“ borrowing” graphics and text for web pages: fair game, fair play and fair use presenters: mary...
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“Borrowing” Graphics and Text for Web Pages:
Fair Game, Fair Play and Fair Use
Presenters:Mary Minow, J.D., A.M.L.S.
Kim Lim – Librarian, Skyline College
Wednesday, March 19, 20032:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m.
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Legal Disclaimer
• Legal information
• Not legal advice!
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Borrowing Graphics & Text for Instructional Web
Pages
1. Overview and Flow Chart2. Public domain3. Fair use 4. Risk evaluation5. Permission
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Copyright: Overview
The Congress shall have power... to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries
U.S. Const., Art. I, § 8, Cl. 8
OwnersUsers
Big Balance: How to Promote Progress
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• Copyright given to more worksoriginal works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of
expression NO REGISTRATION
NO NOTICE ©• Bono Act: adds 20 years to copyrights
– Challenged by Eldred v. Ashcroft at Supreme Court (May 20, 2002)
- Supreme Court upheld 1998 decision on Jan. 15 2003.
OwnersUsers
Copyright: Recent Developments
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Subject matter of copyright
Is the work protected?
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How can you decide whether it’s OK to use other people’s material on the Web?
Public Domain? Ok to use Yes
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How can you decide whether it’s OK to use other people’s material on the Web?
Public Domain? Ok to use
Fair Use?
No
Use it according to your risk tolerance
Yes
Probably
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How can you decide whether it’s OK to use other people’s material on the Web?
Public Domain? Ok to use
Fair Use?
No
Get Permission
No
Use it according to your risk tolerance
Yes
Probably
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Facts
Recipes
Ideas
Dedicated works
Government works (U.S.)
Expired works
Public Domain: In the
FRIDGE
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Fridge
• Library address, hours• Call numbers• URLs• Population statistics• Maps
FACTS
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Compilations of Facts
• Directories• Bibliographies• Pathfinders• List of links• Cookbooks
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Court CasesDatabase Producers Lose
Telephone white pages - not original-no copyright
• Feist v. Rural Telephone Service 499 U.S. 340 (1991)
Yellow pages - not original-no copyright• BellSouth Advertising v Donnelly 999 F.2d 1436 (11th Cir.
1993)
School selection criteria - no copyright• Schoolhouse v. Anderson No. 00-3939 (8th Cir. Jan. 2002)
Users owners
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Database and Collections of Information Misappropriation Act
• “Makes civilly liable any person who makes available in commerce to others a substantial part of the information contained in a database generated, gathered, or maintained by another person without authorization.”
• “Provides civil remedies, including temporary and permanent injunctions and monetary relief for damages.”
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Database and Collections of Information Misappropriation Act• Exceptions for:
– (1) independently generated or gathered information; – (2) certain reasonable use by a nonprofit educational,
scientific, and research institution; – (3) hyperlinking one online location to another; and – (4) making such information available for the primary
purpose of news reporting.• Excludes from protection under this Act:
– (1) government and Federally mandated databases; and– (2) computer programs.
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FRidgeMere listings of ingredients as
in recipes, formulas, compounds or prescriptions = NO COPYRIGHT
Recipe or formulas accompanied by substantial literary expression or when there is a combination of recipes, as in a cookbook= Copyright
RECIPES
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• Not copyrightable
• Not copyrightable
• Not copyrightable
FrIdge
IDEAS
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Stack of Books - Great Idea!
NOT COPYRIGHTABLE
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Ideas, processes, methods, and systems described in copyrighted
works
• TITLE 17 > CHAPTER 1 > Sec. 102.
(b) In no case does copyright protection for an original work of authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such work
Note: works that are not protected by copyright law may
be protected by other laws.
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•
FRIDGE
“Original material and added value in Library Juice is dedicated to the public domain; beyond that the publisher makes no guarantees”
www.libr.org/juice
DEDICATED
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Freeware
Freeware
• Not shareware • Really, expressly, available free of
restrictions-ware • The author has chosen to make it
available without any restrictions
DEDICATED
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GOVT (U.S.)
FRIDGE
Govt (U.S.) works PUBLIC DOMAIN
States - only cases, codes • or if dedicated
• copyright is source of income in California
• warning: some codes written by private parties
17 U.S.C. 105
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Title 17>Chapter 1>Sec. 105. - Subject matter of copyright: United States
Government works
• Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the United States Government, but the United States Government is not precluded from receiving and holding copyrights transferred to it by assignment, bequest, or otherwise.
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FRIDGE• Life plus 70• Corporate works
– 95 years from publication or
– 120 years from creation
EXPIRED
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FRIDGE• Life plus 70• Corporate works
– 95 years from publication or
– 120 years from creation
EXPIRED
Check back in 60+ years
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WHEN WORKS PASS INTO THE PUBLIC DOMAIN
http://www.unc.edu/~unclng/public-
d.htm
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Checking the Public Domain for Images
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No images there
YES - Good sources
CHECK BACK in 60+ yrs
But Is Image in the Public Domain? Check the FRIDGEFacts, Recipes, Ideas
Dedicated,Government
(U.S.)
Expired
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“Dedicated” Clip Art - by whom?
Naive “dedications”
Yahright! -it was funRightsforartists.com
License termslink backcreditlimited use
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Government Images
Domain .gov
Image search for parking meter in “.gov”
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Stephen FishmanThe Public Domain: How to Find & Use Copyright-Free Writings, Music, Art & More
(Nolo Press, 2001)
Public Domain Resource
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It’s in the FRIDGE but I still can’t get it!
• Welcome to Public Domain Images– inexpensive! Only $50 each!– museum images
• Welcome to the PICLE
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The Pickle of Protecting Work [PICLE]
(OR THE ART OF ENCASING WORKS IN JARS)
•Physical Impossibility
•Copyright
•Licenses
•Encryption
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The Pickle of Protecting Work [PICLE]
(OR THE ART OF ENCASING WORKS IN JARS)
•Physical Impossibility
•Copyright
•Licenses
•Encryption plus
[Database legislation-proposed]
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Flowchart Again: Fair Use
Public Domain? Yes
Ok to use
Fair Use?
No
Get Permission
No
Probably Use it according to your risk tolerance
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Court will Use PNAM Factors•Purpose
•Nature of work
•Amount
•Market harm
Fair Use?
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Fair Use
“…the fair use of a copyrighted work...for purposes such as criticism, comment … scholarship, or research is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include…[PNAM]”
17 U.S.C. 107
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Fair Use-Purpose
LikelyYES
LikelyNO
Your WebPage
Nonprofit
+Commercial
PNAM
“the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes”
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Fair Use-Purpose
LikelyYES
LikelyNO
Createsnew work +
Merelycopies -
thumbnails index as a “new work”Kelly v Arriba, 2002 U.S. App. LEXIS 1786
PNAM
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Fair Use- Nature of Work
LikelyYES
LikelyNO
Thincopyright
referencedirectories,science,history +
Strong Creativefiction artmusic -
PNAM“the nature of the copyrighted work;”
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“The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use
if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors”
Fair Use-Nature of Work
LikelyYes
LikelyNo
Work“borrowed”
published + unpublished
PNAM
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Fair Use-Amount & Substantiality
Likely Yes
Likely No
Amount & Substantiality
Small in relation to whole (of original) +
Whole or “heart”
Your Web Page
Use small amts +
PNAM
“the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole”
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PNAMPNAMPNAM
Fair Use-Purpose
http://ctlonline.net/webreadyplus/lesson9_copyright.asp - artisticstandards
Examples
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PNAM
Fair Use-Market Effect
LikelyYes
LikelyNo
Market Doesn’thurt marketfor theoriginal +
Potentiallyhurts market
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Case Study: Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music“2 Live Crew’s Pretty Woman”
Date Released in July 1989 based on Roy Orbison and William Dees’ 1964 creation “Oh, Pretty Woman."
Credit given? Yes. Orbison and Dees were credited on the Crew album.
Modification? -lyrics changed;
-added interposed scraper noises, overlays of solos in different keys, and an altered drum beat.
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Fair use: Parody
• "in truth, in literature, in science and in art, there are, and can be, few, if any, things, which in an abstract sense, are strictly new and original throughout. Every book in literature, science and art, borrows, and must necessarily borrow, and use much which was well known and used before."Emerson v. Davies,8 F.Cas. 615, 619 (No. 4,436) (CCD Mass. 1845)
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Fair Use-Summary
Likely Yes Likely No
PurposeNonprofitCreate new
work +
CommercialNo new work
NatureReference,nonfiction
Published +
Fiction, ArtMusic
Unpublished
AmountSmall amt(relative towhole
original) +
Complete workHeart of work
MarketDoesn’t hurtmarket of
original +
Hurts market orpotential marketof original
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A Lid on Fair Use
Licenses
Encryption - DMCA has anticircumvention provisions
[Database legislation proposed]
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Lawsuits look for deep pockets
Registered ©
$750-$30,000 per Incidentwillful up to $150,000 innocent as low as $200
Library Staff = $0if basis to believe FAIR USE (Law is Kind to libraries)
17 U.S.C. 504 (c)
Risk Evaluation
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• Good Faith Analysis• Take-down policy• Insurance• Disclaimers
– Library of Congress examples• http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/copyrit2.html
• http://www.loc.gov/rr/print/catalog.html
Risk Management
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Flowchart Again: Get Permission
Public Domain? Yes
Ok to use
Fair Use?
No
Get Permission
No
Probably Use it according to your risk tolerance
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• Determine copyright holder– Copyright © 2002 Mary Minow
• Identify rights you need– nonexclusive, in perpetuity
• Email permission is okay• Keep on file
Get Permission
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I am the owner to the rights to Title of Work and I authorize a nonexclusive right to reproduction, distribution, adaptation, performance and/or display by ______Library
Sample Formshttp://www.librarylaw.com/perm.htm
Permission Form
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• Copyright Clearinghouse (text) www.copyright.com
• Corbis.com - (photographs)• Art Resource (fine art)- artres.com• Cartoonbank.com (New Yorker)
Copyright Clearinghouses $
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Copyright registration forms
http://www.copyright.gov/forms/
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Richard StimGetting Permission: How to License & Clear Copyrighted Materials Online & Off
(Nolo Press, 2000)
Permission Resource
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Summary: How can you decide whether it’s OK to use other people’s
material?
Public Domain? Yes Use it if in
the FRIDGE
Fair Use?
No
Get Permission
No
ProbablyPNAM and risk tolerance