ˇˆ · conflicts have not been explored in earlier studies, which either regard the middle class...

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腬腦腯腫腲膋膰膎腹腝膵膳 ῍῍ 膦膒膆膂膄腜腎腒腣 膋膰膚膑腝膢膣膝膙膲 ῍῍* ** Aporia in Philippine Civil Society: The Moral Conflict between “Citizens” and “Masses” in the “Dual Public Sphere* KJH6@6 Wataru** This paper analyzes moral conflicts between the middle class and the poor in Philippine politics through a discursive construction of the “we/they” consciousness. These moral conflicts have not been explored in earlier studies, which either regard the middle class and civil society as democratic factors or examine class conflicts solely in terms of interest distribution. This paper provides an analytical framework that explains the construction of a “we/they” consciousness in a class-divided “dual public sphere.” I analyze these discourses in relation to several political issues and conclude by arguing that the moral conflicts between the collective consciousnesses of “we/they” relations have undermined popular support for democracy. The middle class generally associates “we” with “citizen,” and regards itself as a purveyor and defender of democracy. It views the “poor” “them”as lacking the appropri- ate morals and education to make similar claims. In fact, for the middle class, the poor are often responsible for undermining democracy. On the other hand, the poor associate “we” with “the masses,” who despite their upright morality, have been marginalized, despised or ignored by the selfish and cold-hearted “rich” “them”腇腂 For the poor, the culprits behind democratic deterioration are the rich. This moral conflict denies the legitimacy of others and is undermining popular trust in democracy, which inherently demands the acceptance of “them” as legitimate adversaries. Keywords: Metro Manila, civil society, public sphere, democracy, moral conflict, the middle class, the poor, “we/ they” consciousness ῑῌΐῌῒ腭腩腮膐膠膄膋膰膎腹膆膂膄膰膏膏腽膢膣膝膙膲膜腼膘膪膉膘腳膍 膮膇腝腷膛腞腬腦腯腫腲腤膙膔腛腕腙 腍腣腟腐膗膌腤腠腑腣膜腼膘腛膪膉膘腝膢膣膝 膮膴腞膧腶 ῎ῌῌῒa腤膩膞腓腗腘腡腝腚腍腢腴膫膤膱腜膒膬腖腣膟腏腍腣ῌῌ 膁膠膚腺腧腱腅腪腰 COE 膕膯膄腛膆膂膄腝膊膭膖腤腠腔腖腥腨腥膀膟膅腾腵Researcher, Global Center of Excellence for Reconstruction of the Intimate and Public Spheres in ῎῍st Century Asia, Kyoto University e-mail: wataru.kusakagmail.com 膡膥腥腨腥膅腾 ῐῑ῎ῌῌΐ῍῎ 420

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Page 1: ˇˆ · conflicts have not been explored in earlier studies, which either regard the middle class and civil society as democratic factors or examine class conflicts solely in terms

������������ ������ ���� ��� � ��� �������*

! " **

Aporia in Philippine Civil Society: The Moral Conflict between“Citizens” and “Masses” in the “Dual Public Sphere*

KJH6@6 Wataru**

This paper analyzes moral conflicts between the middle class and the poor in Philippinepolitics through a discursive construction of the “we/they” consciousness. These moralconflicts have not been explored in earlier studies, which either regard the middle class andcivil society as democratic factors or examine class conflicts solely in terms of interestdistribution. This paper provides an analytical framework that explains the constructionof a “we/they” consciousness in a class-divided “dual public sphere.” I analyze thesediscourses in relation to several political issues and conclude by arguing that the moralconflicts between the collective consciousnesses of “we/they” relations have underminedpopular support for democracy.

The middle class generally associates “we” with “citizen,” and regards itself as apurveyor and defender of democracy. It views the “poor” #“them”$ as lacking the appropri-ate morals and education to make similar claims. In fact, for the middle class, the poor areoften responsible for undermining democracy. On the other hand, the poor associate “we”with “the masses,” who despite their upright morality, have been marginalized, despised orignored by the selfish and cold-hearted “rich” #“them”$% For the poor, the culprits behinddemocratic deterioration are the rich.

This moral conflict denies the legitimacy of others and is undermining popular trust indemocracy, which inherently demands the acceptance of “them” as legitimate adversaries.

Keywords: Metro Manila, civil society, public sphere, democracy, moral conflict, the middleclass, the poor, “we/ they” consciousness

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� 7G; ! H����aI <JKLMNOP@Q+ RSTU��VW�XY@�Z�� [*�\]^_`a COE bc�����def<EgWhihjX� klmn Researcher,

Global Center of Excellence for Reconstruction of the Intimate and Public Spheres in ��stCentury Asia, Kyoto Universitye-mail: wataru.kusakaogmail.com

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]^_`a� bca^d ����d e_fYghXijh�����ABCDAk ElF,> mGQd Hn�IoJKd moL Bourdieu, Pierre. ����. La distinction: critique sociale du jugement. Paris: Éditionsde Minuit.Q

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tions on the ”Postsocialist” Condition. New York: Routledge.QIo}~d ����d �����2CTU eV�2C�AWTU � k ���X mYQ� �����a�Z[d Hn��\JKd

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Öffentlichkeit: Untersuchungen zu einer Kategorie der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft. Frankfurt amMain: SuhrkampQ

�h�hvh� ��`c^d ����d eT�����2Crs m$Qk t�u_ mGQd Hn��r�^vk�dmoL Huntington, Samuel. ���. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Heaven: YaleUniversity Press.Q

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