-chess- 22 lessons in endgame strategy by jan van reek

T T T T CHESS ZONE TTTT

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22 lessons in endgame strategy By Jan van Reek

When a practical endgame is played, it is often useful to develop a strategic plan. This matter is very similar for the ending and middle game. If the white and black pieces oppose each other in two lines, a strategic plan can be devised.

The endgame is just ‘a matter of technique’ in two cases: 1. If one player has a large material advantage, a plan is hardly needed. 2. If the number of pieces is low, strategic planning cannot be made due to the absence of lines. These theoretical endings are treated in books by Averbakh and Chéron.

When a strategy has to be designed, two approaches are possible: struggle and prophylaxis. Different plans are treated in the lessons. They have been published in the Dutch SchaakMagazine from 2000 until 2006. The English translations are shortened versions of the articles.

Struggle: 1. Attack in the centre. 2. The attack on the king. 3. The flank attack. 4. Encirclement. Prophylaxis: 5. Blockade in general. 6. Blockade by the knight. 7. Restriction in general. 8. Restriction and time. 9. Consolidation. 10. Fortification. 11. Strong and weak squares. 12. Crossing a diagonal. 13. The battle for an important square. 14. Overprotection. 15. Counterattack: direct confrontation. 16. Counterattack: the flight forwards. Pocket strategies: 17. Breakthrough by pawns. 18. Breakthrough by pieces. 19. The positional manoeuvre. 20. Zugzwang. 21. Positional sacrifice: win. 22. Positional sacrifice: draw.


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(1) Beliavsky,Alexander - Spassky,Boris Soviet ch Moscow, 1973 [JvR] Lesson 1: An attack in the centre. Strategy in the endgame can be simple. I consider a usual situation. One player seeks the struggle by moving the pieces forwards and another person reacts to the attack. Such uncomplicated strategies of struggle will be treated in several lessons. Difficult strategies will be discussed later. An attack in the centre is a very simple strategy. The successful advance of centre pawns has been shown by Philidor. This example is more recent. Black has a broad pawn centre. He can start a direct attack, if he advances the pawns properly and uses the pieces for support.

18...e5 19.¤b3 ¤xb3+ 20.axb3 ¥e6 21.¥e2 0–0 22.¦hf1 a5 23.¥b5 The bishop prevents ..a4. 23...¦ac8 24.¥d3 ¦c6 25.¥f5 [Kotov prefers 25.¢d2 in order to play Ra1. However, Black can play ..e4 and ..d4 in that case.] 25...¥xf5 26.¦xf5 ¦fc8! 27.¦d2 d4 Black threatens..d3. 28.¢d1?! [Slightly better is 28.¢b1!? although this move gives less protection to an advance in the centre.] 28...¦b8! The threat ..a4 decides the game. 29.g4 h6 30.¦df2 ¦bb6 31.¢d2 a4! 32.bxa4 ¦xb2 33.¢d3 ¢g7 34.¦xe5!? A sacrifice brings the last chance. 34...fxe5 35.¥xe7 ¦c3+ 36.¢e4 d3? [36...¦e3+ 37.¢d5 d3 38.¢e6 dxc2 Black wins, because White has no drawing mechanism.] 37.¥f6+? [Coincidences contribute to the great escape 37.¥d6! ¢g6! (37...dxc2 38.¥xe5+) 38.¦f6+!! ¢xf6 39.¥xe5+ ¢g5 40.¥xc3 ¦xc2 41.¢xd3 ¦xh2 42.a5 ¢xg4 White narrowly draws. 43.¢c4 h5 44.a6 h4 45.¢b5 ¦e2 46.a7 ¦e8 47.¢c6 h3 48.¥e5! Spassky didn't know this combination. "You were lucky" I teased him. He nodded with a smile.] 37...¢g8 38.¥xe5 ¦b4+ 39.¢d5 ¦xc2 40.¦f1 d2 41.¦d1 ¦xg4 42.a5 ¦a4 43.a6! ¢h7 [43...¦xa6? 44.¥f4! ¦aa2 45.¥xh6 (Kotov).] 44.¥b8 ¦a1! 45.a7 ¦xd1 46.a8£ ¦e1 Black's strategy in the centre has led to a complete success. 0–1


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(2) Anand,Viswanathan - Kasparov,Gary Linares (10), 1999 [JvR] Lesson two: The attack on the king. The final aim of the attacker is to mate the opponent. Nevertheless a mating attack rarely occurs in the practical endgame, because an experienced player will resign before it can happen. The attack on the king with few pieces often is a part of the basic theory. An interesting direct attack on the king occurred in Linares 1999.

36...¤e4? [Correct is 36...¤d7! 37.¤b2 ¤b6 Kasparov's analysis continues with 38.c4 ¥xc4! 39.¤xc4 ¤xc4+ 40.¢b3 ¤e5! 41.¢a4 ¤c6] 37.¤b2! The defense of the c-pawns has little importance. 37...¤xc3 38.¤d3+ ¢e3 39.¤c5 ¥f5 40.¢b2! A potential defender of the a-pawn is chased away. 40...¤d5 A protection by the king loses matter. 41.¤b7 a4 42.c4! ¤b6 43.¤d6 ¥d3 44.c5! ¤d5 45.¢a3 ¥c2 46.¤b5! ¤e7 The knight has to stop the c-pawn. 47.¤a7? [Anand could have crowned his wonderful defense with 47.¤c3! ¢d4 48.¤xa4 ¢c4 49.¤b6+ ¢xc5 50.¤d7+] 47...¢d4 48.c6 ¤d5 49.¤b5+ [My preference goes to 49.¢b2! ¥f5 50.¤b5+ ¢c5 51.¤c3 ¤b6 52.¢a3 Black wins by 52...¤c4+! 53.¢a2 (53.¢xa4 ¥c2#) 53...¥e6! 54.¤xa4+ ¢b4 55.¤b2 ¤d2+ 56.¢a1 ¢a3 57.c7 ¤b3+ 58.¢b1 ¥f5+ 59.¤d3 ¥xd3#] 49...¢c5 50.c7 ¥f5! [50...¥f5! 51.¢xa4 (51.¤a7 ¤xc7 52.¢xa4 ¢b6) 51...¤b6+ 52.¢a5 ¤c4+ 53.¢a4 ¥c2#] 0–1


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(3) Korchnoi,Viktor - Kasparov,Gary Corus Wijk aan Zee (1), 2000 [JvR] Lesson 3: The flank attack. If the centre and kingside are secure, a direct attack becomes too risky. Maybe a weakness can be found on the flank. If this is the case, an indirect attack can be aimed on the weakness in the enemy line. Both players threaten a flank in the example.

35...¦d7? [35...¢d6 increases the restriction. The black rook threatens to move to the h-file. The point is 36.¤c5 b6! 37.¤xd3 ¤xd3+ 38.¢d2 ¤xc1 39.¢xc1 ¢e5–+] 36.¢e2 ¤d3 37.¦c3 ¤f4+ 38.¢f3 ¢f6 39.¤c5 ¦c7 40.h4? The last move under time pressure is a serious mistake. [The subtle variation 40.¢e3! h5 41.f3! draws. After 41...b6 42.¤a4 ¦xc3+ 43.¤xc3 ¢e5 44.a3 ¤g2+ square f2 can be used by the king. 45.¢f2! The black knight cannot start making troubles.] 40...e5 41.hxg5+ ¢xg5 42.¦c4 Now the terrible effect of Korchnoi's blunder becomes apparent. The g- and h-files can be used by black pieces. Black starts an irresistible flank attack. 42...b5?! An immediate advance of the h-pawn is stronger. 43.¦c1 b4 44.¦c4 a5 45.¤a4 ¦f7! The rook is not exchanged but will support the h-pawn. 46.¢e3 ¤g2+ 47.¢e2 ¤f4+ 48.¢e3 White has no proper defense. 48...h5! 49.¦c5 ¤g2+ 50.¢e2 h4! Only the advanced pawn is important. 51.¦xe5+ ¢g4 52.¦e8 [52.¦xa5 is useless.] 52...¤f4+ 53.¢e3 h3 54.f3+ ¢h4 The h-pawn cannot be stopped. The attacker does not seek the confrontation in an indirect attack, but avoids the strongholds. The saying: "Many battles are decided by marching", characterizes this strategy. 0–1


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(4) Kasparov,Gary - Karpov,Anatoly Wch Sevilla (24), 1987 [JvR] Lesson four. Encirclement. A long siege of the opponent is best known from middle games with a closed centre. The opponent is slowly crushed through the flanks. Encirclement also occurs in the endgame. An interesting case is the decisive game in Sevilla 1987. Kasparov trails by 11–12 and has to win the adjourned game in order to keep the title.

42.¢g2 White is able to attack with queen and bishop on the left flank. The h- and g-pawns can advance at the other side. 42...g6!? Karpov enlarges his fortress, because he fears an attack on the kingside. If a pawn is admitted to h5, an advance to g5 can start. 43.£a5 £g7 44.£c5 £f7 45.h4 h5?! [Kasparov prefers 45...¢g7 White will play 46.g4 and 47.g5. This allows an exchange on g5. Thereafter a pawn advances to e5 and White will win anyway.] 46.£c6 £e7 47.¥d3 £f7 48.£d6 ¢g7 49.e4! ¢g8 50.¥c4 ¢g7 51.£e5+ ¢g8 Black has to remain passive. [51...£f6 52.£c7+ £f7 53.£xf7+ ¢xf7 54.e5 ¤d7 55.f4+- The bishop is aimed at g6 and white's king marches to the queenside. The weaknesses e6 and g6 are fatal for Black.] 52.£d6 ¢g7 53.¥b5 ¢g8 54.¥c6 £a7 55.£b4! £c7 56.£b7 £d8 [Even 56...£xb7 57.¥xb7 e5 does not save the game.] 57.e5! The encirclement has been completed. Black misses a pawn on f7 dearly. White conquers square f7 and thus penetrates the fortress. 57...£a5 [57...£d3 58.¥e8 £f5 59.£f3! (Kasparov).] 58.¥e8 £c5 59.£f7+ ¢h8 60.¥a4 £d5+ 61.¢h2 £c5 62.¥b3 £c8 63.¥d1 £c5 64.¢g2 Black can only move his queen in the final position. Karpov resigned and Kasparov kept the world title.[Kasparov analyses 64.¢g2 £b4 65.¥f3 £c5 66.¥e4 £b4 67.f3! (67.¥xg6?? ¤xg6 68.£xg6 £b7+ 69.¢h2 £g2+! 70.¢xg2) 67...£d2+ 68.¢h3 £b4 (68...£h6 69.f4 £g7 70.£xg7+ ¢xg7 71.¥c6+-) 69.¥xg6 ¤xg6 70.£xg6 £xh4+ 71.¢g2!+-] 1–0


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(5) Karpov,Anatoly - Hort,Vlastimil Tilburg, 1979 [JvR] Lesson five. Blockade in general. The aim of prophylaxis is to take away possibilities from the opponent. Blockade, the simplest prophylaxis, will be treated. If a piece is placed before a pawn, three advantages exist: the pawn cannot advance, the pawn gives some protection to the blockader and the blockader restricts the hostile mobility (Nimzowitsch). The example shows the advantages of blockade in an elementary way.

58.¦f1! Black has a backward f-pawn. White has to take advantage immediately. Otherwise Black will eliminate his only weakness. 58...¢b8?! The king will attack the a-pawn. [More problems sets 58...¢d6 59.¦f6+ ¢e7 60.g5 hxg5 61.hxg5 ¦c7 (61...¦d6 62.¦xd6 ¢xd6 63.¢e4 and White wins the pawn ending (Gligoric)) 62.¢c3 ¦c8 63.¢b4 ¦h8! (63...¦a8 The attack on the queenside is stopped. 64.d5! cxd5 65.cxd5 ¦d8 66.¢c5+-) 64.a6! bxa6 65.¦xc6 ¦h5 66.¦xa6 ¦xg5 67.¦a7+ White has an advantage in time. Probably, this will suffice for the win.] 59.¦f6 The advantages of a blockade can be noticed: the f-pawn cannot be moved, the blockader cannot be attacked and the blockader pressures on the sixth rank. 59...¢a7 60.h5 ¢a6 61.g5! White has a nice decision. 61...hxg5 62.h6 ¢xa5 63.h7 ¦d8 64.¦xf7 b5 65.cxb5 ¢xb5 [65...cxb5 creates a second passed pawn for White.] 66.¦b7+! White gains a tempo. 66...¢a6 67.¦g7 ¦h8 68.¢e4 ¢b5 69.¢f3 ¢c4 70.¦d7 ¢d3 71.¢g4 ¦xh7 72.¦xh7 ¢xd4 73.¦d7+ [73.¦d7+ Again White wins a move. 73...¢c4 74.¦c7 ¢d5 75.¢f3+-] 1–0


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(6) Botvinnik,Mikhail - Petrosian,Tigran Wch Moscow (18), 1963 [JvR] Lesson six. Blockaded by the knight. The knight can be far stronger than other pieces as a blockader, because his influence is not affected in closed positions. The knight always restricts the opponent. An example gives clarification. Botvinnik thought that he had a favorable adjourned position due to the occupation of the centre. A second with a different opinion was sent away. However, Euwe already mentioned the vulnerability of the isolated pawn centre in the 1920's.

41.¥c2! Pawn e4 needs overprotection. 41...¥f7! 42.¤fe3 c5! Petrosian's prepared move. 43.d5 ¤e5 44.¦f1? A wrong strategic choice decides the world championship match. [44.¤c4! responds to the blockade with the same idea. 44...¤xc4 45.bxc4 ¤c8 (45...¥g6 46.¤e3 ¤c8 47.¤f5+! (Kan) 47...¥xf5 48.exf5 ¦de7 "The position is hopeless" Timman evaluates. 49.¥d3 ¦e3 50.¦e2! ¦xe2+ 51.¥xe2 ¦e4 52.¦b1 White has a fortress.) 46.¤e3! (The analysts continue with 46.e5?! ) 46...¤d6 47.¤f5+ ¤xf5 48.exf5 White has a fortress again. 48...¦de7 49.¦b1 ¦e3 50.¦b3 White answers to the invasion. Probably Petrosian had found this variation. Boleslavsky convinced him to exhaust the old champ.] 44...¥g6 45.¢e1 ¤c8 46.¦df2 ¦f7 47.¢d2 ¤d6 The black knights blockade the centre. They restrict the white pieces and support an attack on the queenside. 48.¤f5+ ¥xf5 49.exf5 c4! 50.¦b1 b5 51.b4 c3+! A beautiful decision. 52.¢xc3 ¦c7+ 53.¢d2 ¤ec4+ 54.¢d1 ¤a3 55.¦b2 ¤dc4 56.¦a2 axb4 57.axb5 ¤xb5 58.¦a6 ¤c3+ 59.¢c1 ¤xd5 60.¥a4 ¦ec8 61.¤e1 ¤f4 Botvinnik got a lesson in strategy. 0–1


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(7) Karpov,Anatoly - Kasparov,Gary Wch Moscow (9), 1984 [JvR] Lesson seven. Restriction in general. The aim of restriction is to limit the mobility of opponent as much as possible. The effect is retreat until no ground is left. The specific case of blockade has been treated. Restriction in general is the subject this time. White has a plus because the knight is stronger than the bishop.

46...gxh4?! [46...¥g6 prepares the exchange.] 47.¤g2!! Oleg Pervakov was among the spectators. He saw a wave of surprise and enthusiasm among the public. A red headed Gary sat behind the board. 47...hxg3+ 48.¢xg3 The white king is allowed to enter and restrict his colleague. 48...¢e6? [Correct is 48...¥g6 49.¤f4 ¥f7! 50.¢h4 ¢e7 51.¤xh5 ¢e6 52.¤f4+ ¢f5 53.¤d3 ¥e8! 54.¢g3 ¥d7 55.¤c5 ¥c8 Black has a horrible position but he seems to survive.] 49.¤f4+ ¢f5 50.¤xh5 ¢e6 51.¤f4+ ¢d6 52.¢g4 ¥c2 53.¢h5 ¥d1 54.¢g6! ¢e7 The crucial position of the endgame. [54...¥xf3 55.¢xf6+-] 55.¤xd5+? This move is an error although a pawn is won by a check. Pawn d5 should not be captured immediately. [The restriction should continue with 55.¤h5!! ¥c2+ 56.¢g7 ¥d1 (The Pointe is 56...¢e6 57.¤g3! and 58.f4.) 57.¤xf6 ¥xf3 58.¢g6 ¢e6 59.¤e8 ¢d7 60.¤g7 ¢e7 61.¢f5 ¢d6 62.¢f6 ¥g2 63.¤f5+ ¢d7 64.¢e5 The preparation has been completed. White will gain pawn d5 and win eventually.] 55...¢e6?! [55...¢d6 56.¤xf6 ¥xf3 White wins easily according to Geller and Mikhalchiskin. However pawn d4 is weak due to the missing pawn d5!] 56.¤c7+ ¢d7? A second pawn will be lost. [Correct is 56...¢d6 57.¤xa6 ¥xf3 58.¢xf6 ¢d5 59.¤c7+ ¢xd4 60.¤xb5+ ¢c4 61.¤d6+ ¢b3 62.b5 ¢xa3] 57.¤xa6 ¥xf3 58.¢xf6 ¢d6 59.¢f5 ¢d5 60.¢f4! The d-pawn is saved. 60...¥h1 61.¢e3 ¢c4 62.¤c5 ¥c6 63.¤d3 ¥g2 [Or 63...¥e8 64.¤e5+ ¢d5 (Averbakh and Taimanov).] 64.¤e5+ ¢c3 65.¤g6 ¢c4 66.¤e7 ¥b7 67.¤f5 The restriction of the black king has gone completely. [67.d5 ¥xd5 68.¤xd5 ¢xd5] 67...¥g2?? A blunder ends the game. [67...¢d5 68.¢d3 ¢e6 69.¤g3 ¥g2 and the game will be hard to win for White despite the two extra pawns.] 68.¤d6+ ¢b3 69.¤xb5 ¢a4 70.¤d6 This endgame has been published


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without criticism mostly. Restriction appears to be difficult for world champions too, if proper analyses are made. 1–0 (8) Fischer,Robert - Taimanov,Mark Vancouver cqf (4), 1971 [JvR] Lesson eight. Restriction and time. Restriction limits mobility. Sometimes it leads to an undesired surplus in time: zugzwang. White has a slight advantage in the example.

24.¦e5! b6? [Radulescu suggests 24...¢d6! 25.a4! a5! 26.b3 b6 27.¥f1 ¦e8=] 25.¥f1 a5 26.¥c4! ¦f8 The mobility of the rook has been restricted. Taimanov tells in a booklet how he only could admire, as 'Dr. Watson', the intelligence of 'Sherlock Holmes' Fischer in the rest of the game. 27.¢g2 ¢d6 28.¢f3 ¤d7 29.¦e3 ¤b8 30.¦d3+ ¢c7 31.c3 ¤c6 32.¦e3 ¢d6 33.a4! White has restricted the queenside. 33...¤e7 34.h3 ¤c6 35.h4 The intention is the pawn avalanche h5, g4 and g5. 35...h5 Black has to close the kingside. His pawns go to weak squares. 36.¦d3+ ¢c7 37.¦d5 f5 The closure of the flank has liberated the rook. 38.¦d2 ¦f6 39.¦e2 ¢d7 40.¦e3 g6 41.¥b5 ¦d6 42.¢e2 ¢d8?! [42...¦f6! avoids the exchange of rooks. 43.¢d3 ¦d6+ 44.¢c4 ¦f6 45.¦e1! The aim is an exchange of moves. 45...¦d6 46.¦e2 ¦f6 47.¦e3! Zugzwang. 47...¦d6 48.¦d3 and exchange.] 43.¦d3 ¢c7 44.¦xd6 ¢xd6 45.¢d3 The king penetrates. 45...¤e7 46.¥e8 ¢d5 47.¥f7+ ¢d6 48.¢c4 ¢c6 49.¥e8+ ¢b7 50.¢b5 ¤c8! The restriction is not fatal right away due black's threat of mate in one. 51.¥c6+ ¢c7 52.¥d5 ¤e7 53.¥f7! ¢b7 54.¥b3! ¢a7! Black stands with his back against the wall. 55.¥d1 ¢b7 56.¥f3+ ¢c7 57.¢a6 The restriction proceeds. 57...¤c8 58.¥d5 ¤e7 59.¥c4 ¤c6 60.¥f7 ¤e7 61.¥e8! Black has done a little as possible so far. Now he should like to pass, but that is against the rules. He has a surplus in time due to zugzwang. 61...¢d8 Black seems to have a last resource, but Fischer strikes. 62.¥xg6! ¤xg6 63.¢xb6 ¢d7 64.¢xc5 ¤e7 65.b4 axb4


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66.cxb4 ¤c8 67.a5 ¤d6 68.b5 ¤e4+ 69.¢b6 ¢c8 [69...¤d6 70.a6 ¤c8+ 71.¢c5 ¢c7 72.¢d5 and the game is decided at the other flank.] 70.¢c6 ¢b8 71.b6 This great win was the fourth in a series of six. 1–0 (9) Botvinnik,Mikhail - Euwe,Max Groningen (9), 1946 [JvR] Lesson nine. Consolidation. The protection of the own territory is called consolidation. I distinguish passive consolidation, if the aim is only defensive, and active consolidation, if an attack is prepared. Black has a distant passed pawn in a rook endgame. He threatens to defeat the opponent by zugzwang. White has to try to preserve his territory. He threatens to play h5, followed by exchange and a decrease of the pressure.

39...h6?! [Better chances are offered by 39...¦c5! (Flohr) 40.e5! The new move 40...h6! brings active consolidation. Black improves his position, while White cannot do anything. a) 40...¢d5?! 41.¦e3? (Correct is 41.h5! ¦c6 42.hxg6 hxg6 43.¦e3 ¢e6 44.¦c3 ¦c8 45.¢g5 ¢xe5 46.¢xg6=) 41...c3 42.e6 c2? (An improvement is 42...g5+! 43.hxg5 (43.¢xg5 ¢d4+) 43...c2 44.e7 c1£ 45.e8£ ¦c4+! 46.¢f3 £f1+ 47.¢g3 £g1+ (the original intention of Bodaan)) 43.e7 g5+! 44.¢xg5 ¢d4+ 45.¢f4 ¦c8 (Bodaan) 46.¦e1 ¦e8 47.¦c1 ¢d3 48.¢g5= (Navara); b) The old main line of Euwe is 40...¦c8 41.h5 ¢d5 42.hxg6 hxg6 43.¢g5 ¦c6 44.¦e3 ¦e6 45.¢f4 ¢d4 46.¦e1 c3 47.¦d1+ ¢c4 48.¢e4 c2 49.¦c1 ¢c3 50.¢d5 ¦e8 (I added in 1993 50...¦b6! 51.e6 ¦b1 52.¦xc2+ ¢xc2 53.¢e5 ¦f1 54.g5 ¦f5+ 55.¢d6 ¦f1 56.¢e5! ¢d3 57.e7 ¢c4 58.e8£! ¦e1+ 59.¢f6 ¦xe8 60.¢xg6 ¢d5 61.¢f7=) 51.e6 ¢b2 52.¦h1 c1£ 53.¦xc1 ¢xc1 54.¢e5 ¢d2 55.¢f6 ¢e3 56.¢xg6! ¦xe6+ 57.¢f5!=; 41.¢e4! (41.h5? g5+ 42.¢e4 ¦c7! 43.¢d4 ¦f7!–+; 41.g5? h5 42.¢e4 ¦xe5+ 43.¢d4 ¢f5 44.¦f3+ ¢g4 45.¦f6! ¦e7 46.¦xg6 ¦c7 47.¦f6 c3 48.¦f1 c2 49.¦c1 ¢xh4 50.g6 ¢g5! 51.g7 ¦xg7 52.¦xc2 ¢f4 Black wins theoretically.) 41...¦c7! (41...¦xe5+ 42.¢d4=) 42.g5 hxg5 (42...h5 43.¢d4 ¢f5 44.¦xc4=) 43.hxg5 ¦h7! (the maneuvers 43...¦c8 44.¢d4 ¢f5 45.¦f3+! ¢xg5 46.e6 c3 47.¦xc3 ¦xc3 48.¢xc3 ¢f6 49.¢d4


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¢xe6 50.¢e4 draw) 44.¦f3! ¦h4+ 45.¢e3! ¢xe5 46.¦f6 ¦h3+ 47.¢d2 Black has won a pawn but not the game.] 40.g5 h5 41.¢e3 ¢e5 White desires: 'They will not pass!', but he seems to lose by zugzwang. 42.¦c2! c3 43.¢d3 An impressive passive consolidation has started. 43...¦d8+ [The first point is 43...¦c7 44.¦xc3! ¦xc3+ 45.¢xc3 White draws when he rushes with his king to f6.] 44.¢e3 ¦d4 45.¦xc3 ¦xe4+ 46.¢f3 ¦xh4 47.¦c6 ¦f4+ 48.¢e3 ¦e4+ 49.¢f3 ¢f5 50.¦f6+ ¢xg5 51.¦xg6+! The second point secures the draw. ½–½ (10) Petrosian,Tigran - Bertok,Mario Bled (14), 1961 [JvR] Lesson ten. Fortification. If a player applies fortification, a fortress is built and attackers are observed. The attacker has two narrow openings. "We will smoke them out!" he claims. Notice Black's bishop of the sad figure.

37.¤g3 This makes the advance of black's g- or f-pawn unfavorable. White starts activity on the queenside after the consolidation of the kingside. 37...¤db6 If Black wants to liberate the bishop, the knights have to move to e7 and f7 as preparation of ..g5 and ..Nxh6. This takes too long. So Black has to choose for consolidation of the queenside. 38.¥c1 ¤c3 39.¢e1 ¢e7 40.¢d2 ¤ca4 41.¢c2 ¤c8 42.¢b3 ¤ab6 43.¥h3! [More natural looks 43.¥d3 but the bishop remains inactive in that case.] 43...¢d7 44.¥d2 ¤e7 Black stops the intruders easily, although his bishop has no positional value. 45.g5+! This a-positional move is necessary for strategic reasons. White opens a second front. 45...¢e8 46.¥a5 ¤ec8 The knights are needed for the defense of the queenside. 47.¤h1! The plan is to play Be6 and Nf2-g4. It forces ..fxg5. 47...fxg5 Black complies and activates his bishop.. 48.¤f2 ¥f6 49.¥g4 ¥d8 50.¤h3 ¥f6 51.¥d2 ¤e7 52.¤xg5 ¥xg5 The bishop has done its duty. 53.¥xg5 Black can d o very little. One knight has to stop the penetration of white's king on the queenside. If the other one jumps to c8, exchange follows. One guard suffices at the moment. 53...¢f7 [Interesting is


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53...¢d8! 54.¥e6 ¢e8 55.¥h4! Zugzwang. 55...¢d8?! (55...¢f8 56.¥e1 ¢e8 57.¥a5) 56.¥f7 ¢d7 57.¥g5! Zugzwang again. 57...¢d8 58.¥xg6!] 54.¥d2! The bishop goes to a5, before the black king can reach c7. 54...¤ec8 55.¥xc8 ¤xc8 Cooperation between the strong bishop and active king will decide the endgame quickly. 56.¥g5! Consolidation prevents a counteraction on the kingside. 56...¤b6 57.¥d8 ¤c8 58.¢a4 ¢e8 59.¥g5 ¢d7 60.¢b5 ¢c7 61.¢a6 ¤b6 This allows an elegant move. 62.¥d8+! The exchanges have led to a won pawn ending. 1–0 (11) Keres,Paul - Portisch,Lajos Moscow, 1967 [JvR] Lesson eleven. Strong and weak squares. A square in or close to the own position is strong if it can be controlled and possibly occupied (a definition after Euwe and Reti). It is irrelevant if the square is occupied or empty. If a square is controlled by a pawn, the opponent cannot control it (Euwe in Tijdschrift 1929). Therefore we consider the pawn structure as essential when we search for strong squares. At the start of the next endgame, the squares b3, b2, d3 and f4 are strong for Black. The square d5 is strong for White. The squares b5, e5 and g6 are not strong for White, because it is hardly possible to control them. So Black has four strong squares and White one.

45...¤d3?! [45...¤b3! 46.¢e2 ¥f4 47.¤a6 ¥g3 utilizes the weak squares.] 46.¤d1 ¥c1 47.¢e2! Keres has set a wonderful trap. 47...¤c5 [47...¤xb2? 48.¤xb2 ¥xb2 49.¢d2 ¥xa3 50.¢c2 ¥xb4 51.cxb4 Black has won two pawns, but White has an impregnable fortress.] 48.¢f3 g5 49.hxg5 ¥xg5 50.¤a2 ¢e6 51.¤f2 ¢f6 52.¤d1 ¤d3 53.g3 ¢g6 54.¢g2 ¥d2 55.¢f3 ¢g5 56.¢e2 ¥e1 57.¢f3 ¥d2 58.¢e2 ¥e1 59.¢f3 ¢f6 60.¢g2 [Elegancy shows 60.¤b4 ¤xb4 61.cxb4 ¥d2! 62.¢e2 ¥c1! 63.¤c3 ¥xb2 64.¤xb5 ¢g5 (Barcza).] 60...¢g6?! [60...¤c5! 61.¢f3 ¤e6 62.g4 h4–+] 61.¢f3 ¢g5 62.¢g2 h4 63.gxh4+ ¢f4?! [Black makes progress in 63...¥xh4 64.¢f3 ¤e1+ 65.¢e3 ¢g4] 64.h5 ¢xe4 65.h6 ¤f4+ 66.¢f1 ¥h4 67.¤b4 ¥f6 68.¢e1 ¢f3 69.h7 ¥g7 Strong squares for Black are b3, b2, d3, h8


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and h7. Strong for White are b5 and g8. Black's great positional can be expressed in numbers this way. 70.¤c2? [70.¤c6! ¤d3+ 71.¢d2 The e-pawn will be stopped. It is dangerous to conquer the h-pawn, because the active knight on c6 will attack the weakness b5.] 70...¤d5! 71.¢d2 ¤f6 72.¤e1+ ¢e4 73.¤f2+ ¢f5 74.¤g2 ¤xh7 Black has won a pawn and finishes the game quietly. 75.¤e3+ ¢e6 76.¤e4 ¥h6 77.¢e2 ¥xe3! 78.¢xe3 ¤f6 79.¤g5+ ¢d5 80.¢f3 ¤h5 81.¤e4 ¤f4 82.¤f6+ ¢c6 83.¢e4 ¤d3 84.¤g4 ¢d6 85.¤h6 ¤xb2! 86.¤f7+ ¢c5 87.¤xe5 ¤d1 88.¤d7+ ¢d6 89.¢d4 ¤xc3 The players produced a great positional game despite the inaccuracies. Counting strong and weak squares is a useful technique. If strong squares are found near the own position, this gives information about the restriction of the opponent. Appropriate consolidation leads to strong squares in the own territory. Strong and weak pawns are found in the process. This approach gives a useful source of information to human and computer. 0–1 (12) Euwe,Max - Sonnenberg Amsterdam, 1923 [JvR] Lesson twelve. Crossing a diagonal. The bishop has a special effect on the chess board. Connected squares on a diagonal become strong, while the adjacent squares stay weak. The limitations of a bishop become painfully clear in the endgame of the weak bishop against the strong knight. Weak squares can be used by the opponent as an entrance to the hostile position. A difficulty arises when a strongly defended diagonal has to be crossed. An instructive endgame by Euwe clarifies this process.

35.¤f3 ¥d7 Black has an awful pawn structure on the queenside. 36.¤e5 ¥e8 37.f4 The strong knight has chased away the weak bishop. 37...¢f8 38.¢f2 ¢e7 39.¢e3 ¢d6 40.¢d4 The white king has utilized weak squares for an advance. Black can hardly move. If he allows an exchange of pieces, the pawn ending will be lost. He tries to create a defense line on the kingside instead. 40...g6 41.¤d3 ¥d7 42.¤c5 White blockades on two squares. 42...¥c8 White seems to have allowed a defense of the diagonal c8-h3, but Euwe crushes the opposition. He


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crosses the Rubicon! 43.g4! h5 [43...h6 44.b3! and Black has to play 44...h5 anyway.] 44.f5! gxf5 45.gxh5 f4 46.¤d3 ¥xh3 [The alternative 46...f3 47.¢e3 ¥f5 48.¤c5 a5 49.¤b7+ also offers little resistance.] 47.¤xf4 ¥f5 48.¤d3 ¥h7 49.¤c5 An immediate advance is fine, but Euwe decides to gain a pawn. It increases the humiliation. 49...¥f5 50.¤xa6 ¥h7 51.¤c5 ¥f5 52.¤d3 ¢e6 53.¤e5 ¢d6 54.h6 The advance occurs. 54...¥e4 55.¤f7+ 1–0 (13) Matanovic,Aleksandar - Korchnoi,Viktor Wijk aan Zee, 1968 [JvR] Lesson thirteen. The battle for an important square. Sometimes the struggle in the endgame is decided by the fight for one square. Naturally this will be a central square in most cases. E4 is the crucial point in the example. Korchnoi has a favorable position due to the control over this square.

29...e5 Black controls the centre. 30.¤bd2? White engages in the battle for e4. [30.¤c5! ¤e7! 31.¤d7! ¤f5+ 32.¢f2 brings counteraction.] 30...¤e7 31.¦e1 ¤f5+ 32.¢h3 ¤d6! Black controls the square e4. This causes white passivity. 33.¢g2 ¢f7 34.¤f1 ¢e6 35.¤g3 g6 36.¤d2 ¦f8 37.¦e2 b5 The struggle for the important square e4 reaches its highlight. 38.¦f2? White misses the last chance. [The time is ripe for 38.e4! at last. 38...¦f4 39.exd5+ ¢xd5 40.¤f3 e4 41.¦d2+ ¥d3 42.¤e1 continues the battle.] 38...¥f5 39.¢f1 ¦c8 40.¢e1?! The king is more active on e2. Slowly the white pieces move to poor squares. 40...a5 A minority attack starts. 41.a3 b4! 42.axb4 [Korchnoi mentions 42.cxb4 ¦c1+ 43.¢e2 ¥g4+ 44.¢d3 e4+ 45.¢d4 ¤b5# The combination ends with a wonderful point.] 42...axb4 43.¤e2 ¦a8 44.¤b3 ¤e4 45.¦h2 ¦b8 46.cxb4 ¦xb4 47.¤bc1 ¤d6! [47...¦xb2?? 48.¤d4+] 48.b3?! [48.¤c3 aims the knight on the square e4.] 48...¤e4 49.¤g1 ¤c5 50.¢d1 ¤xb3 The knight maneuver has netted a pawn. 51.¦b2 ¦g4 52.¤ce2 ¤a5 53.¦b6+ ¢e7 54.¤f3 ¤c4 55.¦b7+ ¢e6 56.¢e1 ¥e4 57.¤d2 ¤xd2 58.¦b6+ ¢f7 59.¦b7+ ¢f8 60.¦b8+ ¢e7 61.¦b7+ ¢e8 62.¢xd2 ¦xh4 63.¤c3 d4 64.¤xe4 ¦xe4 65.¦g7 ¦xe3 66.¦xg6 0–1


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(14) Korchnoi,Viktor - Tal,Mikhail Wijk aan Zee, 1968 [JvR] Lesson fourteen. Overprotection. A chessman in the own position gets extra support in the case of overprotection. The support to an advanced pawn in the middle game is well-known. White gets support from behind in the following endgame. The endgame is easily won, according to Keene. He is wrong as always.

44.¦a7 ¦b8 45.h5 ¢g8 [No use has 45...¦b4 due to 46.h6 ¢g8 47.¦g7+ ¢h8 48.¦f7] 46.¦xa4 ¦b7 [46...h6 47.¦g4+ ¢f7 48.¦g6 and White wins a pawn.] 47.¢g4?! The king stands slightly offside. Pawn f2 is the weakness in white's position. [The win is achieved more quickly in 47.¢e4! ¦b2 48.f3 ¦b3 49.h6 f5+! 50.¢xe5 ¦xe3+ 51.¢f6 ¦e8 52.f4!] 47...¢g7?! Tal fails to set problems. [Korchnoi analyses 47...¦b2! 48.f3 ¦b3 He finds the complex win 49.h6!! ¦xe3 (49...f5+ 50.¢g5!) 50.¢f5! ¦b3 51.g4 ¢f7 52.¦a7+ ¢g8 53.¦g7+ ¢h8 54.¦d7 ¢g8 55.¢e6! ¦b6+ 56.¢e7 ¦b8 57.¦d3! ¦f8 58.¢e6 ¢h8 59.¢f5 ¢g8 60.¦d6 The win is clear at last.] 48.¦a2! Pawn f2 gets overprotection. Now, the win has become easily. 48...¢h6 49.¢f5 ¦b6 50.e4 ¦c6 [The tactical justification is 50...¢xh5 51.f4! ¢h6 52.¦a7 exf4 53.gxf4 ¦b4 54.¦f7 An encircling movement brings the victory.] 51.f4 exf4 52.gxf4 ¦c5+ 53.¢xf6 ¢xh5 54.e5 ¢g4 55.f5 h5 56.¦a4+ ¢g3 57.e6 h4 58.e7 ¦c8 59.¢f7 1–0


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(15) Korchnoi,Viktor - Ponomariov,Ruslan Donetsk Donetsk (8), 23.01.2001 [JvR] Lesson fifteen. Counterattack: Direct confrontation. If the opponent looks menacing, a player can do more than strengthen his own position. A counterattack can be started in order to create the own chances. If attack and counterattack take place on the same flank, a direct confrontation begins. This way is symbolized by the punk head of Viktor Korchnoi. He applied the approach in a match against Ponomariov.

19...g5! The position is equal. Black starts an attack. He cuts potential support to e5 in order to conquer the pawn later on. 20.¦fe1 ¦ac8 21.h4!? [The own position can be strengthened by 21.¤d4 ¦c4 22.f3 Then Korchnoi has achieved little. He has to win in order to equalize the match. Therefore he chooses the confrontation.] 21...g4 22.¤h2!? The counterattack on the same flank continues. 22...h5 23.f3!? g3! 24.¤f1 ¤eg6 25.¦d4! White increases the counterattack. The exchange of the black g- for the white h-pawn is unfavorable. 25...¦c4? Black is confused and blunders a pawn. [Ribli prefers 25...¦c1!? 26.¦xc1 ¤e2+ 27.¢h1 ¤xd4; I like the finish 25...f5! 26.exf6 e5 27.¦d2 ¤xh4 28.¥a2 ¤h3+ 29.¢h1 ¤f2+ 30.¢g1 ¤h3+ and perpetual check.] 26.¦xc4 dxc4 27.¥xg6! fxg6 [27...¤xg6!? 28.¤xg3 ¦c8! 29.¤xh5 ¦c5 is interesting.] 28.¤xg3 ¤d3 29.¦e2 ¦d8 30.¤e4! White returns the extra pawn in order to activate his knight. 30...¤xe5 31.¤g5 ¦d5 32.a4 ¢g7 33.¤xe6+ ¢f6 34.¤g5 ¢f5 35.¤e4 ¦d3 36.¤c3 ¦d4 37.¤e4 ¦d3 38.¢h2 White does not repeat the moves again. 38...¦b3?! [The restriction of the white pieces is continued by 38...¦d4! 39.¦c2 ¢e6 40.¢h3 ¤d3] 39.¤d6+ The counterattack has changed in an attack without restriction. 39...¢f6 40.¤e8+ ¢f5 41.¤d6+ ¢f6 42.¢g3 ¦b4 43.¦e4! ¢e6! [Avoids 43...¦xb2? 44.¦xe5!; and 43...¦xa4 44.b3] 44.¤c8 ¢f6! 45.¤xa7 ¦xa4 [Korchnoi analyses the counterattack 45...¦xb2? 46.¤c6! ¤d3 47.¦xc4 ¤e1 48.¦e4 ¦xg2+ 49.¢h3 ¦g1 50.a5] 46.¤c6 ¤d3 47.¤e7 ¤xb2 48.¤d5+ ¢f7? Hereafter Black is lost. [48...¢f5 49.¤xb6 ¦b4 keeps Black in the game (Korchnoi).] 49.¦e7+ ¢f8 50.¦b7


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¤d1 51.¦xb6 c3 52.¦c6 ¦a5 53.b6 ¦b5 54.¦c7 ¦xd5 55.b7 ¦b5 56.¦c8+ ¢f7 57.b8£ ¦xb8 58.¦xb8 c2 59.¦c8 ¤e3 60.¢f2 ¤f5 61.g3 ¤d4 62.g4 ¢e6 63.¢e3 ¢d5 64.¦c3 g5 65.hxg5 hxg4 66.fxg4 1–0 (16) Schlechter,Carl - Lasker,Emanuel Berlin (7), 1910 [JvR] Lesson sixteen. Counterattack: the flight forwards Sometimes a player experiences great problems by an attack of the opponent on a certain area of the board. Only a counteraction in another area might give solace. Schlechter adopts a flight forwards hereafter.

15.c4 0–0 [The line 15...¥e5 16.¥xe5 ¤xe5 (Bernstein) 17.¦ac1 leads to a defendable position for White.] 16.¦ad1 ¥f6 17.¦fe1 g5! Lasker grabs the initiative. Schlechter changes the intended attack in a flight forwards. 18.¥xd6!? [He wants to avoid 18.¥d2 ¤e5 but 19.c5! would have be a fine answer. Carl meets an unfair tratment in Berlin and plays too sharp. He wants to silence his critics.] 18...exd6 19.¦xd6 ¥e5 20.c5! [20.¦xc6? ¥b7 21.¦c5 ¥d4! ends in a disaster.] 20...¦fe8?! Suddenly the great fighter becomes shy. [The crucial line is 20...¥xh2+ 21.¢h1 ¥xd6 22.cxd6 ¤xf2+ 23.¢g1 ¤e4 24.e7+ ¢g7 25.exf8£+ ¦xf8 A variation of Tarrasch continues by 26.d7 ¦d8 27.¦xe4! fxe4 28.¤c5 ¢f6 29.¤xa6 ¦xd7 Huebner regards 30.¤c5 ¦d4 as better for Black.] 21.g3 ¥f6 22.¦xc6 ¥b7?! [22...¥b5 keeps a plus (Capablanca).] 23.¦c7 ¥e4 24.¤c3 ¥xc3 25.bxc3 ¤e5 26.¦d1 ¤f3+ [26...¢h8?! (Bernstein) 27.f4 gxf4 28.gxf4 ¤d3 29.¢f1 (threatens Bc4). White has a sharp attack.] 27.¢f1 ¤xh2+ 28.¢e1 ¤f3+ 29.¢e2 ¤e5 30.¦dd7! White has conquered the initiative by a fine charge in the centre. 30...f4! [30...¤xd7? 31.exd7+ ¥d5+ 32.dxe8£+ ¦xe8+ 33.¢f1 loses material for Black.] 31.¦g7+ ¢h8 32.¦xg5 ¥d3+ 33.¢d1 fxg3! 34.fxg3 [Not 34.f4? ¦g8! (Bernstein).] 34...¤g6 35.¦d5 ¥e4 36.¦d6 ¥f5?! [36...a5 37.¦d2 a4 38.¥c4 ¦ac8 brings a better defense.] 37.¥d5?! White will lose his advantage. [Better is 37.¢d2! a5 (37...¤f8?! 38.¦f7! ¥xe6 39.¦xf8+! ¦xf8 40.¥xe6) 38.¦f7 ¥h3 39.¥d5 ¦ac8 40.c6


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continues the attack.] 37...¦ab8 38.c6 ¤f8 39.¦b7 ¦bc8 40.e7 ¤g6 41.¥f7 ¦xe7 42.¥xg6 ¥g4+! 43.¢c1 ¦e1+ 44.¢b2 hxg6 45.¦xg6 ¥f5 46.¦f6 ¥e4 47.¦xa7 ¦b1+ 48.¢a3 ¥xc6 A great fight with chances for both sides ends peacefully. ½–½ (17) Pillsbury,Harry - Gunsberg,Isidor Hastings (21), 1895 [JvR] A chess position can be described in terms of matter, space and time (wood stands on the board at a move). If you want to achieve something, you have to devise a pocket strategy. If you give matter in order to win time, a development sacrifice is made in the opening. It often happens to be a breakthrough in the endgame. Lesson seventeen. The breakthrough by pawns. A breakthrough is essential in warfare. After trenches had been dug in World War I, an advance became impossible. An opening emerged, when tanks were used in Cambrai. Tanks and infantry moved forward. However, the hole was too small for the cavalry to reach the green fields beyond. A similar case developed in piece time. Pillsbury had to win in the last round of a legendary British tournament. Little happened in the game. Suddenly he got an opportunity. The black pawn structure seems secure, but Harry scores by a breakthrough. A famous combination begins.

27.f5! g5 [Lasker analyses 27...gxf5 28.gxf5 exf5 29.¤f4; and 27...exf5 28.gxf5 g5 29.¤b4 Pawn d5 falls each time.] 28.¤b4 a5 Black has to attack the knight. 29.c6! ¢d6 30.fxe6! ¤xc6 [Or 30...axb4 31.e7! ¢xe7 32.c7] 31.¤xc6 ¢xc6 32.e4! dxe4 33.d5+ ¢d6 34.¢e3 b4 35.¢xe4 a4 36.¢d4 White has punched a hole in the centre. 'The green fields beyond' come in sight. Still the troops are stopped despite the local superiority. Black threatens to break through on the flanks and reach his own 'green fields'. 36...h5 [The main line continues with 36...¢e7! 37.¢c4 b3 38.axb3 a3! 39.¢c3 f5 40.gxf5 h5 41.b4! g4 42.b5 h4 43.b6 a2 44.¢b2 g3 45.hxg3 hxg3 46.d6+ ¢xd6 47.b7 ¢c7 48.b8£+ ¢xb8 49.e7 a1£+ 50.¢xa1 g2 51.e8£+ (Lasker). A check decides after a combination of twenty-five moves.] 37.gxh5 a3


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38.¢c4 f5 39.h6 f4 40.h7 Pillsbury had won Hastings 1895 by a victory in the last round! The combination became an evergreen. 1–0 (18) Karpov,Anatoly - Kortschnoj,Viktor Baguio City (28), 1978 [JvR] Lesson eighteen. The breakthrough by pieces. The previous time pawns advanced. This time the elephants make an opening. Kortschnoj has a deficiency of 2-5 in won games. This is almost fatal. It stimulates a fighter like Kortschnoj enormously. He would like to stampede his elephants from a5 and h5 into the hostile position, but the openings are too small.

28...¦h4 29.¦ad1 ¢e7 30.f3 ¤e6 31.¤e3 ¦d8! An obvious plan is to double the rooks on the h-file, but that does not create a threat. 32.¤g4 ¤g5 33.¤e3 ¤e6 34.¤g4 ¤g7 35.¤e3 ¤f5! 36.¤c2 If White exchanges the knights, the restraint will increase. 36...¦c4 Black utilizes a hole. 37.¦d3 d4! Black applies a pawn breakthrough under time pressure. 38.g4 ¤g7! 39.¤xd4 ¤e6 40.¦ed1 ¤xd4 41.cxd4 ¦xb4 Black has regained the pawn. The opening on the queenside becomes bigger. 42.¢f2 c5! Kortschnoj has set a new problem with his sealed move. 43.d5! [Analysts regard 43.¢e3 as drawn, but 43...¦dxd4! 44.¦xd4 cxd4+ 45.¦xd4 ¦b2 wins for Black.] 43...¦b2+ 44.¢g3? Karpov and his seconds have analyzed the adjourned position incorrectly. [A draw can be forced by 44.¦3d2 ¦xd5! 45.¦xb2 ¦xd1 46.¦xb5 ¦d2+ 47.¢e3 ¦xa2 48.¦xc5] 44...¦xa2 The intruder has cleared the pawns on the queenside. 45.¦e3 b4 46.e6 ¦a3! The aim is to pin the f-pawn. 47.¦e2 [Langeweg analyses the alternative 47.¦xa3 bxa3 48.exf7 ¦b8! 49.¦a1 ¦b3 50.¢f4 ¢xf7 51.¢e5 ¢e7! 52.d6+ ¢d7 and Black wins.] 47...fxe6 48.¦xe6+ ¢f7 49.¦de1 [Timman mentions the prophylactic 49.g5 ¦d7!] 49...¦d7 [Not 49...¦xd5 50.¦e7+ drawn.] 50.¦b6 ¦d3 51.¦ee6 ¦3xd5 52.¦xg6 a3 53.¦bf6+ ¢e7 54.¦e6+ ¢f8 55.¦ef6+ ¢e7 56.¦e6+ ¢d8 57.¦a6 ¦b7 58.¦g8+ ¢c7 59.¦g7+ ¦d7 60.¦g5 b3 61.¦xc5+ ¢b8 Black has avoided


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perpetual check. When this game occurred, I visited Chicago for medical research. An American of a chess club and I were highly impressed by Kortschnoj's play. 0–1 (19) Edinburgh Chess Club - London Chess Club London - Edinburgh corr 1824-28 (5), 1826 [JvR] Lesson nineteen. The positional maneuver. If a player sacrifices time in order to improve the own position or weaken the opponent, I call it a prophylactic or positional maneuver. This maneuver occurred in an old match of Edinburgh and London which started in 1824. The moves were sent weekly per postal coach. A cup of 25 Guineas was the prize. The Scotch Gambit Cup still exists. Three years after the start, the decisive phase in the fifth and last game had been reached. Both cities play for mate. Black has progressed best. Therefore, White has to give two moves in order to strengthen the own position.

37.f4! ¥d2 38.g3! White has answered the threats. 38...¥a5! [Not 38...¦c2? 39.g5! (Lewis).] 39.¦e3! White sacrifices his bishop. 39...¦c2 40.g5! ¦hxh2+ 41.¢g4 h5+ 42.¢f3 ¦hf2+ 43.¢e4 Suddenly White can develop a winning attack. 43...g6 44.¦c7+ ¢g8 45.¢e5! ¦c5+! [45...¥c3+ 46.¦xc3! ¦xc3 47.¢f6! mates (Lewis).] 46.¢f6 ¦xf5+ 47.¢xg6 ¦f8 48.¦g7+ ¢h8 49.¢h6 ¥b4! 50.¦e6! White threatens to mate in two. 50...¦f5 51.¦h7+ ¢g8 52.¦g6+ ¢f8 53.¦xc6 ¦c5 54.¦f6+ ¢e8 55.g6! ¦c3 56.g4! ¥f8+ A fascinating finale follows. 57.¦xf8+! ¢xf8 58.g7+ ¢f7 59.¦h8 ¦c6+ 60.¢h7 A fine game concluded the match. The white king was chased over the board and emerged as winner. The Edinburghers had won with 2–1 and got the cup. Analyses by Lewis remained worthwhile. Some later matches have been selected for this review, but the level of the first one remained unsurpassed in the nineteenth century. 1–0


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(20) Umansky,Mikhail - Berliner,Hans World Champions Jubilee ICCF Email 2001–04, 2001 [JvR] Lesson twenty. Zugzwang. The aim of a positional maneuver is to lose time in order to strengthen the own position or to weaken the opponent. This time such a maneuver leads to zugzwang. The tormented chess player would like to skip a move but that violates the rules. The next fragment stems from a chess tournament among nine world champions of correspondence chess.

31.h4! Umansky can win the exchange but he betters his position firstly. 31...¦c8 32.h5! c4! 33.¢g2 a5 34.a4! Black has to weaken his position due to mutual zugzwang. [Premature is 34.e7? ¢f7 35.e8£+ ¦xe8 36.¤xe8+ ¢xe8 37.¢f2 due to 37...¤g4+!] 34...g4!? He takes square g4 from his knight. [The complex variation 34...¦a8!? 35.¤d7! ¤xd7 36.¦f7+ ¢g8 37.¦xd7 ¦c8 38.¢f3! c3 39.¢e3 c2 40.¢d2 c6! 41.¢xc2 cxd5+ 42.¢d3 ¢f8 43.¢d4 ¦c4+ 44.¢xd5 ¦xa4 45.¦f7+ ¢e8 46.¢xd6 ¦a3 47.g4 ¦d3+ 48.¢e5 ¦e3+ 49.¢f6 ¦f3+ 50.¢g7 leads to a White win (after Umansky).] 35.e7! ¢f7 36.e8£+ ¦xe8 37.¤xe8+ ¢xe8 38.¢f2 ¢e7 39.¢e3 c6 40.¢e4 ¤f3 [Or 40...c5 41.¢f5! ¤d3 42.¢g6 c3 43.¢xh6 and the h-pawn decides the game (Umansky).] 41.¦c1 c5 42.¢f5 ¤e5 43.¦c2! ¢f7 44.¦b2 ¤d3 45.¦b7+ ¢f8 46.¢f6! ¢e8 47.¢e6 ¢f8 48.¦f7+ ¢g8 49.¦f1 The win caused a sensation. Umansky became the champion of champions by an impressive score of 7/8. Palciauskas, Timmerman and Baumbach shared rthe second place.[49.¦f1 c3 50.¢xd6! c2 51.¢c7 c1£ 52.¦xc1 ¤xc1 53.d6 and the d-pawn rules.] 1–0


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(21) Kramnik,Vladimir - Bareev,Evgeny Wijk aan Zee (5), 2003 [JvR] Lesson twenty-one. Positional sacrifice: win. Material is sacrificed in order to strengthen the own position or weaken the opponent. This sacrifice rarely occurs in practice. A bishop is given in order to achieve the win in this example. White controls the d-file and exerts pressure of the f-file.

27.¦h3! ¤e7 28.¦f3 ¦hf8 29.¦d6! a5 30.g5! The attack on the kingside begins. 30...hxg5 [The immediate 30...¤f5?! allows the positional sacrifice 31.gxh6 gxh6 32.¦xf5! exf5 33.¦xh6! ¦h8 34.¦f6 (Kramnik).] 31.¥xg5 ¤f5! The knight has to control h6. Pawn f7 needs indirect protection. Black has lost the struggle for the d-file, because the knight cannot go to d5 and square d8 cannot be occupied by a rook. 32.¦d1 a4 33.b4 Black has to look for counter-play, if he wants to survive. 33...¢c8? Black becomes completely passive. [The counterattack 33...¦h8! 34.¦fd3 ¦af8! develops the rooks and attacks a pawn. 35.¦d7+ ¢b8! White has not a decisive attack (Lukacs).] 34.¦fd3 ¦a7 35.¦d8+ ¦xd8 36.¦xd8+ ¢b7 37.¢c3 ¢a6 38.¢d3! ¦c7 39.¢e4 ¢b7 40.¦d1 ¢c8 41.¦d8+ ¢b7 42.¢f4! ¦c8 43.¦d7+ ¦c7 44.¦d3 ¢c8 [Black repeats the moves because 44...¦c8 fails due to 45.¥d8] 45.¦d8+ ¢b7 An unexpected decision occurs. 46.¥f6!! White brings a magnificent positional sacrifice. He threatens with the continuation 47.Bxg7. 46...g6 [46...gxf6 47.exf6 ¦c8 48.¦xc8 ¢xc8 49.¢g5! ¢d7 50.h6 ¤xh6 51.¢xh6 e5 52.¢h7! and White wins the tempo play (Kramnik): 52...e4 53.¢g7 ¢e6 54.a3] 47.hxg6 fxg6 48.¢g5 Kramnik plays a perfect combination of combinatory struggle and subtle prophylaxis. 1–0


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(22) Schlechter,Carl - Nimzowitsch,Aaron San Sebastian (4), 1912 [JvR] Lesson tenty-two. Positional sacrifice: draw. Material is sacrificed in order to strengthen the own position or weaken the opponent. A pawn sacrifice often occurs in a rook ending in order to improve the own position. A pawn sacrifive even happens twice in the example. White is weak on the c-file.

20.¥d4 ¥xd3 21.¦xd3!? He makes a choice between two evils. [The alternative 21.cxd3 ¤d5 leads to positional misery.] 21...¦xc2 22.¦b3 b5 23.¥xf6 gxf6 The ending of four rooks gives fine drawing chances. 24.¦d1 ¦ac8 25.¢f1 f5!? [25...¦8c5! wins, according to Tarrasch, but White plays 26.¦d8+ ¢g7 27.¦a8 and the game continues.] 26.¢e1 ¦8c4 27.¦d2! ¦c1+ 28.¢e2 ¦a4 29.a3 ¦g1 30.¦g3+ ¢f8 31.b4!? ¦a1 32.¦dd3 ¦a2+ 33.¢e1 f4 34.¦h3 ¢g7 35.¦b3 ¢g6 36.¦hc3 f5 37.g3 fxg3 38.hxg3 e5 39.¢f1 ¢g5 40.¢g2 h5 41.¦d3 e4 42.¦e3 ¦c2 [More consistent is 42...h4 43.gxh4+ ¢xh4 but the winning chances are minimal.] 43.¢f1 a5 44.bxa5 ¦xa5 45.¦b4 ¦a2 46.¦eb3 ¦c2 White could have captured on b5, but he follows the motto: "I do not do anything, because I do not have to think in that case". 47.¢g1 ¦a2 48.¢f1 ¦c2 49.¢g1 ¦d2 50.¢f1 ¦a2 51.¢g1 h4 52.gxh4+ ¢xh4 53.¦xb5 ¦xb5 54.¦xb5 ¢g4 55.¦e5! Schlechter gives another pawn. [He avoids the trap 55.¦a5 f4! and Black wins.] 55...¢f4 56.¦a5 ¢g4 57.¦e5 ¦xa3 58.¢g2 ¦a8 59.¢f1 ¦a1+ 60.¢g2 ¦b1 61.¦e8 ¢f4 62.¦a8 ¦c1 63.¦b8 ¦a1 64.¦c8 ¦d1 65.¦a8 ¦d2 66.¦e8 ¦a2 67.¦e7 ¦e2 68.¦a7 ¦d2 69.¦e7 ¦d8 70.¦a7 ¢e5 71.¢f1 f4 72.¦e7+ ¢d4 73.¢e2 ¦a8 74.¦d7+ ¢e5 75.¦e7+ ¢d5 76.f3!? Nimzowitsch does not accept a draw. So Schlechter contemplates for a minute. 76...e3 [The point is 76...¦a2+ 77.¢e1 exf3 78.¢f1] 77.¦e4 ¦f8 78.¢e1 ¦f5 79.¢e2 Black cannot make any progress. It is a positional draw. ½–½

-chess- 22 lessons in endgame strategy by jan van reek

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