: (),

.

( )

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.)

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.

.. : , , ,

, , , ,

, , .

.

.

(>1.7 x 1011 Pa)

...

;

, .

:

:

.

.

,

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.

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F

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A

F

FK

FK

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A

.

A ,

3 ,

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.

.

, .

S.I. 1 Pascal = 1 Pa = 1 N/m2

: F

A

:

A

Fp

: ApF

(Pa)

2 1016

4 1011

1,5 1010

1,1 108

1 106

1 2 105

1 105

1 1,6 104

1, 2 30

1, 2 3 10-5

10-12

1 2 1000Hz

1 atm = 1.01 x 105 Pa

1 Torr = 1 mm Hg (1 atm = 760 mm Hg)

1 Bar 1 =

= 106 dyn/cm2 (C.G.S.)

1 = 10-3 Torr :

1

A

V = A h m = A h

p

p0

F2

F1

W

A

A

h

h0

: F1= p1 A F2 = p2 A

p2 = p1 + p

W = m g = g V = g h p2 p1 = p = - g h

T ,

g

.

H

021 WFF

,

.

p0 h=0,

p -h :

p = - gh :

p

p

-h

00

dhgdp -= p-p0=gh

p = p0+gh

gh

2

h = 0

- h

h > 0

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

0 100 200 300 400 500

(m)

(Pa)

water

gas(d=10^-3w)

-

water_vs_air.xls

.

T,

,

:

pV nRTm

M RT

V n

R (= 8,3145 J/mol K)

: m

V

M

RTp

dp = - gdh

dpgM

RTpdh

dp

p

gM

RTdh

p , h = 0, :

dp

p

gM

RTdh

p

p

o

h

o

p p expgM

RTho { }

. h

3

h

30 km 9.5 torr 25 torr

60 km 0.21 torr .8 torr

90 km 0.0019 torr .03 torr

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Km

Atm

movies/aspirate.mov

1 m

.

.

;

() 10.000 kg.

() 1000 kg.

() 100 kg.

() 1 kg.

20cm 6m.

p

;

, L = 6m .

:

gLpp 0

4

PamsmmKggLppp 4230 109.5)0.6)(/8.9)(/1000(

, 0.6 atm,

.

. ,

p. 6m

, p

p0.

, p :

:

.

,

,

.

.

() 13,2

kPa ( / ,

120/80, , 100 mm Hg),

(1,3 m

) (0,5 m ).

5()

:

,

:

, 26,7 kPa (

, , , 200 mm Hg).

, ,

, :

8,0 kPa ( 61 mm Hg).

;

() ,

,

,

;

( 25

cm );

5()

:

a, g

, . (a + g).

[ (a + g)V.]

,

:

1,27 m .

:

,

:

hgahg )(

:

h = 0,25 m a, :

,

.

'O ,

, . H

, ,

. T .

:

. A

.

movies/HydrostaticParadox.mov

U :

x . l =

135 mm d = 12.3 mm.

;

(6 )

-

pint

pint

.

glpp 0int

)(0int dlgpp x

3/916 mKgdl

lx

:

p0 g.

TORRICELLI

, , ,

. , ,

, ,

76 cm 760 mm.

, 1644

(Hg) ; Hg =13,6 x 103 Kg/m3 = 10

3 Kg/m3

movies/VacuumFlash7.swfmovies/AirPressureonColumnofH2O.mov

TORRICELLI

: Hg =13,6 x 103 Kg/m3 = 10

3 Kg/m3

7

Torricelli ;

mmhh

hghgpatm

336,1076,06,13

movies/Siphon.mov

PASCAL

,

g , , ,

,

dp .

p,

' ,

. T Pascal.

: 1.

movies/BPascal.mov

: 2.

8 9

, 2 cm3, ,

( ) .

:

( ),

( ).

,

, .

20

.

,

.

,

( ) .

120 mm Hg .

; ,

, (

)

.

.

1,5 x 105 .

. 25

30

.

.

movies/aspirate.movmovies/AirPressureonColumnofH2O.mov

h

F2

F1

FB = F1 F2

W W

A

h A

. H

, ,

. 'E

:

F1 = p1 A F2 = p2 A

H F2 ,

F1, ,

.

:

FB = F2 - F1 = (p2 - p1) A

.

'O ,

h 100m:

p2 - p1 = gh

FB = g h A = g V

g V. = m_. g:

. T

A,

.

10

D ,

0 F0.

2D,

:

() 0 F0

() 0 2F0

() 20 F0

() 20 2F0

movies/ArchimedesPrinciple.mov

:

() .

()

.

() .

()

.

() .

200

50 .

(/).

.

,

1

917 kg/m3

1024 kg/m3.

917/1024 =

89.6%

.

2

.

.

.

3

Diet Coke

Classic Coke , Classic

Coke 11

Diet Coke

.

.

movies/FloatingCokeCan.mov

;

(

,

)

;

-

:

(Body Mass Index BMI) = (kg) / 2 (m2).

( = 30).

(900 kg/m3),

(

1.100 kg/m3).

,

.

,

.

,

40%, .

.

(

)

1%.

4:

938 kg/m3

. ( = 855

kg/m3 ) .

;

W = B V g = V g L S = d S d = L /

:

.

:

-,

.

. , , .

Pascal.

LdSdLSdSLgVgVgVBBWa

aaaaa

)(

movies/InterfaceFloating.mov

: (He) R = 12m m = 196 Kg.

; (: He = 0.16 Kg/m3 = 1.25 Kg/m

3

, ,

He :

B = W = W = V g WHe = He V g

V = 4R3/3

, , :

34 ( ) 76903

He

a a He

B W W mg Mg

M R m Kg

( = 900 kg/m

3) R = 2.0m H

= 20cm . = 1030 kg/m3.

() =50 m=5 kg,

. h

(i) (ii)

.

() , .

500 cm3 .

;

(i)

FB = W

cmh

mhHmkg

mkg

RH

RhH

V

VgVgV

5,2

2,01030

900

/1030

/900)(3

3

2

2

(ii) .

cmR

mNVHh

mVmR

RhH

mNVVgmNgVgV

WWF NB

6,0...

)514,2()57,12(

)(

2

322

2

() , .

500 cm3 .

;

V' , V' = V. :

392,1 mV

mNVgmNgVgV

WWF NB

V - V' = 2,514 1,92 0,6 m3 = 6 x 105 cm3 :

dayshht

hcmt

VQ

501200105

106

/500

2

5

3

.

;

() .

() .

() .

()

.

4 m 4 m 0,3 m,

.

() 600 kg/m3,

.

() 670

;

10cm

2cm ( ).

650 kg/m3 (g = 9,8 m/s2). )

; )

; ) ;

p = g 2cm

= 650 9,8 0,02 Pa = 127,4 Pa

( = 1000 kg/m3)

p = g 10cm + g 2cm

= 833 Pa

W = B +

m g = g Vv + g V

V = 2100cm3

V = 8100cm3

, m = 0,72 kg