classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities ...
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Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities
Classification is also known as taxonomy
Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms
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1. Binomial nomenclature
2. Taxon Groups (hierarchal system of classifying organisms)
3. Phylogony & Cladistics (classifying based on evolutionary histories of animals)
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Why classify?
1. Single, universal name1. Single, universal name
2. Avoid confusion 2. Avoid confusion (be on same page)(be on same page)
3. Understand how living 3. Understand how living things are related things are related to one anotherto one another
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• System of scientific naming using Latin (dead language of scholars)• Developed by Carolus Linnaeus (“Father of Taxonomy 1750s)• Two word scientific name consists of Genus
and species• Genus name capitalized, species name not • Must be underlined when written or printed
in italics ex. Ursus maritimus or Ursus maritimus
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Which TWO are more closely related?
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E.g. What are the FIVE common names of this animal?
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1. Mountain Lion2. Cougar3. Puma4. (Florida) Panther5. Catamount
Rocky Mountain resident
Florida resident
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It would be very confusing for scientists if we didn’t have a scientific name to research and talk about the animal.
Felis concolor = scientific name of the
mountain lionGenus species
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Homo sapiens(wise man)
1. Scientific name for human beings
2. Homo = genus (capitalized &
underlined) 3. sapiens = species
(underlined, but NOT
capitalized)
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• Used to identify organismsUsed to identify organisms• Characteristics given in Characteristics given in
pairspairs• Read both characteristicsRead both characteristics
and either go to another and either go to another set of characteristics set of characteristics OROR identify the organismidentify the organism
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1a Tentacles present – Go to 21a Tentacles present – Go to 21b Tentacles absent – Go to 31b Tentacles absent – Go to 32a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2b More than 8 tentacles – 32b More than 8 tentacles – 33a Tentacles hang down – go to 43a Tentacles hang down – go to 43b Tentacles upright–Sea 3b Tentacles upright–Sea AnemoneAnemone4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 54b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
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Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed•There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific•Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species
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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Hierarchy-Taxonomic GroupsGroups
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
BROADEST TAXON
• Kingdom is least specific, largest group
• Species is most specific, contains only one kind of organism
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KKinging
PPhilliphillip ..
CCameame
OOverver
FForor
GGraperape
SSoda!oda!
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Kingdom (kings) (King Phylum (play) (Phillip)Class (chess) (Came)Order (on) (Over)Family (fine) (For)Genus (green) (Grape)Species (silk) (Soda)
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6 kingdoms to which all living things must be classified into
based on cell type
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UnicellularProkaryotic1. Archaebacteria –ancient bacteria2. Eubacteria – most bacteria
Eukaryotic3. Protista – single-celled organisms
Multicellular4. Fungi – e.g. mushrooms5. Plantae - plants6. Animalia - animals
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• Probably the 1st cells to evolve• Live in HARSH environments• Found in:
– Sewage Treatment Plants– Thermal or Volcanic Vents– Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid– Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt
Lake)
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ARCHAEAN
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• Some may cause DISEASE• Found in ALL HABITATS except
harsh ones• Important decomposers for
environment• Commercially important in making
cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.
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Live in the intestines of animalsLive in the intestines of animals
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• ProtistaProtista (protozoans, algae…) (protozoans, algae…)• FungiFungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) (mushrooms, yeasts …)• PlantaePlantae (multicellular plants) (multicellular plants)• AnimaliaAnimalia (multicellular animals) (multicellular animals)
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•Most are Most are unicellularunicellular•Some are Some are multicellularmulticellular•Some are Some are autotrophicautotrophic, while , while others are others are heterotrophicheterotrophic•AquaticAquatic
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• Multicellular,Multicellular, except yeastexcept yeast
• Absorptive Absorptive heterotrophsheterotrophs (digest food (digest food outside their outside their body & then body & then absorb it)absorb it)
• Cell walls Cell walls made of made of chitinchitin
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•MulticellularMulticellular•AutotrophicAutotrophic•Absorb Absorb sunlight sunlight to to make glucose – make glucose – PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis•Cell walls made of Cell walls made of cellulosecellulose
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• MulticellularMulticellular• Ingestive Ingestive
heterotrophs heterotrophs (consume food (consume food & digest it & digest it inside their inside their bodies)bodies)
• Feed on plants Feed on plants or animalsor animals
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• Most Most generagenera contain a number of contain a number of similar speciessimilar species
Bluegill Green SunfishBluegill Green SunfishLepomis macrochirus Lepomis cyanellus Lepomis macrochirus Lepomis cyanellus
• Classification is based on evolutionary relationshipsevolutionary relationships
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• Homologous structuresHomologous structures (same structure, different (same structure, different function)function)
• Similar Similar embryoembryo developmentdevelopment
• Molecular SimilarityMolecular Similarity in in DNADNA, , RNARNA, or , or amino acidamino acid sequence of Proteinssequence of Proteins
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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.shows Similarities in mammals.
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Means of organizing species based on common relationships : Family tree that shows evolutionary relationships that are thought to exist among organisms.
• Based on embryological development, chromosome similarity, biochemical and morphological similarities, and gene sequence data
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Cladistics:
• Type of phylogenetic classification that establishes evolutionary relationships based on derived characters. Derived characters: Features that evolved
only within the group being examined Ex: Feathers on birds
• The more features organisms have in common, the closer the relatedness of the organisms in evolutionary history
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Diagram showing how organisms are related Diagram showing how organisms are related based on based on shared, derived characteristicsshared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scalessuch as feathers, hair, or scales
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Geologic Time Scale