjSji A-ubjg^l AJIU-Sjjil jLuai Al (j ja-ij 4_iaajj

HCVir* COOH cool I ott

HO

CtX)H

OOW

N2H..HÔ 2-* WOQC

MO^

Grapfiene Oxide Graphene

Synthesis Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 'UiaaJt -5-2

Aj.jJI (^1 3jK all {ja .Iij f3 4f Lall j-a 800) LS* A-âail dlljlj jja (^2,5) Sr1^

(C6H507Na3) o-* (cUl25) ^ ^ (°?95 )sj'>^

^ ,..jl-J "ii/.il .^j -> /.U 4-la_MiljJ Ju 1 .nil c^l_jjaj51 p-1"^—1-0 "l mi t H i \ (O.OllTlOl)

AjIVjII (JcUjII AjjU«_a t _ i.i^-» 4UUJI ojljall AajJ (_sJc- 4ja3La-allj

4Ag+ + Cf,H307Na3 + 2H20 4Agi + C6H507H3 + 3Na+ + H+ +02T

Ail...>>31 i*j4(g-2) cs-3 jjg hll-j 4_JaaIl Sij-a Iajj (Jfclaiil ÛjI

_ j^1-v.>uSj i—iliajj (jjliiJl ,*-<420 JlSjJ lilJJJ

fA

JJ, ÛSI A-uasj) SI JA ûajj (8-2) (i^"1

31

f jaJ!/

19, 1 (Sn02) hsM\ j*iuM jtia -3-3-2<jlj| jjx-UaJJ Jilt (Sol-Gel) J- -Jj-x-ll J-»l' Jji-oall Al iSjl Jlj jxh'LJ

tijjJ tUb j-ti- *L-a (100ml) y-i (SnCl4.5H20) 0- (5gm)

( ijLS sJa) jjii (%25) Uj-Vi JJ-> Jl UiLiLi t ( Jb20) tiJ

4£.LUI24 1JJJ J tjJJC.L*: AiLiaVt (jjiloiij (10) pH <-J ( J' 1>=J <-J U 0' J*uJ1' <J J (pH =7)<J L)- Sjc- JjjljjVU JJ J>JJ

Jl <_JJLO (_K>AJI ijjl Cilj SJLO JC. (AC-LUI 24) oa»l (80c°) *jlj*- J

(Jx iaj IAJXJ JC- LUI aJul (400c°) »jl ja. J.j J jjJ0-bjJj ejLall aj*A (jaiaJ Jail.( Jjll A »> *> ( -« l tll! <.'it > ill Al jj.'i. -till Ijm jl Jc.

Synthesis of (PANI) (cJJ cAw) jj i-4-2

JSJ (HCL) ,> (800ml) J' J l uJVI j- (1.2mol) lifel> ( 0. 72mol) l>* U_J* J aA (-5C°) J->> J' -ijJJj

uVJ all jrj-aj J J lJ*J (HCL) 1> (400ml) J <*J J*. jjJai-o ( _jl jj%3 Jjjl JJl (jjJ&Lul SlJ 4 nl-nll AiLjaVlj

A UAP' JJJ' J jj-V' t>» AJJS £( jji I. » q >J J JJjjVbJ Jaiail frLailj J»«*JjJijj dll a aJC. JaLall «iLollj Juiij

V_JJJV J>uil (jjl jjJJ JJl t> JJJIJ JC- IA LJ AC.L-24 a a'J' i> £J>

la i 'V.yi CJUJAAIU

Synthesis of polymer composite -5-2

ijj CJIJJJJ I±J!AJ ,> _jA L lJl ai& J Xa Jl ( uijl Jl[Poly Vinyl Acetate (PVAcOl JJ'* JJJ* [Pect'n (P>)

[Poly Anilin (PANI) ]uJ> JJJ*

t(50c°) ajlj-a. *Uli (100ml ) J (JSJ> t> (5gm) J*2;jjJa.1 11 (>> (400ml) J >*'/»» J>? ( J41) u- (12.5gm) (> jj

JJJJ gj -a jJ J tililjt (jjJC- Luj Slo ( y.Kj ll (Jl 0» naL) liL aail a all

:Lki ,L4I J (jjil JJl JbJ Jjj(PVAc.)j(P.) i> UJ- (500ml) v-ilixi

JJ| jiJal lillil .aja.jJl Jill (J»*JV (jLaa* JJC JJa > jj» JUjll 0!jl' 0» J

:JVI *LjUL (PVAc.)j(P.) 6- OJS-M (Insitu)jUlil Jl Jib Jbl

32

^xperimerUtdjkMti

I91' (SnOi) jjAusill .UwiSjl joîaao -3-3-2

(j,o-..oTi (Sol-Gel) Jj ^

1^3j^Jc. ^j-jb djj-2 J-a-'j «-L--5 (100ml) t^-3 (SnCl4-5H20) O-^ (5gm)

(Sjj^S ijks) Ajii Uuj (%25) ^j-Vi J^ ^ ^ 20)

2^1^24 dj'j (10) ^ pH 'W3 ijjd' d=» Oj^y u» cd'

(jjlil t. ^->j -o t (pH -Ty-^ ^-j1 ■^'' ol^h1 24c djj^jj^W d-^Jj d=43 f2

Ji d^'-0 ,d O-?^ ejli BJILo (^dc- dô l&jxjt (4c.Lui 24) (80C ) * '"^1

d'-"^ ' ^ (jjJC.Ua oial (400c0) oj'j2- ^-J-^ U.J3 td U^dsJ d (_5-UH

^ jjLjll 4_a±kJx (jj> ^"33 i^jU-a_yâll Aj ^jA.îl'll

Synthesis of (PANI) (l«^> ^) j^L4-2

jjSjU (HCL) cdÛx j-a (BOOml) ^ '-iUjajj ^LUJl u-0 (1.2mol) d^-jj

(j-^( 0. 72mol) Ch3 d^1 dj-U— j •>'-v;j'udo1"' (-5c°) ^-j-3 id1 JJi'J ^jv^l

j^j-0! ddd3 (HCL) cdo-Ua i> (400ml) d

j. ^ >j.„l (Jjd odd (jjV'3 d_d' ^}-^y (jik-Uj SAal Ajdd' "^sUiaVU

d odd' cdd'1. u1"d ojVo-^lddjd fjd^0^' "'J ■"dj-'d' Cy 'Ud î—aUâj d

oo^ d1 "a ^' d dd'-dÛ (d oLUJl c-UJU ddyj îoj d cjio^1 ®-'c' o^â!' e-UJlj (d^j

I-jjaj^ ^j-aa' od -d ud4' Cy j-^jd cd^ d-^j IA4*J 2£.UJ24 c-lod'd3 Ld1

J^'ajjUJ&V diUjidb

Synthesis of polymer composite -5-2

Siiii-a Clll_)jdjJ Cll^J (jo (jj^3 (J^d" d Calljdl oiiii ^ ibUdl Ow>/d_d' 0jdd'

[Poly Vinyl Acetate (PVAc.)]^1^' d3^ '{Pectin (P.) ]o^'*

{Poly Anilin (PANI) Jodj' id^*

djl^ j. x->; ^'(SOc") oj3 L=xo^ Cy (100ml) o-3 od^4' a-" (5gm)

d's-UJl o-a (400m]) td v'4«'"nu..'' d^3 (d-^ (^4^) i> (12.5gm) t> oj^

U-J"'d.' s^d^3 OJ42 blld' ode.Ua Sia (^dd'^'1"" dUaxl^L) iiLo=>JiIl ^ o^jL-4'

jLki a-Lbl odd' idd' j (PVAc.)j (P.) l> uj^0 (500ml)

Jjd' j1 --^ blld io^^J' 2, jVill ^-Uxjj' oajU-ba od- dd33-0 UJ^ ^ ^d4

;ajjV1 iioUiU (PVAc.)j (P.) i> uj^' (Insitu)^1^1 d^b odd1

32

f jaJ)/

. £ (Anilin chlorid) 1» JJ* J u Vl J*JJJAJ UiL ajj (-5c°) d-i'-> _Aw (16ml) jlaLJl ojliV' j-

(>» J > >>j' 0? -d' >yj j-S. ' (30ml)

j»J (jiuilaJI UUJ (jalaall (JJJI JJJI UJ)JJJVW J-**JJ <->'JjM' <A oA VI JJjjK

J? (j j j U1 »j'J=*- '4 -iilj-» «11 <

_a Ap_wJt liLi ajlt --o CJjLii]l CJ -«ll yJI >. i»\ » <ijj eL<Jl A J« Jil (

_ -3 c_jljjj A_LO

J10) -all -3 Uljl »*0 )1 jLo-Jal A£.LJUI S-l_«l baa. J-i.b (j/ ajj-iJ 000) 5jil 5 )all

jj-a Aj Jil .3 jj-a3l (. lUliu JJJ (ja jjx-a (jjjAjljl j-o jj£-a )jil Jjb. .« Ajjl 1 tl . jij

LaS j»J=Lba]l JJJUIVI Jjiij Jjl*s « jjl I -4(2 -iJ-luJI iJjjajll JIJALUII £AJ f. JaJJ (aLall

UJ A ljlalJ USII gjjJl Jib AjjSj JC Jjb JAJ ojiil Jj5 J*J (9-2) Jtill

Cy> jj > J ai-0 JJJJ (jjJ jj (J-dLao* JAJIJJ £jj« jic. J aaJ lifrJj Cjl jaJjjll

(3-2) X»V' * jj*

=fi_

•••*mOAH* tAfc ' *-!J OAH' CA«J' « j Jjfl <-»SljL4l <jjl (9-2) J 4.

< jjj&t LJSIJUI j. alt JJIUI AJ JI (

_i«ij3l (3-2) (Jj-

(Jjjj

Ammonium persulfatejjj

Anilin chlorid<jj jjll ..,u,aill

j4d' u3j4i

40 ml 0.1614 gm 0.0735gm 5%40 ml 0.4842 gm 0.2205 gm 15%

40 ml 0.8070 gm 0.367 5gm 25%

40 ml 1.1298 gm 0.5145gm 35%

33

part 6^^

.j-aJjJl Aio ^ (Aniiin chlorid) ^ jj s-1^

aJ UiL^jj (-5c°) ^jA cU.Ij ^ (16ml) ^y-1^ _>i=«Li]i j^Vi Cy

^C-Lo (j-a e.'\ . >1J_I Cj1_)j-L (j j ^Til gcjj-all j-S_ôl' Q-a (30ml)

UISJ ^ (jjjI (JJJI LU^J f^- U^HV' -yjjK

^.ma {jjj AikjJ ^ "l >J {jl X*JjtAijilt ojl ja. A^.jJ ^ (jc. lAi*j *-"•>'

-■ a!l ' ■' .;.'.U 'M ij-.'^l ^_a ^jLull i_jl_JaJj aLail A _;a£ (Jjl j^-S i—lli-lj A-ia

^lajl jl MiVll ijUa-w-ii Ac-Laa oJ-a] j»La^ (j/ 0JjA] 000) y,^'^

^j-a A_iaS ylil ^ f jjJjaaJI UjliLg jn jja (jâ (j jj Ajljl ^ (jjâ )J_jG»a Ajl iJlLio

(ji La£ J- "--A all JJl Jjii Jjlâll (jjl iiu iJA.iil t- -Jj (s-Ull

AJL â A=wi jiaij LS^* '-y^ uy yy (9-2) cj^-ji

(ja (jâ j^La Jj-^1 (jJ jj (Jl^la (JjaJjJ ^jja Jc. (_J»j li^Jj Cjl jJJI

(3-2) JjAjl J yâ jl jjl .yJaa Cll_}JjJ

jaLil JJl jjj AXJj jAjl Jjall Syj Jj3 yiJail jjl (9-2)

J&Ull UlSlJal) J _Jaa-all <jlu) ^^1 AjJall uitiull (3-2) Jj-1^

(_JJ^~S Avll UJJ

Ammomum persuKatc ujj

Aniiin chtaritl Sal jjll ' li.i'll

J41 JJi

40 ml 0.1614 gm 0.0735gm 5%

40 ml 0.4842 gm 0.2205 gm 15%

40 ml 0.8070 gm 0.367 5gm 25%

40 ml 1.1298 gm 0.5145 gm 35%

33

L*l\ p>1»/ Juail!

( jjlijll jJ-iaaj Jjla-6-2JUJI Cjii 5-ia.U. SJJ'JS (casting) Sr ' J JA ' <3A5-*JN J -L>SAJ AJJC. <J

_jaal ic. Jj aaJI Ja.1 JA 4iH jjS' ji (40ml )4* j(cm 0.5 10 5)

oApfr ( jl jji kljj ja. allll . Aj jU i'll Aj » »n» (_£ jV AjJAjljJ ( jilSj JJJJT-V 3 (JAXII LJJLUII IA JC.

jiall (J_ib A_alli-a i I .al l (PANI) JJ ll it mJ j5l £ a jj ljlVI £c2Lo -o A «

<JUU1I dMSjll Jc. J> I1 Jo bK [ (PVAc.)j(P.)] «> 51 J-JJJIOAH' < > 0-%25 AJUjll o' c-iilj (3-2) MH-<jj5JJ LS-lc- -55L>. -a Jj aaJl ( AJ £J>A (J aii (JjVtfl CLIJAJJJI -A ( PANI)

4_IJAJJJI (JAUJU JJ I 3 ' jj5r. JLOJC.' I !L«J Ajjljjg ll <L_

OJAJ Ajjiac AJJ3 tA..i'll VIA

.(10-2)J 1I US A IjSll

J

5j*ia-« J*M (10-2) JS*i

AJJJUII LJL£IJLAJL (jilijj.UAa.Vi -7-2(J_

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so io 20 30 40 SO 2 Q (degree)

eo 70

(CNT) ^V1 ^ (18-3)

(X-RD) ^j'j1 <Luiu AjjjLUi (Sn02) J}-^ .5-1-2-3

^j-a ^^""'^ AjjjjaJ) A-T-miV 1 .t'u *j) ^31 4JjjLill >,i5AJJC <■'

( 1 9-3) (J5 "ill (.5-3 Lo^ Jj) J%!i ^}-a jaxilll lia ^Jadj 4jjjU51 ,i> *■

ol [deg 22.28,33.86 51.81,65.08 = 02] â^jI Û14^^

ajj-L (jjAj (20-3)cl5Aillj ^07' t5Jc Ljljjll (^C-LJJ JA ^jjUl (JSîil

.^JAwaaJl

1500

1000

50

2 Ihela (degree)

<3^ ^;"j'"^ Jaaj (19-3)

> (5.3 , 5.6 , 7.4 nm) cj'j2 jj^ (j^

49

and 6eui6lonmSn02 SJJL (20-3)

hjAAjA\ 4*>Vt u i i .2-2-3.[ (PVAc ) (P. )]<> ijJi >1! .1-2-2-3

-aS j$JaJ jLua.1 * 1 * 1 j U all Lai AijUa-a Ljll JUmll 4jtMiYl ILij j$ial

.(21-3) 1 20= 19.88 , 32.36 deg] 'j

(CPS)

2000

(500)1000

500

0

.yN*J J I

r::::t:::r X~r

20 30 60

2 Theta (deg)

Lilll t_£)jiall 4 jnxilt 4*Juj\ J J l a j (21-3)

(PANI .2-2-2-3

iriMRW1L :

/ mV ..

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2 theta(deg)

( jjjj) Jjll 4 jij> nil AxaiVI (JjAJ (22-3) (J iLai <LUxa l$jl ( jj*iix jdJaa.1 jj juia) jA j jiLjl Jjjll 4 njmll AstiliVI E-JLJJ illj$iai

.[20= 21.78 , 26.36 deg] j*-S d l"l > 11

50

ffilaki/U andîAmîmv (Jxâall

Sn02 Sj^(20-3)J^

.2-2-3

.[ (PVAc) (P. )](> tP^11 cs^-i^1 .1-2-2-3

â3 ULl^l111' jX^xejl ^ Lai 2iiUa^ ^luil JjJA. Ûj Ljjîal

,(21-3) ^^^[20= 19.88,32.36 deg] ^

I (CPS)

2000

1500

1000

500

0

' '— 1 i 1 1 1 i i

, i i , i i i i

Jr k. . i i "1PIU I ' IHiii .'

PlmL 11 1 1 < i

^wVllj

i ,

i i i i

\ 1 1 i

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2Tbeta(deg)

uSljlaU Ao^-ll AJUSW ^ £*i (21-3)

(PANI o-Â ■■'' .2-2-2-3

1500

1000

500

10

jM . Jin Urr**fwv nLli

1 1 1

rff t 1 1 1 1

1 •

2 theta(deg)

Aoixuiii AauiVl (22-3)

Lai aIjUô i_sic. jA J Lyl^' ^9'-" ^

.[20= 21.78 , 26.36 deg] ^ ^ du=.1991 ji-=

50

@{jabult& andC fAmMiarb iaUxilj J ill

.[ P. ,PVAc ,PANI ] 6- V s' .3-2-2-3

( jjlul jfll jial j'ljiiill <*JlV' JjJA. JaAi j$Jal Lull U 'ik. jSSi jjl jj £i> 0J>N 4*

(23-3) <J » «/ [20=19.88 , 25.12 ,14.01 deg]

L . J L _. _ i!_ _ _ i i i i i

Ii j jL , ! !H j *W JL !

! ! : L " " J f10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8

? Thpta fdenl

UiSljlall A jn.ul) AJLUI'VI (Jlw (23-3)

( Nanocomposite) CJLSIJIAII .3-2-3AiLjal [P. ,PVAc ,PANI ] jiJt 1> Aj.jSl« « A j j j U l l CJIJSIJLOLL* < * * _ ' Ajij IaJ jlala Jjl J >» *

'

' IxJj la ,)\ ..i o jJaa-all AjjjLill jl oll ( /o4 ) Ajduoj

.XRD Ajjlu

daMl £ili-a |P. ,PVAC ,PANI ] 4 J ' .1-3-2-3j

_$JaJ jl l

_l£ljlall JjJ-i A jijfll j&ll jU > »ll jLjiljl A >JTI 3J j~> J>-a -LAIII Ii-A j$ hj

1,08 ( 20=20.01, 29.47 ) <dj' jl' j£]b A UJI

i i i

JH J 1 1Mr

2 Theta (dea)

(G) 4 » LJSI jl*il A jij< all AJLUJVI ixu (24-3)

51

mkuM a^mea^

.[ P. ,PVAc ,PANI ] 4> >4^-^ .3-2-2-3

jjjlul J^Sj^l Af\U*\\ JjlS. ixaj CS"1^' tly^' ^

Aic. jiiSl ^-oS Oj^-la Cu^. __>î-l 0_^ J^1

(23-3) [20=19.88 ,25.12,14.01 deg]

1500-

«nfVi

i E 1 1

I l » I 1UUU-

Wl

1 1 . 1 1 1 1 L (ij I i l

i i i 1 i

DUU -.

0 j

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8

? Thfils Men!

jz&\ wsi>Ji îuJi <x£i\ ^ (23-3)

(Nanocomposite) uiUSlji^l u^J^''ii .3-2-3

AiLî ^ [P. ,PVAc ,PANI ] V^1 o-* AjjiUll oUSljUl

i' i . ■'•. i i. ^.\l 4i^jixJ Cjlilijll JJ- lijl''I oji >t> ^11 4j_jjljil (ô ( %4 )

.XRD

^1 ^4 (p. ,PVAc ,PAN1 ] Vs'.1-3-2-3

. ..all j ^ U.' jl i jUilil A_a-UJ 3j j-»H tj-8 li-A j g

1,08'{ 25=20.01, 29.47 ) **■

-0

I CPS

- :■

V

20 50

21heta(i)eQ5

(G) ^r4 ^4juu.VI J^ja. ^ (24-3) J^

51

wndC$i)>&iA6//prb AJ&UAWJ giusii/ uiai

(CNT) fr. (#JSLSII < ll *AM2-3-2-3UaLui Aj jUll j L

_mUI j jjai>1 > dAjSI>»11 4>JI 4*iVI j>l

.(CNT)Jl Siill Jjli L> Ic. jj Lii.

CPS)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 90

2Theta (deg)

CNT 6- %4 £* j3U« vSljUt (25-3) <J5j>Ull (jjaljSJlJLw jl JJAIIJJI uiSl>»l).3-3-2-3

4_ita >jjl jli si_

A j e> k a [20=12.14 ] ifj-JaJ li A \ 4 j\l nil <L* nV' -ij-ia. lac.1

.I112' >1>11 Jc.

6000

4000I (CPS

2000

010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2 Theta (deg)

(GO) fc* LUSIJIAII A uuJl Ax*iVI (26-3)

>U1) 4J±*1\ JilSj gu J&&\ if j-uljJl .4-3-2-3u-* (27-3)<J ' (XRD) -a L$jji-jl' 4- '>J' '-i-* > «

(23.8 , 36.62 , 48.12, )=20 UjjM >ill ill >15* UJI

.( Ailiijll) l>l>all rlnm >£. 4jJaall >15.3 jLiail >C. (JJL jA j O-lJalLs sjL) £a

M M !. 1 1 M i l l1

' " r J i . i i | |

~ f~

i ii\ j !

..J LMIJLJLM LfA J--4_ _

J J ! !

L_M

52

@(!0kiMemd(2$i6eu6iioTv

(CNT) t4 ^tjÛ-3-2-3

UaLaj) jj <_iuljlj j_)-a CjUSl^lail AjlbJl

.(CNT)Jl AÎOIU oiiii t0 ^ A ,{j Mi"i

1500

CPS)

1

1 1 1 1 1 1

i i i i

1 1 1 ( I r 1 1 1 I

i i i i i

j\ ^

1 1 i i i i i

1

1 1 1 ^^ 1

•iw^WiwtVW. 1

50 60

2Theta(iJes)

CNT 6- %4 £- (25-3)

u4SljiAH,3-3-2-3

!jl_^ll OX-&J [20=12.14 ] jj J "i'\; ^ •«"' —Uill Aj»—CiVl ■O'. ^5—iaC.1

.'112' ^J^1 <>■

6000

I (CPS

2000

1

I l 1 1 I l I 1 1 1 l

JJ* *¥

10 20 30 60 70 40 50

2 Theta (deg)

(GO) e v^lj^ ^-5V! (26-3)

4jjjUJ) 'LJail] J-a uiSljlaJ) .4-3-2-3

^J J"'»II (_j-a li o 1 ^_wa_jj (27-3)j^ i^-laC.1 j (XRD)*^ j"1'8') 1$4' 1.1 ^1^)1^11 liA

(23.8 , 36.62 5 48.12, )=2e W1 ^ jû

.( Ajls^ll) j-lll oSl_)lxiil .11 (_yic. 4-k-aall ^]l itiVll t_^lc. tJJj jA J & 11 nftj OjLj j

52

@{jsbutt& andCffittouMiori 4-iSUJlJ gj\2jlt/£A2l

J1..a a 1 , 110 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2 Theta (deg)

JiliJ j-4 jjjLUl uSIji*i] A/n< *l AjuiVl (27-3)

cs Ull Sn02 f cs Ul ifz£& ***»>» A-3-2-3l_

)ljjll ±jc- A_jjjlilt Sn02 A A_*JJ)J \ f-aill -a IxaiJl Ij_A g JajJ

cUb Sn02 ' j>4 [(29.80 , 37.62 , 49.12 , 24.5 =20]

.(AilSjll) UJSIJUI

3000

2000I (CPS)

1000

010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2 Theta (deg)

Sn02 AoiuJ Ajuivi JJ** (28-3) Ji*i

AFM AijjJI *jill hZu ( jnp.Vih .3-3: gjUill Cul£jAjjjUll CAJ£IJLOLLJ Jlj<Jl ( AFM ) **25 4

»i*iVU

(AFM) oaa .1-3-3A iUll o*M' U*M> .1-1-3-3

CALC.IJ QJMJ ll £lj JJALJSII uti-a yajiuij ( AFM ) AJJSJ

.(25.7nm) </ c# '(29-3) JSLiW V-ii.53

iJuijlLiilj ^alioll/ujiliill

10000

I (CPS)

5000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2 Theta (dec)

4 jr4 LS'Ulutil (27-3)

ts>iuil SnOi f .4-3-2-3

•> SnO ^—6^1 i3-« Ja&ljl l2i-A ^C-AJQJJ

Ji.1^ Sn02 ^J^1 [(29.80 , 37.62 , 49.12 , 24.5 -20]

,(AS13_)31)

3000

2000

I (CPS)

1000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

2'Ri€t3(deg)

Sn02 t* ^ (28-3)

AFM .3-3

• g-'liili dul^j djUSljiaiij jl.to ^ (AFM) 'S4aj dixiA-LLui

(AFM) ^uiL AjjjUll JIJA!) .1-3-3

AJJJUJI jjLktiSjij jjiljill JLjliua .1-1-3-3

I "ike. IJ Aw£1j ^jlL-a .2iJ ^ ( AFM )

.{25,7nm) ^^'(29-3) ^ ^

1 1 1 1 1

— 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

! IJ

1

L^.A '. A. l, ^ .1

1 1 1 » I 1 ■! , , !■ -■ , I,. ,, *-■■-

ki

I ^ —i 4

53

and aLullj

S'

i

MeaMg ' ] "pj> ;

O m 7 3.1MM1 Om X* 3.1pm

(b) (a )

4*>U!I jbuVI 4UUS( b) JbuV! (a ) (29-3)

AJJJUJI <U2ai]) J lij .2-1-3- 3

(30-3) US CiilSj ( AFM )

f 1i Topograc y • Sc«n <orA»d | Meanft - j <§>(

0 m x- 6.1»pm'

Twoo cTf ScnWM - 1 MOTft"| <§>|j

U- i(a )

JbuVI 4 ( b) A Ull 4Uaill JbuVI 4*iU$ (a ) Sj -a (30-3)(50.6 nm) g;j l 11131 > « t4 j SJJJS J& j

.(AJJJUJI jjAuail! AP-SJI jilSi .3-1-3-3(28.7nm) J*J 1<1 owjSn02 SJJ-(31-3)

54

and ^Ml6eu66i(m

Tcrpocraphk'-Scanfowoni ▼jj Uoefi! •- j^t'

~wmmhi

Topoaraphy - Scan forward LmetH

'f

2

i Topooraphy - Scan forward I Mean fit ' Topooraphy - Scanfofword ▼ I Mean fit

3.U«m I um

(b) (a)

(jaSlJ$l\ jUuVI ^u5( b) JbuVt (a ) Sjj-a (29-3)

2_j^jUJi .2-1-3- 3

(30-3) '-a^ Clij\£j A l>iM1 (3-113J 3 fijA Mil ^ ( AFM )

Tcc«ociactvScanfor*irtd ■* - Unefa ■ Topooraphy • Scarifcuwerd t- R Line fit * ri>ti m

Mnn-.

6.19pm C m

ft i TopeBfBotv-Scenfof*afd « Mgartte ^ ropoffaphy - Scanfon^'oid I MeaOW ▼

119jrT>

jUjVI Ah>Ij ( b) 4.i,nai) jbuVl ^Uij (a ) ® (30-3)

(50.6 run) (3^-^ isti-> -tlij ^ 332 oj&j a ajjjS JjS ijj2j

^ ^ otuUZ .3-1-3-3

(28.7nm) j^j iSo&j Sn02 1-3)

54

a/ndCtfiM/Mt/m

'5

\il

Mean f* ET: .

* \I

(b) (a )

Sn02 J VI **5U$( b) jbuVI (a ) Sjj-a (31-3)[P. ,PVAc ,PANI] $j**lj*M (AFM) o*A .2-3-3

AllSjil Jajui] (JSjuill lift Ur.1 j i

Ssi .

!ei»

iDeftectgri - Soar forward "1• , 1|

!;i i

(b) (a)

(.r ' cSJ Afc ' JU_iVl AJJ Sj>-a( b) Vl AOJUJ Sjj*-a( a) (32-3)

2ujl\2\ AJJAJJJI CJLSIJIAU (AFM) o pJ .3-3-3c*M» Au-Sjlj &*M» f <M*ai s*l>» (AFM) u-a i .1-3-3-3

55

A-uial-Lallj âUiSI/Clolljll (Ji ^-IO'I)

r. Topography ' Scan torwarb " * 1| Unefll TDP09raP^y - Scan ôry\'£nd J brtc fit •»

m

-

5-1P I Topography-ScartôrwtfOfri » I Wean is Topoaraohi" Scan forward Mean fJ

f c

3 lum 0 r-

(b) (a )

Sn02 JbuVl b) JbuVl ^ (a) Sjj^ (31-3)

[P. ,PVAc ,PANI] (AFM) u^-^.2-3-3

Aala^jU i-1, 1^1 lÂ ^ Ur- l j I—JSI jiall .'">1

OeRectiDn - Scan forwarfl — I Lirvo fa ScvforrnMd

,- 5 t&Lir-

fd Mleaton - SMnfofward ■» J Mean fit DtfW'on - Scan-towsfri t Meari« ▼

(b) (a)

(jjitiJ) ^jaAjA) ^jJaU b) Jl*eVI a) (32-3)

hjiui\ ûsijiAii (AFM) .3-3-3

{jjaljiil J4->Sjlj (jjaljiJl jtjii-a £* uiSijUi (AFM) uÂ'""1.1-3-3-3

55

and6$tteu66iori LiaUilj gftull/dJlaJI J ill

*

II

i

-

5

(b) (a )

oilJill t4 W (b) JbuVI 4*L£ Sjj-o(a ) (33-3)djUjjaj jjijjS- lj2il J- l-3 jj* 1 jSlI \i*-all (33-3)J *-

> tjU'ill <. . ii .iii (371nm) <4j ' > 1' o* li*-all JJ*J .aJ J*JJ4' S- 'J 'AjjjUll jAii t4 (AFM) u-a Jij . .2-3-3-3

dlLj Ua. j£\ J.\5J dua. s_£l jUl idjll Jflii jldoil (34-3)l£i

. ( jlajjU434 )jAJ (_£ jjU JJC l <a> % "'laC-ii i-jSljlall djliljaj Cliliu J3

DoBedon • SCOT forward -|( Mian ft 7~| j<§>]|| fgS E'

. trig5* vA

° m ** 34ai,m o- * 14*»m

fr1

(b) (a)

Ldaill (jilij LJSIJIAII JbuVI Ai&tj a jj-aj JIXJVI AJJUJ a jj«a (34-3) Ji*

56

@fj36u/& ami C$iSmd6Um

- Seen fprwarti ^

11

Detection

i

■ Vâr, • (! ■^- DcfiecMsn - Sean fonvarit Msantfl ToDoQrapny - Scan lorworo

tisnrr. o m '• ^

(b) (a)

âaijiil jtilL-ifl £a wS)jlait jlauVl (b) ojj«3(a) (33-3)

CJL4J_)20 Ajii-a ijjSjj CJ-=W1O Ax.jyz (^J ^1'Uiâll (33-3)^1^^'

iijU'ill i-uû (371 nm) ^ ^ jTjliu-atl jM JSj i_lSljlail

hjiw âai) jilij ^ ÛJI uiSijUl (AFM) . .2-3-3-3

iÛij 1 ^ 4_Jaail (3jlaj j-ijj '''j- a i îj\l jLiul (34-3)iJ^^

_ ( jLajjU434 )_yij t5^ ^ cLiiic.ia <_j£1J1<J1 diUjjikj

-r- i Lmefa Tif*fr Topccrapny - ScortfofworJ

W& II

^ Hm ^

t€ i' ^ '

M

v ' k "<

kj.^ m ' HJ.um Def>eCitf>n - Scan forward ▼ I Mean fit Topoaraphq* - Scanfc*wwd *- Moan fif >

?

ISum 74 n<:m

(b) (a)

A .âb UJSI jlal] JUJVI »jj-aj JI*jV1 ÛJ Sjj^2 (34-3)

56

{-ffiaiu/iM andC$iAcu66i(m

.CNTk Ull djiJSlIu,li! LJSIJIAII J-3-3-3CJUJjaj C

_UjUVI k-illijj 4J&AJ da** -k. '-JJjUV' jLiIjl(35-3)

JiliaJl (418nm) J' j 'fj Topography - Scanfotwanj |] LmafK '• | <y>

Deflexion Scan forward $ Maanftt ] <§>

Mf,rS Topoflfapny * Scan forwent - j . &

|

\H 0 | 1Ar?12.4MH, 0 m X* 12.4pm

(CNT) f Vl *£*5 (b) JUtf1M* Sj>*(a ) (35-3)AjjjUiijj.iuaiJi ±u*&j\ YIIJ ISJ JAJJJI ,4-3-3-3

-3)<J I Ij (AFM)<j2u (Sn02) f 0- « *Nj»(418nm. )Lj£ljl»lli$ijiij JilSjH A31SJ11 jUJt JJJJ (36

:

Deflection~

Scanforward - |j Mwnll A j<§>!

I

jji-ill f uSl>*ll J VI kSsli (b) JWVi ) (36-3) Js-l

57

and CffliieuMum

.CNT OJiJ^ vjjUI (ijjUil uiSljiAil .3-3-3-3

i—jjjUV' l iijU'ij Aalij ^Jc. AajjjjlSJl jUijjl^35-3 )

ujUV (J^ ^ (41 Snrn) ^ i-jSIjUI

( Tooooô^w - Sc«o fofwort *- | Ur* fit »- Deflection - Scenforwanl --- I Li-« ft ^ ■

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t

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4jjjU3!jjiyaSJl JawSjl ^j-uljJi uiSIJIAI! .4-3-3-3

i, * ki .3)cJ^41' j (AFM)4^ (SnO-))^^ ^ ;>« jli

(418nm. )i-ri^ljl4U^jU"i jxj ÎSoll jil ^k-Jl ijjjj (36

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jjd«aA]l lu-Sjl £* tjSljaAU jUjVI (b) AjjUj »j^(a) (36-3)

57

m*ufi6 andQfitoeuMion

. (SEM) . 4-3

(SEM) 4*Si. Uil J!>JI o iu .1-4-3

AjjjUil AJaill Jilij o pJij.1-1-4-3

•%100 Ajjlall 4 until ( jjjjjAjjjUll AjJaill (3jlS.l]'ajy-a rcjUnll dij Jal

Signal A = SE2 Date:2 Nov 2015Mag- 20.00 KX User Name = SYSTEM

200 nm

P Spectrum 2Wt% o

1*

Ag 100.0 0.0

a$ 5 ]1

jOJ ®I * 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1

2 4 6 8 10 keV

J IUXJI JaLuj A aili SEM 5 j>«a(37-3)

58

. (SEM) QjnUZ . 4-3

(SEM) ^jjiu JIjaII .1-4-3

AjjjUil A-Jaii! ^,1-1-4-3

.%100 U!* SAjjiuil Aii-ujll QUJJ AJjjUll A^aill (jjUJ Sjjx-a gjUill CJJ^.1

»>

%

i.: .4

' -4.

^3 Dale :2No» 2015 User Name = SYSTEM

Signal A EHT kV : am 20 KX Mag V-T) mm

_ « Spectrum 2 • Wt% o

• Ag loo.o o.o

_ [a g]

^ s: > . u

! 0 1

p i\ 1 - \—^

Au

0- 'i 111111111 [ u r 111111 n H 11 ■ 111 ri 1111111 n' ■ ITm [ 111111111111 2 4 6 8

> 0>

o

r-H

j^UxJl Jobjj l^l\ cyliA] SEM >^(37-3)

58

@{jeAu/t& andQfitia/Miorb Ajjjaliidlj g ull/diO

jjiV/nll <3 J .2-1-4-3Ull jSLill jJac. 1 (SEM) j**1 >&1V' jg > ' Ajjiu

EHT = 15.00 kV Signal A - SE2 Date:2 Nov 2015WD = 10.4 mm Mag = 50.00 KX User Name = SYSTEM

?a 5-

0-

Spectrum 1Wt% o

Sn 71.5 1.20 28.5 1.2

0

LXJVTTTTP 111 rTTTTTrrp

2 4i T

6

rarn~iTTf i 111 I II r . |T

8P

10' 1

keV

Uxil JJaujSn02 JdidSEM Sj>*(38-3)

i SJLAII AJJIAII A U .I illJ AJ jjUill JJ s.. -all JLUJSJI CJIJJL (JSJJO )g ]*»J 5 J (y*

. k ( * IAJII. j

59

^jgiu&ifuid^^deaMum

Ajjju]) jjJIj ''"i .2-1-4-3

^Ull J^l (SEM) ^

■Sil

* V

*5

5. V

100 nm 1 1

EHT = 15,00 kV WD= 10,4 mm

Signal A =SE2 Mag= 50.00 KX

Data:2Nov2015 User Name = SYSTEM

P 5- Sr

Au

Sn

Spertmm 1

Wt% o Sn 71.5 1.2 0 28.5 1.2

1111111 j 111111111111

2 4

Au

■f-ni i i'i'i frprffn inj'i T'l i '| ITi V|' 1 6 8 10 keV

SEM Sj>-a(38-3)

o^LJi 3_jjlojl 4_u>ullj AjjjUll jj^aail iiujSjl CilJJL ®Cy

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Ea =-2.303kB*Slope

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(conductivity electrical) A#O Ajlu-aj l £j

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69

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4iSl Jxall oj\jiJ) CJIAjJ AJL«3JJJ1 (joJ laiaa^ (47-3)

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69

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(48-3) jiacl 4-jjjLiJl <Uai]| (Jjlij • ' -2

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70

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71

^QtiaAs and ^^euASioti

(50-3) ^pafr, 'rw^11® vi,JiA^, -3

Ea (CNT+comp.)

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71

andCffitteuMon

(51-3) jjlaC. ) AjjjUll jjflljilt Jjliyfl i&l JAJJJI) I-JSIJIAJI -4

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72

(51-3) ^jjSljUl ^jliua j-4 (jijlaJl ujSIJIAJI -4

Ea (G+compo.)

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72

and(2$i6cu66tOfi

(51-3) yiac.ljjj aail -5

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F high 6 (65 c°) Slop Ea(ev)100 0.055406 -1.0216 0.0002027400 0.06756 -0.758 0.0001504

1000 0.068124 -0.653 0.00012964000 0.20364 -0.552 0.0001095

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73

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(51-3) JoujSJI ^4 <_i£ljâU -5

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F high O (65 c°) Slop Ea(ev)

100 0.055406 -1.0216 0.0002027

400 0.06756 -0.758 0.0001504

1000 0,068124 -0.653 0.0001296

4000 0.20364 -0.552 0.0001095

10000 0.360655 -0.525 0.0001042

40000 0.51021 -0.436 8.652E-05

100000 0.95849 -0.334 6.628E-05

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cJ-U-ajlil (VjJl jSLSjll 0-° Ojl^V tj-o AôLill iillijl ^

diLj\ >i'i-» (jj^J jaLSill 4_«_^ 4 i'.^'^Vi CjIj qll jjLa 4JL2JI oia

4 "i-> 1 Till dijLal^. (jj^Jj 1 _ ill ■ .1 jl t _ 1 yi cii^JjjV Sal-all jjli cdiil (Ji-ajjll 4_»i_^

SjLjV 4_4jiUl 4J13-j11 Vij .Irilll 4_aLla (ji_a dllaJi SjI_â11 4_^jaj 4_iUa31 Sjâ ^g-lc- Iaûh-o

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73

andC06imMum, ujij giiuii/dJiai J I

Conclusions c ULUl yi

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A-L-aJl A_£lll dLSIjlall j-a <_x£ljlall llA jl gJft Jab Ijjk jAdilaj l SJAIAJI Jlft

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_a ja _l£il jlall A j nil ill aAA jj J l jajl A-ialajgSll

jl jail aAA j%4 4 > ' ' j[ J jlft i J*aaja Aala Jj-ojaJ Ajjbj$£ll j<*» ll -i sll A tViA a

A jll > -»jjll A-ajS d_*iajl A_ubj$Sll jllaa J aaja (CNT)Cj - jjajLSIl C LJjUl - 1

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74

and C^MeaMeon'

Conclusions ciiUHn^yi

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t'J , ..1 ja^l (j-o ^-«ajl 1—aS <L-ca_yxiil lj^ [

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5- Th. Hillie & M. Hlophe(2007) "Nanotechnology and the challenge of clean water" Nature Nanotechnology 2, 10.1038., 663 - 664

6- R. Archer, (1960). "Stain films on silicon". Journal of Physics and Chemistry ofSolids 14: 104:10. 1016-10217- M. Sh. El-Eskandarany, (2009) Journal of Nanoparticles, Vol.2 pp14-22g- 4 .K"4 'U 4 i . .I jialll 4 r. j,,A Jta-ol JjLa.

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9- H. Tong, Sh. Ouyang, (2012) "Nanotechnolog and advanced Materials -Possibilities and Challenges Advanced Materia Volume 24, Issue 2January 1OPages 229-25110 -R.. F. Harwood (2010)"Drag and drop APIs for use in composite applications"Edited by IBMNeal A Timpe.|J2,10, 214-220

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13- 374 ASJJUJI JIJ( 2010)‘"cL a' iy* jjlill 4 ji X. i..-.-a14- H. W. Kroto, A. W. Allaf, S. P. Balm(1991)" C60: Buckminsterfullerene"Chem. Rev., , 91 (6), pp 1213-123515- R. H. Baughman. (2002); " Carbon Nanotubes the Route Toward Applications"Science 297, 787 DOI: 10. 1126- 116016- B. udapudi, P. Naik, S. Tabassum S. Rupali (2012)" SYNTHESIS ANDCHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES", IJPBS|Volume 2| Issue3,PP 10-14

17- E. Hammei,; X. iang,;k. Trampert, M. Schmitt, I. ivlauiiiuer, k. Eaer antiA. Potschke, (2004). "Carbon nanofibers for composite applications". Carbon 42 (5-6): 1153-1158-18- J. Boussey, G. Kamarinos, L. Montes, (2010) "Towards Nanotechnology, Nanoet Micro Technologies",2, Hermes Sciences Publ., Paris.19-. Y. Zhu , S. Murali , W. Cai ,. X. Li , J. W. Suk , J. R. Potts , R. Ruoff ,

(2013),"Graphene and Graphene Oxide: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications Adv.Mater" Journal of China Ceramics Society, 38(12),2303.

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]- R. Feyman (1992)" There s Plenty of Room at The Bottom" Journal of Micr. electro mechanical Systems 1(1): 60-66. 2- M. dissertation,A. Drexler, (1991). /Nanosystems /06/5 7445-451 3- C. Jagadish ,S. Pearton (2006) "Zinc Oxide Bulk , Thin Films and Nanostructures"

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4- . It (jatfjJxJI ( 2014 27 tj® ) 4

5- Th. Hillie & M. Hlophe(2007) "Nanotcchnology and the challenge of clean water " Nature Nanotechnology 2, 10.1038., 663 - 664

6- R. Archer, (1960). "Stain films on silicon". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 14: 104:10. 1016-1021 7- M Sh. El-Eskandarany, (2009) Journal of Nanoparticles, Vol.2 ppl4-22

^ J''S'^ "'i CjLjtajll 'SriJsi ^ jtCLo MA^JI tJjL* A/,'.h.i'i I'll ajiLtll 2009^ '4L1I a

9- H. Tong, Sh. Ouyang, (2012) "Nanotechnolog and advanced Materials - Possibilities and Challenges Advanced Matcria Volume 24, Issue 2 January 1OPages229-251

10 -R.. F. Harwood (2010)"Drag and drop APIs for use in composite applications"] Edited by IBMNeul A Timpe. \ J2,10, 214-220

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13- '374 _j'^( 2010)4"cT-a4' cL' (JA fel* '.'i5InVi L-flj A

14- H. W. Kroto, A. W. Allaf, S. P. Balm(199l)" C60: Buckminsterfullerene" Chem. Rev.,, 91 (6), pp 1213-1235 15- R. H, Baughman. (2002); " Carbon Nanotubes—the Route Toward Applications" Science 291, 787 DOl: 10. 1126- 1160 16- B. udapudi, P. Naik, S. Tabassum S. Rupali (2012)" SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES", IJPDS (Volume 2| Issue 3,PP 10-14

17- t, Hammei,; X. Tang,;R. Trampen, M. Soiuniit, T. iviauumer, K. Eder and A. Pbtschke, (2004). "Carbon nanofibers for composite applications". Carbon 42 (5- 6): 1153-1158..

18- J. Boussey, G. Kamarinos, L. Monies, (2010) "Towards Nanotechnology, Nano et Micro Technologies",2, Hermes Sciences Publ., Paris. 19-. Y. Zhu , S. Murali , W. Cai X. Li , J. W. Suk , J. R. Potts , R. Ruoff,

(2013),"Graphene and Graphene Oxide: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications Adv.

Mater" Journal of China Ceramics Society, 38(12),2303.

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20- H. Wang, .(2009) Graphene-based materials: fabrication, characterization and

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storage/generation. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 19,40, 195-196

21-C. M. Neto, A. H. Guinea, F.N. Peres , K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, (2009)

"The electronic properties of grapheme". Rev. Mod. Phys., 81, , 109-162

22- N. Savage, (2012) " Super carbon". Nature, 483, 3 -3023- R. R. Nair, (2008) Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of

grapheme".Science, 320, 5, 1308-1317

24- G. P. Kotchey, et al., (2011), " The enzymatic oxidation of graphene oxide". ACS

Nano, 5, 2098-2108.

25- M. Luis, L. Marza (2006),"(Non-carbon) anisotropic nanomaterials"Journal of Materials Chemistry, 16, DOI: 10.1039 PP 3891-389226- I. Wani , A. Ganguly , J Ahmed and T. Ahmed "(2011) Silver nanoparticles:Ultrasonic wave assisted synthesis, optical characterization and surface area studies"Materials Letters 65,pp 520-52227- Ph. V. Dong , Ch. H. Ha, L. T. binh and J. Kasbohm(2011)"Chemial Synthesisand Antibacterial Activity ofNovlshaped Silver Nanoparticles" Mat.Lett.:65:520-52228- H. Lee, K. Chou and Z. Shih, (2005) Effect of Nano-Sized Silver Particles on theResistivity of Polymeric Conductive Adhesives . International Journal ofAdhesion &Adhesives, Vol. 25, pp 437-441,29-H. Bokshits , V. Yu., Shevchenko, A. N., Ponyavina, and S.K.Rakhmanov, ,(2004)", (Formation of silver and copper nanoparticles upon the reduction of their poorlysoluble precursors in aqueous solution ) Colloidal Journal ,66 (5)451-45930- Y .C. Liu, and , L,H. Lin., (2004) (New pathway for the synthesis of ultrafinesivler nanoparticles from dulk silver substrates in aqueous solution bysonolectrochemical Methods ) Electrochemistry Communications 6 ,4,1163-1168.31- T,Watanabe and N ,Tsuji" (2003)Laser induced M orphology change of silvercolloids:Formation of nano-size "Wires Applied surface science 211.pp.189 -193.32- A. Ayeshamariam, C.Sanjeeviraja, and R. Perumal Sarny, (2013) "Synthesis,Structural and Optical Characterizations of Sn02 Nanoparticles" Journal onPhotonics and Spintronics Vol2 No2 pp 4587-458933 T.J Cc tts JO Parkins and D S. Gln!eyft999) "Transparent COxides: Status and Opportunities in Basic Research • NRfcL/CP-520-2t)64U

34- R. G. Gordon( 2000)"Criteria For Choosing Transparent Conductors", MRSBulletin / Volume 25 / Issue 08 /, pp 52-5735- J . Richerd, , (2008) The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition, RegulatingEmerging Technologies in Silicon Valley and Beyond American , ScientificPublishers P 16-2236- 4 <U4jj"(2015 ) (jlox. La {

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application for the decontamination of wastevvater and wastegas and hydrogen

storage/generation. Adv. Colloid Interface ScL, 19,40, 195-196

21-C. M. Neto, A. M. Guinea, F.N. Peres , K. S. Novoselov, and A. K. Geim, (2009)

"The electronic properties of grapheme". Rev. Mod, Phys., 81, , 109-162

22- N. Savage, (2012)" Super carhon". Nature, 483, 3 -30

23- R. R. Nair, (2008) "Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of

grapheme". Science, 320, 5, 1308-1317

24- G. P. Kotchey, et ai, (2011)," The enzymatic oxidation of graphene oxide". ACS

Nano, 5, 2098-2108.

25- M. Luis, L. Marza (2006),"(Non-carbon) anisotropic nanomaterials" Journal of Materials Chemistry, 16, DOT: 10.1039 PP 3891-3892 26- 1, Wani , A. Ganguly , J Ahmed and T. Ahmed "(2011) Silver nanoparticles: Ultrasonic wave assisted synthesis, optical characterization and surface area studies" Materials Letters 65,pp 520-522 27- Ph. V. Dong , Ch. H. Ha, L. T. binh and J. Kasbohm(20ll)"Chemial Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity ofNovIshaped Silver Nanoparticles" Mat./.c/t.:65:520-522 28- H. Lee, K. Chou and Z. Shih, (2005) "Effect of Nano-Sized Silver Particles on the Resistivity of Polymeric Conductive Adhesives". International Journal of Adhesion cfi Adhesives, Vol. 25, pp 437-441, 29-H. Bokshits , V. Yu., Shevchenko, A. N., Ponyavina, and S.K.Rakhmanov, ,(2004)

(Formation of silver and copper nanoparticles upon the reduction of their poorly soluble precursors in aqueous solution ) Colloidal Journal ,66 (5)451-459 30- Y .C. Liu, and , L,H. Lin., (2004) (New pathway for the synthesis of ultrafine sivler nanoparticles from dulk silver substrates in aqueous solution by sonolectrochemical Methods ) Electrochemistry Communications 6,4,1163-1168. 31- T,Watanabe and N ,Tsuji" (2003)Laser induced M orphology change of silver colloids:Format)on of nano-size " Wires Applied surface science 211 .pp. 189 -193. 32- A. Ayeshamariam, C.Sanjeeviraja, and R. Peruma! Samy, (2013) "Synthesis, Structural and Optical Characterizations of Sn02 Nanoparticles" Journal on Photonics and Spintronics Vol2 No2 pp 4587-4589 23- T.J. CoUaS, J D, Psrkfr-S. 2nd D o. "Transparent Conducing Oxides: Status and Opportunities in Basic Research ■ NRbL/c.P-52u-2o64U

34- R. G. Gordonf 2000)"Criteria For Choosing Transparent Conductors", MRS Bulletin / Volume 25 / Issue 08 /, pp 52-57 35- J. Richerd, , (2008) The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition, Regulating Emerging Technologies in Silicon Valley and Beyond American , Scientific Publishers P 16-22 36- ^ 4 1 5 g'ur. gjl ^ ^ , I-jr. ,4 oidl ggVxO' lj-^.j.i'S':'!j; a 11, U j oljLs djUSIjld

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37- P .Sathishkumar, S. Satheeshkumar and J.Naveen 2014" Glass fiber-reinforcedpolymer composites - A re\\ew Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites33(13):1258 1275.38-H. R. Choi, , K.M. Jung, J.C. Koo and J.D. Nam (2002)"Robotic Applications ofArtificial Muscle Actuators", Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Roboticsand Automation, pp. 3218-3223.39- H. G. Rudenberg and P. G. Rudenberg (2010). "Origin and Background of theInvention of the Electron Microscope: Commentary". Advances in Imaging andElectron Physics (Elsevier) 160,4,pp45-5240- E. MEYER .( 1992 )" ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY"Progress in Surface Science, Vol. 41, pp. 3-49 Printed in the U.S.A41- N. J. Zaluzec "Introduction toTransmission/Scanning Transmission ElectronMicroscopy and Microanalysis" [email protected] http://tpm.amc.anl.gov42- L Hanno zur (1999)"X-Ray Diffraction"HOW IT WORKS WHAT IT CAN ANDWHAT IT CANNOT TELL US "Thermo ARL Applied Research Laboratories S.A.ARL. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 7: Basics of X-ray Diffraction43- U. P. Agarwal and R. H. Atalla(1995) " Raman Spectroscopy" Materials Letters

10: ,642, pp.152 - 18144 - R. Archer, .(2007) "Stain films on silicon". Journal of Physics and Chemistry ofSolids 14: 104., 2, 1-345- A.Heeger, and J. MacDiarmid. (June 1980), Polyacetylene, (CH){sub x}, as anEmerging Material for Solar Cell Applications. Final Technical Report, , , Universityof Pennsylvania46- Ch. Gong, G. Lee, B. Shan, E. Vogel, R.Wallace, K.Cho (2010)"First-principlesstudy of metal-graphene interfaces" Journal of Applied Physics Volume 108 Issue 12Pages 12371147- K. Persson (2014) " Electronic Control of Cell Cultures Using ConjugatedPolymer Surfaces" by LiU-Tryck, Linkoping ISBN: 78-91- 7345-752448- K. Bakhshi and G. Bhalla (2004),"Electrically conducting polymers: Materials ofthe twety first century Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research , University ofDelhi, Delhi Vol. 63,. pp 715-72849- M. P. Lima and G. M. Silva (2005)" Polaron Dynamics with Impurities inConjugated Polymers" Brazilian Journal of Physics, vol. 35, no. 4A,pp 421-42850- J.L. Bredas and G.B. Street,(1985)" Polarons, bipolarons ,and Solitons inCondi:ctingPo!> mors" IBM Research laboratory .Teur.uary 16. 6: 993-1003.

51- T. P. Sathishkumar(2005) Glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites - AreviewJournal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites33{\ 3):1258 127552- J .M. Margolis , (1989) Conduction polymers and plastics , Chapman &Hall, Ltd., 14, 2,pp(125-129)53- A. Ugur, S. Kremling, F. Hatami, S. Hofling, L. Worschech, A. Forchel, and W.T. Masselink, (2012) " Optical properties of well-isolated single InP/InGaP quantumdots, Phys. Status Solidi C 9pp 1288-129154- A. H.El-Shazly, H. A. Al-Turaif (2012)"Improving the Corrosion Resistance ofBuried Steel"by Using Polyaniline Coating, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci; 7 : 211 -221

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38-H. R. Choi, , K.M. Jung, J.C. Koo and J.D. Nam (2002)"Robotic Applications of Artificial Muscle Actuators", Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation, pp. 3218-3223. 39 - H. G. Rudenberg and P. G. Rudenberg (2010). "Origin and Background of the Invention of the Electron Microscope: Commentary", ylr/vrmces in Imaging and Electron Physics (Elsevier) 160,4,pp45-52 40- E. MEYER .( 1992 )" ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY" Progress in Surface Science, Vol. 41, pp, 3-49 Printed in the U.S.A 41- N. J. Zaluzec "Introduction toTransmissioo/Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis" [email protected] http://tpm.amc.anl.gov 42- L Hanno zur (1999)"X-Ray Diffraction "HOW IT WORKS WHAT IT CAN AND WHAT IT CANNOT TELL US "Thermo ARL Applied Research Laboratories S.A. ARL. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 7: Basics of X-ray Diffraction 43- U. P. Agarwal and R. H. Atalla(1995) " Raman Spectroscopy" Materials Letters

10: ,642, pp.152 - 181 44 - R. Archer,.(2007) "Stain films on silicon". Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 14: 104., 2, 1-3 45- A.Hecger, and J. MacDiarmid. (June 1980), Polyacetylene, (CH){sub x), as an Emerging Material for Solar Cell Applications. Final Technical Report, , , University

of Pennsylvania

46- Ch. Gong, G. Lee, B. Shan, E. Vogel, R.Wallace, K.Cho (2010)"First-principles study of metal—graphene interfaces" Journal of Applied Physics Volume 108 Issue 12 Pages 123711 47- K. Persson (2014) " Electronic Control of Cell Cultures Using Conjugated Polymer Surfaces" by LiU-Tjyck, Linkoping ISBN: 78-91-7345-7524 48- K. Bakhshi and G. Bhalla (2004),"Electrically conducting polymers: Materials of

the twety first century Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research , University of Delhi, Delhi Vol. 63,. pp 715-728

49- M. P. Lima and G. M. Silva (2005)" Polaron Dynamics with Impurities in Conjugated Polymers" Brazilian Journal of Physics, vol. 35, no. 4A,pp 421-428

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Com'ucting?m0rs" IBM Research laboratory .'oumuir. 16. 6: 993-1003.

51- T. P. Sathishkumar(2005) Glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites - A Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Compos ites33(] 3):1258—1275

52- J.M. Margolis, (1989) "Conduction polymers and plastics Chapman &

Hall, Ltd., 14, 2,pp(125-129)

53- A. Ugur, S. Kremling, F. Hatami, S. Flofling, L. Worschcch, A. Forchel, and W.

T, Masselink, (2012) " Optical properties of well-isolated single InP/InGaP quantum

dots, Phys. Status Solidi C 9pp 1288-1291 54- A. H.EI-Shazly, H. A. Al-Turaif (2012)"Improving the Corrosion Resistance of

Buried SteeP'by Using Polyaniline Coating, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci; 7 : 211 -221

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conducting polymer nanotubes" (1UPAC Technical Report) Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 83, No. 10, pp. 1803-1817, 60- Y. J. Wang, H. D. Tran, and R. B. Kane r ( 2011) "Synthesis of Extra-long Polyaniline Nanofibers" Nanosystems Chemistry and Engineering Research 2,]4.ppl254-1258 61-R. A. Salih, J. Mater. ( 2012)Environ. Sci. (1) pp 50-56 62- G.G. Wallace, G. M. Spink , Lanc-Maguire ,P. R. Teasdale( 2003), Conductive Electroactive polymers Intelligent Materials Systems, CRC Press ,Boca raton

63- E. Charles ,J. Carraher (2003)," GIANT MOLECULES Essential Materials for

Everyday Living and Problem S olving"SECOND Copyright by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published fay John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New

Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada 64- M. A. Abu-Saied, Kb. A. Khalil, , S.S. Al-Deyab (2012) " Preparation and Characterization of Poly Vinyl Acetate Nanoflber Doping Copper Metal Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 7,1.PP 1263-1269 65- U. Habibu " Production of Trowel Paints using Polyvinyl Acetate Synthesized from Vinyl Acetate Monomer as a Binder", PMB 65, Bosso, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria .Tel: +60163973240, E-mail: habibuuthman@ yahoo, com 66- V. U.Orona, A.R .Chu, J. L.Mendoza , (2010)," A Novel Pectin Material: Extraction, Characterization and Gelling Properties" .Int. J. Mol. Sci. 11, 3686-3695; 67- J. A. DeVries, et al, (1986). "Distribution of methoxyl groups in pectins- Carbohydrate Polymers, 6, I, pp. 65-176 68- K. H. Desai, (2005) " Preparation and Characteristics of high-amylose com starch/pectin blend microparticles", AAPS Pharm Sci. Tech., 6, 136-701. 69-.R, Aei'iur. C. 'Tvirr. A. Gahcrdo. T>. Vazquez. a"d J. RomnnflOOT)

smart Poiytners and i heir Applications as Biomateriais1 Topics in Tissue Engineering, Vol. 3, 2007. Eds. N Ashammakhi, R Re is & E Chiellini ©). . 70- tA AjSill jilVitlj OUSjaIIj "Lilill tCiliualJjC jjjSj 2006 71- D. Dupin, J. Rosselgong; S.P. Armes,; A.F. Routh,. (2007)," Swelling kinetics for a pH-induced latex-to-microgel transition". Langmuir 23, 4035-4041. 72- J.Seuring,; S.Agarwal, .( 2012), "Polymers with upper critical solution temperature in aqueous solution". Macromol. Rapid Commun 33, 1898-1920 73 - S. Cai, W. Wu, S. Chen, and G. Voyiadjis. (2004) "Applications of Smart Materials inStructural Engineering." Louisiana Transportation Research Center,

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@CefereneeA J ll SI * tl

74- Siham TARABICHI and Ahmed BAGHDADI ,(2000),"polymers Types,Synthesis, Sensing, Properties and Horizons" Damascus University Journal BasicSciences - Volume ( 16) The first issue75-Yu, X.; Zhou, S.; Zheng, X.; Guo, T.; Xiao, Y.; Song,( 2009) biodegradable shape-memory nanocomposite with excellent magnetism sensitivity. Nanotechnology ,235702: 1-235702:976- M.Cuevas, J.; Alonso, J .; German, L.; Iturrondobeitia, M.; J.M Laza,.; J.L. Vilas, .(2009) Magneto-active shape memory composites by incorporating ferromagneticmicroparticles in a thermo-responsive polyalkenamer. Smart Mater. Struct, 18,075003:1-075003:1077-.S. Solomon ,M .Bahadory, V.jeyarajasingam and Ch boriz (2007) Synthesis andStudy of silver Nanoparticles" J. of chemical education ,Vol 84 No. 2 , pp-322-32578- M.R.Aguilar, C. Elvira, A. Gallardo, B. Vazquez, and J.S. Roman(2007)" SmartPolymers and Their Applications as Biomaterials Topics in Tissue Engineering, Vol.3, .PP 659-66779- T. hirai, J.zheng, M. watanabe and H. shirai (2001)" Electrically active polymermaterials -application of non-ionic polymer gel and elastomers for artificial muscles"Fabrics and Clothing, Elsevier webshop Pages 1,6. 7-33,80- D.M Addington &D.L. Schodek -(2005) -p 1081- H. Factors andA. Ergonomics(2010) "Smart Clothing Technology andApplications" Series. QA76.592.S63 004.16~dc2282- M. K. Molapo, M. P. Ndangili, F.R.Ajayi, G. Mbambisa and M.S. Mailu " (2012)Electronics of Conjugated Polymers (I): Polyaniline " Int. J . Electrochem. Sci., 711859 - 1187583- A. Moghadam, A. Kouzani, K. Torabi, A. Kaynak and M. Shahinpoor, (2015)

Development of a Novel Soft Parallel Robot equipped with Polymeric ArtificialMuscles , Smart Materials and Structures, Volume 24, Number 3, 5017,84- M .Traina, A.Pegoretti In situ reduction of graphene oxide dispersed in a polymermatrix. Joum.al ofNanoparticle Research. (2012); 14(4) 8011-8016.

85- G. C.-Marjanovic (2013) Recent advances in polyaniline research:Polymerization mechanisms, structural aspects, properties and applications SyntheticMetalsVolume 177, 1 , Pages 1-4786- L. .T.ianxi Liu, J. Guo, Sh.Guo, X. Wang and W. Wang (2010). " smart pHresponsive graphene/polyacrylamide complex via noncovalent interaction,Nanotechnology, Research.', 14(4) 801 -80687- R. Aroraa. U. Kumar. P. Shannac, ( 2914 ) " Effect of fabrcation technique onmicrostructure and electrical conductivity of polyaniline-Ti02-PVA compositematerial " J. Procedia Materials Science 6 238 - 24388- Y.-M. Ha, T. A., M.-H. Kim, H.-Ch. Kim, M. Sh. Hassan, M. S. Khil (2012) "

Novel silicificated PVAc/POSS composite nanofibrous mat via facile electrospinningtechnique: potential scaffold for hard tissue engineering. PM1D 23.10.pp .58.7989- W. S.Hummers, and J. Richard .( 1958)OfTeman Preparation of Graphene Oxide., Journal of the American Chemical Society , , Vol . (80) , pp.1339-134990- S. Iravani, H. Korbekandi, S.V. Mirmohammadi and B. Zolfaghari (2014);"Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: chemical, physical and biological methods Researchin Pharmaceutical Sciences, r 9(6): 385-406

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ffiOfeveneeA JJUoaJI

74- Siham TARABICHI and Ahmed BAGHDADI ,(2000),"polymers Types,

Synthesis, Sensing, Properties and Horizons" Damascus University Journal Basic Sciences - Volume (16) The first issue 75-Yu, X.; Zhou, S.; Zheng, X.; Guo, T.; Xiao, Y.; Song,( 2009) biodegradable shape- memory nanocomposite with excellent magnetism sensitivity. Nanotechnology , 235702:1-235702:9 76- M.Cuevas, J.; Alonso, J.; German, L.; Iturrondobeitia, M.; J.M Laza,.; J.L. Vilas,. (2009) Magneto-active shape memory composites by incorporating ferromagnetic microparticles in a thermo-responsive polyalkenamer. Smart Mater. Struct, 18, 075003:1-075003:10 77-.S. Solomon ,M-Bahadory, V.jeyarajasingam and Ch boriz (2007)"Synthesis and Study of silver Nanoparticles" J. of chemical education ,Vol 84 No. 2 , pp-322-325 78- M.R.Aguilar, C. Elvira, A. Galiardo, B. Vazquez, and J.S. Roman(2007)" Smart Polymers and Their Applications as Biomaterials" Topics in Tissue Engineering, Vol. 3,.PP 659-667 79- T. hirai, J.zheng, M. watanabe and H. shirai (2001)" Electrically active polymer materials -application of non-ionic polymer gel and elastomers for artificial muscles" Fabrics and Clothing, Elsevier webshop Pages 1,6. 7-33, 80- D.M Addington &D.L. Schodek -(2005) -p 10

81- H. Factors andA. Ergonomics(2010) "Smart Clothing Technology and Applications" Series. QA76.592.S63 004.]6-dc22 82- M. K. Molapo, M. P. Ndangili, F.R.Ajayi, G. Mbambisa and M.S. Mailu " (2012) Electronics of Conjugated Polymers (I): Polyaniline " Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 7 11859- 11875 83- A. Moghadam, A. Kouzani, K. Torabi, A. Kaynak and M. Shahinpoor, (2015) "Development of a Novel Soft Parallel Robot equipped with Polymeric Artificial Muscles", Smart Materials and Structures, Volume 24, Number 3, 5017, 84- M .Traina, A.Pegoretti In situ reduction of graphene oxide dispersed in a polymer matrix. Joum.al of Nanoparticle Research. (2012); 14(4) 801_1-801_6.

85- G. C.-Marjanovic' (2013) Recent advances in polyaniline research:

Polymerization mechanisms, structural aspects, properties and applications Synthetic Metals Volume 177, 1, Pages 1-47 86- L. .T.ianxi Liu, J. Guo, Sh.Guo, X. Wang and W. Wang (2010). " smart pH responsive graphene/polyacrylamide complex via noncovalent interaction, Nanotechnology, Research.; 14(4) 801 _-806 .ST- R. Aroma, U. Rurnar. P. Situnnac. ( :'M4 ) " riTcct of faVvatioit ijclmfcue on microstructure and electrical conductivity of polyaniline-Ti02-PVA composite material" J. Procedia Materials Science 6 238 - 243 88- Y.-M. Ha, T. A., M.-H. Kim, H.-Ch, Kim, M. Sh. Hassan, M. S. Khil (2012) "

Novel silicificated PVAc/POSS composite nanofibrous mat via facile electrospinning technique: potential scaffold for hard tissue engineering. PM1D 23.l0.pp .58.79

89- W. S.Hummers, and J. Richard .( 195S)Offeman Preparation of Graphene Oxide ., Journal of the American Chemical Society,, Vol . (80), pp. 1339-1349 90- S. Iravani, H. Korbekandi, S.V. Mirmohammadi and B. Zolfaghari (2014);" Synthesis of silver nanoparticles; chemical, physical and biological methods Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, r 9(6); 3 85-406

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91- A.Asama. N. Naje , S. AzharNorry, M .S .Abdul!a(2013)." Preparation andCharacterization of Sn02Nanoparticles Science,Engineering and Technology" (AnISO 3297:) Vol . 2, Issue 12, PP.636-640

92- H. Xia and Qi. Wang (2001 )"Synthesis and Characterization of ConductivePolyaniline Nanoparticles Through Ultrasonic Assisted Inverse MicroemulsionPolymerization"joumal of Nanopartecles Research 3: 401-411

93- T.A.Hanafy (2012). Dielectric and Electric Modulus Behavior of ChlorinatedPoly(Vinyl Chloride ) Stabilized with phenyl Maleimide. Advances in Materialsphysics andchemistry, , 2, pp(255-266)

94- BT. Raut, PR. Godse, SG. Pawar, MA. Chougule, S .Sen, RC.Pawar, CS. Lee, VB. Patil (.2012)"Novel method of fabrication of polyaniline-CdS nanocomposites: structural, morphological and optoelectronic Properties".

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100- E. T. Kang, K. G. Neoh and K. L. Tan. (1998). Prog Polym. Sci . 23, 277

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104- G.bandan, R.; Proctor, (2000)"Determination of pectin degree of esterificationby diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy". Food Chem., 68,pp327-332.105- M.Trchova and J. Stejskal (2011)" Polyaniline: The infrared spectroscopy ofconducting polymer nanotubes" IUPACdoi:10. 10-02-01, pp 1351-1355

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91- A.Asama. N. Naje , S. AzharNorry, M .S .Abdiilla(2013)." Preparation and Characterization of Sn02Nanoparticles Sciencc,Enginecring and Technology" (An ISO 3297:) Vol. 2, Issue 12, PP,636-640

92- H. Xia and Qi. Wang (2001)"Synthesis and Characterization of Conductive Polyaniline Nanoparticles Through Ultrasonic Assisted Inverse Microemulsion Polymerization "journal of Nanopartecles Research 3; 401-411

93- T.A.Hanafy (2012). Dielectric and Electric Modulus Behavior of Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride ) Stabilized with phenyl Maleimide. Advances in Materials physics and chemistry, , 2, pp(255-266)

94- BT. Raut, PR. Godse, SG. Pa war, MA. Chougule, S .Sen, RC.Pawar, CS. Lee , VB. Patil (.2012)"Nove! method of fabrication of polyaniline- CdS nanocomposites: structural, morphological and optoelectronic Properties". Ceramic Inter J 38:3999-4007 95- W. S. H. Jr., and R. E.,( 1958) Offeman," Preparation of graphitic oxide". J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80, 1939.

96- T. Theivasanthi and M. Alagar (2012)"EIectrolytic Synthesis and Characterizations of Silver Nanopowder" , Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi-626124, Tamilnadu, India 97- M. A. Farmkh, B. T, Heng, R. Adnan(2010), Surfactant-controlled aqueous

synthesis of SnOa nanoparticles via the hydrothermal and conventional heating

methods, Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 34(4), 537) 98- D. L. Vien, N. B. Colthup, W. G. Fateley, J, G. Grasselli, (1991)The Handbook of Infrared and Ram an Characteristic Frequencies of Organic Molecules, pp. 277-299, Academic Press, San Diego 99-G- Socrates(2001).- Infrared and Raman Characteristic Group Frequencies, pp. 107-113, 122-123, 157-167, 176-177,220-222, John Wiley, New York

100- E. T. Kang, K. G. Neoh and K. L. Tan. (1998), Prog Polym. Sci. 23, 277

101-M. L. Boyer, S. Quillard, G. Louarn, G. Froyer and S. Lefrant. (2000). J. Phys. Chem. Bi04, 8952 102- N. V. Blinova, J. Stejskal, M. Trchova, G. Ciric-Marjanovic and I. Sapurina., (2ftft7y j. Phys. Chem PA, 111. 2^40

103-N, J. prakash, S. H. Pradsad, S. Nehru, M. Sathish and S. Soundararajan (2013)"Synthesis, Characterization and Testing of Emulsion Polymerized Vinyl Acetate-Acrylamide Copolymers for Bio-Degradable Applications" IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE),, Volume 1,1,- 600-632, India

104- G.bandan, R.; Proctor, (2000)"Determination of pectin degree of esterification by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy". Food Chem., 68,pp 327-332. 105- M.Trchova and J. Stejskal (2011)" Polyaniline; The infrared spectroscopy of conducting polymer nanotubes" IUPAC doi:10. 10-02-01, pp 1351-1355

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jjLua Jlffiferenceb106-N. Puviyarasan, April (2001)"FTIR and FIR Investigation on some aminoCompounds, Ph. D, Thesis, Pondicherry University, Pondicheriy,.

107- K. Shameli, . B. Ahmad, M Mohsen , W. M. Zin ,W. Yunus, R.Abdolhossein, and N. A. Ibrahim.( 2011) "Synthesis of silver nanoparticles in montmoriI Ionite andtheir antibacterial behavior" Int J Nanomedicine; 6: 581-590108- N. Michael, N. Ravishankar , L. Basit , and C. Felser, (2010) ( Synthesis ofgraphene oxide-intercalated a-hydroxides by metathesis and their decomposition tographene/metal oxide composites) 2,14,pp65-77

109- J. Aruna (2000) Committee on powder diffraction standards Diffraction data file,No. 4-0783110- A. S. Tawfik2013." The Role of Carbon Nanotubes in Enhancement ofPhotocatalysis "http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51050

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112- S. Park , A. Jinho. , R.Jeffrey, A. Velamakanni , Sh. Murali , and R. S. Ruoff ,( 2 0 1 1 ). Hydrazine-reduction of graphite- and graphene oxide, C A RB ON, 4 9 , 3 0pp 19-30113- J. Elisandro d. Andrade; R.Machado; M. Andrade; F. Guilherme and C.Cunha(2013) AFM and XRD characterization of silver nanoparticles films deposited on thesurface of DGEBA epoxy resin by ion sputtering" Poh'meros vol.23 no.l , 01,pp 215-220

114- D. Saikia, Y.W. Chen-Yang, Y.T. Chen, Y.K. Li, S.I. Lin(2008) "Investigationof ionic conductivity of composite gel polymer electrolyte membranes based onP(VDF-HFP), LiC104 and silica aerogel for lithium ion battery elsevier Desalination234,pp 24-32

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J06-N. Puviyarasan, April (2001)"FTIR and FIR Investigation on some amino Compounds, Ph. D, Thesis, Pondichcrry University, Pondicherry,.

107- K. Shameli,. B. Ahmad, M Mohsen , \V. M. Zin ,W. Yunus, R.Abdolhossein , and N. A. lbrahim.( 2011) "Synthesis of silver nanoparticles in montmorillonite and their antibacterial behavior" !nt J Nanomedicine; 6: 581-590

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82

And after that dried up these chips (filme) have several tests andmeasurements and compare in terms of results and this tests are

A. test swelling

B. measuring electrical conductivity and dielectric constant values

C. test chips in response to electrical (bending)

D. Activation energy measure

It became clear during the test (Swelling test) that all these chips notswell in water, either electrical measurements, the value of electricconductivity prepared to chip composite triple with (CNT) is the highestvalue of the connection composite prepared with graphene and silverpossessed connectivity values , but composite prepared from triple withdioxide tin (which is a semiconductor material) had owned the value ofconnectivity approach to connectivity triple composite withoutnanomaterials with increased minor, but the chips prepared from thetriple composite with (GO), which is non-conductive material to the valueof the electrical conductivity her approach to zero and did not get theelectric plug as .As it turns out that the dielectric constant of the realvalues of composite with (G)was the highest of all the dielectric constantof the real values of a composite polymeric chips and other prepared .these chips have a high ability to store electric energy more than acomposite of other chips and is suitable for many applications fromcapacitors for battery manufacturing.The other test Movement chips for voltage has offered constant amount(6.5 volts) for 2 minutes was the chip-containing (CNT) faster chipresponds to electrical and happen to wrap clear during the first minute ofexposure to electric but the best movement is the chip containing silvernanoparticles, the chip-containing oxide graphene not respond to thevoltage.After that, the activation energy of these chips varying thermal account(35-65 C°) and different frequencies (100-100000 hrtz / s).It is anticipated applications of these chips because of the response to theelectric is used in artificial muscle or industrial nerve to mind of smartpolymers composite sensitive to electric.

And after that dried up these chips (filme) have several tests and

measurements and compare in terms of results and this tests are

A. test swelling

B. measuring electrical conductivity and dielectric constant values

C. test chips in response to electrical (bending)

D. Activation energy measure

It became clear during the test (Swelling test) that all these chips not

swell in water, either- electrical measurements, the value of electric

conductivity prepared to chip composite triple with (CNT) is the highest

value of the connection ,composite prepared with graphene and silver

possessed connectivity values , but composite prepared from triple with

dioxide tin (which is a semiconductor material) had owned the value of

connectivity approach to connectivity triple composite without

nanomaterials with increased minor, but the chips prepared from the

triple composite with (GO), which is non-conductive material to the value

""of the electrical conductivity her approach to zero and did not gel the

electric plug as .As it turns out that the dielectric constant of the real

values of composite with (G)was the highest of all the dielectric constant

of the real values of a composite polymeric chips and other prepared .

these chips have a high ability to store electric energy more than a

composite of other chips and is suitable for many applications from

capacitors for battery manufacturing.

The other test Movement chips for voltage has offered constant amount

(6.5 volts) for 2 minutes was the chip-containing (CNT) faster chip

responds to electrical and happen to wrap clear during the first minute of

exposure to electric but the best movement is the chip containing silver

nanoparticles, the chip-containing oxide graphene not respond to the

voltage.

After that, the activation energy of these chips varying thermal account

(35-65 C) and different frequencies (100-100000 hrtz / s).

It is anticipated applications of these chips because of the response to the

electric is used in artificial muscle or industrial nerve to mind of smart

polymers composite sensitive to electric.

AbstractFour types of nanoparticles preparation which is about carbonates

compounds two ( graphene oxide) and reduced to (graphene),and noncarbonate compounds are (silver-nanoparticles) and (Tin dioxidenanoparticles). These compounds diagnosed using multiple techniques :

1-Infrared spectrum (FT- IR )

2-(X-ray) diffraction

3-Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

4- Atomic force microscopy (AFM)

Then prepared Polymer composite counter poly Aniline, poly vinylacetate(PVAc.) and pectin(P.) ,so we got a composite conductivepolymeric tri [P., PVA c, PANI], attended this overlapped chips in a waycasting diagnosed this chip technologies mentioned above in addition tomeasuring the electrical properties [electrical conductivity, real andimaginary dielectric constant, activation energy] using device (LCR) Theelectrical conductivity of this chip (6.512s/m) and constant real andimaginary (62313) (5244) respectively.

And prepared nanocomposites by using this a composite conductivepolymeric tri [P., PVA c, PANI] and add nanomaterials(Four) prepared inaddition to a fifth nano material which is carbon nano tubes [CNT] (trade)(4%) have each separately, and attended five chips of these complexes in amanner casting . And diagnosed these chips prepared techniques using (FT - IR), (SEM) ,(AFM) and (XRD), these chips are:

1-composite triple[ P., PVAc, PANI] with (G)

2- composite triple[ P., PVAc, PANI] with (GO)

3- composite triple [P., PVAc, PANI]] with (AgNP)

4- composite triple [P., PVAc, PANI]] with (CNT)

5- composite triple[ P., PVAc, PANI]] with (Sn02)

Abstract

Four types of nanoparticles preparation which is about carbonates

compounds two ( graphene oxide) and reduced to (graphene),and non

carbonate compounds are (silver-nanoparticles) and (Tin dioxide

nanoparticles). These compounds diagnosed using multiple techniques :

1-Infrared spectrum (FT- IR)

2-(X-ray) diffraction

3-Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

4- Atomic force microscopy (AFM)

Then prepared Polymer composite counter poly Aniline, poly vinyl

acetate(PVAc.) and pectin(P.) ,so we got a composite conductive

polymeric tri [P., PVA c, PANI], attended this overlapped chips in a way

casting diagnosed this chip technologies mentioned above in addition to

measuring the electrical properties [electrical conductivity, real and

imaginary dielectric constant, activation energy] using device (LCR) The

electrical conductivity of this chip (6.512s/m) and constant real and

imaginary (62313) (5244) respectively.

And prepared nanocomposites by using this a composite conductive

polymeric tri [P., PVA c, PANI] and add nanomaterials(Four) prepared in

addition to a fifth nano material which is carbon nano tubes [CNT] (trade)

(4%) have each separately, and attended five chips of these complexes in a

manner casting . And diagnosed these chips prepared techniques using (

FT - IR), (SEM) ,(AFM) and (XRD), these chips are:

1-composite triplet P., PVAc, PANI] with (G)

2- composite triple[ P., PVAc, PANI] with (GO)

3- composite triple [P., PVAc, PANI]] with (AgNP)

4- composite triple [P., PVAc, PANI]] with (CNT)

5- composite triple[ P., PVAc, PANI]] with (Sn02)

ISynthesis and characterizationand study properties

of Polymer composite containingNanomaterials and use smart as

materials

Republic of Iraqof Higher Education

& Scientific ResearchUniversity of Baghdad

College of Education for pure scienceIbn-Al-

A ThesisSubmitted to the College of Education

(Ibn-AL-Haitham) University of Baghdadin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Master of Science in Chemistry

Azhaar farouq Abd-AlzhraB Sc.In ChemistryUniversity of Baghdad

Supervised byDr. Entesar Eliwi

2016 1437

Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education

& Scientific Research

University of Baghdad

College of Education for pure science

Ibn-Al-Haitham

Synthesis and characterization

and study electrical properties

of Polymer composite containing

Nanomaterials and use smart as

materials

A Thesis

Submitted to the College of Education

(Ibn-AL-Haitham) University of Baghdad

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Degree of Master of Science in Chemistry.

By

Azhaar farouq Abd-Alzhra

B.Sc.In Chemistry 1995

University of Baghdad

Supervised by

Dr. Entesar Eliwi

2016AC 1437MC

1ihcoedu.uobaghdad.edu.iq/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/uploads/theses and... · ijijii 4 _ uljj$£1i...

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