chapter 11 pregnancy and childbirth. pregnancy and prenatal development 11:1
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 11
Pregnancy and Childbirth
Pregnancy and Prenatal Development
11:1
Pregnancy is the condition of carrying a developing child within the uterus It begins with conception and implantation
Pregnancy
Conception occurs when one sperm and one egg unite and chromosome combine this is called a zygote
A five day old zygote is called a blastocyte and attaches itself to the uterine wall Two groups of cells form, one will be the
placenta and the other the baby Two different eggs fertilized will result in
fraternal twins Identical twins result wen a single fertilized
egg divides into two identical zygotes
Pregnancy
Missed menstrual cycle Feel very tired Morning sickness
Signs of Pregnancy
Test in doctor’s office most accurate Six to eight weeks into pregnancy a pelvic
examination by doctor will help confirm the pregnancy
Proper Prenatal care The first three months are the most critical for
proper development of a growing baby
Pregnancy Test
The prenatal period is the time from conception until birth 9 calendar months or 280 days
The first two months the growing baby is called an embryo
The last seven months it is called a fetus
Prenatal Development
The embryo’s support system consists of four parts:1. The amniotic sac2. Amniotic fluid3. Placenta4. Umbilical cord
The support Systems
The amniotic sac is a membrane that surrounds and protects the baby until birth
Amniotic Fluid Protect against injury Provides an even temperature Enables the fetus to move easily Aids in the birth of the baby
The Amniotic Sac and Fluid
The placenta is an organ in which the mother’s blood vessels meet with the baby’s. The mother’s and baby’s blood do not mix
instead oxygen and nutrient pass through the walls
Waste pass from baby to mother It breathes, digest nutrients and excretes
waste for the baby
The Placenta
The placenta connects to the embryo by the umbilical cord The flow of blood through the cord keeps it
untangled
The Umbilical Cord
Specific development Heart, eyes, ears, hand and feet
Poor nutrition and harmful substances can adversely affect the development during this stage Extremely critical period in the formation of
the growing embryo
The Embryo Stage
From the 3rd month to birth Organs grow and function and systems
develop and work together Premature born before development is
complete By the 9th month the fetus has reached full
term and and is ready to be born
The Fetal Stage
Prenatal Care 11:2
Obstetrician-gynecologist Family practitioner Certified nurse-midwife
Sources of Health Care
AFP screening – blood test done between week 15th and 18th week Measure the amount of alphafetoprotein
Ultrasound Amniocentesis
Testing for Birth Defects
Diet high in folate or folic acid Eat a well-balanced diet Weight gain on average is 25-35 pounds
Diet and Nutrition
Important for general health and well-being of pregnant woman
Should discuss any exercise program with her doctor
Physical Activity
The first 3 months and the last few weeks of pregnancy are usually the most tiring
Should try to avoid long periods of continued stress Long term stress can affect the development
of the fetus
Rest and SleepHandling Stress
Common infectious disease STIs – Sexually transmitted infections Preeclampsia – high blood pressure, swelling
and protein in the urine
Stillbirth – the birth of a dead fetus
Illness
Drugs cross from the mother’s bloodstream into the babies The baby’s liver can not break down the drugs
and will harm the baby If the mother is addicted to a drug, so will
her baby
A pregnant woman should consult her doctor before taking over the counter medications.
Use of drugs
Poisonous gases passed to the baby Fetus receives fewer nutrients and less
oxygen
The Effects of Smoking
Alcohol is the third leading cause of birth defects in this country
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) – a pattern of physical and mental birth defects in children born of alcoholic mothers Short in stature Heads may be small Small eye openings Development is slow May be mentally retarded Many have behavioral problems
The Effects of Alcohol
Women who suspect they are pregnant should not have x-rays
Effects of Radiation
A baby born before the sixth month, too early to have developed enough for survival in the outside world
15-20% of pregnancies end in miscarriage
Miscarriage
Preparing for the Baby11:3
Items the baby will need Clothing Place to sleep
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) Experts recommend:
Placing infants on back to sleep Firm mattress to sleep on No pillows, blankets, or toys in the bed
Planning for the Baby’s Physical Needs
Natural Childbirth – little or no anesthesia to block the mother’s pain
Lamaze method help mothers control the pain of childbirth by focusing on a breathing techniques to help relax her muscles
Planning for Delivery
Leboyer method a comforting outside environment similar to the fetus’s environment is provided at birth’s Lights dim Soft music played Played in a warm bath after and then dried and
placed in a warm blanket
Planning for Delivery
Cesarean delivery (C-section) surgical method of delivering a baby Labor abnormal or infant is in danger The baby’s head is large and the mother’s
pelvis is small Mother had pervious C-sections The baby is breech birth – baby is positioned
for birth buttocks first
Planning for Delivery
Hospitals Family-centered childbirth- allows father,
children and other family members to be in the delivery room
Birthing rooms- delivery rooms are a home like setting
Rooming-in- the mother can have the baby stay in her room
Place of Delivery
Lactation is the production of milk in the breastsThe benefits on chart 246 11-14
Bottle feeding is similar to breast milk in the amount of nutrients
Less strain on the parents’ schedules because others can easily feed the baby
Breast Feeding or Bottle Feeding
The Baby Arrives 11:4
Labor is the term used to describe the contractions of the uterus
The Stages of Labor
First Stage of Labor Averaging 4-16 hours When contractions are regular, true labor has
begun Continues until the contractions have fully
dilated the cervix around 10 centimeters The baby’s head enters the birth canal
The Stages of Labor
Second Stage of Labor Cervix is fully dilated and the baby’s head is in
the birth canal Ends when the baby is born Lasting form 5-45 minutes Labor pains are most severe at this point
The Stages of Labor
In the third stage of labor, the uterus continues to contract. This causes the afterbirth (the Placenta) to be expelled.
The Stages of Labor
Condition of the new born is assessed often with the Apgar scale. This is assessed at one minute then five minutes after the baby is born. They are looking at heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, color, and reflexes
The Newborn
Research has shown that some newborn deficiencies can be corrected if detected early.
Newborn Screenings
Postpartum period Bonding
Adjusting to the Newborn