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11/10/2006 version for discussion: please send your comments to [email protected] Page 1

technical data sheets for ecosan components ecosan program - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH

03 Composting Toilets

B.1 Single-vault composting toilets

• Waterless toilet systems

• Receive mainly faeces, but treatment of urine and solid biowaste is possible as well

• Dry organic bulking material should be added

• Produce a valuable soil conditioner with low pathogen content

• Suitable for both industrial and developing countries

COLLECTION

TREATMENT

UTILIZATION

URINE FAECES

SOLID BIOWASTE

GREY

WATER

RAIN

WATER


B.1.1 Functional principles

A single-vault composting toilet processes faeces and sometimes also urine and organic household residues inside one large chamber. The compost chamber works as a continuous reactor, with excreta being added to the top, and the end product (compost) being removed periodically from the bottom. Generally, the chamber is located beneath the toilet seat below the floor. The large, sloped-floor chamber allows long retention, prevents compaction and facilitates aeration.

The basic process of the toilet is the decomposition of faeces, urine (if not diverted) and organic household waste, together with bulking material.

Excess liquids flow down to a separate liquid storage chamber. Some humidity is needed to maintain optimal composting conditions. Over time, natural biological decomposition converts human waste into a small amount of safe, stabilized material.

Most disease-causing organisms die because of the long retention time and the heat generated by the composting process.

The mature material is removed from the vault after it is nearly filled and can be further used as a soil conditioner. The product obtained from this process

is humus-like material, a black, lumpy substance similar to garden compost. Depending on the average temperature and retention time within the vault, further storage or treatment may be required for safe use (see chapter A, box 2).

Figure 1: Single vault composting toilet (Source: Berger-Biotechnik)

B.1.2 Handling and maintenance

Before first use, a thin layer of bark or woodchips should be filled into the composter to provide a drainage base. On top of that, a layer of carbon-rich additives such as sawdust (easily biodegradable wood, such as pine,

hemlock, spruce, fir, maple or oak, not rot resistant wood such as cedar, locust, teak, mahogany, or any wood treated with preservatives), peat moss, straw, woodchips, or rice hulls is introduced and moistened.

During operation, a handful of additive should be added to the chamber about every 10th

visit. Practically speaking,

most composting vaults function best when plenty of light-weight bulking agent (not-too-dense material) is added.

In some cases, the material in the vault may form compact, impermeable layers, leading to wet and anaerobic conditions in some parts of the compost mass. Breaking the impermeable layers by using a wooden stick or pitchfork may be necessary in regular intervals.

While handling composted excrement, it is recommended to use rubber gloves and wash the hands afterwards. Only mature material that looks and smells like very rich garden soil or leaf humus should be harvested. Fresh material similar to the original waste material should remain in the vault for further composting. The end product is removed at least every year or two years, depending on the capacities and number of users.

In most composting toilets, liquids will accumulate on the bottom of the composting chamber. This happens particularely in toilets where urine is not diverted. Leachate has to be evacuated regularly to avoid anaerobic conditions in the material to be composted. Evacuation of leachate can be done manually by scooping the leachate into a separate container or by drains connected to the composting chamber.

A General Description

B Detailed information on differ-ent types of “Composting Toi-lets”


B.2 Multiple-vault composting toilets

B.3 Movable bucket / bin composting toilets

B.4 Composting toilets with mixing devices

C Manufacturers and commercially available composting toilets



Leachate has to be handled with care as it has high concentrations of nutrients and organic carbon and also contains pathogen organisms. Leachate can be evaporated by heating devices (high energy consumption!) or better by planted evapotranspiration beds. It also can be applied to plants when sufficient protection measures are in place, such as subsurface application.

Handling of leachate should not be neglected in the planning phase of a composting toilet, as poor handling of leachate can cause health risks and environmental pollution.

B.1.3 Extent of application

Single-vault composting toilets are the most common design of composting toilets and have been applied in many places worldwide.

Typical applications of single-vault systems in industrialised countries include locations where sewer connections are unavailable such as mountain huts, nature reserves or remote settlements. Eco-settlements are a common situation where single vault composting toilets are being applied in urban surroundings.

Clivus Multrum is a popular single-vault system. Many similar systems are available and together with owner build copies testify to its popularity.

Single-vault composting toilets are also being applied in developing countries with warm climates. Self-constructed systems similar to the version of the Clivus Multrum are more common in these locations.

However, dehydration toilets are at present far more popular in developing countries than composting toilets.

B.1.4 Strengths and weaknesses

Health impact

If the composting process works effi-ciently and the retention period is long enough (in systems without insulation or heating, a min. time of 1 year is recom-mended, see chapter A, box 2), the sys-tem poses no negative impact to human health. Nevertheless, care while han-dling the material is important to mini-mize health risks.

In a single chamber system, there is a certain risk that mature, sanitised mate-rial is mixed with fresh material, and thus re-contaminated with pathogen or-ganisms. Correct system design and careful maintenance is crucial to ex-clude that risk.

Systems without urine diversion pro-duce leachate that needs to be handled with care to avoid spreading of patho-gens in leachate.

Environmental impact

A composting toilet is a sealed system that has no leakage of pollutants into the environment (unlike pit toilets). The final compost product poses a positive impact due to conditioning and fertilizing effect in the soil.

Systems without urin diversion produce leachate that may pollute the groundwa-ter if not properly handled.

Costs and benefits

Construction cost is low if the system is self-constructed. Manufactured systems are more expensive, but still cheap compared to waterborne systems and good performance can usually be guar-anteed. Benefits arise from the compost product to improve soil conditions.

Figure 3: Composting toilets in Puerto Morelos, Mexico. Above the toilet seat and the bucket for storing wood chips, which are added to the pile on a daily basis. Below the composting tank attached to a house, the bathroom is inside the house. (Source: The ReSource Institute, http://www.riles.org/photos.htm)

Biodegradable household wastes can be treated as well in this system.

Socio-cultural suitability

For composting toilets in general, a strong commitment of users to maintain the system and willingness to handle faeces is necessary.

The handling of the end-product is less frequently necessary in a single vault composting toilet comparing to the mul-tiple-vault and bucket/bin toilet.

Technical suitability

Regular maintenance is very important to guarantee good system performance.

The systems are simple (one fixed chamber) and allow long-term retention.

However, in single vault systems, con-tamination of composted material with fresh faeces may occur.

The weight of the large mass can cause the contents of the composter to com-pact, which requires more maintenance to keep good aeration of the mass than in multiple-vault toilets.

Single vault systems don’t allow by-passing a vault in case of technical problems.

Urine diversion is recommended to minimise production of leachate and

Figure 2: View of composting toilet (Source: Reed and Shaw)



anaerobic conditions caused by too high water content. For details on urine diversion see technical data sheet 01 urine diversion.

B.1.5 Economical data

The costs for pre-manufactured systems such as Clivus Multrum composting toilets range from 2000 Euro for a seasonal-use model to more than 10000 Euro for institutional units.

The cost for self-constructed systems can be considerably lower. E.g. the cost for the on-site-built clivus multrum-style system in Puerto Morelos, Mexico was 800 to 2500 Euro (compost chamber and superstructure, labour included).

B.1.6 Manufacturers

A list of manufacturers of composting toilet systems is given in part C.

B.1.7 Good practice examples

In Hamburg, Germany, around 35 com-posting toilets have been installed within the eco-settlement Allermöhe. For more information read the GTZ data sheet on ecosan projects “Hamburg Al-lermöhe, Germany”, available as download from http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-003-germany-hamburg-allermoehe-2005.pdf ..

An on-site-built Clivus Multrum-style or-ganized by The Resource Institute in Puerto Morelos community, Mexico is a good example of a single-vault com-posting toilet, in which beauty and func-tion are incorporated by the design. This project is called Nahi Xix. For more information, contact:

Laura Orlando, The ReSource Institute, 179 Boylston Street, 4th Floor, Jamaica Plain, Boston, MA 02130 USA , phone: 617 524 7258, fax 617 522 0690, email: [email protected]

http://www.riles.org/projmex.htm

B.1.8 References

Crennan, L., waterless toilets, Home, Technical Manual: design for lifestyle and the future, www.greenhouse.gov.au

Davison, L. and Schwizer, B., 2001, Waterless composting toilets, septic safe, Environment & Health Protection Guidelines: On-site Sewage Manage-ment for Single Households.

Del Porto, D. and Steinfeld, C., 2000, The composting toilet system book. The Center for Ecological Pollution Preven-tion (CEPP), 1

st ed. with additions.

Esrey, St. A., et. al., 1998, Ecological sanitation. Department for Natural Re-

sources and the Environment, Sida, Stockholm, Sweden.

Montgomery, T., 1990, On-Site waste-water treatment systems, Technical Bul-letin No. 6, The New Alchemy Institute.

Peasey, A., 2000, Health aspects of dry sanitation with waste reuse. Task No. 324, WELL.

Reed, B. and Shaw, R. Using human waste, technical brief no. 63, WELL.

2006, GTZ

technical data sheets for ecosan components

authors: GTZ ecosan team (Christine Werner, Nathasith Chiarawatchai, Florian Klingel, Patrick Bracken)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH

ecosan program

Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5 65760 Eschborn, Germany T +49 6196 79-4220 F +49 6196 79-7458 E [email protected] I www.gtz.de/ecosan

11/10/2006 version for discussion: please send your comments to [email protected] Page 1/3









COLLECTION

TREATMENT

UTILIZATION

URINE FAECES

SOLID BIOWASTE

GREY

WATER

RAIN

WATER



Multiple-vault composting toilets consist of two or more watertight, interchangeable chambers to collect the excreta. One is filled at a time, then allowed to mature while another chamber fills. Urine can be diverted, but not necessarily. Generally this toilet does not recieve household solid waste due to its smaller size.

Double-vault toilets function in the following way: There are two vaults and people use the first open vault. When this first vault is filled, the opening is sealed and the second vault is used for defecation. When the second vault fills up as well, mature compost can be harvested from the first vault, which can be put in use again after emptying. In the case of multiple-vault toilet, the main function is similar.

In toilets where urine is not diverted liquids are separated in the chamber by means of filtration or drainage.

Multiple-vault toilets, such as the carousel toilet in figure 3 feature a below-the-floor processing vault consisting of a cylindrical outer tank in which a slightly smaller inner tank is able to rotate on a pivot. The inner tank is divided into four chambers (six on some models). The one in use is positioned directly below the drop chute from the toilet in the bathroom. When a

chamber is filled, the inner tank is rotated so that the next chamber is positioned below the toilet. In this way each chamber is filled in sequence.

After reaching the point when a chamber is filled, the material in the oldest one is removed through an access door in order to make room for fresh material. Liquid drains through holes at the bottom of the inner tank into the outer one, where it may be evaporated or discharged into an evapotranspiration bed.

Lids may face the sun to collect a maximum of solar heat. This increases the evaporation from the vaults as well as the temperature of the surface of the compost pile.

Figure 1: Schematic of carousel toilet (US EPA)

B.2.2 Handling and mainte-nance

Bulking agents such as coconut husks, small wood chips, leaves or vegetable food scraps are added via the seat-riser or drop hole periodically, both to provide a source of carbon and to increase the porosity of the pile so air can penetrate all the way through. A handful of additive should be added to the chamber about every 10th

visit or more

if the system is relatively small.

When a composting chamber is full, another chamber has to be emptied and the toilet seat to be moved to the other chamber, resp. the chamber be moved.

While handling composted excreta, it is recommended to use rubber (non-permeable) gloves and wash the hands afterwards. Harvested compost should be further stored or treated before safe reuse.

If urine is collected separetly, it has to be handled, stored and reused. For more details on urine handling see the technical data sheet 01 on urine separation.

Accumulating leachate has to be evacuated regularly to avoid anaerobic conditions in the material to be composted. Leachate has to be handled with care to avoid pollution and health risks.

B.2.3 Extent of application

One low-tech system that is being applied in the south pacific islands uses the concept of double-vaults with liquid separation. The so-called CCD toilet as can be seen in figure 2 consists of two watertight chambers built above ground



B.1 Single-vault composting toilets B.2 Multiple-vault composting

toilets B.3 Movable bucket / bin

composting toilets B.4 Composting toilets with mixing

devices




A prototype double-vault, solar-heated composting toilet tested in Tanzania in the mid-1970s has been further developed in Mexico where a prefabricated fibreglass unit has been in production for more than 15 years: the SirdoSeco system.

The multi-chamber Carousel, manufactured by Vera Miljö A/S of Norway, has long been one of that country’s most popular composting toilets, and reportedly over 30,000 units have been manufactured there and in the US since 1972. A similar type is also manufactured in Sweden. Outside Scandinavia the carousel-type toilet is manufactured in Australia under the name of Rota-Loo.

Several multiple-vault systems are located in outbuildings, separate from homes. However, it can easily be incorporated in homes, as they are in Mexico, Australia, and even the UK.


Health impact

The composting process reduces pathogens. The multiple chamber system avoids contamination of mature compost with fresh faeces; this system is therefore safer as the single vault system. Careful handling of the compost is however still recommended

Applying the system reduces signifi-cantly the introduction of pathogens into the water bodies due to the elimination of discharge of faecal material into the environment. It also helps in nutrient re-cycling since the resulting compost can be used as fertilizer.

Systems without urin diversion produce

leachate that may pollute the groundwa-ter if not properly handled.


The environmental impact is similar to the one of a single-vault system: As a sealed system, multiple-vault composting toilets pose no environmental health risks when leachate is properly handled.

The compost product will have a positive impact to the environment due to the soil conditioning effect.

Costs and benefits

Costs for multiple-vault systems usually are lower than costs of single-vault systems. The benefit obtained from the product is similar to other forms of composting toilets.


The toilet requires careful maintenance from the users and regular monitoring of the level of the chamber to determine whether a chamber is filled.

Mixing and raking of the material is rarely required since aeration is better in the smaller chambers and during emptying of the chambers no fresh material has to be handled. Maintaining multiple-chamber toilets is therefore more comfortable than with single-chamber systems and acceptance may be higher.


By not continually adding fresh excreta to older, more processed material, the material composts more thoroughly. Moreover, by dividing the material to several vaults, it will have more surface

area, and hence better aeration.

Maintenance requirements are low, however emptying frequency is higher than in the single-vault systems. On the other hand problems with compacting of composting mass, anaerobic conditions etc. are less frequent with multiple vault systems.

A lack of training can cause malfunction of the system, e.g. when no bulking agents are added or both chambers are used at the same time, etc.


Carousel composting toilet systems are available in different size units of varying capacity at prices between

1600 and 2100 Euro.

The cost of a prefabricated Sirdo Seco toilet substructure of fibreglass was in 1994 the equivalent of 400 Euro. The cost of a prefabricated superstructure was 90 Euro.

Figure 3: Sirdo Seco double-vault toilet in Mexico (Esrey, 1998)

B.2.6 Design information

The double-vault system can be self-constructed by using cement blocks, and coated inside for sealing and on the exterior if groundwater intrusion could be a problem. Vault size typically is about 1.2 meter by 1.2 meter by 1.2 meter for a total of 1.8 cubic meter each.

In the Sirdo Seco toilet system, each vault has a volume of 1.2 cubic metres. This means that people need to empty the toilet only once a year at the most (if 6-8 people use it regularly). It has a receptacle divided into two vaults. Above the dividing wall there is a baffle (see Figure 2). The baffle directs the excreta into one vault. When the vault is full, the person looking after the toilet turns a handle which makes the baffle direct the excreta into the other vault.

A ventilation pipe, which goes from the receptacle to above the roof, takes away odours. As there is a screen on top of the ventpipe, it also acts as a fly trap. The two vaults have lids made of black painted aluminium sheets to increase the evaporation from the vaults as well as the temperature of the surface of the compost pile.

The Pacific Island CCD toilet consists of two watertight chambers built above ground. Excreta falls on a mat woven from coconut palm fronds resting on top of a nylon fishing net suspended inside the composting vault, separating the solids from the liquids. This false floor

Figure 2: CCD composting toilet with attached greenhouse and evapo-transpiration bed (Esrey, 1998)



allows air to penetrate the compost pile from all sides.

A large diameter vent pipe draws air up through the pile from an intake opening located below the net along the rear wall of the vault. This airflow also helps to evaporate the liquids that accumulate on the floor of the digestion vault. Evaporation is further enhanced by wicks made from strips of polyester or rayon fibre (from old clothing), which are hung from the net to draw up the liquid from below, increasing the surface area exposed to the air stream. Another solution is to drain the liquid to an evapotranspiration bed. Experience has been shown that it takes a family of up to 10 people over a year to fill one composting vault.

B.2.7 Further reading

Construction detail of carousel toilet

http://biorealis.com/composter/carousel/carousel.html

B.2.8 Manufacturers



The CCD toilets on the island of Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, showed satisfactory results, both from the users and the system perspectives. The solids in the vault undergone biodegradation and all excess liquids had been evaporated.

The Sirdo Seco has been used with good results in Mexico for over 15 years. One particular advantage with this lightweight, prefabricated model is that it is mobile. People living in squatter settlements can be evicted at short notice. If this happens they can arrange to have the toilet emptied and take it with them like a piece of furniture.

B.2.10 References





Esrey, St. A., et. al., 1998, Ecological sanitation. Department for Natural Re-sources and the Environment, Sida, Stockholm, Sweden.




2006, GTZ


authors: GTZ ecosan team (Christine Werner, Nathasith Chiarawatchai, Florian Klingel, Patrick Bracken)


ecosan program





B.3 Movable bucket/bin composting toilets



• Need a dry organic bulking material



COLLECTION

TREATMENT

UTILIZATION

URINEFAECES

SOLID BIOWASTE

GREY WATER

RAIN WATER

B.3 Movable bucket/bin composting toilets


Movable bucket or bin composting toilets can be as simple as alternating removable buckets or as sophisticated as powered roll-away containers with quick-disconnect couplings for toilet, exhaust and leachate drain connection. Some systems employ roll-away trash bins, which come with built-on wheels.

In principle, one bin is placed under the toilet to receive excreta, and is replaced with another one when full. The content in the old bin is then further stored for substantial period or treated off site. External treatment is usually done in composting plants, but anaerobic treatment is also an option. Soil conditioner can be obtained eventually.

Some systems use urine diversion toilets, others collect both urine and faeces in bins that usually have a drainage system for leachate.

The bin system is particularly suitable for large-scale systems where a collection service empties the bins and transports the content to a central or semi-central treatment facility.

Other systems that can also be classified as movable bin systems are compact dry toilets that receive faeces and sometimes also urine in small receptacles integrated in the toilet unit.

Such systems are commercialised by various companies and typically applied for non-permanent use like in holiday residences. Receptacles may be small bins or even simple plastic or biodegradable bags.

B.3.2 Handling and maintenance

The collection bins need to be replaced or emptied in regular intervals and feaces be further treated.

Several advanced handling options are offered by the industrial drum industry, including special wheeled handtrucks for moving drums, wheeled dollies, liquid transfer pumps, add-on drain spigots, plastic bag liners etc.

Urine or leachate needs also to be handled, stored, treated and reused. Urine is usually easier to handle, store and reuse than leachate (for urine handling see technical data sheet 01 urine diversion).

The Finnish company PikkuVihreä provides a detailed maintenance instruction for its model of a collection bin on its website:

http://www.pikkuvihrea.fi/greentoilet-eng2.php

Maintenance of the compact systems is similar to larger bin systems: bins or bags need to be emptied when full and transported to a treatment site. Due to the small size, emptying frequency is higher than in larger systems. Treatment is usually done as heap composting in gardens nearby.

Figure 1: Compact dry toilet with collection bag inside (Berger Biotechnik)

Figure 2: Schematic of movable bin composting toilet (Esrey, 1998)






devices





Health impact

Properly sealed collection bins and adequate protection measures during handling of content guarantee that no health risks arise to users and collectors. However, simple bucket systems or careless handling of collected excreta may pose a certain health risk.

Composting and pathogen inactivation within the bins will normally be incomplete. However, if the content of the bins is collected and centrally treated in a well run composting plant, a perfectly pathogen free compost can be obtained.


Applying the system reduces significantly the introduction of pathogens into the water bodies due to the elimination of discharge of faecal material into the environment. As a sealed system it poses no negative impact to the environment.

Some threats may arise from improper handling of leachate from collection bins.

The toilet requires no flushing water.

The compost product has a positive impact due to soil conditioning effect of compost.

Figure 3: Collection bin produced by the Finnish company PikkuVihreä (Source: PikkuVihreä)

Socio-cultural acceptance

If users are responsible themselves for emptying of collection bins and subsequent treatment, a certain commitment of users is required. This may hinder acceptance similarely as with other composting systems.

However, the bin system is particularly suitable for larger schemes involving external services for emptying bins, collection and treatment of excreta. Such systems require no more user involvement as conventional flush toilets and may therefore quite easy to accept.

Costs and benefits

The system is more simple and cheaper than other composting toilets. Cost savings can be obtained especially in larger schemes with a collection system and central treatment.

For low-cost systems, normal plastic bins can be modified to use as a collection chamber.

Benefits obtained from product are similar to other forms of composting toilets.


The system is simple since locally available bins can be modified to a composting chamber.

Systems with urine diversion have the advantage that no they produce n or very little leachate that is generally difficult to handle.

Treatment of excreta is not provided inside the toilet, unlike other composting toilets. Treatment of collected excreta in larger external treatment units has the advantage that the process can more easily controlled and better treatment result be achieved as in on-site treatment units.

Compact systems are very easy to install as they can be simply placed inside a room, but they are in general only suitable for non-permanent use.


Collection bins can be very cheap if normal plastic or metal bins, buckets, etc. are being used. Specially manufactured collection bins with connections for ventilation and leachate drainage are more expensive, but still much cheaper than single- or multi-chamber composters.

B.3.5 Design information

Generally, one person will fill one 200 l bin, with urine diversion system or a grate and a leachate drain, in about 200 days.

The system in Kiribati as can be seen

in figure 2 uses two 240 litre standard wheeled plastic refuse bins as composting chambers. Near the base of each bin is a false floor of mesh which allows liquid to drain through to the base and from there through a tube to a sealed evapo-transpiration bed. Air is drawn into the bin through a cut-out near the base and comes into contact with the bottom of the compost pile through the mesh-floor. In addition, perforated ventilation pipes running vertically along the inside walls of the bin help to aerate the pile.

B.3.6 Manufacturers



Erdos Eco-Town, China

One of the largest projects worldwide with composting toilets uses the bin system: the China-Sweden Erdos Eco-town Project, Dong Sheng, Inner Mongolia, China. The project covers more than 800 households in multi-storey buildings. Toilets are modern porcelain made dry toilets with urine-diversion. They are even equipped with a flushing device for ashes. Faeces drop through shafts and are collected in bins in the basement of the buildings. The eco-town has a ecosan team responsible for collection of faeces and treatment in the local eco-station (composting of faeces, greywater treatment and solid waste sorting).

More information can be found at www.ecosanres.org.

Figure 4: Apartment buildings in Don Sheng

Eco-Town (EcoSanRes Fact Sheet 11)

Figure 5: Porcelain made dry urine diverting toilet (EcoSanRes Fact Sheet 11)

Figure 6: Drop shafts, collection bins and ventilation system (EcoSanRes Fact Sheet 11)



Figure 7: Dry toilets in multi-storey building: location of toilets, drop shafts and collection bins (EcoSanRes Fact Sheet 11).

Figure 8: Ventilation system (EcoSanRes Fact Sheet 11)

Gebers, Sweden

The Gebers collective housing project consist of apartment buildings for 80 in-habitants. Urine is collected separately in a tank in the basement and is reused in agriculture after further external stor-age. The faeces are collected without flushing water and fall straight down through pipes into individual ordinary plastic bins of 140 l in the basement. The bins are removed when full and transported to a nearby composting site.

Figure 9: Gebers system scetch (source: SEI)

For more information see project data sheet:

http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-008-sweden-gebers-2005.pdf

B.3.8 References





EcoSanRes Fact Sheet 11. China-Sweden Erdos Eco-town Project, Eco-SanRes, Stockholm, Sweden.

Esrey, St. A., et. al., 1998, Ecological sanitation. Department for Natural Re-sources and the Environment, Sida, Stockholm, Sweden.




2006, GTZ


authors: GTZ ecosan team (Christine Werner, Aileen Huelgas, Florian Klingel, Patrick Bracken)


ecosan program





B.4 Composting toilets with mixing devices






COLLECTION

TREATMENT

UTILIZATION

URINE FAECES

SOLID BIOWASTE

GREY

WATER

RAIN

WATER

B.4 Automated composting toilets

B.4.1 Functional Principles

Several composting toilet manufacturers have developed improved designs to optimize user comfort and composting process.

The basic principle of those toilets is that the composting vaults are equipped with a device that allows mixing of the content. The composting vault is usually pre-filled with a large amount of saw-dust or a similar organic material. Fresh faeces are mixed thoroughly into the sawdust matrix, good aeration and in-tensive contact with the micro organ-isms in the matrix allow for very fast composting of the faeces.

The mixing device can be mechanically driven and activated by hand or foot af-ter each use, or electrically driven and activated by pushing a button or auto-matically by sensors.

Systems can also receive urine; how-ever a larger volume of absorbing mate-rial and heating is then needed for evaporating excess liquids. Urine diver-sion allows building smaller systems.

Some systems are equipped with heat-ing systems to evaporate urine and/or to maintain optimum conditions for com-posting and pathogen destruction. Sys-tems that have heating controlled by

thermostats to guarantee a constant temperature above 50 to 60°C produce pathogen free compost that can directly be used without further precaution measures.

Ventilation is always necessary to pre-vent odours and to improve aeration.

System sizes vary from small individual systems that can be installed within the bathroom to large systems for public toi-lets. Even very large systems that re-ceive organic waste from industries are being produced.

Systems may use batch or continuous processing.

B.4.2 Handling and Maintenance

Handling and maintenance require-ments depend on whether batch or con-tinuous systems are being used.

In batch systems composting vaults are filled before use with sawdust or similar organic and absorbing materials. During

operation, no further sawdust or other materials need to be added. The condi-tion of the sawdust should be checked regularly to make sure that it does not dry up or gets too wet. The compost has to be withdrawn semi-annually or annu-ally, depending on usage frequency of the toilet system. The system is then emptied completely and a new load of sawdust is being filled into the chamber for starting a new batch.

Continuous systems are also being pre-filled with organic absorbent (sawdust or other) before first use. However, small amounts of organic absorbent need to be added regularly during operation. The system allows extracting a small amount of mature compost, while fresh material remains into the composting chamber for processing. Small amounts of compost need to be emptied in fre-quent intervals, e.g. once a month.

The resulting compost can be used di-rectly as soil conditioner or undergo fur-





composting toilets B.4 Composting toilets with

mixing devices


The Biolet system

Figure 1: The Biolet composting toilet (source: www.biolet.com)



ther processing.

Power supply is needed in most sys-tems for heating, mixing device and ventilation.

B.4.3 Extent of Application

Scandinavian designs such as the Biolan Naturum or the Biolet have been produced in large numbers and are commercialised in Europe, North Amer-ica, Australia and Japan. Those sys-

tems are small units that can be simply installed in bathrooms of individual houses. They use continuous process-ing and come with mechanical or elec-trical mixing devices, and both with or without heating systems. Urine is di-verted and collected separately.

The Japanese manufacturer Seiwa Denko Co has developed the BioLux system. This system processes both urine and faeces in batch mode; it usu-ally has an electric mixing device and

heating system. The BioLux is being produced in a wide range of sizes. Units have been installed for example in zoos, mountain areas (Mt Fuji), skiing grounds, private houses or public build-ings in Japan, or are being used as mo-bile toilets for construction sites. BioLux systems are also available for areas without power supply; power is then generated using wind mills or solar panels or a mechanical system with bi-cycle pedals is used for mixing.

The BioLux system

Photos from left to right:

• System sketch

• Mixing device inside the reactor with sawdust matrix

• Mixing device without sawdust matrix

• Toilet seat above composting chamber

• Toilet seat and buttons to activate mixing

• Handdriven mixing device

• Verious models for use in nursing care

• Large composting unit for industrial use

• Public toilet building, toilet and composting chamber

Figure 2: The Bio-Lux composting toilet (source: GTZ)



B.4.4 Design Information

Small systems for installation in individ-ual houses usually come in standard-ised sizes designed for an average number of users. Emptying frequency depends on the number of actual users. Mature compost typically has to be ex-tracted once a month. Those systems are very compact and can be installed in any usual bathroom. Connections for ventilation and urine diversion are re-quired.

Large systems such as the larger ver-sions of the Japanese BioLux are usu-ally detached from the toilet and located beneath bathrooms or toilet cabins. A volume of 1 m³ of sawdust is required for 150 to 200 users per day.

BioLux systems that process urine to-gether with faeces require much more energy for evaporation of excess liquid than the Scandinavian systems with urine diversion that use heating only for maintaining optimal temperature of the compost.

B.4.5 Economic Data

Prices for the Naturum and Biolet Sys-tes range from 1.000 to 1.500 Euros. The prices for the Japanese BioLux range from 3.000 to 35.000 euro, de-pending on the size.


Health impact

As the described systems optimize composting process by mixing and heating devices, a perfectly safe prod-uct is usually obtained. Systems without permanent heating may require further treatment of compost or other safety measure for safe reuse.


Applying the system reduces signifi-cantly the introduction of pathogens into the water bodies due to the elimination of discharge of faecal material into the environment. It also helps in nutrient re-cycling since the resulting compost can be used as fertilizer. The toilet requires no flushing water.

Systems that evaporate urine have very high electricity consumption. Urine di-version allows avoiding this negative aspect.

Costs and benefits

Composting toilets with mixing devices have similar costs as other types of manufactured composting toilets. Cost for electricity is higher, required time for maintenance is lower than of the other types of composting toilets. Costs for post-treatment or other safety measure before reuse of compost are lower than in many other types of composting toi-lets, as the hygienic quality is generally better.


Composting toilets with mixing devices reduce requirement of manual mainte-nance, which makes them more com-fortable to users than most other types of composting toilets. User comfort is as good as in any other modern toilet. The available products have consequently proven to be very popular.

The Biolan Naturum composting toilet Function

System sketch Evacuation of mature compost

Figure 3: The Biolan Naturum composting toilet (source: www.natrurum.fi)




The systems optimize the composting process and minimize maintenance and user involvement. They are reliable and can be used many different situations.

However, application is so far limited to industrialised countries due to their rela-tively high prize and because the sys-tems cannot be easily reproduced lo-cally.

B.4.7 Manufacturer



Asahiyama Zoo located in the northern part of Japan caters for thousands of visitors every month. Since 1997, a total of 12 BioLux units have been installed. Almost all reactors treat both feces and urine together and few treat only urine.

Survey results showed that the bio-toilet system have had great acceptability not just with the staff of the zoo but espe-cially with the users.

In relation to this good result, the man-agement is planning to use bio-toilet to treat animal wastes as well.

Address: Asahiyama Zoo, Kuranuma, Higashi Asahikawa-cho, Asahikawa City, Japan

See also project data sheet at http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/umwelt-infrastruktur/wasser/9399.htm .

B.4.9 References

Bio-lux: Environmentally friendly Eco-bio-toilet. http://www.seiwa-denko.co.jp/biolux/top.html

Funamizu, N. Development of Sustain-able Sanitation Sytem and its Imple-mentation to Asian Countries: an inter-disciplinary research project in Japan Science and Technology Agency. www.xauat.edu.cn/FUWWS-XIAN2005/keynote-pdf/Naoyuki.pdf

Funamizu, N. Onsite Differentiable Treatment System: the System for achieving Sustainability in the Sanita-tion System. www.scj.go.jp/en/sca/pdf/5thposter8.pdf

Lopez Zavala, M. A., Funamizu, N. And Takakuwa, T., 2002, Characterization of Feces for Describing the aerobic Bio-degradation of Feces, J. Environ. Syst. And Eng., JSCE, No 720/VII-25, 95-105

Lopez Zavala, M. A., Funamizu, N. and Takakuwa, T., 2005. Bio-toilet: A key unit element for achieving sustainability in the Onsite Wastewater Differentiable

Treatment System (OWDTS). Unpub-lished paper.

Nakagawa, N., Otaki, M., and Ishizaki, K. Technical trends in low environ-mental load type toilets in Japan. www.watermaga-zine.com/secure/jc/Japan.pdf

Nakata, S., Lopez Zavala, M. A., Funamizu, N., Otaki, M., and Takakuwa, T., 2003, Temperature Effect on Pathogens decline in the Bio-toilet System, Presented at the 1

st

International Dry Toilet Conference in Tampere.

Website of Biolan Naturum: http://www.naturum.fi

Website of Biolet USA http://www.biolet.com/ and Biolet Germany: http://www.humustoiletten.de/2Funkt2.pdf#search=%22biolet%22

2006, GTZ


authors: GTZ ecosan team (Christine Werner, Aileen Huelgas, Florian Klingel, Patrick Bracken)


ecosan program











COLLECTION

TREATMENT

UTILIZATION

URINE FAECES SOLID

BIOWASTE

GREY WATER

RAIN WATER


C.1 Single-vault composting toilets

C.1.1 Single-vault composting toilets -toilet seat and composter in separate units

Clivus Multrum

Diverse models

• Composting chamber detached from toilet

• Urine and faeces mixed

• Waterless system

• Material:

• Possible addition of worms

• Possible addition of organics

• Price: 2.000 – 5.000 EUR

Clivus Multurm worldwide

www.clivus.com/ Clivus Multrum - USA

15 Union Street Lawrence, MA 01840 Phone: 978-725-5591 Fax: 978-557-9658 Email: [email protected] www.clivusmultrum.com Clivus Multrum -Australian Head Office

PO Box 126 Strathpine Qld 4500 Email: [email protected] Sales: 1300 138 182 (within Australia) Telephone: +61 7 3889 6144 www.clivusmultrum.com.au


B Detailed information on different types of “Composting Toilets”




devices

C Manufacturers and commercially available

composting toilets



Berger Biotechnik

TerraNova

• Composting chamber detached from toilet, toilet not included


• Urine diversion recommended, urine and faeces mixed also possible

• Possible addition of organic waste

• Installable in multistorey buildings

• Material: glass-fibre reinforced plastics

• Price: 4.000 EUR

Berger Biotechnik GmbH

Juliusstrasse 27 D-22769 Hamburg Germany Tel.: +49 40 439 78 75 Fax.: + 49 40 43 78 48 [email protected] www.berger-biotechnik.de

Envirolet

Waterless remote and low-water remote

• Composting chamber detached from toilet, toilet not included


• Material: HDPE plastic

• High capacitiy system

• Electricity required for fan, heating and controls (also non electirc and battery powered version available)

• Possible to add organics

• Equipped with control devices

• Price: 1.400 – 1.700 EUR (accessories + Toilet included)

Envirolet

Tel.: USA 1-800-387-5126 Tel : Canada 1-800-387-5245 Fax.: 416-299-3124 www.envirolet.com

Phoenix

Residential: R-199 to R-201 model Public: PF-199 to PF-201 model


• No urine diversion


• Capacity: 1.703 l (compost volume), 152 l (liquid volume)

• Necessity of power supply/photovoltaic system and ventillation by low power fan

• Composter material: vandal-resistant polyethylene and ABS

• Price: 3.500 – 6.000 EUR (all accessories and toilet included) (residential to public utilisation)

Phoenix Composting toilets 195 Meadows RD Whitefish, MT 59937 Tel.: 406 862 3854 [email protected] www.compostingtoilet.com



C.1.2 Single-vault composting toilets - toilet seat and composter in one unit

Biolan

Biolan composting toilet

• Toilet and composting chamber integrated in one unit

• Waterless toilet

• Leachate drainage

• Possible addition of kitchen waste

• No electricity

• Insulated composter

• Material: polythene plastic, polyurethane as insulation

• Capacity: 200 l

• Price: 600 Euro

Biolan P.O Box 2, FIN-27501 Kauttua Finland Tel.: +358 2 549 1600 Fax.: +358 2 549 1660 www.biolan.com

C.2 Multiple-vault composting toilets

EcoTech

Carousel


• 4-compartment ratatable composter



• Heater for evaporation of diverted liquids

• Needed accessories of 2 exhaust blowers, fan-speed controller, radiant heat tubing

• Installable with various Toilets (low flush, vacuum toilet)

• Multiple Toilet installable

• Price: 3.000 – 4.000 Euro (accessories included)

EcoTech, Inc. 50 Beharrell Street Concord, MA 01742 Tel.: (978) 369-3951 Fax.: (978) 369-2484 [email protected] www.ecological-engineering.com/ecotech.html

Ekolet

VS model

• Composting chamber (rotating chamber with 4 divisions) detached from toilet

• Urine and faeces mixed / Addition of kitchen waste

• Waterless device

• No power supply for the outside model

• Electric fan for composter

• Material: polyethylene plastic reinforced by steel

• Price: 800 - 1400 Euro

Ekolet LtD. Estetie 3 00430 Helsinki Findland Fax.: +358 9 5635056 Tel.: +358 40 5464775 [email protected] www.ekolet.com



Rota-Loo

101



• With or without urine diversion


• Rotating composting wheel with 6 bins, spare bins can be used to increase capacity

• Various sizes

• Mobile systems available

• Price: from 500 Euro

Rota-Loo

41A Jarrah Drive Breaside Victoria 3195 Australia P.O. Box 988 Tel.: 03 9587 2447 Fax.: 03 9587 5622 www.rotaloo.com

Sirdo Seco


• Waterless composter

• Receptable divided into 2 vaults

• Lightweight composter

• Fixed Toilet equipped with a baffle

• Material: substructure of fibreglass

• Price: 500 EUR (1994) (substructure and superstructure)

Sirdo Seco Josefina Mena Abraham, Grupo de Tecnologia Alternativa S.C, Alamo #8-16, Col Los Alamos, San Mateo Naucalpan, Edo de Mex., 53230, Mexico

C.3 Movable bin composting toilets

C.3.1 Movable bin composting toilets – large collection bins detached from toilet

Pikkuvihrea

Green toilet 330 tropic

• Movable bin toilet


• Leachate diversion

• Conection for ventilation

• High capacity: 330 l

• Material: plastic

PikkuVihreä Ltd Taalintehtaankatu, 20750 Turku, Finland P.O Box : PL 19, 20741 Turku, Tel.: +358-02- 242 1089 Fax.: +358-02-242 5641 [email protected] www.pikkuvihrea.fi

C.3.2 Movable bin composting toilets – compact systems with receptacle integtrated in the toilet

Wost Man Ecology AB

WM Privvy

• Collection bin detached from toilet

• Waterless urine diversion toilet

• Capactiy of collection bin: 80 l

• Equipped with connection for ventilation

Wost Man Ecology AB

Sprängarvägen 18 • 132 38 Saltsjö-Boo Sweden Tel.: +46 8 715 1320 Fax.: +46 8 715 1321 info@ wost-man-ecology.se www.wost-man-ecology.se



Separett

• Toilet and collection bin integrated in one unit

• Urine diversion

• Available also without urine diversion (then electricity rerquired for evaopration of liquids)


• Connection for ventilation

• Carbon filter for urine odour removal

• Children seat available

Separett AB Skinnebo, SE-330 10 Bredaryd Sweden Tel.: +46 371-712 20 Fax.: +46 371-712 60 [email protected] www.separett.com

Berger Biotechnik

The TOA – mobile toilet

• Collection bin equipped with a toilet seat



• Necessity of bedding material (bark chips) for odour control

• No electricity required

• Material: polyethylene plastic, also PVC

• Capacity: 30 l

• Price: 100 Euro

Berger Biotechnik GmbH Juliusstrasse 27 D-22769 Hamburg Germany Tel.: +49 40 439 78 75 Fax.:+ 49 40 43 78 48 [email protected] www.berger-biotechnik.de

Berger Biotechnik

Sawi Biocom Barck Chip


• Urine diversion


• Available in various colours

• Necessity of dried bark chips for odour control

• No electricity required

• Price: 400 Euro

Berger Biotechnik GmbH Juliusstrasse 27 D-22769 Hamburg Germany Tel.: +49 40 439 78 75 fax. :+ 49 40 43 78 48 [email protected] www.berger-biotechnik.de

Malk Oy

Eko-Makki




• Material: durable ABS-plastic

• Capacity: 160 l

• Need of absorbing material

• No power supply

Malk Oy, Konalantie 47 F, 00390 HELSINKI Tel. +358 9 540 4640, Fax. +358 9 547 2644 [email protected] www.malk.fi

Nature-Loo

Compact




• Suitable for temporary accomodation

• Vent pipeials installable

• AAddition of adsorbents required

• Price: 500 Euro

Nature Loo

PO Box 2157 Toowong (Brisbane) QLD 4066 Australia Tel.: +61 (07) 3870 5037 Fax.: +61 (07) 3870 5088 www.nature-loo.com.au/ [email protected]



C.4 Composting toilets with mixing devices

Seiwa Denko

Bio-Lux

• Composting chamber detached from toilet or integrated in one unit


• Necessity of sawdust

• Power supply

• Heating system

• Agitator for oxygen supply

• Material: stainless steel

• Price: 5.111 – 20.893 EUR

Seiwa Denko Co., Ltd.

3-2, 1-chome, 1-jo, Kogyodanchi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido – Japan Tel.: 0166-39-7611 www.seiwa-denko.co.jp

BioLet

BioLet Standard



• Liquids evaporation


• Material: ABS plastic

• Electricity required for heating, ventilation and mixing device

• Equipped with heater, thermostat, fan and mixing device

• Addition of organic material required

• Prices: 800 – 1.400 EUR

BioLet USA, Inc. 150 East State Street P.O. Box 548 Newcomerstown, OH 43832 USA Tel.: (800) 524-6538 Fax.: (740) 498-4073 [email protected] http://www.biolet.com/

Naturum


• Urine diversion

• Insulated composter (rotating drum)

• Rotating drum for mixing, driven by foot pedal

• Drop hole can be cloesd by shutter seal

• Emptying period: once a month (4 users)

• Composting space: 30 l

• Ext. material: fibreglass, Int. mat.: polyethylene and stainless steel

• Organic adsorbent required

• Connection for ventilation

• Price: 1.500 Euro

Biolan Oy P.O. Box 2 FIN-27501 KAUTTUA Finland Tel.: +358 2 549 1600 Fax.: +358 2 549 1660 www.naturum.fi [email protected] Distributor for USA, Canada and Japan MONTAKI CANADA INC. Michio Takikawa 10422 Belmont, Pierrefonds Quebec, Canada H8Y 2J2 Tel.: 1-514-684-1187 Fax.: 1-514-684-7272 [email protected]



Sun-Mar

Self-contained Central-flush Central dry

• Composting chamber detached from toilet or compact system with toilet and composter integrated in one unit.

• Available for low flush or dry toilets


• A drum is rotated manually to mix and aerate the compost.

• Electric (fan, heating) or non-electric versions available

• Toilet: very low flush toilet, with foot pedal for flushing

• Price: 1.200 - 1.900 Euro (including toilet)

Sun-Mar Corp.

600 Main St. Tonawanda, NY 14150 USA Tel.: 1-888-341-0782 or 905-332-1314 Fax.: 905-332-1315 www.sun-mar.com/

2006, GTZ


authors: GTZ ecosan team (Christine Werner, Florian Klingel, Jean Ndzana)


ecosan program


Technology componentsorganic solid waste rainwatergreywaterurinefaeces

collecti

on

treatm

en

t

Vacuum toilets and vacuum sewerageVacuum toilets and vacuum sewerage

uti

lisati

on

Urine-diversion Urine-diversion (UD) toilets

StorageStorage

Fertilizing with urine Fertilizing with urine

Soil conditioning with treated Soil conditioning with treated excreta and solid biowaste

Anaerobic DigestersAnaerobic Digesters

Composting Composting

Rainwater Rainwater harvesting

Urine processing

Urine processing

Reuse of wastewater e.g. in agriculture, aquacultureReuse of wastewater e.g. in agriculture, aquaculture

Gravity Sewerage (conventional or small-bore, central or decentral)Gravity Sewerage (conventional or small-bore, central or decentral)

Composting toiletComposting toilet

Wastewater treatment (centralised or decentralised)Wastewater treatment (centralised or decentralised)

DisinfectionDisinfection(if required)

Reuse:

toilet flushing

Reuse: irrigation, cleaning,

toilet flushing

Greywater Greywater separation

Constructed

filters, septic tanks,

Constructed wetlands,

ponds, trickling filters, septic tanks,

soil filters, …

Reuse:

toilet flushing

Reuse: irrigation,

toilet flushing

Prolonged storageProlonged storage

Waterless urinals, Waterless urinals, UD toilets

Dehydration ToiletDehydration Toilet

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