charles i v. parliament cavaliers (royalists) v. “roundheads” (parliament) charles i defeated,...
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Cromwell dies 1658 Charles II restored in 1660 Dies in 1685 w/out heir James II (Catholic) assumes throne No male heir, daughter (Mary) Protestant Has a son (will be raised Catholic) 5 Revolutions: 1. Political (England)TRANSCRIPT
17th & 18th Century England
Charles I v. Parliament
Cavaliers (royalists) v. “Roundheads” (Parliament)
Charles I defeated, executed 1649 Protectorate (Puritan rule)
Oliver Cromwell – “Lord Protector” Theaters closed, conservative rule
5 Revolutions:1. Political (England)
Cromwell dies 1658
Charles II restored in 1660 Dies in 1685 w/out heir
James II (Catholic) assumes throne No male heir, daughter (Mary)
Protestant Has a son (will be raised Catholic)
5 Revolutions:1. Political (England)
“Glorious Revolution”
Populace wants P. ruler “power brokers” invite Mary & William
(husband) to take throne, James dethroned w/out “much” bloodshed
Act of Settlement (crown kept in P. hands) Parliament gains almost complete control
of gov’t with George I (1714)
5 Revolutions:1. Political (England)
Manufacturing Technology Energy sources (steam) Growth of “not London” cities
continues
5 Revolutions:2. Industrial
Concurrent w. Industrial Technology
New machinery Crop rotation techniques Larger farms Improved transportation
5 Revolutions:3. Agricultural
DUH England – significant military
power Weakened by loss of colonies
5 Revolutions:4. Political (America)
1789 – French Revolution So what? Gov’t “of the people” now in
Europe Government w/out king/monarch
established in “old country”
5 Revolutions:5. Political (France)
Parliament grows in stature, so does
London 1660 – theaters reopen, women
allowed on stage 1664 – “Great Plague” hits London
15% of population killed in 2 years 1666 – Great Fire of London
Est. 70,000 of 80,000 people lost homes
London as “Center”
As London rebuilds… Transportation improvements
Turnpikes Canals
Primarily for business Allows for greater individual mobility
London as “Center”
Away from London
Country (rural) Sober, thoughtful topics Meditative Rural, contemplative mood became
dominant in poetry
Focus shifts…but not completely
What holds the social order together? What can one know about the order
of the world or the “right” way to behave?
What is my place in the social order?
Societal Questions
Newton
Universe governed by natural physical principles “divine watchmaker” theory of God
Milton – Paradise Lost Fall of Satan, Adam & Eve
Answers previous Question #2?
Societal Questions
Milton
“Paradise Lost” Epic poem in English to “match those of Homer &
Virgil” Considered Arthurian legends (echoing Homer &
Virgil), decided on “fall of man” Protectorate, Restoration…
“fall of man & coming of a redeemer to restore humanity to its rightful place”
Milton as O.T. prophet, heralding the “coming” (socially & politically)
Social Effects on Literature
Swift
Takes advantage of growth of reason over “revelation”
Satire “Mock-serious” in tone, ridicules
conduct by “shining a light” on its ridiculousness
Satire
Coffeehouses Rise in popularity w/middle class
Trade “gossip”, read “magazines” (new)
More “proper” than a tavern/pub
London as “Center”
Essay
Coffeehouses & “new” magazines “sermons for the middle class”
Novel Started as “quasi-religious”
narratives (see previous) Person struggling to survive in a
hostile, evil, or indifferent world
New Literary Forms
Rise of the Middle class contributes
to the growth & development of these new forms Literate audience Money to spend on periodicals/books Time to read them
New Literary Forms