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{ Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology

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Page 1: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

{

Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood

Psychology

Page 2: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions and language.

Nature v Nurture Developmental Psychology is the

specialized study of how an individual’s physical, social, emotional, moral, and intellectual development occurs in sequential interrelated stages throughout the life cycle.

Physical, Perceptual, & Language Development

Page 3: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Developmental Psychologists study the following main issues:

Continuity versus stages of development Stability versus change Nature v nurture

Page 4: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Newborns Capacities

Grasping reflex in response to a touch on the palm of their hands, infants can grasp an object, such as a finger, so strongly that they can be lifted into the air.

Rooting reflex occurs when an alert newborn is touched anywhere around the mouth, he will move his head and mouth toward the source of the touch

Page 5: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Physical Development Average infant birth weight = 7.3 pounds By one year old, average weight = 20-25

pounds Maturation is internally programmed

growth Newborns can’t hold their own head up, but

by about 1 year old, they are walking!!!

Page 6: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Perceptual Development Gibson & Walk (1960) realized infants 6

months old and older recognize cliffs/drop-offs and refuse to go over them

Fantz (1961) completed a study and found that infants prefer to look at human faces and patterned material the most.

Page 7: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Development of Language Language and thought are closely

intertwined Both involve using symbols

Can animals use language? Gardners raised a chimp names Washoe and

taught her to use American Sign Language for the Deaf

By 3 ½ years old, Washoe knew and accurately used 87 signs for words

By 5 years old she was using more than 160 signs!

Page 8: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

How children acquire language Children imitate the speech of their parents

and older siblings The first real words usually refer to things

an infant can see or touch Critical period for learning language? The leap to using sounds as symbols occurs

sometime in the second year By 2 years old, a kid’s vocabulary should be

between 500 and 1500 words Speech is telegraphic – they leave words

out, but can still get the point across

Page 9: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

As the thought processes of children develop, they begin to think, communicate and relate with others, and solve problems.

Cognitive Development Piaget (20th Century)

Intelligence, or the ability to understand, develops gradually as the child grows

Cognitive & Emotional Development

Page 10: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

How Knowing Changes Schemas are mental representations of the

world We construct these and apply and change

them as necessary Assimilation is trying to fit new objects into

our schemas Accommodation is when we change our

schema to fit the characteristics of the new object

Page 11: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Assimilation and accommodation work together to produce intellectual growth

Object permanence happens when a small child realizes an object is till there even when it cannot be seen (peek-a-boo)

Representational thought occurs once object permanence has been achieved. A small child can see something and imitate it later.

The Principle of Conservation means that a child can understand that the quantity did not change even though the appearance did

Usually does not occur until after age 5

Page 12: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Egocentric is when kids can only see and think of the world from their point of view

Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor

Birth – 2 years Behavior consists of simple motor responses to

sensory stimuli; lacks concept of object permanence

Preoperational 2-7 years Lacks operations (reversible mental processes);

exhibits egocentric thinking; lacks concept of conservation; uses symbols (such as words or mental images to solve simple problems or to talk about things that are not present

Page 13: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Concrete Operations 7-11 years Begins to understand concept of

conservation; still has trouble with abstract ideas; classification abilities improve; masters concept of conservation

Formal Operations 11 years – onward Understands abstract ideas and

hypothetical situations; capable of logical and deductive reasoning

Page 14: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Emotional Development Experiments with Animals

Imprinting is a sudden, virtually permanent learning process

Baby geese think the first thing they see is their mother

Critical period is a time in development when an animal or human is best able to learn a skill or behavior

Surrogate Mothers Harlow (20th Century) discovered baby

monkeys chose comfort over food when forced to choose between a soft cloth mother figure and a wire one with milk

Page 15: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Human Infants Attachments begin to form to a mother or

surrogate mother at about 6 months old The attachment is strongest between 6

months and 3 years old Stranger anxiety may be displayed even

when the mother is present, but will go away

Separation anxiety occurs whenever the child is suddenly separated from the mother

Page 16: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Ainsworth and Bowlby (1991) conducted an experiment called Strange Situation and found three forms of attachment between children and their mothers:

Secure attachment – infants balance the need to explore and the need to be close

Avoidant attachment – infants avoid or ignore the mother when she leaves and returns

Resistant attachment – infants are not upset when the mother leaves but reject her or act out angrily when she returns

Other psychologists later added the one below: Disorganized attachment – these infants never act

the same way twice

Page 17: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Children face various social decisions as they grow and progress through the stages of life

Parenting Styles Authoritarian Families – parents are the bosses

Parents do not believe that they have to explain their actions or demands

Democratic/Authoritative Families – children participate in decisions affecting their lives

There is a great deal of discussion and negotiation in such families

Permissive/Laissez-faire Families – children have the final say

Parents may attempt to guide the children but give in when the children insist on having their own way

Parenting Styles and Social Development

Page 18: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Effects of Parenting Styles Studies have shown that adolescents who have grown

up in Democratic/Authoritative Families are more confident of their own values and goals than other young people. This comes from two features:

Establishment of limits Responding to the child with warmth and support

Children of democratic families tend to want to make their own decisions

The child is able to assume responsibility gradually The child is more likely to identify with parents who

love and respect him or her than with parents who treat him or her as incompetent

Democratic parents present a model of responsible cooperative independence for the growing person to imitate

Page 19: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Child Abuse Child abuse includes the physical or mental

injury, sexual abuse, negligent treatment, or mistreatment of children under the age of 18 by adults entrusted with their care

Social problem resulting from a variety of causes Many abusive parents were abused Many abusive parents have little patience and

unrealistic expectations Overburdened and stressed parents are more

likely to abuse Low-birth weight infants and children who are

hyperactive, mentally or physically disadvantaged are more likely to be abused

Page 20: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Social Development Socialization is learning the rules of

behavior of the culture in which you are born and raised.

Learning what the rules are Learning when to apply them Learning when to bend them Learning to live with other people and with

yourself

Page 21: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Freud’s theory of psychosocial development Oral Stage

First 18 months of life Infants pleasure seeking focused on the mouth

Anal Stage 1 ½ years – 3 years old Infants pleasure seeking centered on the functions of elimination

Phallic Stage 3-6 years old Infants pleasure seeking focused on the genitals

Latency Stage 6 years – puberty Sexual thoughts are repressed, child focuses on developing social

and intellectual skills Genital Stage

Puberty though adulthood Sexual desires are renewed, individual seeks relationships with

others.

Page 22: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Trust v Mistrust Early infancy Is my world predictable and supportive?

Autonomy v shame and doubt 1-3 years Can I do things myself or must I rely on

others? Initiative v guilt

3-6 years Am I good or bad?

Page 23: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Industry v Inferiority 6-12 years Am I successful or worthless?

Identity v Role Confusion Early teens Who am I?

Intimacy v Isolation Young adult Shall I share my life with someone or live alone?

Generativity v Stagnation Middle adult Will I succeed in life?

Ego integrity v Despair Older adult Have I lived a full life?

Page 24: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Cognitive-Development Approach Games and Play

Children’s games are serious business They like to make up and stick to the rules A child’s role taking involves trying to be

like adult role models

Page 25: { Chapter 3 – Infancy & Childhood Psychology.  Infants are born equipped to experience the world. As infants grow physically, they also develop perceptions

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Pre-Conventional

Stage 1 – obedience and punishment Self oriented

Stage 2 – Instrumental Relativist Immediate family

Conventional Stage 3 – Good/Nice girl

Extended family Stage 4 – Law and order

Self-serving view of society Post-Conventional

Stage 5 – Social Contract Interactive view of society

Stage 6 – universal Ethics Principle Balanced cost/benefit analysis of self/society