AnimismAll objects derive their special

characteristics from a spirit contained within objects

If a plant contains a spirit, eating the plant transfers that spirit to the person who eats it

Shaman – medicine man/womanSpecialist in harvesting and utilizing

plants for medicinal properties

PhantasticaDrugs that create a world of

fantasy in our mindsOther names used over the years

Psychedelic (mind manifester) Psychotomimetics(mimics psychosis) Entheogen (creating spirit or divine within) Entactogen (touching within) Empathogen (empathy creator) Hallucinogen (creating hallucinations)

Classifying Hallucinogens Chemical Structures (e.g., Indole, Catechol, Other) Pharmacological Effects (e.g., 5-HT agonists, NMDA

glutamate antagonists, anticholinergics) Effects on Conscious Awareness (e.g., visual

perception, body awareness) Classical Phantastica

Capable of altering perceptions while allowing one to remain conscious of surroundings Individual is simultaneously aware of both

fantasy and reality Later memory for experience is relatively

clear. They produce little acute physiological

toxicity In contrast, dissociative anesthetics and

anticholinergics produce physiological toxicity and impair memory.

Two chemical classes of classical phantastica Indole hallucinogens (Serotonin-Like) Catechol hallucinogens (Dopamine-Like)

Images obtained fromhttp://www.nida.nih.gov/ResearchReports/Hallucinogens/Structure.jpg

d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Psilocybin

Mushrooms Ololiuqui

Morning Glory seeds (lysergic acid amide)

Argyreia nervosa Hawaiian baby woodrose seeds

Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) Several plant substances

LSD is not found in natureFirst synthesized from grain fungus

Ergotism (St. Anthony’s fire)—Condition experienced from eating bread made from fungus infected grain

LSD discovery and early research Synthesized in 1938 by Albert Hoffman,

Sandoz First experience from accidental absorption,

1943 Extensive medical use in U.S., 1953 to 1966 Turned over to government in 1966

Secret Army/CIA research with LSD

Physical properties of LSD In pure form - colorless, odorless, tasteless

Absorption from GI system rapid Metabolism and Elimination

Half-life approx. 3 hours > 90% is excreted within 24 hours Subjective effects can last 2-12 hours

Cellular Tolerance develops rapidly Repeated daily doses become ineffective

within a few days No evidence for Physical Dependence

with LSD

Acute Physiological EffectsSympathomimetic effects

Pupil dilation, increased body temp., heart rate, and blood pressure

Parasympathetic effects salivation and nausea

Mechanism of ActionSerotonin Agonist (5-HT2A receptor

agonist)

Altered senses/perceptions Synesthesia Body distortions

Adverse Reactions Panic Flashbacks

Some beliefs about LSD Creativity Therapy

Varieties of psychoactive mushrooms Psilocybe mexicana Psilocybe cubensis

Effects Hallucinogenic effects similar to

LSD Similar autonomic effects to LSD Cross tolerance occurs among

psilocybin, LSD, and mescaline Clinical Benefits of Entheogens

Recent studies by Griffiths et al. at Johns Hopkins.

Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) A short-acting hallucinogen (duration less than

an hour) Found in seeds of certain leguminous trees and

prepared synthetically No effects when taken orally, taken as snuff or

smoked Ayahuasca (vine of the soul)

Religious sacrament in South American tribes Contains:

Banisteriopsis caapi vine (contains harmaline, an MAO inhibitor)

Psychotria viridis leaves (contains DMT) Neither plant has psychoactive effects when

ingested alone

Mescaline (Peyote) Structurally similar to amphetamine, but

effects are more like those of LSD. Mescaline is the most active drug in peyote; it

induces intensified perception of colors and euphoria.

Effects include dilation of the pupils, increase in body temperature, anxiety, visual hallucinations, and alteration of body image, vomiting, muscular relaxation, and in very high doses may cause death.

Street samples are rarely authentic.

Chemically related to amphetamines Varying degrees of hallucinogenic and

CNS stimulant effects Phenylethylamines that predominantly:

Release serotonin are dominated by their hallucinogenic effects

Release dopamine are dominated by their stimulant effects

2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM or STP)

3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy)

“Designer” amphetamines 2-CB, 2-C-T7, TMA

Phencyclidine (PCP) Developed as an intravenous anesthetic, but

found to have serious adverse side effects. NMDA Glutamate Antagonist Effects differ from those of other traditional

hallucinogens It is a general anesthetic in high doses It causes incredible strength and extreme violent

behavior Management of the severe psychological

reactions requires drug therapy

Physiological effects Hallucinogenic effects, stimulation,

depression, anesthesia, analgesia Large doses can cause coma,

convulsions, and death Psychological effects

Feelings of strength, power, invulnerability, perceptual distortions, paranoia, violence, psychoses

Other PCP-like drugs Ketamine

Veterinary anesthetic Dextromethorphan at high doses

Synthetic derivative of codeine, OTC cough suppressant

Nitrous Oxide

Belladonna Mandrake Henbane Datura These products contain the

anticholinergic agents, atropine and scopolamine.

Amanita Muscaria Red and white speckled mushroom found in

forests in many parts of the world Active ingredient once thought to be muscarine, a

cholinergic agonist 1960s, ibotenic acid and muscimol found in

significant amounts Muscimol is a GABA agonist: produces confusion,

disorientation, sensory disturbances, muscle twitches, fatigue, sleep

Salvia Divinorum “Magic Mint”, “Diviners sage” Religious sacrament among Mazatec people of

Oaxaca, Mexico Only recently used in U.S. and Europe, considered

legal hallucinogen, not currently listed as a controlled substance

Kappa opioid agonist

Drug Discrimination All hallucinogens are capable of establishing

discriminative stimulus control and the discrimination appears to be specific to a particular drug’s mechanism of action. Animals trained to discriminate LSD will

generalize to other indole hallucinogens as well as mescaline, but not to catechol hallucinogens (MDMA) , the dissociative anesthetics (PCP, ketamine), or the anticholinergics (atropine, scopolamine).

Self Administration in Nonhumans Hallucinogens that ARE self administered

MDMA, PCP, ketamine Hallucinogens that are NOT self-administered

LSD, psilocybin, mescaline However, a recent study showed that monkeys

with a history of MDMA self-administration may self administer psilocybin and mescaline (Fantegrossi et al., 2004).