© boardworks ltd 2003 energy: heat transfer heat is the name for the type of kinetic energy...
TRANSCRIPT
© Boardworks Ltd 2003
Energy: Heat Transfer
Heat is the name for the type of kinetic energy possessed by particles.
If something gains a lot of heat energy, it becomes hot - so what is temperature?
Heat energy is measured in joules [J].
How many joules are there in a kilojoule [kJ]?
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Temperature is a measure of the hotness or coldness of something, not the total amount of energy contained.
Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (or centigrade) - ºC.
Temperature measurement
The freezing point of water is DEFINED as 0oC (at 1 atm.).
The boiling point of water is DEFINED as 100oC (at 1 atm.).
The temperature can be measured in a variety of different thermometers. These include liquid in glass, digital, thermocouple and bimetal strip thermometers.
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Energy : heat transfer
The correct phrase is ‘thermal transfer’.
Heat energy can be transferred (moved) in 4 ways:
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Evaporation
4. Radiation
Which ever way heat moves, it always moves from
HOT to COLD.Heat energy only flows when there is a temperature difference.
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The Particle Model
The existence of solids, liquids and gases isexplained by the following ideas:1. All substances are made up of particles
(atoms, ions and molecules).2. That these particles are attracted to each
other, some strongly and others weakly.3. That these particles move around (i.e.
Have kinetickinetic energy).4. That their kinetic energy increases with
temperature.
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Temperature and energy
What happens to the gas as the temperature increases. Would this be the same for solids and liquids?
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1. Conduction
Hold the piece of Cu in the YELLOW Bunsen Burner flame.
How long does it take you to feel the heat?
Now do the same for wood.
Why are the times very different?
WEAR SAFETY GLASSES
Energy : heat transfer
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1. Conduction in metals Metals have atoms inside them and
lots of free electrons.
The free electrons can move around and vibrate.
The heat energy is passed on by neighbouring particles vibrating along the metal. There are too few free electrons in
a non-metal for this to happen.
Energy : heat transfer
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Which would feel warmer if we picked up a piece of wood and a piece copper metal both at room temperature (i.e. both at 250C)?
The wood feels warmer because it is a POOR conductor. So it would not conduct heat away from your hand as quickly as the copper.
Energy : heat transfer
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1. Conduction in non-metals
The heat energy is passed on by neighbouring particles vibrating along the non-metal (no free electrons. This allows a flow of energy from hot to cold.
Energy : heat transfer
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1. Conduction
Metals are good conductors of heat & non-metals are poor conductors of heat [insulators].
What about liquids? Use some gauze to hold an
ice cube at the bottom of a tube of water.
Carefully heat the water at the top of
the tube until boiling. If the liquid was good
at conducting, the ice would quickly melt - it doesn’t. WEAR SAFETY GLASSES
0ºC
100ºC
Energy : heat transfer
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Liquids are poor conductors of heat [insulators].
WEAR SAFETY GLASSES
What about gases?
Carefully put your finger 1cm away from a bunsen burner flame.
If gases were good conductors, you’d burn your finger - you don’t.
Gases are good insulators.
1. Conduction
Energy : heat transfer
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Copy this summary table into your book :
Material Conductor or Insulator ?
Metals very good conductors
Non-metals Insulators
Liquids Insulators
Gases Good insulators
Vacuum Excellent insulator
1. Conduction
Energy : heat transfer
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2. Convection
To understand how heat can be transferred by convection, the idea of density is important.
If water, oil and air are mixed up, they will settle out in order of density - which one will rise to the top?
The air is least dense and the water is the most dense - it depends on how far apart the particles are.
Energy : heat transfer
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The movement of hotter areas in a liquid can be seen using potassium permanganate as a dye:
H E A T
This cycle is called a convection current.
Can you explain how the convection current moves using the idea of density?
The diagrams on the left will help you.
2. Convection
Energy : heat transfer
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Convection currents in a pan of boiling water.
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3. Evaporation
Evaporation is when the particles in a liquid escape to form a vapour.
Evaporation can occur at any temperature but it occurs most rapidly at a liquid’s boiling point.
The particles that escape take some energy from the remaining particles and so the temperature of the liquid falls.
Take 4 equal masses of cotton wool and soak them in the 4 different liquids provided.
Wrap the cotton wool around the bottom of a thermometer and secure it with an rubber band.
Take the temperature every 0.5 minutes and record your results in the table on the next slide
Energy : heat transfer
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Temperature after x minsLiquid
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Temp.Change
[C]
Ethanol
Water
Propanol
Octanol
3. Evaporation
Energy : heat transfer
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4. Radiation
Heat can move by travelling as Infra Red waves
These are electromagnetic waves, like light waves, but with a longer wavelength.
This means that infra red waves act very much like light waves:
They can travel through a vacuum
They travel at 300,000,000 m/s
They can be reflected
They can’t travel through opaque materials.
Energy : heat transfer
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2. Why does take-away food often come in aluminium containers?
3. Why do elephants have big ears?
4. Radiation
Energy : heat transfer
1. How does a cup of tea lose heat by conduction,
convection, evaporation and radiation?
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5. A cup of tea takes up to 30 minutes to go cold.
This depends on the colour and shape of the cup.
4. Radiation
Energy : heat transfer
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Energy losses
Name the three processes which cause energy to be lost from the home.
Which spots on the house diagram lose energy?
What can we do to prevent this energy loss?
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Changes of state
• At cold enough temperatures even things that are normally gases become solid.
• At higher temperatures solids change to become liquids or gases – as long as they don’t catch fire or decompose first.
Water can be solid, liquid or gas
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Each change of state is given a different name.
Solid Liquid
Gas
Melting
Freezing
Condensing
Boiling
Changes of state
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• If a solid is heated its temperature rises until it reaches its melting point.
• At the melting point the temperature stops rising whilst the solid melts. This is because heat energy is going into separating the particles rather than raising the temperature.
• Once all the solid has melted the temperature starts to rise again until it reaches the boiling point.
• At the boiling point the temperature again stays the same as energy goes into further separating the particles.
Changes of state – heating curves
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Solid Liquid
Liquid
Liquid Gas
Gas
Solid
Tem
pera
ture
Time
Melting Freezing
Boiling Condensing
Changes of State
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