atoms that lose or gain electrons become ions cations have + charge anions have – charge ...
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atoms that lose or gain electrons become ions
cations have + charge
anions have – charge
cations and anions are attracted to each other by elecrostatic force.
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bonds between ions form repeating patterns
can take the form of crystals when solid
usually a metal with a nonmetal formula units, NOT molecules
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outer electrons (the highest energy level electrons) are called valence electrons.
the most stable valence electron configuration is that of noble gases
every atom will attempt to have its valence electrons conform to noble gas nearest it.
for most elements, this means the atom will have s2 and p6 filled when stable
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Cl2Chlorine
formsa
covalentbondwithitself
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ClClHowwilltwochlorineatomsreact?
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ClClEach chlorine atom “wants” to
gain one electron to achieve an octet
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ClClNeither atom will give up an electron,
chlorine is highly electronegative.
What’s the solution – what can theydo to achieve an octet?
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ClCl
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Cl Cl
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Cl Cl
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Cl Cl
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Cl Cloctet
circle the electrons foreach atom that completestheir octets
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Cl Cl
circle the electrons foreach atom that completestheir octets
octet
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Cl ClThe octet is achieved byeach atom sharing theelectron pair in the middle
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Cl ClThe octet is achieved byeach atom sharing theelectron pair in the middle
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Cl ClThis is the bonding pair
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Cl ClIt is a single bonding pair.The other electrons are
unshared pairs.
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Cl ClIt is called a SINGLE BOND
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Cl ClSingle bonds are abbreviated
with a dash
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Cl ClThis is the chlorine molecule,
Cl2
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O2
Oxygen is also one of the diatomic molecules
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How will two oxygen atoms bond?
OO
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OOEach atom has two unpaired electrons
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OO
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OO
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OO
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OO
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OO
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OO
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Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative.
So both atoms want to gain two electrons.
OO
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Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative.
So both atoms want to gain two electrons.
OO
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OO
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OO
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OO
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OO
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OOBoth electron pairs are shared.
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6 valence electronsplus 2 shared electrons
= full octet
OO
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6 valence electronsplus 2 shared electrons
= full octet
OO
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two bonding pairs,
OOmaking a double bond
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OO=For convenience, the double bond
can be shown as two dashes.
OO
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OO=This is the oxygen molecule,
O2
this is so
cool!!
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formed by two or more nonmetals molecules are a neutral group of atoms
joined by covalent bonds in order to satisfy the octet rule (there are exceptions to this)› atoms are held together by sharing
valence electrons diatomic molecules are two of the
same atoms covalently bonded
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atoms of different elements can covalently bond to form molecular compounds› tend to have lower melting and boiling
points than ionic compounds
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single covalent bond- share a pair of electrons
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often there is a pair of valence electrons that are not shared (unshared pair)
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double or triple bonds share two or three pairs of electrons
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shows how many atoms of each element› methane is
one carbon and four hydrogen
› CH4
does not tell you about the molecule’s structure (structuralformula)
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refers to the idea that there are two or more valid electron dot formulas for a molecule
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prefixes tell how many atoms of each element are present
still end with -ide vowel of the prefix is often dropped omit prefix mono- for the first
element carbon monoxide → CO nitrogen triiodide → NI3
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CH4 methane
BCl3 boron trichloride
CO2 Carbon dioxide
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Number Prefix1 mono2 di3 tri4 tetra5 penta6 hexa7 hepta8 octa9 nona
10 deca
First to name covalent compounds we need to know some Greek numerical prefixes. It'd be a good idea to memorize these since they will be useful in many other classes.
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1. P2O5 a) phosphorus oxide
b) phosphorus pentoxide
c) diphosphorus pentoxide
2. Cl2O7 a) dichlorine heptoxide
b) dichlorine oxide
c) chlorine heptoxide
3. Cl2 a) chlorine
b) dichlorine
c) dichloride