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© Copyright by Syed Ashad Mustufa Younus© Copyright by Syed Ashad Mustufa Younus
Microcontroller & ApplicationsWeek 2Week 2
Instructor:
Syed Ashad Mustufa Younus HP: +92 (0) 300 240 8943Email: [email protected]: s s d@ q .ed .p
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Digital SystemDigital System
Logic FamiliesLogic Families
TTL CMOS BIMOS ECL DTLTTL CMOS BIMOS ECL DTL
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Logic LevelsLogic Levels
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Bipolar– 74 - the "standard TTL" logic family had no letters
between the "74" and the specific part number.
74L L ( d h i i l TTL l i– 74L - Low power (compared to the original TTL logic family), very slow
– H - High speed (still produced but generally superseded g p ( p g y pby the S-series, used in 1970s era computers)
– S - Schottky (obsolete)
– LS - Low Power Schottky
– AS - Advanced Schottky
ALS Ad d L P S h k– ALS - Advanced Low Power Schottky
– F - Fast (faster than normal Schottky, similar to AS)
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CMOSCMOS– C - CMOS 4–15 V operation similar to buffered 4000 (4000B) series
– HC - High speed CMOS, similar performance to LS, 12 nS
– HCT - High speed, compatible logic levels to bipolar parts
– AC - Advanced CMOS, performance generally between S and F
– AHC - Advanced High-Speed CMOS, three times as fast as HC
– ALVC - Low voltage - 1.65 to 3.3 V, Time Propagation Delay (TPD) 2 nS[7]
– AUC - Low voltage - 0.8 to 2.7 V, TPD < 1.9 [email protected] V[7]
– FC - Fast CMOS, performance similar to F
– LCX - CMOS with 3 V supply and 5 V tolerant inputs
– LVC - Low voltage – 1.65 to 3.3 V and 5 V tolerant inputs, tpd < 5.5 [email protected] V, tpd < 9 [email protected] V[7]
– LVQ - Low voltage - 3.3 V
– LVX - Low voltage - 3.3 V with 5 V tolerant inputs
– VHC - Very High Speed CMOS - 'S' performance in CMOS technology and power
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BIMOSBIMOS
– BCT - BiCMOS, TTL-compatible input thresholds, used for buffers
ABT Ad d BiCMOS TTL ibl– ABT - Advanced BiCMOS, TTL-compatible input thresholds, faster than ACT and BCT
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Digital Devices
Sequential Devices
Microprocessors
Combinational Devices
PLDsp
Microcontrollers
PLDs
SPLD CPLD FPGA
PLCs PLA
PAL
CPLD
EPLD
FPGA
LCA
GAL MPLD Pasic
EEPLD
SPLD
SPGA
XPGA
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Programmable Logic DevicesProgrammable Logic Devices
Short for programmable logic device, a generic term for an integrated circuit that can be programmed in a laboratory to perform complex functions. A PLD consists of arrays p g p pof AND and OR gates. A system designer implements a logic design with a device programmer that blows fuses on the PLD to control gate operation.
System designers can use development software that converts basic code into instructions d i d i l d ia device programmer needs to implement a design.
PLD types can classified into the following groups � PROMs (Programmable Read Only Memory) - offer high speed and low cost for
relatively small designsrelatively small designs � PLAs (Programmable Logic Array) - offer flexible features for more complex
designs � PAL/GALs (Programmable Array Logic/Generic Array Logic) - offer good� PAL/GALs (Programmable Array Logic/Generic Array Logic) offer good
flexibility and are faster and less expensive than PLAs
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PLD – PLA ArchitecturePLD PLA Architecture
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PLD – PAL ArchitecturePLD PAL Architecture
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PLD – CPLD ArchitecturePLD CPLD Architecture
• A complex programmable logic device (CPLD) contains many SPLD-like
(PAL lik ) d i i t t d i bl it h t i Th(PAL-like) devices interconnected via a programmable switch matrix. The
SPLD-like devices were called logic-blocks, which contain many SPLD-like
macrocells. Some PLD-vendors developed their own logic-block or switch-p g
matrix architecture and gave them vendor-specific names.
• CPLD (Complex Programmable Logic Device)
• EPLD (Electrical Programmable Logic Device)
• EEPLD (Electrically-Erasable Programmable Logic Device)
• SPLD (Segmented Programmable Logic Device)
• XPLD (eXpanded Programmable Logic Device)
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PLD – CPLD ArchitecturePLD CPLD Architecture
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PLD – FPGA ArchitecturePLD FPGA Architecture
• The FPGA architecture consists of many logic modules which are placed in• The FPGA-architecture consists of many logic-modules, which are placed in an array-structure. The channels between the logic-modules are used for routing. The array of logic-modules is surrounded by programmable I/O-modules and connected via programmable interconnects. This freedom ofmodules and connected via programmable interconnects. This freedom of routing allows every logic-module to reach every other logic-module or I/O-module. The worldwide first PLD with FPGA-architecture was developed by Xilinx in 1984.
There are two FPGA architecture subclasses, depending on the granularity of the logic-modules.– Coarse-grained FPGAs– Fine-grained FPGAs.
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PLD – FPGA ArchitecturePLD FPGA Architecture
The coarse-grained FPGAs have very large logic-modules with sometimes t r m r q nti l l i l m nt nd th fin r in d h r impltwo or more sequential logic elements, and the fine-grained have very simple logic-modules. The FPGA-architecture offers the highest programmable logic capacity.
– FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array)
– LCA (Logic Cell Array)
– pASIC (programmable ASIC)
– SPGA (System Programmable Gate Array)
– XPGA (eXpanded Programmable Gate Array)( p g y)
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PLD – FPGA ArchitecturePLD FPGA Architecture
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HDL LanguagesHDL Languages
• Verilog
• VHDL
• Abel
• System-C
• National Semiconductor Labview
• Handel – C
R b• Ruby
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ReferencesReferences
• http://www.fpga-guide.com/architecture_frame.html
• www.eecg.toronto.edu/~jayar/pubs/brown/survey.pdf
• www.cpu-turkey.com/downloads/file.aspx?id=87
• www elabsp com• www.elabsp.com
• en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmable_Array_Logic
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_description_language
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Microcontroller ArchitectureMicrocontroller Architecture
Processor A hit tArchitecture
Harvard Von NeumannNeumann
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Historical Back GroundHistorical Back Ground
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Analog ComputingAnalog Computing
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ENIAC – First General Purpose ComputerENIAC First General Purpose Computer
El i N i l I A d C h fi l• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer was the first general-purpose electronic computer. It was a Turing-complete digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.
• The construction contract was signed on June 5, 1943, and work on the computer began in secret by the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School
f El i l E i i i h f ll i h d h dof Electrical Engineering starting the following month under the code name "Project PX". The completed machine was announced to the public the evening of February 14, 1946.
• ENIAC was designed to calculate artillery firing tables for the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory.
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ENIAC – First General Purpose ComputerENIAC First General Purpose Computer
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Von Neumann Vs Harvard ArchitectureVon Neumann Vs Harvard Architecture
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Von Neumann ArchitectureVon Neumann Architecture
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Von Neumann ArchitectureVon Neumann Architecture
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Harvard ArchitectureHarvard Architecture
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Assignment # 2Assignment # 2
• Read the Research paper related to PLDs designRead the Research paper related to PLDs design
• Find out the architecture of the following microcontrollers
– PIC micro Series
– 8051/ 8052
A l AVR i– Atmel AVR series
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