$+ centro ricerche euron effect of fuel quality and engine technology on particle emissions
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$+Centro Ricerche Euron
Effect of Fuel Quality and Engine Technology on Particle Emissions
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Contributors
P. Dilara, R. Hummel, G. De SantiDG-JRC, Environment Institute, Ispra, Italy
F. Giavazzi, G. Martini, R. CarboneAgip Petroli CREA, Milan, Italy
A. KrasenbrinkDLR-IVF, Berlin, Germany
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Objectives
• To assess:– the effect of fuel quality and engine technology on
particulate emissions and in particular on the total mass of the emitted particles , on their mass/size distribution and number/size distribution
– the influence of the measurement method and the location of sample extraction on the test results
– the relation between number of particles and mass of particulates
– the relation between the legislative emission test results and the constant speed test results
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• 2 Modern 1.9L Diesel Passenger Cars• Direct Injection Rotary Pump (SI)• Common Rail (CR)• Emission level: Euro II
• 2 Fuel Qualities• Standard fuel, current quality (2000 specifications) (SF)• “Clean” Fuel: Sulphur-free, low aromatics, low density
(CF)
• Test conditions• NEDC• Constant Speed: Idle, 30, 50, 120 km/h
Test Matrix
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Instrumentation
• Standard Emission Racks• NOx, CO, HC
• Particulates • Filters• Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS)• Low Pressure Impactors (LPI-11 and LPI-8)
– The LPI-11 was used to measure the mass/size distribution of the diluted exhaust gas sampled from the conventional dilution tunnel
– The LPI-8 was used to measure the mass/size distribution of the raw exhaust gas sampled directly from the tailpipe
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Instrumentation - Sampling Points
ParticulateFilters
To Vent
CVSUnit
Ambient Air
SMPS LPI-11
LPI-8
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
HC CO NOx PM*10 HC CO NOx PM*10
g/k
m SF
CF
Rotary Pump Vehicle
Common Rail Vehicle
NEDC Cycle- Regulated Emissions
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NEDC Cycle - Total Particulate Mass Filter vs Impactor (g/km)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
SF SF CF CF
FILTER
IMPACTOR
Rotary Pump Vehicle
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NEDC Cycle - Total Particulate Mass Filter vs Impactor (g/km)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
SF SF CF CF
g/k
m
FILTER
IMPACTOR
Common Rail Vehicle
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NEDC Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution Fuel Quality Effect
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00
Diameter ae. (µm)
dM/d
Ln(
D.a
e.)
(mg/
km
)
SF
CF
Common Rail Vehicle
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NEDC Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution Fuel Quality Effect
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00
Diameter ae. (µm)
dM/d
Ln(
D.a
e.)
(mg/
km
)
SF
CF
Rotary Pump Vehicle
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NEDC Cycle - Mass/Size Distribution Engine Technology Effect
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00
Diameter ae. (µm)
dM/d
Ln(
D.a
e.) (
mg/
km)
SI 1
SI 2
CR 1
CR 2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00
Diameter ae. (µm)
dM/d
Ln(
D.a
e.) (
mg/
km)
SI 1
SI 2
CR 1
CR 2
Standard Fuel “Clean” Fuel
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00
Diameter ae. (µm)
dM/d
Ln(
D.a
e.)
(mg/
h)
CR - SF
CR - CF
SI - SF
SI - CF
Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution
Idle
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Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution
32 km/h
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00
Diameter ae. (µm)
dM/d
Ln(
D.a
e.)
(mg/
km)
CR - SF
CR - CF
SI - SF
SI - CF
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Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution
50 km/h
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00
Diameter ae. (µm)
dM/d
Ln(
D.a
e.)
(mg/
km)
CR - SF
CR - CF
SI - SF
SI - CF
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Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution
120 km/h
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00
Diameter ae. (µm)
dM/d
Ln(
D.a
e.)
(mg/
km)
CR - SF
CR - CF
SI - SF
SI - CF
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Total Particulate Mass Effect of test conditions and effect of fuel
quality
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
32 km/h 50 km/h 120km/h
cycle 32 km/h 50 km/h 120km/h
cycle
mg
/km SF
CF
Rotary Pump Vehicle
Common Rail Vehicle
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Mass/Size Distribution
Mass Median Diameter (MMD)
SI_SF SI_SF SI_CF SI_CF CR_SF CR_SF CR_CF CR_CF
0km/h32km/h
50km/h120km/h
Cycle
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
MMD(nm)
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Constant Speed - Total Mass (Impactors)
LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust)
0.01
0.1
1
10
0.01 0.1 1 10
LPI-10 (mg/s)
LP
I-8
(m
g/s
)
CR-Vehicle
SI-Vehicle
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Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution
LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust) 32 km/h
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00
D.ae. (µm)
dM/d
Ln(
D.a
e.)
(mg/
km
)
CR - SF (Dil)
CR - SF (Raw)
CR - CF (Dil)
CR - CF (Raw)
Common Rail Vehicle
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Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution
LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust) 120 km/h
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00
D.ae. (µm)
dM/d
Ln(
D.a
e.)
(mg/
km
)
CR - SF (Dil)
CR - SF (Raw)
CR - CF (Dil)
CR - CF (Raw)
Common Rail Vehicle
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Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution
LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust) 32 km/h
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00
D.ae. (µm)
dM/d
Ln(
D.a
e.)
(mg/
km
)
SI - SF (Dil)
SI - SF (Raw)
SI - CF (Dil)
SI - CF (Raw)
Rotary Pump Vehicle
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Constant Speed - Mass/Size Distribution
LPI-8 (Raw Exhaust) vs LPI-11 (Diluted Exhaust) 120 km/h
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.01 0.10 1.00 10.00
D.ae. (µm)
dM/d
Ln(
D.a
e.)
(mg/
km
)
SI - SF (Dil)
SI - SF (Raw)
SI - CF (Dil)
SI - CF (Raw)
Rotary Pump Vehicle
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Constant Speed - Number/Size Distribution
32 km/h
0
1E+13
2E+13
3E+13
4E+13
5E+13
6E+13
7E+13
8E+13
10 100 1000
Diameter (nm)
dN/d
log
D (
1/k
m)
SI - SF
SI - CF
CR - SF
CR - CF
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Constant Speed - Number/Size Distribution
120 km/h
0
1E+13
2E+13
3E+13
4E+13
5E+13
6E+13
7E+13
8E+13
9E+13
10 100 1000
Diameter (nm)
dN/d
log
D (
1/k
m)
SI - SF
SI - CF
CR - SF
CR - CF
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Constant Speed TestsParticle Number (SMPS) vs Mass (LPI-11)
1.E+11
1.E+12
1.E+13
1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01
LPI-10 (mg/s)
SM
PS
(#
/s)
CR-Vehicle
SI-Vehicle
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CONCLUSIONS• The effects of fuel quality and engine technology
were more or less pronounced or not even detected; different conclusions can be drawn...
…depending on the measuring method, sampling location and test condition
• Current vehicle exhaust emission standards are based on mass measurement of PM that has proved to be quite simple and reliable
• Much more work is needed before new measures such as particle number can be proposed as a reliable supplement to mass measurements