----- chapter 9: “drugs that affect the skin and mucous membranes” p 71-80 chapter 10: “drugs...
TRANSCRIPT
----- Chapter 9: “Drugs that Affect the Skin and Mucous Membranes” p 71-80 Chapter 10: “Drugs that Affect the Respiratory System” p 81-87
)
Very complex structure (the body’s largest ORGAN)
MANY CRITICAL FUNCTIONS including:
*Regulating body-temperature
*Electrolyte/water balance
*Protection (our outer shield!)
*Vitamin-D … ‘sunshine vitamin’
LOCAL effect – works on the skin itself
SYSTEMIC effect – must be absorbed
for example …
emollients – soothe the skin, work locally (Vaseline, lanolin)
Accutane (isotretinoin) capsules – swallowed and absorbed into the bloodstream … delivered to site-of-action (‘SYSTEMIC’)
SOOTHING agentsabrasions, irritations – protects/reduces
itching
Emollients – fatty, oily substances (vaseline)
-used as vehicles for fat-soluble drugs
Demulcents – antidote for corrosive poisons
Local Anestheticsnumbing agents, causing loss of sensation
sunburn - insect bites - hemorrhoids
either applied or Injected locally
*procaine *dibucaine *benzocaine
Anti-INFECTIVE agentsAntibacterial and/or GermicidalTo ‘disinfect’ skin, medical instrumentsAlcohol - ethyl & isopropyl(x2)Povidone-iodine (Betadine solution/scrub)Hydrogen peroxide – dead tissue, pus removal
WOUND CARE Bed sores - pressure ulcers – burnsGoal of treatment is 3-fold: -
Debridement (removal of dead tissue to control bacterial growth) –maintaining a moist wound environment –keeping intact skin dry
WOUND CARE continuedBactroban (mupirocin) – antibiotic oint
and cream to TREAT (cure) infxnSilvadene cream – 2nd/3rd degree burns to
PREVENT infection
ACNE definedINFLAMMATORY eruption of the skin (scarring)
adolescents AND adults
Aggravating factors: *oily cosmetics/styling gels (clog pores) … use hypoallergenic, water-based
Dietary theories – suspected, NOT PROVEN
ACNE preparationsCLEANSING agents – 2x/day mild soap
(Dove/Neutrogena) and Astringents (drying agent … StriDex, Clearasil)
Retin-A cream, Differin, Cleocin topicallyAccutane capsule orally --- WARNINGS !
CORTICOSTEROIDS (table 18-2)Use lowest possible potency
Anti-inflammatory, antipruritic (anti-itch), and vasoconstrictive properties
Possible adverse effects: *skin atrophy *depigmentation *adrenal suppression
Chap 10 RESPIRATORY systemoxygen IN (supplies tissues)
carbon-dioxide OUT (accumulation is toxic)
BODY-TEMPERATURE regulation
Lung Inflammation (wheezing, breathlessness) - due to injury or abnormal stimulation
Respiratory drugs acting in the BRAINSTIMULANTS (carbon dioxide, doxapram) ..…
stimulates breathing
Respiratory DEPRESSANTS …undesirable side-effect!
The opium group – morphine, codeine
The barbiturate group – phenobarbital, secobarbital
Physical features of ASTHMA … AIRFLOW OBSTRUCTION
EDEMA
BRONCHOCONSTRICTION (narrowing of bronchioles) EXCESSIVE MUCUS PRODUCTION
AIRWAY INFLAMMATION
AIRWAY HYPERACTIVITY
In order to MINIMIZE asthma attacks
…eliminate levels of
---------------------- SMOKE
---------------------------- PET DANDER
------------------------------------ POLLEN and DUST
BRONCHODILATORSUsually by inhalation (aerosol, nebulizer)Dilates/widens the bronchioles (air sacs)
in the lungs by relaxing smooth-muscleOral-tablets – increased side-effects See pages 83 - 85
Inhaled CorticosteroidsReduced inflammation of the lungs’ lining
(mucous membrane surface)Combined with BronchodilatorsThins, breaks up mucus/phlegm … allows it to
be ‘coughed up’Page 85
Other misc Respiratory agentsMucomyst (acetylcysteine)
-- liquifies mucus, allowing it to drain
Intal (cromolyn sodium)
-- useful in prevention of asthma-attacks