© boardworks ltd 2005 1 of 45 the present tense ser / estar reflexive verbs commands negatives and...

© Boardworks Ltd 20051 of 45

The present tense

Ser / Estar

Reflexive verbs

Commands

Negatives and negative phrases

Verbs which take the infinitive

Modal auxiliaries / Perífrasis verbales

The present participle

The present continuous

Expressions using tener

Grammar 2


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The present tense is used to talk about what is happening now or, in general terms, what happens every day.

Examples:

Juego al tenis I play tennis

Estoy en 1º de Bachillerato I am in Year 10

Tengo un hermano I have got one brother

Me cepillo los dientes I brush my teeth

The first example can be translated not just as ‘I play tennis’, but also as ‘I am playing tennis’ and ‘I do play tennis.’ In English we have different forms of the present tense just as we do in Spanish!

The present tense 1


1. Verbs whose infinitive ends in -ar

Take the -ar from the end of the infinitive.

Add the following endings: -o for I

-as for you -a for he, she and it -amos for we -áis for you -an for they

The present tense of regular verbs is formed in the following way:

The present tense 2


hablar – to speak

habl I speak, I am speakingo

habl as You speak, you are speaking

habl

habl

habl

habl

a

amos

áis

an

He / she speaks, he / she is speaking

We speak, we are speaking

You speak, you are speaking

They speak, they are speaking

The present tense 3


The following verbs are all regular verbs like HABLAR.This means that you can write them or say them in the same way as you did with HABLAR. The only difference will appear in the beginning (stem) of the verb.

Here are some more common -ar verbs. Choose two and write them out in full, with the meaning in English.

aceptar = to accept cantar = to sing llorar = to cryamar = to love charlar = to chat mirar = to look atarreglar = to fix dibujar = to draw pagar = to payayudar = to help entrar = to go in pescar = to fishbajar = to go down ganar = to win saltar = to jumpbailar = to dance lavar = to wash tocar = to touchbuscar = to look for llenar = to fill viajar = to travel

The present tense 4


2. Verbs whose infinitive ends in -er

Take the -er from the end of the infinitive.

Add the following endings:

-o for I

-es for you

-e for he, she and it

-emos for we

-éis for you

-en for they

The present tense 5


comer - to eat

com I eat, I am eatingo

com es You eat, you are eating

com

com

com

com

e

emos

éis

en

He / she eats, he / she is eating

We eat, we are eating

You eat, you are eating

They eat, they are eating

The present tense 6


3. Verbs whose infinitive ends in -ir

Take the -ir from the end of the infinitive.

Add the following endings:

-o for I-es for you

-e for he ,she, and it-imos for we-ís for you-en for they

The present tense 7


abrir - to open

abr I open, I am openingo

abr es You open, you are opening

abr

abr

abr

abr

e

imos

ís

en

He / she opens, he / she is opening

We open, we are opening

You open, you are opening

They open, they are opening

The present tense 8


The following verbs are all regular verbs like COMER or ABRIR..

This means that you can write them or say them in the same way as you did with COMER or ABRIR. The only difference will appear in the beginning (stem) of the verb.

Choose one -er verb and one -ir verb and write each out in full with the meaning in English!

Like COMER beber = to drink leer = to readcorrer = to run meter = to putcoser = to sew vender= to sell

Like ABRIR cubrir = to coverescribir= to writepermitir= to allow recibir = to receive

The present tense 9


The present tense 10


Stem change verbs

-e > -ie-o > -ue -e > -i

There are three types of stem changes which occur:

Some verbs follow a slightly different pattern. We will call these stem change verbs.

They have regular endings like -AR, -ER and -IR verbs, but certain letters change as you go through the verb forming a consistent pattern.



4. Change the -o to -ue on parts 1 2 3 6.

encontrar = to find

1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ar

2. Write out verb as if it were regular.

3. Identify the vowel to change: it is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending.

encontrar: o changes to ue1. encuentro2. encuentras3. encuentra4. encontramos5. encontráis6. encuentran

Stem change verbs

-o > -ue



poder = to be able

poder: o changes to ue

Stem change verbs

-o > -ue

4. Change the -o to -ue on parts 1 2 3 6.

1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -er



1. puedo2. puedes3. puede4. podemos5. podéis6. pueden



dormir = to sleep

dormir: o changes to ue

Stem change verbs

-o > - ue

4. Change the –o to –ue on parts 1 2 3 6.

1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ir


3. Identify the vowel to change: It is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending.

1. duermo2. duermes3. duerme4. dormimos5. dormís6. duermen



pensar = to think

pensar: -e changes to ie

Stem change verbs

-e > -ie

4. Change the –e to –ie on parts 1 2 3 6.

1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ar


3. Identify the vowel to change: It is ALWAYS the vowel just before the infinitive ending.

1. pienso2. piensas3. piensa4. pensamos5. pensáis6. piensan

Querer and preferir are two more -e > -ie verbs. Can you write each out in full, using the four steps?



pedir = to ask for

pedir: -e changes to i

Note! This change only occurs with –IR verbs

Stem change verbs

-e > -i

4. Change the -e to -i on parts 1 2 3 6.

1. Identify the group to which the verb belongs = -ir



1. pido2. pides3. pide4. pedimos5. pedís6. piden



Unfortunately not all verbs follow these patterns. Some common verbs are irregular and must be learnt by heart!

tener to have

tengo I have, I am having

tienes You have, you are having

tiene

tenemos

tenéis

tienen

He / she / it has, he / she / it is having

We have, we are having

You have, you are having

They have, they are having



ir to go

voy I go, I am going

vas You go, you are going

va He / she / it goes, he / she / it is going

vamos We go, we are going

You go, you are going

van They go, they are goingvais



Some verbs are just irregular in the 1st person.

poner to put

pongo I put, I am putting

pones You put, you are putting

pone He / she / it puts, he / she / it is putting

ponemos We put, we are putting

ponéis You put, you are putting

ponen They put, they are putting

Poner would be regular like comer except for the extra letter in the 1st part.

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ser - to be

soy I am, I am being

eres You are, you are being

es He / she / it is, is being

somos We are, we are being

sois You are, you are being

son They are, they are being

estar – to be

estoy

estás

está

estamos

estáis

están

Here are two more very important verbs. They both mean the same thing!

Ser / Estar 1


SER is used for: ESTAR is used for: 1. Things which are permanent 1. Position 2. Names 2. Temporary things or

states 3. Nationality 3. Present continuous

actions 4. Time 4. Place 5. Colour 6. PossessionExamples: Examples: 1. La casa es de piedra. 1. El libro está en la mesa. 2. Es Roberto. 2. La paella está fría. 3. Roberto es español. 3. Ahora está lloviendo. 4. Son las tres en punto. 4. Sevilla está en el sur. 5. El plátano es amarillo. 6. El libro es de Ana.

Both of these verbs mean ‘to be’,

but which one do you use?

Ser / Estar 2

© Boardworks Ltd 200524 of 45menu

Ser / Estar 3 Decide which to use: ser or estar.


The verb TENER means ‘to have’, but very often, by putting another word with it, it is translated instead by ‘to be’.

Examples:• When you say your age: Tengo quince años. – I am fifteen.• Tener calor to be hot• Tener frío to be cold• Tener cuidado to be careful • Tener hambre to be hungry• Tener sed to be thirsty• Tener miedo to be afraid • Tener razón to be right • Tener sueño to be sleepy• Tener suerte to be lucky• Tener éxito to be successful

Use these expressions to make up some sentences.

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Expressions using tener


Reflexive verbs are generally used to express actions that we do to ourselves, e.g. I wash myself, or often have the word get e.g. I get washed. In Spanish you use a ‘reflexive pronoun’ in place of myself or get:

lavarse - to get washed

1. Write out the verb as if it were a normal regular verb.

2. Add the correct reflexive pronoun.

me

te

se

nos

os

se

In the dictionary, the letters se on the end of the infinitive tell you it is a reflexive verb.

Reflexive verbs 1


lavarse to get washed

lavo I get washedme

lavaste you get washed

se lava he / she gets washed

lavamos nos we get washed

os laváis you get washed

lavanse they get washed

Reflexive verbs 2


Using what you have learnt about the verb lavarse to help you, try writing the following two verbs out in full in the same way (they are both regular -ar verbs).

levanto

levantas

levanta

levantamos

levantáis

levantan

ducho

duchas

ducha

duchamos

ducháis

duchan

levantarse - to get up ducharse - to have a shower

me

te

se

nos

os

se

me

te

se

nos

os

se

Reflexive verbs 3


despertarse - to wake up

levantarse - to get up

lavarse - to get washed

afeitarse - to have a shave

ducharse - to have a shower

vestirse - to get dressed

quitarse la ropa - to get undressed

cepillarse los dientes - to brush your teeth

arreglarse - to get ready

acostarse - to go to bed

The three verbs with an orange letter are

stem change verbs as well as reflexive verbs.

Write a short description of

your daily routine using the verbs

given here.

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Here are some other reflexive verbs which may be of use when you want to talk about your daily routine in Spanish:

Reflexive verbs 4


• If you need to tell someone what to do in Spanish, then it is important that you use the correct part of the verb.• If you want to give instructions to a friend, someone your age, or to a member of your family, then it is best to use the tú form of the verb.• For all regular verbs, drop the -s from the end of the normal tú form. Even most irregular verbs follow this rule.

Infinitive Present tense tú form Imperative

hablar - to talk hablas - you talk ¡Habla! - Talk!

comer - to eat comes - you eat ¡Come! - Eat!

abrir - to open abres - you open ¡Abre! - Open!

cerrar - to close cierras - you close ¡Cierra! - Close!

Commands 1


This is the probably the form you will hear your teacher use when he or she addresses the class as a whole:

¡Mirad! - Look!

If you want to tell a group of people (family, friends,children) to do something, then simply take the infinitive form of the verb (the part that ends in -AR, -ER, or -IR), take off the r and add the letter d. There are no exceptions to this!

¡Hablad! ¡Comed! ¡Abrid!

hablar comer abrir

Commands 2


Telling someone not to do something is quite easy too!

hablas¡No hables!! comescomas!¡No abres¡No abras!

1. Take the normal tú ending off the verb.

2. Change the verb endings in the following way:

Use -ER endings for -AR verbs

Use -AR endings for -ER and -IR verbs

3. Finally just put the no in front of the command word

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Commands 3


To use negatives in Spanish means you want to say that you do not do something.

Compare the English:I run I do not run. 1. To change a sentence into the negative in Spanish usually you just put no in front of the verb.

2. If the verb is made up of two parts always put the no before the first part.

Examples: 1. Hablo español. No hablo español. 2. He comido gambas. No he comido gambas.

Negatives and negative phrases 1


Change these sentences into the negative:

1. Veo la televisión todos los días.

2. Ayer vi dos programas.

3. El viernes pasado vi mi programa preferido.

4. He visto la última película de George Clooney.

5. Como pescado y patatas fritas.

6. Practico el tenis en verano.

7. Leo libros en mis horas libres.

8. Voy al cine los viernes.

9. Salgo con mis amigos.

Respuestas

1. No veo la televisión todos los días.

2. Ayer no vi dos programas.

3. El viernes pasado no vi mi programa preferido.

4. No he visto la última película de George Clooney.

5. No como pescado y patatas fritas.

6. No practico el tenis en verano.

7. No leo libros en mis horas libres.

8. No voy al cine los viernes.

9. No salgo con mis amigos.



Another way to change a sentence into the negative is to use another word with no. The following can be used for negatives:nada = nothing nunca = never ningún(a) = no/not any nadie = nobody ni…ni = neither…norThey can be used in the following two ways: 1. Place the no in front of the verb and the other word directly after

the verb. 2. Put the special word in front of the verb and do not use no.Examples: 1. No vi nada. Nada vi. I saw nothing. 2. No viene nunca. Nunca viene. She / He never comes. 3. No vino nadie. Nadie vino Nobody came. 4. No sobrevivió ninguna persona. Nobody survived. Ninguna persona sobrevivió. 5. No vinieron ni Paco ni Ana. Neither Paco nor Ana came. Ni Paco ni Ana vinieron.

Note that ni…ni works slightly differently!



Rewrite the sentences, this time including the negative expression in brackets. You may leave out the no, if you wish!

1. Voy al centro de la ciudad. (no) (nunca) 2. Raúl y Roberto vinieron a la discoteca. (ni…ni) 3. Vi a alguien en la calle. (no) (nadie) 4. Roberto sale de casa. (no) (nunca) 5. Lo había leído. (no) (nadie) 6. Para la clase de historia necesito algo. (no) (nada) 7. Hay un hombre en la playa. (no) (ningún) 8. Tiene naranjas y manzanas. (ni…ni) 9. He comprado un regalo. (no) (ningún)10. He comprado algo. (no) (nada)

1. No voy nunca al centro de la ciudad. Nunca voy al centro de la ciudad.

2. No vinieron ni Raúl ni Roberto a la discoteca. Ni Raúl ni Roberto vinieron a la discoteca.

3. No vi a nadie en la calle. A nadie vi en la calle.4. Roberto no sale nunca de casa. Roberto nunca sale de casa. 5. No lo había leído nadie. Nadie lo había leído.6. Para la clase de historia no necesito nada. Nada necesito

para la clase de historia.7. No hay ningún hombre en la playa. Ningún hombre hay en la

playa.8. No tiene ni naranjas ni manzanas. Ni naranjas ni manzanas

tiene. 9. No he comprado ningún regalo.10.No he comprado nada. Nada he comprado.

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The infinitive is the part of the verb you will find in the dictionary. In Spanish, it usually ends with -AR, -ER or -IR.

We usually translate the infinitive as to do something, for example to talk, to eat or to open.

If you see an infinitive in a Spanish sentence, you will find that it usually follows another verb.

Example:I want to go home. Quiero volver a casa.

In this sentence there are two verbs:1 = I want (quiero) 2 = to go / return (volver)

The first verb is in the first person (yo).The second verb always stays in the infinitive.

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Verbs which take the infinitive


In Spanish, the idea of “must” or “having to do something” can be constructed with a number of expressions. Here are some examples:

1. Deber + infinitive… (I/ you/ he/ she/ we/ they) must… 2. Tener que + infinitive … (I/ you/ he/ she/ we/ they) must… 3. Hay que + infinitive … One must / has to…

1. Debes tener más cuidado. You must take more care. 3. Hay que relajarse. One must relax. 4. Tengo que comprar pan. I have to buy bread.

Modal auxiliaries / Perífrasis modales 1


Now try putting these sentences into Spanish.

1. You must sit down. 2. One has to study hard. 3. You must take these pills three times a day. 4. It is necessary to leave early. 5. You have to buy this book. 6. You must see this film. 7. One has to buy some milk. 8. You have to drive more carefully. 9. You must see a doctor.

Respuestas.

1. Debes sentarte. 2. Hay que estudiar mucho. 3. Debes tomarte estas pastillas tres veces al día. 4. Hay que salir temprano. 5. Debes comprar este libro. 6. Hay que ver esta película. 7. Hay que comprar leche. 8. Tienes que conducir con más cuidado. 9. Debes consultar al médico.

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Modal auxiliaries / Perífrasis modales 2


The present participle is a very useful part of the verb. It is usually translated in English by ‘-ing’, e.g. I am talking Normally, you can just use the present tense for this in Spanish:Hablo español = I speak Spanish, I am speaking Spanish.

But sometimes you need to emphasize exactly what you are doing at a certain point in time, and it is then that the present participle is needed.When this happens in the present tense, we call this the: present continuous.

Example:

Listen, I am talking! ¡Escucha, estoy hablando!

present tense verb

present participle

The present participle 1


To form the present participle of an -AR verb, take the infinitive, remove the -AR and add -ANDO

HABLARHABL ANDO

To form the present participle of an -ER or -IR verb, take the infinitive, remove the -ER or -IR, and add -IENDO.

COMERCOM IENDO ABRIRABR IENDO

How do we form the present participle?



Irregular present participles

There are only a few irregular present participles andthey can be put into two groups.

1. Verbs which use a y instead of an i:verb stem participle caer to fall cay cayendo fallingleer to read ley leyendo reading ir to go y yendo goingoír to hear oy oyendo hearing

2. Spelling change verbsverb stem participle servir to serve sirv sirviendo servingpedir to ask for pid pidiendo asking fordormir to sleep durm durmiendo sleeping decir to say dic diciendo sayingvenir to come vin viniendo coming

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In Spanish this now becomes a compound tense or, quite simply, a verb in two parts. It is quite straightforward to form and use, provided you form the two parts in the way that you are shown on the next slide.

The verb can be divided into two parts as in English.

Example: I am eating.

I am from the verb to be (in Spanish you use ESTAR)

eating the present participle of the verb to eat.

The present continuous 1


To form the present continuous tense in Spanish you need 2 parts.

1. The present tense of ‘estar’

2. The present participle of the verb you are emphasizing

I am

You are

He / she / it is

We are

You are

They are

estoy

estás

está

estamos

estáis

están

speaking hablando

speaking hablando

speaking hablando

speaking hablando

speaking hablando

speaking hablando

‘Estar’ changes but the present participle does not.



Now see if you can change the present tense to the present continuous in each of the following sentences!

1. Juan y Ana beben café con leche en la cafetería.2. Nosotros leemos revistas en la clase de ciencias.3. Los camareros atienden a muchos clientes hoy.4. Anita pone la mesa para ayudar a su madre.5. El gato duerme en el jardín.6. Los niños juegan al fútbol en el parque.7. Mi madre ve su telenovela preferida en la tele.8. Yo aprendo español en el instituto.9. Vosotras cantáis en el coro.10.El cliente pide la cuenta.

1. Juan y Ana están bebiendo café con leche en la cafetería.2. Nosotros estamos leyendo revistas en la clase de ciencias.3. Los camareros están atendiendo a muchos clientes hoy.4. Anita está poniendo la mesa para ayudar a su madre.5. El gato está durmiendo en el jardín.6. Los niños están jugando al fútbol en el parque.7. Mi madre está viendo su telenovela preferida en la tele.8. Yo estoy aprendiendo español en el instituto.9. Vosotras estáis cantando en el coro.10.El cliente está pidiendo la cuenta.

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