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Tire & Wheel Technician

V86Curriculum Essentials Document

Boulder Valley School DistrictDepartment of Career and Technical Education

June 2015

Introduction

The Automotive repair of today’s high-tech vehicles is a challenging and rewarding career. As a skilled and trained technician, you receive the satisfaction of seeing the results of your efforts on each job. Your reputation and customer satisfaction are directly related to the quality and appearance of the completed repair.

Students focus on hand skills, wheel and tires, car inspections, basic electrical, basic brakes, advanced wheel and tires, diagnostics, suspension, wheel alignment, and customer relations. Students practice hands-on skills while repairing vehicles to industry standards.

All Boulder CTE instructors have years of experience in the field and are committed to keeping up with the latest industry changes. Our excellent student-to-teacher ratio means you benefit from focused individual attention.

Employment Outlook

Boulder CTE graduates are well prepared for entry-level jobs. The automotive repair industry is growing every year and the need for trained technicians is expected to increase. This means you can be confident the automotive repair field will continue to be a solid career choice with even more opportunities in the future. Experience and advanced training can lead to many other careers such as shop management, shop owner, insurance adjuster, and work in the automotive supply industry. The starting entry level wage range for Boulder CTE graduates is $8.50-$14 per hour with an unlimited salary growth based on additional training and experience.

5/5/2023 BVSD Curriculum Essentials 2

Tire & Wheel Overview

Course Description Topics at a Glance This Program falls under the CCCS Automotive Technician CIP Code 470604.

Within the CIP Code, students focus on hand skills, wheel and tires, car inspections, basic electrical, basic brakes, advanced wheel and tires, diagnostics, suspension, wheel alignment, and customer relations. Students practice hands-on skills while repairing vehicles to industry standards.

This is a beginning class of specifics of the automotive field. Students learn to test, diagnose and repair complex automotive systems. Lessons cover principles associated with shop tools, procedures and safety, basic operation of automotive braking systems, tire and wheel balancing and steering and suspension sytems. Tire & Wheel Tech Certification available upon successful completion of course. Students also explore career pathways, post-secondary options, and career search techniques such as applications preparations, resume/letter writing, and interviewing in the Career Pathways Center.

Programs under the Automotive Technician Program Approval Umbrella (CCCS CIP CODE 47 0604) are as follows: There are no pre-requisites to any of the programs below:

Tire and Wheel

Braking Systems Technician

Steering and Suspension Systems Technician

Career and Technical Student Organization

• Automotive general maintenance, repairs, replacement, and tool identification.

• Automotive advanced preventative maintenance and repairs

• Automotive oil changes, brakes, tires, suspension, and exhaust work

• Automotive alternative repair philosophies, and step by step

• Automotive electrical, air conditioning, trouble shooting

• Participation in a Leadership club or organization like Skills USA

• Customer Service• Accountancy• Leadership• PWR/Workplace Competencies Assessments• Labs• Projects• Classroom Blogs• Selected Terms and Definitions• Journal and Periodical Research and

Analysis• Teacher and Student Designed

Assessments

Assessments Essential Learnings

• Labs• Projects• Classroom Blogs• Selected Terms and Definitions• Journal and Periodical Research and Analysis• Teacher and Student Designed Assessments

1. Understanding the general positions in the automotive field.2. Understand techniques used to properly repair and replace parts.3. Understand how properly write estimates of time and repair costs.4. Understand the proper procedure for customer relations5. Post Secondary and Workforce Readiness


A COLORADO COMMUNITY COLLEGE SYSTEM CAREER & TECHNICAL EDUCATION TECHNICAL STANDARDS REVISION & ACADEMIC ALIGNMENT PROCESS

Colorado’s 21st Century Career & Technical Education Programs have evolved beyond the historic perception of vocational education. They are Colorado’s best kept secret for:• Relevant & rigorous learning• Raising achievement among all students• Strengthening Colorado’s workforce & economy

Colorado Career & Technical Education serves more than 116,000 Colorado secondary students annually through 1,200 programs in 160 school districts, 270 High Schools, 8 Technical Centers, 16 Community Colleges & 3 Technical Colleges. One of every three Colorado high school students gains valuable experiences by their enrollment in these programs.

ALIGNMENT REQUIRED BY SB 08-21222-7-1005. Preschool through elementary and secondary education - aligned standards - adoption - revisions.2(b): In developing the preschool through elementary and secondary education standards, the State Board shall also take into account any Career & Technical Education standards adopted by the State Board for Community Colleges and Occupational Education, created in Section 23-60-104, C.R.S., and, to the extent practicable, shall align the appropriate portions of the preschool through elementary and secondary education standards with the Career and Technical standards.

STANDARDS REVIEW AND ALIGNMENT PROCESSBeginning in the fall of 2008, the Colorado Community College System conducted an intensive standards review and alignment process that involved:

NATIONAL BENCHMARK REVIEWColorado Career & Technical Education recently adopted the Career Cluster and Pathway Model endorsed by the United State Department of Education, Division of Adult and Technical Education. This model provided access to a national set of business and industry validated knowledge and skill statements for 16 of the 17 cluster areas. California and Ohio provided the comparative standards for the Energy cluster• Based on this review Colorado CTE has moved from program-specific to Cluster & Pathway based standards and outcomes• In addition, we arrived at fewer, higher, clearer and more transferrable standards, expectations and outcomes.

COLORADO CONTENT TEAMS REVIEWThe review, benchmarking and adjusting of the Colorado Cluster and Pathway standards, expectations and outcomes was through the dedicated work of Content Teams comprised of secondary and postsecondary faculty from across the state. Participation by instructors from each level ensured competency alignment between secondary and postsecondary programs. These individuals also proposed the draft academic alignments for math, science reading, writing and communication, social studies (including Personal Financial Literacy) and post secondary and workforce readiness (PWR.)

ACADEMIC ALIGNMENT REVIEW


In order to validate the alignment of the academic standards to the Career & Technical Education standards, subject matter experts in math, science, reading, writing and communication, and social studies were partnered with career & technical educators to determine if and when a true alignment existed.

CURRENT STATUS• One set of aligned Essential skills to drive Postsecondary and Workforce Readiness inclusion in all Career & Technical Education programs.• 52 pathways with validated academic alignments• 12 pathways with revised standards ready for alignment (currently there are no approved programs in these pathways)• 21 pathways where no secondary programming currently exists. Standards and alignments will be developed as programs emerge.• Available for review at: www.coloradostateplan.com/content_standards.htm

Colorado Career & Technical Education Standards Academic Alignment Reference System The Career & Technical Education standards have been organized by Career Cluster (17) and Pathway (81). In addition, a set of “Essential Skills” was developed to ensure the Postsecondary and Workforce Readiness within any cluster or pathway. These workforce readiness skills are applicable to all career clusters and should form the basis of each CTE program.

Organization

Essential Skills There exists a common set of knowledge and skills that are applicable to all students regardless of which cluster or pathway they choose. This set of standards, is meant for inclusion in each program to enhance the development of postsecondary and workforce readiness skills.

Career Cluster A Career Cluster is a grouping of occupations and broad industries based on commonalities. The 17 Career Clusters organize academic and occupational knowledge and skills into a coherent course sequence and identify pathways from secondary schools to two- and four-year colleges, graduate schools, and the workplace. Students learn in school about what they can do in the future. This connection to future goals motivates students to work harder and enroll in more rigorous courses.

Career Pathway Pathways are sub-groupings of occupations/career specialties used as an organizing tool for curriculum design and instruction. Occupations/career specialties are grouped into Pathways based on the fact that they require a set of common knowledge and skills for career success.

Prepared Completer Competency This level targets the “big ideas” in each pathway. These are the competencies that all students who complete a CTE pathway must master to ensure their success in a postsecondary and workforce setting. Prepared Completer Competencies will not usually be “course” specific but grow with the student’s progression through the sequence of courses.

Concept/Skill The articulation of the concepts and skills that indicates a student is making progress toward being a prepared completer. They answer the question: What do students need to know and be able to do? Evidence Outcome


http://www.coloradostateplan.com/content_standards.htm

The indication that a student is meeting an expectation at the mastery level. How do we know that a student can do it? Pathway Abbreviation (4 Letter)

Academic Alignments Academic alignments, where appropriate in Math, Reading, Writing and Communication, Science and Social Studies (including Personal Financial Literacy) were defined by CTE and academic subject matter experts using the following criteria:

• It was a point where technical and academic content naturally collided;

• The student must demonstrate adequate proficiency with the academic standard to perform the technical skill; and

• It could be assessed for both academic and technical understanding.

Colorado’s CTE programs have had academic alignments dating back to the early 1990’s. While these alignments resulted in an increase in academic focus in CTE programs, the reality is that a true transformation in intentional teaching toward the academic standard was limited.

With these alignments comes a new expectation: If a CTE instructor is teaching a CTE concept that has an identified alignment, they must also be intentional about their instruction of the academic standard. CCCS will be providing professional development and instructional resources to assist with the successful implementation of this new expectation. In addition, this expanded expectation will require increased collaboration between CTE and academic instructors to transform teaching and learning throughout each school.

For each set of Cluster and Pathway standards, the academic alignments have been included and are separated by academic area. CCCS chose to align at the “Evidence Outcome” level. The aligned academic evidence outcome follows the CTE evidence outcome to which it has been aligned. For a sample, see Illustration A.

The academic standard number used in the alignments matches the Colorado Department of Education standards numbering convention.

Prepared Graduates


The preschool through twelfth-grade concepts and skills that all students who complete the Colorado education system must master to ensure their success in a postsecondary and workforce setting.

1. CTE Essential Skills: Academic Foundations

ESSK.01: Achieve additional academic knowledge and skills required to pursue the full range of career and postsecondary education opportunities within a career cluster.

Prepared Graduate Competencies in the CTE Essential Skills standard:

Complete required training, education, and certification to prepare for employment in a particular career field

Demonstrate language arts, mathematics, and scientific knowledge and skills required to pursue the full range of post-secondary and career opportunities

2. CTE Essential Skills: Communications Standards

ESSK.02: Use oral and written communication skills in creating, expressing, and interrupting information and ideas, including technical terminology and information


Select and employ appropriate reading and communication strategies to learn and use technical concepts and vocabulary in practice

Demonstrate use of concepts, strategies, and systems for obtaining and conveying ideas and information to enhance communication in the workplace

3. CTE Essential Skills: Problem Solving and Critical Thinking

ESSK.03: Solve problems using critical thinking skills (analyze, synthesize, and evaluate) independently and in teams using creativity and innovation.


Employ critical thinking skills independently and in teams to solve problems and make decisions

Employ critical thinking and interpersonal skills to resolve conflicts with staff and/or customers

Conduct technical research to gather information necessary for decision-making

4. CTE Essential Skills: Safety, Health, and Environmental

ESSK.06: Understand the importance of health, safety, and environmental management systems in organizations and their importance to organizational performance and regulatory compliance



Implement personal and jobsite safety rules and regulations to maintain safe and helpful working conditions and environment

Complete work tasks in accordance with employee rights and responsibilities and employers obligations to maintain workplace safety and health

5. CTE Essential Skills: Leadership and Teamwork

ESSK.07: Use leadership and teamwork skills in collaborating with others to accomplish organizational goals and objectives


Employ leadership skills to accomplish organizational skills and objectives

6. CTE Essential Skills: Employability and Career Development

ESSK.09: Know and understand the importance of employability skills; explore, plan, and effectively manage careers; know and understand the importance of entrepreneurship skills


Identify and demonstrate positive work behaviors and personal qualities needed to be employable

Develop skills related to seeking and applying for employment to find and obtain a desired job

Technical Writing Standards

Standard: 1. Oral Expression and Listening

Prepared Graduate Skills

Deliver organized and effective oral presentations for diverse audiences and varied purposes

Use language appropriate for purpose and audience

Standard:2. Reading for All Purposes


Engage in a wide range of nonfiction and real-life reading experiences to solve problems, judge the quality of ideas, or complete daily task.

Demonstrate comprehension of a variety of informational texts

Standard:3 Writing and Composition


Effectively use content-specific language, style, tone, and text structure to compose or adapt writing for different audiences and purposes


Write with a clear focus, coherent organization, sufficient elaboration, and detail

Standard:4 Research and Reasoning


Gather information from a variety of sources; analyze and evaluate the quality and relevance of the source and use it to answer complex question.

COLORADO COMMUNITY COLLEGE SYSTEM CAREER & TECHNICAL EDUCATION TECHNICAL STANDARDS REVISION & ACADEMIC ALIGNMENT PROCESS

Colorado’s 21st Century Career & Technical Education Programs have evolved beyond the historic perception of vocational education. They are Colorado’s best kept secret for:

• Relevant & rigorous learning

• Raising achievement among all students

• Strengthening Colorado’s workforce & economy

Colorado Career & Technical Education serves more than 116,000 Colorado secondary students annually through 1,200 programs in 160 school districts, 270 High Schools, 8 Technical Centers, 16 Community Colleges & 3 Technical Colleges. One of every three Colorado high school students gains valuable experiences by their enrollment in these programs.

ALIGNMENT REQUIRED BY SB 08-212

22-7-1005. Preschool through elementary and secondary education - aligned standards - adoption - revisions.

2(b): In developing the preschool through elementary and secondary education standards, the State Board shall also take into account any Career & Technical Education standards adopted by the State Board for Community Colleges and Occupational Education, created in Section 23-60-104, C.R.S., and, to the extent practicable, shall align the appropriate portions of the preschool through elementary and secondary education standards with the Career and Technical standards.

STANDARDS REVIEW AND ALIGNMENT PROCESS

Beginning in the fall of 2008, the Colorado Community College System conducted an intensive standards review and alignment process that involved:

NATIONAL BENCHMARK REVIEW

Colorado Career & Technical Education recently adopted the Career Cluster and Pathway Model endorsed by the United State Department of Education, Division of Adult and Technical Education. This model provided access to a national set of business and industry validated knowledge and skill statements for 16 of the 17 cluster areas. California and Ohio provided the comparative standards for the Energy cluster


• Based on this review Colorado CTE has moved from program-specific to Cluster & Pathway based standards and outcomes

• In addition, we arrived at fewer, higher, clearer and more transferrable standards, expectations and outcomes.

COLORADO CONTENT TEAMS REVIEW

The review, benchmarking and adjusting of the Colorado Cluster and Pathway standards, expectations and outcomes was through the dedicated work of Content Teams comprised of secondary and postsecondary faculty from across the state. Participation by instructors from each level ensured competency alignment between secondary and postsecondary programs. These individuals also proposed the draft academic alignments for math, science reading, writing and communication, social studies (including Personal Financial Literacy) and postsecondary and workforce readiness (PWR.)

ACADEMIC ALIGNMENT REVIEW

In order to validate the alignment of the academic standards to the Career & Technical Education standards, subject matter experts in math, science, reading, writing and communication, and social studies were partnered with career & technical educators to determine if and when a true alignment existed.

CURRENT STATUS

• One set of aligned Essential skills to drive Postsecondary and Workforce Readiness inclusion in all Career & Technical Education programs.

• 52 pathways with validated academic alignments

• 12 pathways with revised standards ready for alignment (currently there are no approved programs in these pathways)

• 21 pathways where no secondary programming currently exists. Standards and alignments will be developed as programs emerge.

• Available for review at: www.coloradostateplan.com/content_standards.htm

Colorado Career & Technical Education Standards Academic Alignment Reference System

The Career & Technical Education standards have been organized by Career Cluster (17) and Pathway (81). In addition, a set of “Essential Skills” was developed to ensure the Postsecondary and Workforce Readiness within any cluster or pathway. These workforce readiness skills are applicable to all career clusters and should form the basis of each CTE program.

Organization

Essential Skills


There exists a common set of knowledge and skills that are applicable to all students regardless of which cluster or pathway they choose. This set of standards, is meant for inclusion in each program to enhance the development of postsecondary and workforce readiness skills.

Career Cluster

A Career Cluster is a grouping of occupations and broad industries based on commonalities. The 17 Career Clusters organize academic and occupational knowledge and skills into a coherent course sequence and identify pathways from secondary schools to two- and four-year colleges, graduate schools, and the workplace. Students learn in school about what they can do in the future. This connection to future goals motivates students to work harder and enroll in more rigorous courses.

Career Pathway

Pathways are sub-groupings of occupations/career specialties used as an organizing tool for curriculum design and instruction. Occupations/career specialties are grouped into Pathways based on the fact that they require a set of common knowledge and skills for career success.

Prepared Completer Competency

This level targets the “big ideas” in each pathway. These are the competencies that all students who complete a CTE pathway must master to ensure their success in a postsecondary and workforce setting. Prepared Completer Competencies will not usually be “course” specific but grow with the student’s progression through the sequence of courses.

Concept/Skill

The articulation of the concepts and skills that indicates a student is making progress toward being a prepared completer. They answer the question: What do students need to know and be able to do?

Evidence Outcome

The indication that a student is meeting an expectation at the mastery level. How do we know that a student can do it? Pathway Abbreviation (4 Letter)

Academic Alignments

Academic alignments, where appropriate in Math, Reading, Writing and Communication, Science and Social Studies (including Personal Financial Literacy) were defined by CTE and academic subject matter experts using the following criteria:

• It was a point where technical and academic content naturally collided;

• The student must demonstrate adequate proficiency with the academic standard to perform the technical skill; and

• It could be assessed for both academic and technical understanding.


Colorado’s CTE programs have had academic alignments dating back to the early 1990’s. While these alignments resulted in an increase in academic focus in CTE programs, the reality is that a true transformation in intentional teaching toward the academic standard was limited.

With these alignments comes a new expectation: If a CTE instructor is teaching a CTE concept that has an identified alignment, they must also be intentional about their instruction of the academic standard. CCCS will be providing professional development and instructional resources to assist with the successful implementation of this new expectation. In addition, this expanded expectation will require increased collaboration between CTE and academic instructors to transform teaching and learning throughout each school.

For each set of Cluster and Pathway standards, the academic alignments have been included and are separated by academic area. CCCS chose to align at the “Evidence Outcome” level. The aligned academic evidence outcome follows the CTE evidence outcome to which it has been aligned. For a sample, see Illustration A.

The academic standard number used in the alignments matches the Colorado Department of Education standards numbering convention.

FEMP.01

Understand and perform facility and mobile equipment maintenance, service and repair in the transportation industry. This includes, but is not limited to, motor vehicles, rail systems, marine applications, and outdoor power equipment.

FEMP.01.01

Develop and manage preventative maintenance plans and systems to keep facility and mobile equipment inventory in operation.

FEMP.01.01.a

Develop preventive maintenance plans and systems to meet business and equipment manufacturer requirements.

FEMP.01.01.b

Apply strategies used to monitor and evaluate the performance of maintenance plans and systems.

FEMP.01.02

Assess, maintain, and improve system performance in order to keep facilities and equipment running at an optimum level of performance.

FEMP.01.02.a

Develop and execute repair plans based upon an assessment of the facility/ equipment inventory.

FEMP.01.02.b


Develop plans for improving facilities/ equipment/system performance.

FEMP.01.02.c

Execute repair plans for facilities and mobile equipment.

FEMP.01.02.d

Understand the value and necessity of practicing personal and occupational safety and protecting the environment by using materials and processes in accordance with manufacturer and industry standards.

FEMP.01.02.e

Understand the safe and appropriate use of tools, equipment and work process.

FEMP.01.02.f

Understand scientific principles in relation to chemical, mechanical and physical functions for various engine and vehicle systems.

FEMP.01.02.g

Perform and document maintenance procedures in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer.

FEMP.01.02.h

Understand the application, operation, maintenance, and diagnosis of engines, including but not limited to two- and four-stroke and supporting subsystems.

FEMP.01.02.i

Understand mechanical and electrical components in relation to industry and manufacturer standards.

FEMP.01.02.j

Perform and document repair procedures in accordance with manufacturer recommendations and industry standards.

FEMP.01.02.k

Demonstrate the effective use of computer based equipment to control electromechanical devices commonly used in diagnostic analysis.

RWC10-GR.11-S.1-GLE.1-EO.b

Deliver formal oral presentations for intended purpose and audience, using effective verbal and nonverbal communication

FEMP.01.02.l


Use technical vocabulary, technical reports and manuals, electronic systems and related technical data resources to determine repairs and estimates.


Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in different media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words in order to address a question or solve a problem. (CCSS: RI.11-12.7)

FEMP.01.02.o

Understand performance (fuel system) Engine Repair.

FEMP.01.02.p

Utilized in Engine Rebuilding, Brake System.

FEMP.01.02.q

Applies to all areas of Automotive Service & Diagnosis.

FEMP.01.02.r

Utilized in all areas of Automotive.

FEMP.01.02.s

Utilized in Electrical Course.

FEMP.01.02.t

Utilized in Starting Systems Alternators.

FEMP.01.02.u

Demonstrate in Automotive Classes and Labs including training for Skills USA.

FEMP.01.02.v

Utilized in all areas of automotive; especially when documenting service information on repair orders.

FEMP.01.03.b

Understand the safe and appropriate use of tools, equipment and work process.

FEMP.01.03.c

Apply measurement systems and the mathematical functions necessary to perform required fabrication, maintenance and operation procedures.

FEMP.01.03.d


Understand scientific principles in relation to chemical, mechanical, and physical functions and in relation to industry and manufacturer standards.

FEMP.01.03.e

Perform and document repair procedures in accordance with manufacturer recommendations and industry standards.

FEMP.01.03.g

Understand mechanical and electrical components in relation to industry and manufacturer standards.

ESSK.01

ACADEMIC FOUNDATIONS: Achieve additional academic knowledge and skills required to pursue the full range of career and postsecondary education opportunities within a career cluster.

ESSK.01.01

Complete required training, education, and certification to prepare for employment in a particular career field.

ESSK.01.01.a

Identify training, education, and certification requirements for occupational choice.


Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. (CCSS: W.9-10.8)

ESSK.01.01.b

Participate in career-related training and/or degree programs.



ESSK.01.01.c

Pass certification tests to quality for licensure and/or certification in chosen occupational area.




ESSK.01.02

Demonstrate language arts knowledge and skills required to pursue the full-range of post-secondary and career opportunities.

ESSK.01.02.a

Model behaviors that demonstrate active listening.


Follow the speaker's arguments as they develop; take notes when appropriate

RWC10-GR.9-S.1-GLE.2-EO.c

Give verbal and nonverbal feedback to the speaker

RWC10-GR.9-S.1-GLE.2-EO.d

Ask clarifying questions

RWC10-GR.9-S.1-GLE.2-EO.e

Evaluate arguments and evidence

ESSK.01.02.b

Adapt language for audience, purpose, situation. (i.e. diction/structure, style).

RWC10-GR.10-S.3-GLE.3-EO.a

Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. (CCSS: L.9-10.1), i. Use parallel structure. (CCSS: L.9-10.1a), ii. Distinguish between the active and passive voice, and write in the active voice, iii. Use various types of phrases (noun, verb, adjectival, adverbial, participial, prepositional, absolute) and clauses (independent, dependent; noun, relative, adverbial) to convey specific meanings and add variety and interest to writing or presentation


Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression. (CCSS: L.11-12.6)



Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating a command of formal English when indicated or appropriate. (CCSS: SL.11-12.6)

ESSK.01.02.c

Organize oral and written information.


Present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose, audience, and task. (CCSS: SL.9-10.4)


Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. (Grade-specific expectations for writing types are defined in expectations 1-2 above.) (CCSS: W.9-10.4)



ESSK.01.02.d

Compose focused copy for a variety of written documents such as agendas, audio-visuals, bibliographies, drafts, forms/documents, notes, oral presentations, reports, and technical terminology.


Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. (CCSS: L.9-10.1), i. Use parallel structure. (CCSS: L.9-10.1a), ii. Distinguish between the active and passive voice, and write in the active voice, iii. Use various types of phrases (noun, verb, adjectival, adverbial, participial, prepositional, absolute) and clauses (independent, dependent; noun, relative, adverbial) to convey specific meanings and add variety and interest to writing or prese


Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. (CCSS: L.9-10.2), i. Use a semicolon (and perhaps a conjunctive adverb) to link two or more closely related independent clauses. (CCSS: L.9-10.2a), ii. Use a colon to introduce a list or quotation. (CCSS: L.9-10.2b)





Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression. (CCSS: L.11-12.6)


Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content. (CCSS: W.11-12.2), i. Introduce a topic; organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which precedes it to create a unified whole; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. (CCSS:


Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback, including new arguments or information. (CCSS: W.11-12.6)


Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. (CCSS: L.9-10.2), i. Identify comma splices and fused sentences in writing and revise to eliminate them, ii. Distinguish between phrases and clauses and use this knowledge to write varied, strong, correct, complete sentences, iii. Use a colon to introduce a list or quotation. (CCSS: L.9-10.2b), iv. Spell correctly. (CCSS: L.9-10.2c)


Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. (Grade-specific expectations for writing types are defined in expectations 1 and 2 above.) (CCSS: W.9-10.4)


Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products, taking advantage of technology's capacity to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically. (CCSS: W.9-10.6)

ESSK.01.02.e

Edit copy to create focused written documents such as agendas, audiovisuals, bibliographies, drafts, forms/documents, notes, oral presentations, reports, and technical terminology.



Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience. (CCSS: W.9-10.5)


Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. (CCSS: L.11-12.2), i. Observe hyphenation conventions. (CCSS: L.11-12.2a), ii. Spell correctly. (CCSS: L.11-12.2b)





ESSK.01.02.f

Comprehend key elements of oral and written information such as cause/effect, comparisons/contrasts, conclusions, context, purpose, charts/tables/graphs, evaluation/critiques, mood, persuasive text, sequence, summaries, and technical

subject matter.


Analyze the logic of complex situations by questioning the purpose, question at issue, information, points of view, implications and consequences, inferences, assumptions and concepts

ESSK.01.02.g

Evaluate oral and written information for accuracy, adequacy/sufficiency, appropriateness, clarity, conclusions/solutions, fact/opinion, propaganda, relevancy, validity, and relationship of ideas.


Evaluate quality, accuracy, and completeness of information and the bias, credibility and reliability of the sources





Evaluate clarity and accuracy of information through close text study and investigation via other sources

ESSK.01.02.h

Identify assumptions, purpose, outcomes/solutions, and propaganda techniques.




Analyze the purpose, question at issue, information, points of view, implications and consequences, inferences, assumptions, and concepts inherent in thinking


Assess strengths and weaknesses of thinking and thinking of others by using criteria including relevance, clarity, accuracy, fairness, significance, depth, breadth, logic, and precision


Identify false premises or assumptions

ESSK.01.02.i

Predict potential outcomes and/or solutions based on oral and written information regarding trends.


Obtain and use information from text and text features (index, bold or italicized text, subheadings, graphics) to answer questions, perform specific tasks, or identify and solve problems

ESSK.01.02.j

Present formal and informal speeches including discussion, information requests, interpretation, and persuasive arguments.





Present information, findings, and supporting evidence, conveying a clear and distinct perspective, such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning, alternative or opposing perspectives are addressed, and the organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose, audience, and a range of formal and informal tasks. (CCSS: SL.11-12.4)




Identify a central idea or thesis, organize ideas, and develop a speech for an intended purpose and audience


Choose specific words and word order for intended effect and meaning

RWC10-GR.12-S.1-GLE.1-EO.f

Select appropriate technical or specialized language

ESSK.01.03

Demonstrate mathematics knowledge and skills required to pursue the full range of postsecondary education and career opportunities.

ESSK.01.03.a

Identify whole numbers, decimals, and fractions.

ESSK.01.03.b

Demonstrate knowledge of basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

ESSK.01.03.c

Demonstrate use of relational expressions such as equal to, not equal, greater than, less than, etc.

ESSK.01.03.d

Apply data and measurements to solve a problem.

ESSK.01.03.e

Analyze Mathematical problem statements for missing and/or irrelevant data.

ESSK.01.03.f

Construct charts/tables/graphs from functions and data.


ESSK.01.03.g

Analyze data when interpreting operational documents.

ESSK.01.04

Demonstrate science knowledge and skills required to pursue the full range of postsecondary and career education opportunities.

ESSK.01.04.a

Evaluate scientific constructs including conclusions, conflicting data, controls, data, inferences, limitations, questions, sources of errors, and variables.

ESSK.01.04.b

Apply scientific methods in qualitative and quantitative analysis, data gathering, direct and indirect observation, predictions, and problem identification.

ESSK.02

Communications: Use oral and written communication skills in creating, expressing, and interpreting information and ideas including technical terminology and information.

ESSK.02.01

Select and employ appropriate reading and communication strategies to learn and use technical concepts and vocabulary in practice.

ESSK.02.01.a

Determine the most appropriate reading strategy for identifying the overarching purpose of a text (i.e. skimming, reading for detail, reading for meaning or critical analysis).


Use flexible reading and note-taking strategies (outlining, mapping systems, skimming, scanning, key word search) to organize information and make connections within and across informational texts

ESSK.02.01.b

Demonstrate use of content, technical concepts and vocabulary when analyzing information and following directions.

RWC10-GR.11-S.1-GLE.1-

Identify, explain, and use content-specific vocabulary, terminology, dialect, or jargon unique to particular groups, perspectives, or contexts (such as social, professional, political, cultural, historical or geographical)

ESSK.02.01.c


Select the reading strategy or strategies needed to fully comprehend the content within a written document (i.e., skimming, reading for detail, reading for meaning or critical analysis).


Use reading and note-taking strategies (outlining, mapping systems, skimming, scanning, key word search) to organize information and make connections within and across informational texts


Use flexible reading and note-taking strategies (outlining, mapping systems, skimming, scanning, key word search) to organize information and make connections within and across informational texts

ESSK.02.01.d

Interpret information, data, and observations to apply information learned from reading to actual practice.


Use Integration of Knowledge and Ideas to: i. Delineate and evaluate the reasoning in seminal U.S. texts, including the application of constitutional principles and use of legal reasoning (e.g., in U.S. Supreme Court majority opinions and dissents) and the premises, purposes, and arguments in works of public advocacy (e.g., The Federalist, presidential addresses). (CCSS: RI.11-12.8), ii. Analyze seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and nineteenth-century foundational U.S. documents of historical and liter



ESSK.02.01.e

Transcribe information, data, and observations to apply information learned from reading to actual practice.






ESSK.02.01.f

Communicate information, data, and observations to apply information learned from reading to actual practice.


Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. (CCSS: L.9-10.1), i. Use parallel structure. (CCSS: L.9-10.1a), ii. Distinguish between the active and passive voice, and write in the active voice, iii. Use various types of phrases (noun, verb, adjectival, adverbial, participial, prepositional, absolute) and clauses (independent, dependent; noun, relative, adverbial) to convey specific meanings and add variety and interest to writing or presentation

RWC10-







Use verbal and nonverbal techniques to communicate information



ESSK.02.02

Demonstrate use of the concepts, strategies, and systems for obtaining and conveying ideas and information to enhance communication in the workplace.


ESSK.02.02.a

Employ verbal skills when obtaining and conveying information.


Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.(CCSS: SL.9-10.6)



ESSK.02.02.b

Record information needed to present a report on a given topic or problem.






Select appropriate and relevant information (excluding extraneous details) to set context

ESSK.02.02.c

Write internal and external business correspondence that conveys and/or obtains information effectively.


















ESSK.02.02.d

Communicate with other employees to clarify workplace objectives.






ESSK.02.02.e

Communicate effectively with customers and employees to foster positive relationships.







RWC10-GR.12-

Work with peers to promote civil, democratic discussions and decision-making, set clear goals and deadlines, and establish individual roles as needed. (CCSS: SL.11-12.1b)



ESSK.02.03

Locate, organize and reference written information from various sources to communicate with coworkers and clients/participants.

ESSK.02.03.a

Locate written information used to communicate with co-workers and customers.


Identify and evaluate potential sources of information for accuracy, reliability, validity, and timeliness


Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) in order to make informed decisions and solve problems, evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source and noting any discrepancies among the data. (CCSS: SL.11-12.2)




ESSK.02.03.b

Organize information to use in written and oral communications.







ESSK.02.03.c

Reference the sources of information.


Document sources of quotations, paraphrases, and other information, using a style sheet, such as that of the Modern Language Association (MLA) or the American Psychological Association (APA)

ESSK.02.04

Evaluate and use information resources to accomplish specific occupational tasks.

ESSK.02.04.a

Use informational texts, Internet web sites, and/or technical materials to review and apply information sources for occupational tasks.


Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the strengths and limitations of each source in terms of the task, purpose, and audience; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and overreliance on any one source and following a standard format for citation. (CCSS: W.11-12.8)

ESSK.02.04.b

Evaluate the reliability of information from informational texts, Internet, Websites, and/or technical materials and resources.




ESSK.02.05

Use correct grammar, punctuation, and terminology to write and edit documents.

ESSK.02.05.a

Compose multi-paragraph documents clearly, succinctly, and accurately.


Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content. (CCSS: W.9-10.2), i. Introduce a topic; organize complex ideas, concepts, and information to make important connections and distinctions; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. (CCSS: W.9-10.2a), ii. Develop the topic with





ESSK.02.05.b

Use descriptions of audience and purpose when preparing and editing written documents.


Address audience needs and anticipate audience questions or misunderstandings

ESSK.02.05.c

Use correct grammar, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization when preparing written documents.









Follow the conventions of standard English to write varied, strong, correct, complete sentences



ESSK.02.06

Develop and deliver formal and informal presentations using appropriate media to engage and inform audiences.

ESSK.02.06.a

Prepare oral presentations to provide information for specific purposes and audiences.






ESSK.02.06.b

Identify support materials that will enhance an oral presentation.








Make strategic use of digital media (e.g., textual, graphical, audio, visual, and interactive elements) in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence and to add interest. (CCSS: SL.11-12.5)

ESSK.02.06.c

Prepare support materials that will enhance an oral presentation.



RWC10-

Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and

GR.11-S.1-GLE.2-EO.b

media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) in order to make informed decisions and solve problems, evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source and noting any discrepancies among the data. (CCSS: SL.11-12.2)










RWC10-GR.9-S.1-GLE.2-EO.g

Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source. (CCSS: SL.9-10.2)


Integrate information from different sources to research and complete a project

ESSK.02.06.d

Deliver an oral presentation that sustains listeners' attention and interest.


Give informal talks using an appropriate level of formality of verbal language and nonverbal interaction with audience






ESSK.02.06.e

Align presentation strategies to the intended audience.





ESSK.02.06.f

Implement multi-media strategies for presentations.













Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source. (CCSS: SL.9-10.2)



ESSK.02.07

Interpret verbal and nonverbal cues/behaviors to enhance communication with co-workers and clients/participants.

ESSK.02.07.a

Interpret verbal behaviors when communicating with clients and coworkers.


Evaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, identifying any fallacious reasoning or exaggerated or distorted evidence. (CCSS: SL.9-10.3)





ESSK.02.07.b

Interpret nonverbal behaviors when communicating with clients and coworkers.





ESSK.02.08

Apply active listening skills to obtain and clarify information.

ESSK.02.08.a

Interpret a given verbal message/information.






ESSK.02.08.b

Respond with restatement and clarification techniques to clarify information.





ESSK.02.09

Develop and interpret tables, charts, and figures to support written and oral communications.

ESSK.02.09.a

Create tables, charts, and figures to support written and oral communications.







ESSK.02.09.b

Interpret tables, charts, and figures used to support written and oral communication.





Explain and interpret the visual components supporting the text (maps, complex tables and diagrams, and transitional devices, such as use of white space)



ESSK.02.10

Listen to and speak with diverse individuals to enhance communication skills.

ESSK.02.10.a

Apply factors and strategies for communicating with a diverse workforce.


Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 9-10 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. (CCSS: SL.9-10.1) a.i-Come to discussions prepared, having read and researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence from texts and other research on the topic or issue to stimulate a thoughtful,


Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 9-10 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. (CCSS: SL.9-10.1) a.i-Work with peers to set rules for collegial discussions and decision-making (e.g., informal consensus, taking votes on key issues, presentation of alternate views), clear goals and deadlines, and individual roles as need

ESSK.02.10.b

Demonstrate ability to communicate and resolve conflicts within a diverse workforce.

RWC10-GR.12-

Work with peers to promote civil, democratic discussions and decision-

S.1-GLE.2-EO.a

making, set clear goals and deadlines, and establish individual roles as needed. (CCSS: SL.11-12.1b)





Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 9-10 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. (CCSS: SL.9-10.1) a.i-Work with peers to set rules for collegial discussions and decision-making (e.g., informal consensus, taking votes on key issues, presentation of alternate views), clear goals and deadlines, and individual roles as needed

ESSK.02.11

Exhibit public relations skills to increase internal and external customer/client satisfaction.

ESSK.02.11.a

Communicate effectively when developing positive customer/client relationships.











ESSK.03

Problem Solving and Critical Thinking: Solve problems using critical thinking skills (analyze, synthesize, and evaluate) independently and in teams. Solve problems using creativity and innovation.

ESSK.03.01

Employ critical thinking skills independently and in teams to solve problems and make decisions (e.g., analyze, synthesize and evaluate).

ESSK.03.01.a

Identify common tasks that require employees to use problem-solving skills.



Assess strengths and weaknesses of their thinking and thinking of others by using criteria including relevance, clarity, accuracy, fairness, significance, depth, breadth, logic and precision

ESSK.03.01.b

Analyze elements of a problem to develop creative solutions.


Analyze the purpose, question at issue, information, points of view, implications and consequences, inferences, assumptions and concepts inherent in thinking

ESSK.03.01.c

Describe the value of using problem-solving and critical thinking skills to improve a situation or process.


Determine the extent to which they entered empathetically into competing points of view, exercised confidence in reason, recognized the limits of their knowledge on the topic (intellectual humility), explored alternative approaches to solving or addressing complex problems (intellectual flexibility), were open to constructive critique (intellectual open-mindedness)

ESSK.03.01.d

Create ideas, proposals, and solutions to problems.


Implement a purposeful and articulated process to solve a problem

ESSK.03.01.e

Evaluate ideas, proposals, and solutions to problems.


Monitor and reflect on the rationale for, and effectiveness of, choices made throughout the problem-solving process

ESSK.03.01.f

Use structured problem-solving methods when developing proposals and solutions.



ESSK.03.01.g


Generate new and creative ideas to solve problems by brainstorming possible solutions.


Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. (CCSS: W.9-10.7)

ESSK.03.01.h

Critically analyze information to determine value to the problem-solving task.


Judge the usefulness of information based on relevance to purpose, source, objectivity, copyright date, cultural and world perspective (such as editorials), and support the decision

ESSK.03.01.i

Guide individuals through the process of recognizing concerns and making informed decisions.



ESSK.03.01.j

Identify alternatives using a variety of problem solving and critical thinking skills.



ESSK.03.01.k

Evaluate alternatives using a variety of problem solving and critical thinking skills.





ESSK.03.02

Employ critical thinking and interpersonal skills to resolve conflicts with staff and/or customers.


ESSK.03.02.a

Analyze situations and behaviors that affect conflict management.




Propel conversations by posing and responding to questions that probe reasoning and evidence; ensure a hearing for a full range of positions on a topic or issue; clarify, verify, or challenge ideas and conclusions; and promote divergent and creative perspectives. (CCSS: SL.11-12.1c)

ESSK.03.02.b

Determine best options/outcomes for conflict resolution using critical thinking skills.




Implement an effective group effort that achieves a goal

ESSK.03.02.c

Identify with others’ feelings, needs, and concerns.





ESSK.03.02.d

Implement stress management techniques.



ESSK.03.02.e


Resolve conflicts with/for customers using conflict resolution skills.













ESSK.03.02.f

Implement conflict resolution skills to address staff issues/problems.
















ESSK.03.03

Identify, write and monitor workplace performance goals to guide progress in assigned areas of responsibility and accountability.

ESSK.03.03.a

Write realistic performance goals, objectives and action plans.



ESSK.03.03.b

Monitor performance goals and adjust as necessary.



ESSK.03.03.c

Recognize goal achievement using appropriate rewards in the workplace.


Self-evaluate roles in the preparation and completion of the group goal



ESSK.03.03.d

Communicate goal achievement with managers and co-workers.




ESSK.03.04

Conduct technical research to gather information necessary for decision-making.

ESSK.03.04.a

Align the information gathered to the needs of the audience.



ESSK.03.04.b

Gather technical information and data using a variety of resources.



ESSK.03.04.c

Analyze information and data for value to the research objectives.





ESSK.03.04.d

Evaluate information and data to determine value to research objectives.


Identify and evaluate potential sources of information for accuracy, reliability, validity, and timeliness






ESSK.04

Information Technology Applications: Use information technology tools specific to the career cluster to access, manage, integrate, and create information.

ESSK.04.01

Use Personal Information Management (PIM) applications to increase workplace efficiency.

ESSK.04.01.a

Manage personal schedules and contact information.



ESSK.04.01.b

Create memos and notes.



ESSK.04.02

Employ technological tools to expedite workflow.

ESSK.04.02.a

Use information technology tools to manage and perform work responsibilities.

RWC10-GR.10-S.3-

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products, taking advantage of technology's capacity


GLE.3-EO.f

to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically. (CCSS: W.9-10.6)

ESSK.04.03

Operate electronic mail applications to communicate within a workplace.

ESSK.04.03.a

Use email to share files and documents.



ESSK.04.03.b

Identify the functions and purpose of email systems.



ESSK.04.03.c

Use email to communicate within and across organizations.



ESSK.04.04

Operate Internet applications to perform workplace tasks.

ESSK.04.04.a

Access and navigate Internet (e.g., use a web browser).



ESSK.04.04.b


Search for information and resources.



ESSK.04.04.c

Evaluate Internet resources for reliability and validity.





ESSK.04.05

Operate writing and publishing applications to prepare business communications.

ESSK.04.05.a

Prepare simple documents and other business communications.














ESSK.04.05.b

Prepare reports and other business communications by integrating graphics and other non-text elements.














ESSK.04.05.c

Prepare complex multi-media publications.







ESSK.04.06

Operate presentation applications to prepare presentations.

ESSK.04.06.a

Prepare presentations for training, sales and information sharing.








ESSK.04.06.b

Deliver presentations with supporting materials.









ESSK.04.07

Employ spreadsheet applications to organize and manipulate data.

ESSK.04.07.a

Create a spreadsheet.




ESSK.04.07.b

Perform calculations and analyses on data using a spreadsheet.

ESSK.04.08

Employ database applications to manage data.

ESSK.04.08.a

Manipulate data elements.



ESSK.04.08.b

Manage interrelated data elements.



ESSK.04.08.c

Analyze interrelated data elements.



ESSK.04.08.d

Generate reports showing interrelated data elements.


Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the


research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. (CCSS: W.9-10.8)

ESSK.04.09

Employ collaborative/groupware applications to facilitate group work.

ESSK.04.09.a

Facilitate group work through management of shared schedule and contact information.






Participate in the preparations of the group activity or product, defining and assuming individual roles and responsibilities

ESSK.04.09.b

Facilitate group work through management of shared files and online information.







ESSK.04.09.c

Facilitate group work through instant messaging or virtual meetings.








ESSK.04.10

Employ computer operations applications to manage work tasks.

ESSK.04.10.a

Manage computer operations.



ESSK.04.10.b

Manage file storage.



ESSK.04.10.c

Compress or alter files.



ESSK.04.11

Use computer-based equipment (containing embedded computers or processors) to control devices.

ESSK.04.11.a


Operate computer-driven equipment and machines.



ESSK.04.11.b

Use installation and operation manuals.



ESSK.04.11.c

Troubleshoot computer driven equipment and machines.







ESSK.04.11.d

Access support as needed to maintain operation of computer driven equipment and machines.








ESSK.05

SYSTEMS: Understand roles within teams, work units, departments, organizations, interorganizational systems, and the larger environment. Identify how key organizational systems affect organizational performance and the quality of products and services. Understand global context of industries and careers.

ESSK.05.01

Describe the nature and types of business organizations to build an understanding of the scope of organizations.

ESSK.05.01.a

List the types and functions of businesses.



ESSK.05.01.b

Describe the types and functions of businesses.




Deliberately manipulate the conventions of standard English for stylistic effect appropriate to the needs of a particular audience and purpose

ESSK.05.01.c

Explain the functions and interactions of common departments within a business.





Deliberately manipulate the conventions of standard English for stylistic effect appropriate to the needs of a particular audience and purpose

ESSK.05.02

Implement quality control systems and practices to ensure quality products and services.

ESSK.05.02.a

Describe quality control standards and practices common to the workplace.



ESSK.06

SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL: Understand the importance of health, safety, and environmental management systems in organizations and their importance to organizational performance and regulatory compliance. Follow organizational policies and procedure

ESSK.06.01

Implement personal and jobsite safety rules and regulations to maintain safe and healthful working conditions and environments.

ESSK.06.01.a

Assess workplace conditions with regard to safety and health.



ESSK.06.01.b

Align safety issues with appropriate safety standards to ensure a safe workplace/jobsite.




Implement a purposeful and articulated process to solve a EO.c problem


ESSK.06.01.c

Identify safety hazards common to workplaces.



ESSK.06.01.d

Identify safety precautions to maintain a safe worksite.



ESSK.06.01.e

Select appropriate personal protective equipment as needed for a safe workplace/jobsite.



ESSK.06.01.f

Inspect personal protective equipment commonly used for selected career pathway.



ESSK.06.01.g

Use personal protective equipment according to manufacturer rules and regulations.



ESSK.06.01.h

Employ a safety hierarchy and communication system within the workplace/jobsite.






ESSK.06.01.i

Implement safety precautions to maintain a safe worksite.



ESSK.06.02

Complete work tasks in accordance with employee rights and responsibilities and employers obligations to maintain workplace safety and health.

ESSK.06.02.a

Identify rules and laws designed to promote safety and health in the workplace.




ESSK.06.02.b

State the rationale of rules and laws designed to promote safety and health.





ESSK.06.03

Employ emergency procedures as necessary to provide aid in workplace accidents.

ESSK.06.03.a

Use knowledge of First Aid procedures as necessary.




ESSK.06.03.b

Use knowledge of CPR procedures as necessary.



ESSK.06.03.c

Use safety equipment as necessary.



ESSK.06.04

Employ knowledge of response techniques to create a disaster and/or emergency response plan.

ESSK.06.04.a

Complete an assessment of an emergency and/or disaster situation.





ESSK.06.04.b

Create an emergency and/or disaster plan.





ESSK.07

LEADERSHIP AND TEAMWORK: Use leadership and teamwork skills in collaborating with others to accomplish organizational goals and objectives.


ESSK.07.01

Employ leadership skills to accomplish organizational goals and objectives.

ESSK.07.01.a

Analyze the various roles of leaders within organizations (e.g. contribute ideas; share in building an organization; act as role models to employees by adhering to company policies, procedures, and standards; promote the organization’s vision; and mentor



ESSK.07.01.b

Exhibit traits such as empowerment, risk, communication, focusing on results, decision-making, problem solution, and investment in individuals when leading a group in solving a problem.


Assume a leadership role in a group that is collaboratively working to accomplish a goal



ESSK.07.01.c

Exhibit traits such as compassion, service, listening, coaching, developing others, team development, and understanding and appreciating others when acting as a manager of others in the workplace.



ESSK.07.01.d

Exhibit traits such as enthusiasm, creativity, conviction, mission, courage, concept, focus, principle-centered living, and change when interacting with others in general.


Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 9-10 topics, texts, and issues,


building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. (CCSS: SL.9-10.1) a.i-Come to discussions prepared, having read and researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence from texts and other research on the topic or issue to stimulate a thoughtful,

ESSK.07.01.e

Consider issues related to self, team, community, diversity, environment, and global awareness when leading others.



ESSK.07.01.f

Exhibit traits such as innovation, intuition, adaptation, life-long learning and coachability to develop leadership potential over time.



ESSK.07.01.g

Analyze leadership in relation to trust, positive attitude, integrity, and willingness to accept key responsibilities in a work situation.



ESSK.07.01.h

Describe observations of outstanding leaders using effective management styles.





Analyze the purpose, question at issue, information, points of view, implications and consequences, inferences, assumptions and concepts inherent in thinking

ESSK.07.01.i

Participate in civic and community leadership and teamwork opportunities to enhance skills.





ESSK.07.02

Employ organizational and staff development skills to foster positive working relationships and accomplish organizational goals.

ESSK.07.02.a

Implement organizational skills when facilitating others’ work efforts.



ESSK.07.02.b

Explain how to manage a staff that satisfies work demands while adhering to budget constraints.





ESSK.07.02.c

Describe how staff growth and development to increase productivity and employee satisfaction.




ESSK.07.02.d

Organize team involvement within a group environment.

RWC10-GR.12-

Work with peers to promote civil, democratic discussions and decision-

S.1-GLE.2-EO.a

Making, set clear goals and deadlines, and establish individual roles as needed. (CCSS: SL.11-12.1b)



ESSK.07.02.e

Work with others to develop and gain commitment to team goals.



ESSK.07.02.f

Distribute responsibility and work load fairly.





ESSK.07.02.g

Model leadership and teamwork qualities to aid in employee morale.



ESSK.07.02.h


Identify best practices for successful team functioning.







ESSK.07.02.i

Explain best practices for successful team functioning.





ESSK.07.03

Employ teamwork skills to achieve collective goals and use team members' talents effectively.

ESSK.07.03.a

Work with others to achieve objectives in a timely manner.





RWC10-GR.12-S.1-



ESSK.07.03.b

Promote the full involvement and use of team members' individual talents and skills.



ESSK.07.03.c

Employ conflict-management skills to facilitate solutions.





ESSK.07.03.d

Demonstrate teamwork skills through working cooperatively with coworkers, supervisory staff, and others, both in and out of the organization, to achieve particular tasks.



ESSK.07.03.e

Demonstrate teamwork processes that provide team building, consensus, continuous improvement, respect for the opinions of others, cooperation, adaptability, and conflict resolution.






ESSK.07.03.f

Develop plans to improve team performance.


Critique and offer suggestions for improving presentations given by own group and other groups

ESSK.07.03.g

Demonstrate commitment to and a positive attitude toward team goals.



ESSK.07.03.h

Take responsibility for shared group and individual work tasks.



ESSK.07.03.i

Assist team members in completing their work.



ESSK.07.03.j

Adapt effectively to changes in projects and work activities.





ESSK.07.03.k

Negotiate effectively to arrive at decisions.




ESSK.07.04

Establish and maintain effective working relationships with all levels of personnel and other departments in order to accomplish objectives and tasks.

ESSK.07.04.a

Build effective working relationships using interpersonal skills.


Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 9-10 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. (CCSS: SL.9-10.1) a.i-Come to discussions prepared, having read and researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence from texts and other research on the topic or issue.

ESSK.07.04.b

Use positive interpersonal skills to work cooperatively with coworkers representing different cultures, genders and backgrounds.



ESSK.07.04.c

Manage personal skills to accomplish assignments.



ESSK.07.04.d

Treat people with respect.







ESSK.07.04.e

Provide constructive praise and criticism.



ESSK.07.04.f

Demonstrate sensitivity to and value for diversity.



ESSK.07.04.g

Manage stress and control emotions.



ESSK.07.05

Conduct and participate in meetings to accomplish work tasks.

ESSK.07.05.a

Develop meeting goals, objectives and agenda.








ESSK.07.05.b

Assign responsibilities for preparing materials and leading discussions.



ESSK.07.05.c

Prepare materials for leading discussion.









ESSK.07.05.d

Assemble and distribute meeting materials.




ESSK.07.05.e

Conduct meeting to achieve objectives within scheduled time.



ESSK.07.05.f

Demonstrate effective communication skills in meetings.







ESSK.07.05.g

Produce meeting minutes including decisions and next steps.








ESSK.07.05.h

Use parliamentary procedure, as needed, to conduct meetings.



ESSK.07.06

Employ mentoring skills to inspire and teach others.

ESSK.07.06.a

Use motivational techniques to enhance performance in others.



ESSK.07.06.b

Provide guidance to enhance performance in others.




Critique and offer suggestions for improving presentations given by own group and other groups

ESSK.08

ETHICS AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES: Know and understand the importance of professional ethics and legal responsibilities.

ESSK.08.01

Apply ethical reasoning to a variety of workplace situations in order to make ethical decisions.

ESSK.08.01.a


Evaluate alternative responses to workplace situations based on legal responsibilities and employer policies.





ESSK.08.01.b

Evaluate alternative responses to workplace situations based on personal or professional ethical responsibilities.





ESSK.08.01.c

Identify personal and long-term workplace consequences of unethical or illegal behaviors.



ESSK.08.01.d

Explain personal and long-term workplace consequences of unethical or illegal behaviors.



ESSK.08.01.e


Determine the most appropriate response to workplace situations based on legal and ethical considerations.





ESSK.08.01.f

Explain the most appropriate response to workplace situations based on legal and ethical considerations.





ESSK.08.02

Interpret and explain written organizational policies and procedures to help employees perform their jobs according to employer rules and expectations.

ESSK.08.02.a

Locate information on organizational policies in handbooks and manuals.



ESSK.08.02.b

Discuss how specific organizational policies and procedures influence a specific work situation.












ESSK.09

Employability and Career Development: Know and understand the importance of employability skills. Explore, plan, and effectively manage careers. Know and understand the importance of entrepreneurship skills.

ESSK.09.01

Identify and demonstrate positive work behaviors and personal qualities needed to be employable.

ESSK.09.01.a

Demonstrate self-discipline, self-worth, positive attitude, and integrity in a work situation.


Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of their logic and logic of others by using criteria including relevance, clarity, accuracy, fairness, significance, depth, breadth, logic and precision

ESSK.09.01.b

Demonstrate flexibility and willingness to learn new knowledge and skills.





ESSK.09.01.c

Exhibit commitment to the organization.



ESSK.09.01.d

Identify how work varies with regard to site, from indoor confined spaces to outdoor areas, including aerial space and a variety of climatic and physical conditions.



ESSK.09.01.e

Apply communication strategies when adapting to a culturally diverse environment.



ESSK.09.01.f

Manage resources in relation to the position (i.e. budget, supplies, computer, etc).

ESSK.09.01.g

Identify positive work-qualities typically desired in each of the career cluster's pathways.



ESSK.09.01.h

Manage work roles and responsibilities to balance them with other life roles and responsibilities.









ESSK.09.02

Develop a personal career plan to meet career goals and objectives.

ESSK.09.02.a

Develop career goals and objectives as part of a plan for future career direction.



ESSK.09.02.b

Develop strategies to reach career objectives.



ESSK.09.03

Demonstrate skills related to seeking and applying for employment to find and obtain a desired job.

ESSK.09.03.a

Use multiple resources to locate job opportunities.










ESSK.09.03.b

Prepare a résumé.






Seek and use an appropriate style guide to govern conventions for a particular audience and purpose



ESSK.09.03.c

Prepare a letter of application.










ESSK.09.03.d

Complete an employment application.









ESSK.09.03.e

Interview for employment.



Make decisions about how to establish credibility and enhance appeal to the audience


Rehearse the presentation to gain fluency, to adjust tone and modulate volume for emphasis, and to develop poise


Deliver formal oral presentations for intended purpose and audience, using effective verbal and nonverbal communication



Deliver oral talks with clear enunciation, vocabulary, and appropriate organization; nonverbal gestures; and tone

ESSK.09.03.f

List the standards and qualifications that must be met in order to enter a given industry.









ESSK.09.03.g

Employ critical thinking and decision-making skills to exhibit qualifications to a potential employer.




ESSK.09.04

Maintain a career portfolio to document knowledge, skills and experience in a career field.

ESSK.09.04.a

Select educational and work history highlights to include in a career portfolio.


Make decisions about how to establish credibility and enhance appeal to the audience

ESSK.09.04.b

Produce a record of work experiences, licenses, certifications and products.





ESSK.09.04.c

Organize electronic or physical portfolio for use in demonstrating knowledge, skills and experiences.

RWC10-GR.10-S.3-

Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products, taking advantage of technology's capacity

GLE.3-EO.f

to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically. (CCSS: W.9-10.6)






ESSK.09.05

Demonstrate skills in evaluating and comparing employment opportunities in order to accept employment positions that match career goals.

ESSK.09.05.a

Compare employment opportunities to individual needs and career plan objectives.



ESSK.09.05.b

Evaluate employment opportunities based upon individual needs and career plan objectives.



ESSK.09.05.c

Demonstrate appropriate methods for accepting or rejecting employment offers.





ESSK.09.06

Identify and exhibit traits for retaining employment to maintain employment once secured.


ESSK.09.06.a

Model behaviors that demonstrate reliability and dependability.



ESSK.09.06.b

Maintain appropriate dress and behavior for the job to contribute to a safe and effective workplace/jobsite.



ESSK.09.06.c

Complete required employment forms and documentation such as I-9 form, work visa, W-4 and licensures to meet employment requirements.



ESSK.09.06.d

Summarize key activities necessary to retain a job in the industry.



ESSK.09.06.e

Identify positive work behaviors and personal qualities necessary to retain employment.



ESSK.09.07


Identify and explore career opportunities in one or more career pathways to build an understanding of the opportunities available in the cluster.

ESSK.09.07.a

Locate and identify career opportunities that appeal to personal career goals.







ESSK.09.07.b

Match personal interest and aptitudes to selected careers.





ESSK.09.08

Recognize and act upon requirements for career advancement to plan for continuing education and training.

ESSK.09.08.a

Identify opportunities for career advancement.




ESSK.09.08.b

Pursue education and training opportunities to acquire skills necessary for career advancement.



ESSK.09.08.c

Examine the organization and structure of various segments of the industry to prepare for career advancement.



ESSK.09.08.d

Research local and regional labor (workforce) market and job growth information to project potential for advancement.



ESSK.09.08.e

Manage employment relations to make career advancements.



ESSK.09.09

Continue professional development to keep current on relevant trends and information within the industry.


ESSK.09.09.a

Use self assessment, organizational priorities, journals, Internet sites, professional associations, peers and other resources to develop goals that address training, education and selfimprovement issues.



ESSK.09.09.b

Read trade magazines and journals, manufacturers’ catalogues, industry publications and Internet sites to keep current on industry trends.





ESSK.09.09.c

Participate in relevant conferences, workshops, mentoring activities and in-service training to stay current with recent changes in the field.



ESSK.09.10

Examine licensing, certification and credentialing requirements at the national, state and local levels to maintain compliance with industry requirements.

ESSK.09.10.a

Examine continuing education requirements related to licensing, certification, and credentialing requirements at the local, state and national levels for chosen occupation.






ESSK.09.10.b

Examine the procedures and paperwork involved in maintaining and updating licensure, certification and credentials for chosen occupation.





ESSK.09.10.c

Align ongoing licensing, certification and credentialing requirements to career plans and goals.





ESSK.09.11

Examine employment opportunities in entrepreneurship to consider entrepreneurship as an option for career planning.

ESSK09.11.a

Describe the opportunities for entrepreneurship in a given industry.




ESSK.10

Technical Skills: Use of technical knowledge and skills required to pursue careers in all career clusters, including knowledge of design, operation, and maintenance of technological systems critical to the career cluster.

ESSK.10.01

Employ information management techniques and strategies in the workplace to assist in decision-making.

ESSK.10.01.a

Use information literacy skills when accessing, evaluating and disseminating information.











ESSK.10.01.b

Describe the nature and scope of information management.




ESSK.10.01.c

Maintain records to facilitate ongoing business operations.







ESSK.10.02

Employ planning and time management skills and tools to enhance results and complete work tasks.

ESSK.10.02.a

Develop goals and objectives.



RWC10-GR.9-S.4-


ESSK.10.02.b

Prioritize tasks to be completed.





ESSK.10.02.c


Develop timelines using time management knowledge and skills.





ESSK.10.02.d

Use project-management skills to improve workflow and minimize costs.





Pathway: Transportation Operations

Plan of Study: Mechanic

Career Goal (O*Net Code): Examples:

Commercial Pilot (53-2012), Flight Attendant (39-6031), Air Traffic Controller (53-2021), Railyard Engineer (53-4013), Switch Repair (49-9097), Ship Engineer (53-5031), Dispatcher (43-5032), Truck Driver (53-3032), Taxi Driver (53-3041), Bus Driver (53-3021), Transportation Manager (Air, Rail, Water, Road, Mass Transit) (11-3071).

Suggested High School Courses

Hig

h Sc

hool

* D

efau

lt in

clud

es C

DH

E H

ighe

r Edu

catio

n

9th

Core Academic Courses*:

English I, Algebra I, Earth or Environmental Science, State

History/Civics

Suggested Electives:

Insert Recommended Electives Here

Career Path Courses: Information Technology applications


English II, Geometry, Biology, US History, Foreign

Language I



Career Path Courses:

Health, Safety and Security in the Transportation Industry


Adm

issi

on R

equi

rem

ents 11

th

Core Academic Courses*: English III, Algebra II/ or other, Chemistry




Technological Systems, Transportation, Distribution and Logistics Systems

12th


English IV, Trigonometry or other Math, Botany or other

lab based science




Ethics and Legal Issues, Facility and Mobile Equipment Maintenance Systems

Secondary to Postsecondary Linkages & Certifications

Rec

ogni

tion

for

Adv

ance

d Le

arni

ng

Postsecondary Credit Options:

Insert Options Here: ACP, Dual Credit, PSEO, Fast College-Fast Jobs, Articulated Credit

Industry Recognized Certificate(s) or License(s):

Insert Certification Options

Postsecondary Programs Available in Colorado Colorado InstitutionsEntrance Exams/

Requirements

Post

seco

ndar

y Ed

ucat

ion

Opp

ortu

nitie

s

Cer

tific

ate Aviation Maintenance, Aviation

Technology, Electronics Technology, Aircraft Maintenance, Airport Management

AVS: Emily Griffith Opportunity School, Pickens Technical College, San Juan Basin Technical College

Community Colleges/Colleges: Colorado Northwestern, Mesa State, Metro State, Pueblo, Aims, Front Range

High School diploma/GED

Ass

ocia

te D

egre

e

Aviation Technology, Aviation Maintenance, Electronics Technology, Industrial Electrician, Electronic Engineering Technology

Community Colleges/Colleges: Colorado Northwestern, Mesa State, Pueblo, Aims, Front Range, Pikes Peak

High School diploma/GED

Bac

helo

r Deg

ree

Aviation Management, Aviation Technology, Mechanical Engineering Technology, Aerospace Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Engineering Physics

For more information about colleges that have these programs go to www.CollegeinColorado.org

See each school's Admissions website.


http://www.collegeincolorado.org/


Gra

duat

e D

egre

e

Aerospace Engineering, MS & PhD, Mechanical Engineering, MS & PhD, Electrical Engineering, MS & PhDMechanical & Aerospace Engineering, PhD, Engineering Systems, MS

For more information about colleges that have these programs go to www.CollegeinColorado.org

See each school's Admissions website.

Cluster Overview: The Transportation, Distribution and Logistics Career Cluster prepares students in planning, management, and movement of people, materials, and goods by road, pipeline, air, rail and water and related professional and technical support services such as transportation infrastructure planning and management, logistics services, mobile equipment and facility maintenance.

Extended Learning Experiences

Curricular Experiences:

Examples:

SkillsUSA

Extracurricular Experiences:

Examples:

Student Council

Work-Based Learning Experiences:

Career Preparation – Paid and Unpaid, Job Shadowing,

Internships

Program Accreditation and/or Professional Association(s):

Examples:

Air Transport Association

Airline Pilots Association

Allied Pilots

American Boat and Yacht Council

American Bus Association

American Trucking Association

Association of American Railroads

Independent Pilots Association

Intermodal Association of North America

Southwest Chapter of the American Association of Airport Executives

United Motorcoach Association

Service Learning Experiences:

Examples: Habitat for Humanity, Community Organizations, Tutoring/Mentoring Programs




Career Options: Salary Range:

Cer

tific

ate

Dispatcher

Truck Driver

Taxi Driver

Bus Driver

Chauffeur

$$

Ass

ocia

te D

egre

e Flight Attendant

Rail Yard Engineer

Transportation SupervisorSwitch Operator/Repairer

$$$

Bac

helo

r Deg

ree Air Traffic Controller

Commercial Pilot

Aviation Inspector

$$$ - $$$$

Gra

duat

e D

egre

e

Transportation Manager (Air, Rail, Water, Road, Mass Transit)

Ship EngineerShip Pilot

Federal Aviation Administration Official

$$$ - $$$$

* $ = $15-25,000; $$ = $25-55,000; $$$ = $55-90,000; $$$$ = Above $90,000

Insert Institution Name Here does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, disability or age in its programs or activities. Please direct inquiries to: Insert name, address and telephone number of AA/EEO officer


Glossary of Terms

AARA

The American Auto Racing Association, located in Spokane, Washington.

ADRA

American Drag Racing Association, located in Spokane, Washington.

AHRA

American Hot Rod Association

AMS

Atlanta Motor Speedway

ARCA

Automobile Racing Club of America, the little brother to the Winston Cup racing (ARCA is two levels below). ARCA sports similar cars with shorter races and small pay-outs.

Absolute Title

A document that states a person or a legal entity has the right of ownership.

Accident

An unforeseen and unintended event or occurrence.

Accumulator

Removes moisture from the liquid refrigerant in an air-conditioning system.

Acquisition Fee

A fee charged by the leasing company to buy the vehicle for the lessee and set up the lease. Also called the initiation fee, this typically runs about $450.

Act of God

Any accident or event that is not by human hand and can not be prevented. Usually a natural cause.

Actual Cash Value (ACV)

Replacement cost of property lost. If your vehicle were stolen, totaled in an accident, or otherwise rendered a loss, the Actual Cash Value is equal to the cost for a similar vehicle at current market prices.


Actuator

A device that performs a mechanical action in response to an input signal, which may be electrical or fluidic.

Additional Insured

A person or company, other than the person named on the account who is protected against damage or loss.

Additional Insured/Loss Payee

Since the lessor owns the leased vehicle, the lessee is required to name the lessor "additional insured" in his insurance liability-coverage policy and as the "loss payee" in his collision and comprehensive policy.

Adjusted Capitalized Cost

The basis for the basic monthly payment.

Adjuster

The person working with the insurance agency who determines the amount of damage, loss, and liability.

Advertised Price, Average

The average listed price for a given year, make and model combination, among the cars currently listed on AutoTrader.com.

Advertised Price, Highest

The highest listed price for a given year, make and model combination, among the cars currently listed on AutoTrader.com.

Advertised Price, Lowest


The lowest listed price for a given year, make and model combination, among the cars currently listed on AutoTrader.com.

Aerodynamics

The wind resistance of a vehicle's design elements. Aerodynamic vehicles claim to offer increased performance and reduced wind noise while moving. See Coefficient of Drag.

Agent


A representative of the insurance agency, licensed by the state, who solicits, negotiates, and countersigns the contract. Also provides service to the policyholder for the insurance agency.

Air Brake

Brakes, usually on heavy-duty trucks, that use compressed air to operate.

Airbag

Safety device using an inflatable cushion that inflates and deflates within a fraction of a second to protect a vehicle occupant.

Airbag Lockout Switch

A device allowing the driver to turn off the front passenger airbag.

Alignment

The proper adjustment of the car's suspension. Generally refers to the wheel alignment.

All-Risks Policy

A policy covering all losses except those specifically excluded in the contract.

All-Season Tires

Tires designed to provide good traction in winter snow and slush without wearing too quickly on dry roads.

All-Terrain Vehicle (ATV)

A small, lightweight vehicle designed for recreational off-highway use.

All-Wheel Drive (AWD)

A vehicle drivetrain with all wheels powered by the engine at all times. Sometimes called full-time four-wheel drive.

Alloy Wheels

Any non-steel road wheel. Mostly aluminum, but technically a mixture of two or more metals.

Alternative Fuels

May be alcohol-based, such as ethanol or methanol; compressed natural gas; or combinations of gasoline and alcohol.


Alternator

Produces alternating current and recharges the battery.

Amortization

The gradual reduction of a debt by periodic payments large enough to meet current interest payments and repay the principal.

Amount Financed

The portion of the purchase price that is actually financed. In addition to the cost of the car, it can include the costs of an extended warranty, credit life insurance, and other items rolled into the payments.

Annual Percentage Rate (APR)

The average compound interest rate over the life of the loan. A yearly rate of interest that includes fees and costs paid to acquire a loan. Lenders are required by law to disclose the annual percentage rate, which is used to compare various loans; it makes simple interest and compound interest loans comparable with each other.

Anti-Lock Brake System (ABS)

A computer-controlled braking system that senses impending wheel lockup and pulses the brakes many times a second to prevent it. This results in the most important benefit of ABS: by preventing wheel lockup, it allows the driver to maintain steering control. Unfortunately, too few drivers are trained to use ABS properly. When the system engages, it may vibrate the brake pedal. A driver who doesn't know how to use ABS may lift his foot from the pedal when he receives this feedback, effectively disengaging the system.


Anti-Roll Bar

A suspension component. A steel rod or tube that connects the left and right suspension members to resist roll or swaying of the vehicle. Improves handling.

Antifreeze

A liquid that mixes with the water in a cooling system of a vehicle's engine. Antifreeze keeps the water from freezing in the winter or cold climates, or from overheating in the summer or hot climates.

Application

An initial statement of personal and financial information which is required to approve your loan.


Appraisal

A survey of the property to assess damage.

Aspect Ratio

The ratio between the width and sidewall (or height) of the tire. Tires with lower aspect ratios, usually found on sports models, provide superior handling but a harsher ride.

Assigned Risk Plan

A risk that must be insured by state law or otherwise.

Auto Mall

Several Dealership operations located on one site.

Automatic Locking Retractor

Standard on 1995 and later models, this device is built into the shoulder belt retractor and keeps the belt cinched tightly, which is essential for properly securing a child-safety seat.

Automatic Temperature Control (ATC)

Automatically controls a vehicle's heating and cooling systems, maintaining a temperature preset by the occupant.

Automatic Transmission

A system that varies the power and torque to a drivetrain without the use of a foot-operated clutch.

Axle

A rotating metal shaft connected to the wheels on either side of the vehicle.

Balance Due

The amount currently due, minus previous payments, plus cash advances and purchases.

Bank Rate

The amount the bank charges the consumer, expressed as a percentage.

Base Price


The price of a vehicle without options but including standard equipment, factory warranty, and freight or destination charge. This price is printed on the Monroney sticker.

Basic Rate

The rate from which discounts or additions are calculated.

Beater

(Slang) A car for everyday transportation. Usually not in perfect condition.

Beltline

A horizontal line, usually imaginary but sometimes indicated by a feature in the body design, just below the window openings on a car or truck body.

Bench Seats

Full-length seat that can usually seat two or three people.

Blanket Insurance

A property-liability insurance that covers more than one piece of property.

Bodily Injury Liability

Any liability that may result from the injury or death of another person.


Body Style

The type of exterior shell or shape to a vehicle (sedan, coupe, truck, etc.).

Booster Seat

This child-safety seat is designed for children who are too large for a baby seat, but not big enough to sit safely in the vehicle's seats.

Bore

Diameter of an individual engine cylinder.

Borg Warner Trophy

Victory in the Indianapolis 500 secures this, the most coveted trophy in Indy Car racing.

Boxer Engine


The cylinders are opposite (180 degrees apart) from each other. Also called flat engines, these are relatively flat compared to In-line or V engines.

Brake Booster

Device or system that helps reduce the force the driver must exert against the brake pedal. May be hydraulic or electric.

Brake Caliper

A hydraulic (liquid-pressured) piston assembly that holds disc-brake pads.

Brake Drum

The large circular surface that the brake shoe presses against to stop the vehicle.

Brake Pad

Used in a disc system, it is a replaceable piece of backing plate and additional friction lining.

Brake Pull

Occurs when the vehicle pulls suddenly to the left or right as the brake pedal is depressed. It indicates the brakes may be out of adjustment.

Brake Rotor

Shiny metal disk that brake pads squeeze to stop the vehicle; hence the name disc brakes.

Brake Shoe

A curved, replaceable piece of friction material used on drum brakes. The wheel cylinder pushes the brake shoes against the brake drum.

Broker

A person who represents the insured to solicit or negotiate for contracts. A broker may deal with many agents or companies on behalf of his or her client.

Bucket Seats

Individual driver or passenger seats.

Bumper-to-bumper

A type of warranty that covers the entire vehicle for a limited amount of time.

Busch Series


Just one level below Winston Cup, some drivers race at both this and Winston Cup level. These races, often run the day before a Winston Cup race, have gained popularity and are now all televised live, nationally.

C-pillar

The vertical metal roof support between the side edge of the rear windshield (also called the backlight) and the rear edge of the rear window.

CAM

The Championship Association of Mechanics, established in 1989, is a non-profit organization that serves the needs of Indy Car crew members. It also acts to publicize their efforts.

CMS

Charlotte Motor Speedway, home of the World 600 Winston Cup Race, now known as the Coca-Cola 600. This is a NASCAR event, also held on Memorial Day.

Camber

Inward or outward tilt of the wheels and tires. This adjustment affects how the vehicle holds the road and handles cornering.

Camshaft


A machined shaft with lobes that open and close engine-cylinder intake and exhaust valves. As the shaft rotates, the lobes push against valve springs to open the valves and rotate away to close them. Driven by the crankshaft.

Capitalized Cost

In a lease transaction, the price at which a financial institution buys a vehicle from a dealer. Equivalent to the cash purchase price if the consumer were buying the vehicle outright, it includes taxes and any other additional charges. Also called Capital Cost.

Capitalized Cost Reduction

In a lease transaction, an up-front payment made at the start of the lease. The lessee can use cash, a rebate or a trade-in. Similar but not equal to a down payment. The lessee must pay sales tax on the cap-cost reduction amount. Also called Capital-Cost Reduction.

Captive Finance Company


A financial institution owned by a manufacturer. Examples include Chrysler Credit, Ford Motor Credit and GMAC.

Carburetor

Device that mixes air with fuel, delivering the mixture into the engine's combustion chambers. Only found on older vehicles. By the mid-1980s, new emissions standards led to the use of fuel-injection systems, which do not require frequent adjustment.

Carrier

The insurance company that provides the insurance.

Casualty Insurance

Insurance covering the insured's legal liability for damage to other person's property or injuries to them. Other forms of insurance, such as burglary, robbery and worker's compensation, belong in this category.

Catalytic Converter

An emissions-control device that removes unburned fuel from the exhaust by burning it.

Catastrophe Hazard

The risk of loss by a peril to which a large number of insured are subject. Typical examples are hurricanes and tornadoes.

Center High-Mounted Stop Light (CHMSL)

NHTSA-required brake light mounted higher than the taillights, at the top center or bottom center of the rear windshield.

Center of Gravity

The point of the car where, if it is suspended, it would balance front and rear.

Center-Locking Differential

On all-wheel drive vehicles, a third differential in addition to those for the front and rear axles. This third differential allows the front and rear wheels to turn at different speeds as needed for cornering on dry pavement. On slippery surfaces, it locks all four wheels together, either automatically or manually depending on the system, for greater traction.

Central Locking System


On a vehicle with power door locks, the system locks or unlocks all doors at one time.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Chemicals formerly used as refrigerants in cooling systems. No longer used because they are considered harmful to the Earth's ozone layer.

Christmas Tree

The pole of lights that starts a drag race, named for its red and green lights. Most drag races use the pro or heads up start which has three lights in between the first (red) and last (green) stage.

Claim

Request for payment of a loss as covered under the terms of an insurance contract.

Clause

The term used to identify a certain section of the contract or policy.

Clearcoat


The transparent top coat of paint on many newer vehicles; designed to create a long-lasting, lustrous appearance.

Climate-Control System

The non-technical term for the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning system (HVAC). Most current vehicles have all three -- heating, defrost and AC.

Closed-End Lease

In a lease contract, specifies the vehicle's residual value at the end of the lease term. The lessee is not responsible for the value of the vehicle at term end, but he may face charges for excess wear-and-tear and excessive mileage. Also called a walk-away lease.

Closing Costs

Any expenses added onto the lease that are incidental to the purchase. (For example, title fees and appraisal fees.)

Clutch

Device that connects or disconnects the engine from the transmission.


Clutch Disk

Presses against the the transmission flywheel to transfer power from the engine to the transmission.

Coefficient of Drag (Cd)

A measure of the aerodynamic resistance of the vehicle body. The smaller the number, the more wind-cheating the body design and the greater likelihood that passengers won't have to endure wind noises.

Coil Spring

A suspension component made up of spiral-wound hardened steel, used to isolate a vehicle from the up-and-down movement of the wheels on the road.

Collateral

Assets owned by the borrower which document his or her ability to repay the loan. Listed assets may be seized by the lending institution if the loan is unpaid.

Collision Coverage

Optional insurance that pays for damage to your car caused by collision with another car or object.

Collusion

The cooperation between two or more people to secretly defraud another person or company.

Combustion Chamber

Top section of the engine cylinder, where the air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug. The explosion of the combustion pushes the piston down into the cylinder, producing the force that the transmission delivers to the drive wheels.

Common Law Liability

The responsibility of injury or loss imposed upon a person because of his or her actions.

Compact

A small car that can seat two to four people.

Compound Interest

Interest computed on the sum of an original principal and accrued interest.


Comprehensive Coverage

Optional insurance that pays for damage to your car caused by things other than collision. For example, if your car is stolen or vandalized.

Compression Ratio

The ratio of the volume within an engine cylinder when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke, compared to the volume in the cylinder when the piston is at the top of its stroke. The higher the ratio, the more compression during combustion and the more powerful the engine.

Compulsory Insurance

Any type of insurance that is required by law.

Concealment

The withholding of facts by an applicant on an insurance application.

Console


This may refer to the unit found between the front driver and passenger seat that contains the automatic transmission shifter, cupholders and a storage compartment. But it can also refer to the section of the instrument panel that includes the controls for the sound system and climate-control system, particularly if the panel flows down the center of the vehicle and includes the automatic-transmission shifter.

Constant-Velocity Joint (CV Joint)

On front-wheel drive and all-wheel drive vehicles, a coupling that allows the front axle to turn at a constant speed at various angles when the vehicle turns. The CV joint is a shaft that transmits engine power from the transmission to the wheel.

Contribution by Equal Shares

Provision in insurance contracts which requires each company to share equally in the loss until the share of each equals the lowest limit of liability under any policy or the full amount of loss is paid.

Conversion

The wrongful use of a property by the person who owns it.

Convertible


Any car with a removable top, either a rag (cloth) top or hard top.

Coolant

Liquid used to carry heat away from the engine. Sometimes called antifreeze.

Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)

The government tracks the average fuel economy of all the vehicles produced in a single model-year by each individual manufacturer. CAFE is that rating.

Coupe

Generally, a two-door car with close-coupled passenger compartment.

Coupe de Ville

A coupe with an enclosed, rear passenger section and an open driver's section.

Craftsman Truck Series

These NASCAR Trucks are similar to a Winston Cup race car, under the skin. The body must be stock and its shape is monitored by NASCAR officials. This new series of races has been called one of the most exciting in motorsports.

Crankshaft

The shaft that converts the up-and-down motion of the pistons into rotation. It is connected to the transmission.

Credit Worthy

A consumer who will qualify for a vehicle loan. Same as a qualified buyer.

Cruise Control

A device that, when set by the driver, will hold the car at the chosen speed.

Crumple Zone

Portions of a vehicle's structure designed to buckle and fold in an impact, absorbing crash force rather than transmitting it to vehicle occupants.

Curb Weight

The weight of the vehicle without passengers, driver or cargo, but with all standard features, a full tank of fuel, and all the fluids necessary for proper function.

Cylinder Block

The main part of the engine to which other parts are attached.


Cylinder Head

At the top of the engine block is the cylinder head which contains intake and exhaust valves. Air and fuel enter the cylinder head through the intake valves and spent leftovers are released after combustion through the exhaust valves.

Damper

A device that reduces vibration.

Daytime Running Lights (DRL)


These lights come on whenever the vehicle is turned on; they make the vehicle more visible to other drivers. Mandatory in Canada and standard equipment on many vehicles sold in the United States.

Dealer Charges

Any extra charges for additional services or products sold by the dealer such as rust-proofing or extended warranties.

Dealer Holdback

Also known as "pack." Manufacturer refund to a dealer after a vehicle is sold. Usually a percentage (2 to 3%) of the MSRP.

Dealer Incentive

A limited time discount offered by the manufacturer to a dealership.

Dealer Incentives

A cash refund or attractive lease or loan rate offered by an automotive manufacturer toward the sale/purchase of a new vehicle.

Dealer Invoice Price

Also called dealer cost. The amount the dealer pays for a car or truck. Deducted from this price may be a dealer incentive, which is a set discount offered for a limited period of time, or a dealer holdback, which is a percentage of the vehicle's wholesale price.

Dealer Preparation Fee

Extra charges for getting the car ready.

Dealer Sticker Price


The base price, or the price on the Monroney sticker, plus the suggested retail price of dealer-installed options, dealer preparation, and add-ons such as undercoating.

Deductible

The amount of money or percentage of expenses that will be covered by the insured.

Default Charges

Fees charged the lessee as a result of missing payments or otherwise defaulting on the lease. Typical charges include all remaining payments and any additional costs incurred in reclaiming the vehicle. The security deposit may also be lost.

Deposit

A sum of money to hold a deal until the paperwork is complete. If the deal is closed, the deposit is applied to the down payment.

Depreciation

The decrease in a vehicle's market value over time. The amount of yearly depreciation is affected by vehicle condition; resale-marketplace supply and demand; and make and model reputation. Convertibles, high-performance cars, trucks and vans tend to depreciate less than other vehicles.

Destination & Delivery Charges

The cost of transporting the vehicle from the assembly plant to the dealership. Usually a flat fee passed on to the buyer without any markup.

Diesel

An internal combustion engine in which the air-fuel mixture is ignited by compression in the cylinder rather than by a spark. Diesel engines use diesel fuel rather than gasoline and tend to be more fuel-efficient and require less maintenance than gasoline engines, but it is more complicated to get them to run cleanly. Also used as a slang term: after turning off the ignition, the engine continues to run for a short period.

Diesel fuel

The fuel used by a diesel engine. Usually found in tractor trailers and other trucks.

Differential

A mechanical gearbox or fluid coupling that allows wheels to rotate at different speeds. Usually located on an axle, it allows the outside wheels to turn faster than the inside wheels during cornering. Four-wheel-drive and all-wheel drive vehicles


have two differentials, one for the rear axle and one for the front. all-wheel drive vehicles also may have a third or center differential on the drive shaft that runs between the front and rear axles.


Ding

A small dent or scrape in the body of the vehicle.

Direct Financing

Arranging the loan directly through a bank or credit union rather than through the dealer.

Direct Loss

Damage or loss directly due to a particular event or peril.

Disc Brakes

Shiny metal discs, called brake rotors, are attached to the wheel hub, rotating with the wheel. When the brake pedal is depressed, the brake calipers squeeze the discs to slow the vehicle. See Brake Caliper and Brake Rotor.

Displacement

The volume displaced by an engine's cylinders. Formerly measured in cubic inches, it is now more commonly expressed in liters.

Disposal Fee

Also called Disposition Fees. Charge for costs associated with picking up and processing the returned car at the end of the lease. This runs from $200 to $400. Sometimes rolled into monthly payments. Often absorbed by dealers when another vehicle is leased.

Distributor

Part of the ignition (electrical) system. Delivers electricity from the ignition coil to the distributor cap and the spark plug wires in the correct firing order. (The firing order is that sequence in which each cylinder begins its power stroke.) The spark plugs ignite the fuel and air mixture in each cylinder thousands of times a minute, producing the explosion that pushes the piston down in the cylinder to power the vehicle.

Double Wishbone Suspension


A type of independent suspension in which the upper and lower support pieces, or members, look somewhat like a wishbone.

Down Payment

The up-front cash payment that the buyer makes to reduce the amount borrowed to purchase a car; the difference between the loan amount and the purchase price. A trade-in allowance and/or rebate also may be used as down payment. The down payment helps protect the bank, credit union or finance company in case the borrower defaults on the loan. A typical down payment is about 20 percent of the vehicle's sale price.

Drafting

A phenomena where two cars running nose to tail together can move faster than an individual vehicle.

Drive Axle

Connects the transaxle to the front wheels on a front-wheel drive vehicle.

Drive Range (EV)

The distance an electric vehicle can drive without re-charging its batteries.

Drive Shaft

A rotating metal shaft that transfers power from the transmission differential gear assembly to the rear wheels on a rear-wheel drive vehicle.

Drive Wheels

The wheels, front, rear, or both, to which the engine transmits its power.

Drivetrain

Vehicle components which act together to move the vehicle forward or backward. On a rear-drive vehicle, it is the combination of the engine, transmission, differential and drive shaft. On a front-drive vehicle, it consists of the engine, transaxle and drive axles.

Drum Brakes

A braking system that uses a metal drum. Brake shoes press against the drum to slow or stop the car.

Dual Overhead Cam (DOHC)



Engine with two camshafts on top of the cylinder head, one to open and close intake valves, the other to open and close exhaust valves. See also Overhead Cam and Overhead Valve.

Early Termination

Ending the lease before the contracted time. May be involuntary, due to theft or accident.

Early Termination Charge

Additional fee charged when a lease is ended before the agreed-upon term. Often represents a substantial penalty.

Earned Premium

The portion of the premium which is already paid from an expired policy term.

Electric Vehicles (EV)

Vehicles powered by electricity, generally using a rechargeable battery.

Electronic Control Module (ECM)

The computer that controls the engine's fuel and emissions systems. Among the devices it controls is the idle air control, or IAC, which regulates the idle speed in fuel-injected engines. Also called the Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

Electronic Fuel Injection System

Injects fuel into the engine's cylinders with electronic control to time and meter the fuel flow.

Electronic Valve Timing (EVT)

System in which a computer controls the timing of the opening and closing of cylinder valves.

End of Lease Payment

In an open-end lease, the amount the lessee pays at the end of the lease; the difference between the vehicle's residual value, which was used to calculate lease payments, and the actual market value.

Engine Displacement

The total of the volume used for combustion inside the cylinders of an engine. Measured in liters on newer models, or in cubic inches on older models.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)


The federal agency that regulates air quality and sets automotive fuel-economy and emissions standards.

Equity

The value left in a used vehicle after subtracting the outstanding loan balance from its market value. For example, if $4,000 is still owed on a car worth $8,000 on the open market, then it has an equity of $4,000.

Escrow

A process in which a neutral third party takes care of the transfer of ownership of the vehicle.

Evaporative Emissions

Evaporated fuel from the carburetor or fuel system which mixes with the surrounding outside air.

Evaporator Core

Part of the climate-control system that contains a liquid refrigerant which turns to gas to absorb heat from the air.

Excess Mileage

Any mileage over the amount agreed upon within the lease. Generally incurs a per-mileage charge at the end of the lease. Experts recommend a yearly mileage limit, or Mileage Cap, that exceeds normal driving needs.

Excess Mileage Charge

Additional charge at the end of the lease for every mile on the odometer over the limit stated in the lease. A typical charge is 15 cents per mile, but the fees can be from 10 cents to 25 cents a mile. It costs less to figure your expected mileage use (or mileage allowance) realistically and prepay than to pay for excess mileage at lease end.

Excess Wear and Tear


Visible damage to a vehicle that is above and beyond what is considered normal wear and tear. Usually specified in the lease contract. Will incur additional cost at lease-end. If possible, negotiate as specifically as you can in the lease what the lessor will consider excess wear and tear.

Exclusion


Any cause, condition, or property which are not covered by the policy.

Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)

Part of the emissions system, it recirculates exhaust gases into the intake manifold, cooling the combustion chamber.

Exhaust Manifold

The passages that route the exhaust gases towards the muffler and exhaust system.

Extended Coverage

A policy that covers any extras that are not in the original policy.

FIA

Federation Internationale De L'Automobile

Factory Equipment

The standard and options that make up the equipment of a used vehicle.

Fan Belt

Transmits power from a crankshaft-driven pulley to an engine fan and other accessories.

Fifth Wheel

Provides a flexible connection between the tractor and the trailer.

Final Drive Ratio

The reduction ratio of the transmission gear set furthest from the engine. In other words, the ratio of the number of rotations of the drive shaft for one rotation of a wheel. In general, a low final drive ratio results in better fuel efficiency, and higher final drive ratio results in better performance.

Firewall

The metal panel that separates the engine compartment from the passenger compartment. It also often includes sound and heat insulation.

First Party Coverage

The compensation for loss or damage from your insurance company rather than the person involved in the accident.


Flat Cancellation

A cancellation of a policy free of any charge or fee.

Flat Rate

A rate that is not subject to any additions or adjustments.

Formula 1

The most popular of all the forms of auto racing, Formula 1 tends to be dominated by European drivers. The parallels to Indy Car racing have lead to the defections of drivers like Nigel Mansell, who seek the greater spoils of victory here in the US.

Fortuitous Event

An unforeseen accident.

Four on the Floor

(Slang) A four-speed manual transmission.

Four-Wheel Drive (4WD)

A transfer case distributes power to both axles in order to drive all four wheels.

Four-Wheel Steering

Vehicle on which all four wheels turn when the driver turns the steering wheel. The rear wheels turn at a smaller angle than the front wheels. This system appeared on a few sports models in the 1980s but was never very popular in North America.

Front-Wheel Drive

Engine power is transmitted to the front wheels, which are the drive wheels. Also front-drive.

Fuel Economy

The number of miles a vehicle gets per gallon.

Fuel Injector


Taking the place of carburetors in the 1980s, the fuel injector is an electrically controlled valve that delivers a precise amount of pressurized fuel into each combustion chamber.

Fuel Pump


A mechanical or electrical pump that pressurizes the fuel system to move gas from the fuel tank to the engine.

Full-Size

A car that is usually four doors and seats anywhere from two to seven people.

Funny Car

This variation of a dragster hides the usual front engine chassis under a lightweight body that looks like a street car.

Fuse

An electrical device that breaks the current in a circuit that is overloaded or shorted; it prevents damage to other components. However, the fuse itself may fail, and the most common repair when a fuse blows is to simply replace it without working on any other electrical component.

GAP Insurance/Protection

Stands for Guaranteed Auto Protection insurance. Extra insurance for lease customers to cover the difference in the actual value of the vehicle and whatever is owed on the lease. Important if the car is stolen or totaled early in the lease term. It also covers the difference in value between what may be paid by an insurance carrier and what is still owed to the leasing company, including future lease payments.

Gas-Charged Shocks

Also called gas-filled shocks. They are shock absorbers filled with a low-pressure gas to smooth the vehicle's ride during up-and-down movement.

Gasket

Any thin, soft material installed between two metal surfaces to create a good seal.

Gasoline Alley

This is the garage area at Indy, where major mechanical work is done on the cars.

General Property Taxes

Any tax on real estate or personal property.

Good Faith

A code of conduct between parties emphasizing honesty during the transaction.

Grand National Circuit


This was the previous name for Winston Cup Racing before R.J. Reynolds became the sponsor in 1972.

Grand Prix

A type of car race popular in Europe. Also, a French term meaning great prize.

Gray Market Vehicle

Any car that is imported, but not through authorized retailers. May have insufficent emissions standards.

Greenhouse

Used in automotive circles to describe all of the windows enclosing the passenger compartment.

Grille

An opening in the front of the vehicle that allows air to reach the radiator.

Gross Capitalized Cost

See Capitalized Cost.

Gross Income

The income of the borrower before taxes or expenses are deducted; used to qualify for a loan or a lease.

Gross Vehicle Weight Rating

The curb weight of the vehicle plus the maximum load it is designed to carry.

Handling

The ease of vehicle steering and maneuverability around turns, up hills, etc.


Hatchback

A passenger car with a full-height rear door that includes a rear window. Usually has a rear folding seat.

Hazard

A situation that may increase the probability of a loss or damage.

Head Room


The distance from the top of an occupant's head to the headliner.

Headliner

The interior covering of the roof. Headliners often contain consoles with slots for garage-door openers and other devices, as well as dome lights and wiring for electrical and electronic components attached to the headliner. The covering usually includes a sound-absorbing material.

Highway Loss Data Institute

Sister organization to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Funded by insurance companies.

Hip Room

The allotted room between a passenger's hips and any other part of the vehicle.

Hold Harmless Agreement

An agreement where one party assumes responsibility.

Holdback

Manufacturer refund to a dealer after a vehicle is sold. Usually a percentage of the MSRP.

Home Equity Loan

A loan secured by the equity in your home. Interest paid is usually tax-deductible. Increasingly, consumers are using home-equity loans instead of consumer loans to purchase items, such as cars, for which conventional-loan interest is not tax-deductible.

Horsepower (hp, bhp)

Abbreviated as hp, as in 200-hp engine, or bhp (brake horsepower or net horsepower) to designate power produced by an engine. In general, the higher the horsepower, the higher the vehicle's top speed. One horsepower is the power needed to lift a 550-pound weight one foot in one second.

Hot Rod

A normal vehicle that has been altered to improve speed and overall appearance or look.

-Beam Suspension

A suspension beam under the car that supports the body in the shape of a capital I.


IHRA

International Hot Rod Association

IMS

Indianapolis Motor Speedway, the site of the Indy 500. This is now an IRL event.

IMSA

International Motor Sports Association, founded by John Bishop in 1969. Sanctions, organizes, markets and officiates professional auto racing events. Season begins in February at Daytona International Speedway and ends in October on the streets of New Orleans.

IRL

Indy Racing League founded by Tony George in 1995 in response to re-occurring feuds and disputes with CART.

IROC

International Race Of Champions

Idle Speed

The speed of the engine at minimum throttle and the engine in neutral.

In-Line Engine

Cylinders are arranged side by side in a row and in a single bank. Most four-cylinder and some six-cylinder engines are in-line engines. In V-6, V-8 or V-12 engines, the cylinders are divided into two banks, each of which is angled away from the other in a 'V.'

Incentive


A cash refund or attractive lease or loan rate offered by an automotive manufacturer toward the purchase of a new vehicle.

Indemnity

A legal principle specifying that the insured not collect more than the actual cash value of a loss but be restored to approximately the same financial position that existed before the loss.

Independent Suspension


A suspension design that lets each wheel move up and down independently of the others. A vehicle can have two-wheel or four-wheel independent suspension; sportier models have four-wheel independent suspension. See also Multi-Link Suspension, Live Axle.

Indy 500

The big race held in Indianapolis every year on Memorial Day weekend.

Indy Lights

One level below Indy car racing, known for its lighter version of actual Indy Cars. This is a stepping stone to the Indy 500.

Inflatable Tubular Restraint

This tube of woven material is stiffer and stays inflated longer than a traditional airbag cushion. The tube protects the occupant's head and torso in a side impact, in part by keeping them away from the point of intrusion. The uninflated tube is tucked into the edge of the roof headliner. The tube is attached at the base of the A-pillar in front of the occupant, and at the roofline behind the occupant. When it inflates, the tube angles across the window to keep the occupants head from hitting the window glass or metal side pillar. Because of the longer time the tubular restraint stays inflated, it is expected to also offer protection in a rollover.

Installment Loan

A loan repaid in separate smaller amounts, typically monthly.

Instrument Panel

The instrument panel contains the gauges in front of the driver; the controls for the sound system and climate-control system; the glove box; vents for the windshield defroster; and the front passenger-side airbag. The instrument panel is often delivered to the factory as a complete module with electronic components already installed.

Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

Sister organization to the Highway Loss Data Institute. Funded by insurance companies.

Insurance Verification

Proof that the borrower has auto insurance.

Integrated Child Seats


May also be called integrated child-safety seats or integrated child-restraint seats. Built-in child seats that fold out of the seatback of a rear seat. Sedans with this option usually have one in the center of the rear seat; minivans may have one or two in the middle seating positions. While NHTSA and every other safety organization stress that any child-restraint seat is better than none, built-in child-restraint seats are considered the safest alternative because they are more securely anchored than a seat attached to seat belts.

Intercooler

Device that cools air as it leaves a turbocharger or supercharger before the air is blown into the engine air intake. Cooling makes the air denser and richer in oxygen, which lets the engine produce more power.

Interest

The cost of the money borrowed, usually expressed as a percentage of the whole.

Interest Rate

The periodic charge, expressed as a percentage, for the use of credit.

Interior Payload

The amount of space or material that can be carried inside the vehicle.

Invoice Price

The initial charge to the dealer from the manufacturer, including freight and delivery charges.


Jalopy

(Slang) An old, dilapidated automobile.

Joint Tenancy

Ownership that is shared by two or more persons.

Keyless Entry

A system for locking and unlocking doors of a vehicle with a central locking system without using the key. Usually, the user controls the locks by pressing a button on a remote key-fob transmitter. Some vehicles have electronic combination locks on the doors near the handle.

Kilometers Per Hour (KPH)


Multiply by 0.621 to convert to miles per hour.

Kit Car

A vehicle that is designed for assembly by the private hobbyist.

Lap-and-Shoulder Belt

A safety belt that secures the driver and/or passenger in the seat with a continuous web of material which fits across the lap and crosses the upper body. It keeps the occupant from jerking forward in the event of a crash. Also called three-way belt, three-point belt, or three-point safety harness.

Lapse

The termination of a policy due to failure to pay the premium.

Leaf Spring

Suspension spring made up of several thin, curved, hardened-steel or composite-material plates attached at the ends to the vehicle underbody. The curved shape of the plates allows them to flex and absorb bumps.

Lean or Rich Fuel Mixture

The fuel mixture is lean when it has too much air, and rich when it has too much fuel. These terms can also be used to refer to adjustments the electronic control module makes to the fuel mixture in response to various driving conditions, particularly on engines with variable-valve technology.

Lease

A contract between lessor and lessee for a specified time period and at a specified payment. The title to the car remains in the name of the lessor as owner of the asset.

Lease Rate

The monthly finance cost of a lease, similar to the interest rate on a conventional loan. Determined by the money factor.

Lease Term

The number of months for which a vehicle is leased.

Lease-End Residual Value

Used to estimate the value of the vehicle at the end of the lease.

Leg Room


With the front seat adjusted all the way back, the distance from the accelerator pedal's heel point to the back of the front seat cushion.

Lemon

(Slang) A vehicle, usually new, that has a large number of defects.

Lessee

The person who leases a vehicle. The party paying for the use of the vehicle (consumer).

Lessor

The person or institution who owns and leases the vehicle to the lessee. The party funding the lease of the vehicle placed in lease service. It can be the dealer, a leasing company, or a financial institution such as a bank or credit union.

Liability

Any legally enforceable obligation.

Liability Coverage


A type of insurance that pays or renders service on behalf of the insured for any loss or damage due to his or her negligence.

Liability Limits

The limit of insurance the company will pay for on a particular policy.

Lien

A legally documented claim against a vehicle by another party to which the vehicle has been offered as security for repayment of a loan or other debt. A lien against the title may make it impossible to sell the vehicle and transfer the title until the lien is cleared.

Lienholder

An individual or company with a financial interest in an insured's vehicle.

Lift Gate

The rear opening on a hatchback.

Liftover


The distance a person must lift an object off the ground to put it in a trunk or cargo bay.

Light-Duty

Adjective that refers to passenger trucks, as opposed to medium-duty or heavy-duty commercial trucks.

Limited-Slip Differential

A device that helps prevent the drive wheels from skidding or losing traction by diverting power from the slipping wheel to the opposite wheel on the same axle.

Line of Credit

An approved loan amount that has not yet been used.

Liter

Engine-displacement measurement, as in 2.0-liter engine.

Live Axle

A solid axle allowing movement of the wheel on one end to affect the opposite wheel. Found on older rear-drive cars and tucks. Also called a rigid axle.

Loan to Value Ratio (LTV)

The ratio of the sales price or appraised value to the loan amount. Obtained by divided price or value into loan amount. A vehicle with a $10,000 price and an $8,000 loan would have a loan-to-value ratio of 80 percent.

Lock or Lock-in

A commitment you obtain from a lender assuring you a particular interest rate for a definite time period. Protects you in case interest rates rise during the approval process, or between the time you apply for the loan and actually receive the money you have borrowed.

Loss

The amount sought through an insurer's claim.

M+S Rating

A tire rating which indicates a tire designed to perform well in mud and snow.

MIS

Michigan International Speedway. Site of the 1996 US 500, a CART event.


MSRP

The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price. The recommended selling price for a vehicle as set by the manufacturer.

MacPherson Strut

A MacPherson strut is a unit that includes a damper or shock absorber cartridge inside a large, long metal spring. MacPherson struts are used over the front wheels of most front-drive cars. Replacement of MacPherson strut cartridges requires a spring compressor.

Make

The manufacturer of the vehicle (BMW, Chrysler, Honda).

Malicious Mischief

The purposeful damaging of another's property.

Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor (MAP sensor)


Detects engine load by measuring air pressure or vacuum in the intake manifold.

Manual Transmission

A transmission that varies the power and torque through a foot pedal controlled clutch and a floor-mounted or steering-shaft-mounted gear selection lever.

Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price (MSRP)

The suggested selling price of the vehicle. Does not include destination charges, optional equipment, or taxes.

Market Value

The price for which something would currently sell.

Mass Airflow Sensor

Device that measures the flow of air entering the throttle housing.

Master Cylinder

A piston-type pump that produces pressure in the brake hydraulic system.

Medical Payments Coverage


Optional insurance that pays for medical and/or funeral expenses for the driver and passenger of a vehicle.

Mid-Size

A medium size car designed to seat four to six passengers.

Mileage Allowance

The lessee's estimate of how much mileage he will drive during the lease term. If the lessee underestimates how much he drives, he will face an excess mileage charge at lease end.

Mileage Cap

In a lease transaction, the maximum number of miles the vehicle can be driven by the end of the lease. There is a per-mile penalty for exceeding this limit.

Mileage Charges

Fees assessed if lessee drives more than the contracted mileage limit.

Miles Per Gallon

Fuel economy measurement. Abbreviated as mpg. Generally, a vehicle sticker may offer mpg ratings for city driving, highway driving, and combined driving.

Minimum Ground Clearance

The distance between the ground and the lowest point of the vehicle chassis (usually the axle). A vehicle can drive over any object shorter than its minimum ground clearance.

Minimum Premium

The smallest premium that an insurance company will accept for payment on a policy.

Model

The style of the vehicle produced by the manufacturer (Ford Mustang, Chrysler LeBaron, Honda Civic).

Money Factor

The money factor is used to determine the lease rate. For all intents and purposes it is the lease equivalent of the interest rate on a conventional loan. The money factor is the current annual percentage rate divided by 24. To figure out the equivalent interest rate, multiply the money factor by 2400. The money factor usually has two


zeroes after the decimal point before the rest of the number, for example 0.004133, so any differences in the figure seem very small, but translated into an interest rate they can make a great difference in the actual finance cost of a lease.

Monroney Sticker Price

The price which appears on the label showing the base price, installed options, transportation charge, and fuel economy. Required by law, it may not be removed by anyone other than the purchaser.

Moonroof

A window-type opening in the roof of the car that can open or tilt up or down. See Sunroof.

Morale Hazard

"It's insured; so why worry?" This attitude usually increases the probability of loss or damage.

Muffler

The exhaust system device in the tailpipe that reduces engine noise. Some vehicles have more than one muffler along the tailpipe.


Multi-Link Suspension

Independent suspension controlled with several link arms that restrict undesired motion of the suspension for a smoother ride and more precise handling.

Multi-Port Fuel Injection

An electronic fuel-injection method that uses individual injectors to spray fuel directly into each intake port, bypassing the intake manifold. Also called multi-point fuel injection.

Multiple Security Deposits

A lessee may choose to pay additional security deposits (or monthly payments up-front) in exchange for a lower monthly lease payment via a reduced money factor, which reduces the monthly charges.

NASCAR

National Association of Stock Car Auto Racing; the governing body which sets the rules and regulations for stock car racing.


NHRA

National Hot Rod Association

Named Insured

The person or company that is designated as the insured.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)

The federal agency that creates safety regulations for cars and trucks, crash-tests them, and analyzes safety-related defects that may require recalls.

Negative Equity

The amount owed on a vehicle loan is greater than its market value.

Negligence

Failure to use a certain degree of care.

New Car Assessment Program (NCAP)

One of several crash-test programs run by NHTSA. Cars are crashed head-on into a rigid barrier at 35 mph, and instrumented dummies measure crash forces endured by properly restrained occupants. NHTSA assigns each tested vehicle a score indicating the likelihood of moderate, severe or fatal injury.

Nitromethane

A mixture of nitric acid and methane which is used to fuel TOP Fuel Dragsters and Funny Cars; is also called nitro or top fuel.

No-Fault Insurance

A type of insurance where both parties in an accident file claims regardless of fault.

Non-renewable

The termination of the insurance policy at the expiration date.

OCIR

Orange County International Raceway.

Occurrence

Any event that resulted in a loss or damage to the insured or the insured's property.

Octane


The hydrocarbon substance in gasoline that reduces engine knock or pinging, which is a noise caused by premature ignition of fuel in the cylinder combustion chamber. The higher the octane number, the less chance of premature ignition. High octane, which has a rating above 91, is useful only when recommended by the manufacturer.

Odometer

Indicates the number of miles a vehicle has been driven. It is illegal to tamper with the odometer reading.

Odometer Rollback

The illegal practice of rolling a vehicle's odometer back to indicate that it traveled fewer miles than it actually has.

Odometer Rollover

Occurs when the vehicle's mileage exceeds the mechanical limits of the odometer ? usually 99,999 miles. This must be certified by the seller, under the Truth in Mileage Act.

Open-End Lease


Also called a Finance or Equity Lease. The lessee is responsible for the difference between the agreed-upon residual value and the fair market value of the vehicle at the end of the lease, if the vehicle is worth less than anticipated. For example, if the vehicle has a market value of $8,000 at the end of the lease, and the residual value was set at $10,000, then the lessee owes the leasing company the difference of $2,000. The lessee has the right to an independent appraisal of the vehicle, at his or her own expense. The payments for an open-end lease are generally lower than those for a closed-end lease.

Opportunity Cost

The cost of using money one way as opposed to using it in another, more economically advantageous way. For example, the loss of interest experienced as a result of removing money from a savings account to be used as a down payment on a vehicle.

Optional Equipment

Equipment or features that can be added to a particular model which are not part of the standard package. These usually involve additional cost and can be ordered individually or as part of a package.


Over-insurance

When the insurance is more than the risk of peril.

Overdrive

A transmission gear with a ratio below 1:1, which improves fuel economy by reducing engine revolutions per minute at highway speeds. On a five-speed manual transmission, the fourth and fifth gears are overdrive. On a four-speed automatic transmission, the fourth gear is overdrive. When an overdrive gear set is engaged, the output shaft turns at a higher rate than the input shaft, reducing engine revolutions at cruising or highway speeds.

Overhead Cam (OHC)

The camshaft is on top of the cylinder head on overhead-cam engines. Single overhead-cam (SOHC) engines have a single cam above the cylinder head. Dual overhead-cam (DOHC) engines have two cams above the cylinder head. All overhead-cam engines are also overhead-valve (OHV) engines, which means the intake and exhaust valves sit atop the cylinder head.

Oversteer

Occurs when the rear tires lose adhesion under cornering. In motorsports, this is also called loose. Oversteer can lead to a spin if the driver doesn't reduce acceleration. See also Understeer.

Oxygen Sensor

Measures the amount of oxygen in the exhaust.

PPG

Actually, PPG Industries, founded in 1883 as the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. PPG has been the source of tough urethane finishes on cars racing in the Indianapolis 500 since 1975. In 1980, it became the title sponsor of the PPG Indy Car World Series.

PRO

Professional Racers Organization

PSI

Acronym for pounds per square inch. A pressure measurement used in tire inflation and turbocharger boost.

Pace Car


Seen at NASCAR and Indy races, the pace car leads race cars out of the pole position at beginning of races or after a yellow flag or restart has been called.

Package Shelf

The ledge between the rear seat and the backlight (or rear windshield). The name is misleading because it's a bad idea to put anything on the package shelf. However, it often contains the sound system's rear speakers and, on some vehicles, the CHMSL or center brake light. Sometimes also called the package tray. On European cars the package tray often contains a first-aid kit; on higher-end models it may contain storage compartments.

Papers of Origin

Manufacturer documents used to obtain vehicle titles.

Partial Loss

Any loss that does not completely destroy the property or exhaust the insurance.


Passive Restraint

A device or structure that automatically helps restrain vehicle occupants in an impact. This includes airbags, belt pretensioners, padded knee bolsters, and shoulder belts that are motorized, or attached to the door.

Peril

A cause of a possible loss.

Personal Injury Protection (PIP)

A broad type of medical payments insurance. Usually offers protection for expenses incurred up to a dollar amount.

Physical Damage

A generic term that describes injury or damage to property.

Physical Hazard

The material of the risk itself.

Pick-up

The type of truck with an open cargo bed behind the closed cab.

Pinion


A type of gear that has small teeth that mesh with other, larger gears.

Piston

The heavy, cylindrical metal shaft within each engine cylinder that travels up and down to turn the crankshaft, compress the air and fuel mixture for combustion and expel exhaust gases.

Policy Period

The amount of time that the policy covers (i.e., six months or two years).

Policyholder

The person who has possession of the policy.

Positive Crankcase Ventilation Valve

An emission device that routes oil pan vapors to the intake manifold to be burned during combustion. Also known as the PCV valve.

Positive Equity

The vehicle's market value is greater than the amount the borrower owes on it.

Power Plant

Another name for a vehicle's engine.

Power Steering

A steering system that uses a separate motor or engine power to reduce the effort necessary to turn the front wheels.

Power-to-Weight Ratio

The maximum power output of the vehicle per unit mass. The higher the ratio, the more powerful the vehicle. In comparing several vehicles, this can be a better measurement than engine horsepower or torque because it considers the weight variable. In other words, a car that seems to have a powerful engine but is also heavy may have less get-up-and-go than a vehicle that has a similar or less powerful engine but also weighs less.

Powertrain

The combination of engine and transmission.

Premium

The periodic payment to keep the policy enforced.


Preparation Charges

Charges incurred by the dealer while preparing a vehicle for delivery to the buyer.

Pressure Plate

Holds the clutch disc against the flywheel.

Pretensioner

A device that rapidly yanks in shoulder-belt slack when a crash sensor detects an impact. Some pretensioners are activated by a small explosive charge in the belt retractor; some contain their own inertial sensors. So far, pretensioners are still found on more expensive models, particularly those by European manufacturers. By pulling in belt slack within milliseconds of an impact, pretensioners help


reduce chest and head injury by restricting occupant motion and preventing the occupant from hitting the belt.

Pro Rallies

Road rallies which are very competitive and are run at high speeds on roads closed to the public. Often sponsored by the SCCA.

Pro Start

A method of starting a drag race that differs from most starts in that it only has one amber light between the initial staging and the final lights on the "Christmas Tree."

Projector-Beam Headlights

A headlight that uses a spherical reflector to tightly control the light beam. The bulb or light source directs the light inward, toward the reflector at the back of the headlight assembly, which then projects it forward from the vehicle. These lights are more powerful, accurate and expensive than standard sealed-beam and halogen headlights, and are generally found on sport and luxury models.

Proof of Loss

A formal statement made by the insured to the insurance company regarding a loss.

Property Damage Liability

The protection of the property when not under control of the insured.

Purchase Option


The lessee's right to purchase the vehicle, if he so chooses, at lease end. It's a good idea to negotiate a purchase-option price at the same time you negotiate the capitalized cost and residual value, if possible. Some contracts lock-in a pre-determined value for the vehicle.

Pushrod

A metal rod that transmits the motion of the camshaft to the valve actuators to open and close the valves. Used on engines with overhead valves but without overhead camshafts.

Quarter Panel

Sheet of metal panel that covers the front and rear quarters of the vehicle.

R-12

The chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant, commonly referred to as Freon (a DuPont trademark) or CFC-12, now considered environmentally hazardous but once the key ingredient in automotive air-conditioning systems. A refrigerant is a chemical compound that absorbs, carries and releases heat in an air-conditioning system.

R-134a

The environmentally safe refrigerant now used in air-conditioning systems. It requires a slightly bulkier condenser unit than R-12. Vehicles equipped with R-12 systems can be converted to use R-134a. Since Freon is now banned, expensive and hard to obtain, the conversion may be a good idea when an R-12-based system needs recharging, particularly if technicians detect a leak.

RACMSA

The RAC Motor Sports Association is recognized by the FIA as the governing body of motor sport in Great Britain.

Rack and Pinion Steering

The steering wheel is connected to a pinion gear that meshes with a toothed bar, also called a rack or linear gear. As the pinion turns, the rack moves side to side, moving the steering linkage and causing the front wheels to turn left or right. The ends of the rack are linked to the steering wheel with tie rods.

Radiator

The copper or aluminum device in front of the engine through which hot engine coolant is circulated and cooled. The liquid is then recirculated back through the engine block to cool it.

Rag Top


A convertible with a soft top.

Rally

Competing teams, consisting of a driver and a navigator, are given route instructions, which they must follow exactly. Each team follows the course independently, trying to rack up points based on how well they meet a pre-determined schedule.

Rate


The per unit cost of insurance.

Rear-Wheel Drive (RWD)

The drivetrain in which power is applied through the rear wheels only.

Rebate

An illegal action wherein the agent gives the insured a portion of his or her commission to entice the purchase of insurance.

Rebate

A partial reimbursement from the manufacturer, to either the dealer or buyer, for purchasing a vehicle.

Recall

A manufacturer calls in vehicles to repair defects, usually safety-related. Recalls may be voluntary, requested by the government, or mandated by NHTSA.

Recirculating Ball

A steering mechanism in which the steering shaft turns a worm gear causing a toothed metal block to move back and forth, turning the front wheels. Ball bearings reduce friction between the worm gear and the metal block.

Reconditioning Reserve

Another name for the security deposit when leasing a vehicle.

Red-lining

Unfairly discriminating against a risk because of its location.

Redline


The point on the engine tachometer that indicates the maximum rpm the engine can safely withstand.

Refundable Security Deposit

Money to be held until lease-end as a security method for all lease obligations.

Reimbursement

Payment of the amount according to the loss or damage of property.

Release Fork

Disengages the clutch disc from the flywheel by pressing on the pressure plate release springs.

Renewal

The continuation of coverage that is about to expire.

Rent Charges

The amount charged in addition to the depreciation and any amortized costs.

Residual Value

The estimated value of the vehicle at the end of the lease. Often expressed as a percentage in decimal form. It is based on a vehicle's MSRP. For example, the residual value of a vehicle may be 0.65, or 65% of its MSRP at the end of the lease term. In this example, a car with an MSRP of $20,000 is estimated to be worth $13,000 at the end of the lease term. Residual value may be a negotiable figure. This should be clearly stated in the lease. It is one of the elements used in determining the monthly lease payment and also in deciding whether to buy the vehicle at term end. Also called the walk-away value or guaranteed value.

Retention

The amount of liability that is assumed but not reinsured by the agency.

Revolutions Per Minute (RPM)

Describes at which speed the engine crankshaft is turning.

Rims

The outer edge of a bare wheel.

Risk

Any chance of loss or damage.


Rocker Panel

The body panel that runs beneath a vehicle's doors.

Rollcage

A protective steel cage to prevent driver injury during a rollover.

Rollover


The type of vehicle impact in which the car or truck rolls over on its side, onto its roof, or turns over completely. The biggest cause of injury in a rollover is ejection of the occupant or any part of the occupant. Rollover is a greater risk in any sport-utility vehicle -- because of its high center of gravity -- than in a minivan, pickup truck or passenger car. Rollover can occur immediately upon impact or in the seconds after an impact, which makes it more difficult to protect occupants with traditional airbags. Inflatable tubular restraints and similar designs that stay inflated longer than traditional airbags will be more effective in rollover situations.

Rule of 78

Under a Rule of 78 loan, the interest over the entire life of the loan is divided into 78 equal pieces. The first monthly payment consists of 12 of these pieces, the next of 11 pieces and the rest principal, the third of 10 interest pieces and the rest principal, and so on to the 12th payment, which includes only 1/78 of the interest. Under this type of loan, all the interest due is paid during the first year, and all future payments go toward reducing the principal. A Rule of 78 loan insures that the financier will earn its profit immediately but leaves the borrower with less equity in the early years of the loan. Many dealers advertise that their loans are NOT of this type.

Running Yellow

This indicates that something may be wrong on the track, but the cars are allowed to stay, running at a reduced speed. A quick check by the officials usually resolves the issue and the green light comes back on.

SCCA

The Sports Car Club of America sponsors many racing events in the U.S. It also supplies many of the Race Officials and Workers for Road Racing by other groups. Most SCCA events are geared toward participation by SCCA members.

SCORE Off-Road Desert Championship


Short Course Off-Road Enterprises. SCORE now stages and promotes Off Road Truck races and events. Season starts in Arizona each January, ending in November with the Ford Tecate SCORE Baja 1000.

SRP

Spokane Raceway Park

Safe Driver Plan

Discounts for a good driving record.

Security Deposit

May be required in some lease contracts. It is similar to a security deposit on an apartment. This money is held to cover any payments that might be missed. This deposit may or may not be refundable. It is usually equivalent to one month's lease payment.

Sedan

A two- or four-door car that can hold four to six people. Includes a trunk in the rear.

Sensor Algorithm

An algorithm is a mathematical formula or series of formulas used by an on-board computer or processor to make a decision. In an airbag system, a crash-sensor algorithm determines whether the change in velocity indicates an impact of great enough force to require airbag deployment, based on pre-programmed parameters. If the change in velocity is great enough, the processor sends a signal to the device that inflates the airbag.

Sequential Fuel Injection

A sequential fuel injection system times the opening of the injectors to match the opening of the intake valve into each cylinder.

Settlement

A claim payment.

Shift Interlock

On a vehicle with automatic transmission, a safety device that prevents the driver from shifting out of park unless the brake pedal is depressed.

Shock Absorbers



Suspension device near each wheel that dampens the up-and-down movement of the vehicle. Inside a shock absorber, a piston rides up and down in a cylinder filled with thick fluid or compressed gas. The shock absorber counteracts the up-and-down movement allowed by the springs.

Short-term Policy

A policy written for a period of time that is shorter than usual for that type of coverage.

Side Airbag

An inflatable cushion that fills the space between the door and the occupant to prevent head, torso and pelvis injuries when a vehicle is hit from the side. Side airbags may be stored in the door-trim panel or the outboard side of the seat; they may protect the hip and torso only or also protect the head. A new design, called an inflatable tubular restraint, is stored in the edge of the roof headliner and attached at the base of the A-pillar at the front end and above the doors along the roofline at the other. The device inflates into a somewhat stiff tube that prevents the occupant's head from hitting the side pillar or the window.

Side-Impact

Federal safety regulations require that vehicles absorb a certain amount of force when hit from the side. To meet side-impact standards, automakers have stiffened side-impact beams, which resist intrusion into the passenger compartment, and added safety devices such as side airbags and extra padding, which are designed to push the occupant toward the interior of the vehicle and away from the point of intrusion.

Simple Interest

Interest paid or computed only on the original principal of a loan.

Single Overhead Cam (SOHC)

An engine with a single overhead cam generally has one intake and one exhaust valve per cylinder; the single cam opens and closes both valves. See also Overhead Cam and Dual Overhead Cam.

Single Pay Advantage

The lessee pays the entire lease amount in one payment in exchange for a lower money factor. Single-pay advantage was designed to overcome cash customers' objections to monthly payments. Unlike an actual cash purchase, however, the lessee still pays the financing cost.

Slicks


A type racing tire characteristically very wide with no tread.

Smart Airbag

Smart airbags don't exist yet, but NHTSA expects automakers and their suppliers to have them perfected sometime after the year 2000. There are many designs, but each contains similar elements including a system of sensors and mathematical algorithms to detect the presence or absence of an occupant in the seat; to determine the size, weight and nature of any occupant (including whether it is a rear-facing infant and determine whether the occupant is an adult, a dog, a bag of groceries or a rear-facing infant seat); and to determine whether the occupant is too close to the airbag door for safe deployment. A smart system will use that information to decide whether to inflate the airbag in an impact. Later generations of smart airbags will adjust the rate of inflation based on force of impact and size of the occupant.

Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)

An engineering organization that shares research information and sets industrywide standards.

Solo I

A racing event sponsored by the SCCA, focused on Time Trial and Hill Climbs.

Solo II

Autocross racing event sponsored by the SCCA.

Spark Plug

Converts voltage into an arc that passes between its electrodes; the arc ignites the fuel-air mixture in the combustion chamber. The mixture explodes, creating power by pushing down the piston.

Spoiler

Usually on the rear of the vehicle, it changes the direction of airflow in order to reduce drag.

Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV)

Refers to a style of truck which has a square passenger cabin and hatchback, and may be equipped with two- or four-wheel drive.

Sports Car

A body type designation. Generally a small, powerful car seating only two people.



Sprint Car

Two types of sprint cars exist, the first is the USAC open-wheel cars that feature a upright roll cage. The second is a similar car that has a large wing mounted to the top for stability; this is used by the World of Outlaws.

Starter

An electric motor powered by the battery that turns the crankshaft before the pistons begin operating.

Starting Grid

The first section or portion of a race track.

Station Wagon

A two- or four-door passenger car with a cargo area that extends all the way to the rear bumper.

Steering Ratio

The ratio of the different steering gears. Usually a lower gear means a faster response.

Sticker Price

The price of a vehicle found on the sticker attached to one of its windows. Generally, the MSRP.

Stock Car Racing

Started by NASCAR's founder, Bill France, in the 1940s. Initially meant track cars equipped with showroom parts. Today, few cars use stock parts. Most are built from custom parts, made especially for these race cars, that look like those in showrooms.

Stroke

The up-and-down distance the piston travels within the cylinder. On a traditional internal combustion engine, the piston makes four strokes during the combustion cycle, only one of which is a power stroke. On the power stroke, the piston is near the top of the cylinder, and it has compressed the air and fuel mixture. The spark plug ignites the mixture, and the force of the explosion pushes the piston down into the cylinder, producing the force that turns the crankshaft. The piston returns to the top of the cylinder to expel the exhaust gases on the second, or exhaust, stroke. It slides down to the bottom of the cylinder during the intake stroke, when the valves


open to let in air and fuel. The piston rises to the top of the cylinder on the compression stroke to begin the cycle anew. This process repeats hundreds or thousands of times a minute, resulting in the number of crankshaft revolutions per minute at which the crankshaft is rotating.

Subcompact

The car size class one step up from the minicar.

Subvented Lease

A special lease, subsidized by an auto manufacturer, that features a low money factor rate or high residual value, making the monthly payments extremely attractive. Automakers increasingly are using subvented-lease specials instead of rebates to boost sales of particular models.

Sunday Afternoon Rally

One day rallies, usually run by a local car club. These may be run on public access roads.

Sunroof

A window-type opening in the roof of the vehicle that can tilt or slide open.

Supercharged, Supercharger

Serves the same function as a turbocharger but avoids lag time because it runs off an engine-driven pump. Both turbochargers and superchargers are used to produce more power without increasing engine displacement, but neither are particularly fuel efficient and both can require costly maintenance as vehicles age.

Supercharger

A standard piece of equipment of Funny Cars and Top Fuel dragsters, this provides more power by blowing a combination of more air and vaporized fuel into the car's engine.

Supplementary Payments

The agreement or policy that an agency will pay defense costs, premiums, and interests.

Suspension

Springs, shock absorbers, struts, and links used to suspend the frame, body and engine above the wheels.

Synthetic oil



Engine lubricant not derived from raw petroleum. It has superior engine-protection properties but costs as much as five times more than petroleum oil.

Tachometer

The instrument gauge that shows engine speed, or revolutions per minute. On a vehicle with manual transmission, the driver can use the tachometer to tell when to upshift or downshift. Also called tach.

Tappet

A pivoting actuator that opens and closes cylinder intake and exhaust valves.

Term Loan

A loan repaid in a lump sum, including interest, at the end of the loan period.

Termination Fee

An amount sometimes charged at the end of a lease.

Third Party Insurance

Protection for the damage of property or bodies of others.

Throttle-Body Fuel Injection

A form of electronic fuel injection in which the injectors are centrally located in a throttle-body housing that contains a valve to regulate air flow through the intake manifold. Less efficient and precise than multi-port or sequential fuel injection.

Timing Valve

A valve in a fuel injection pump which times the delivery of fuel.

Title

The government-issued document that proves ownership of a specific vehicle.

Toe-in

A wheel-alignment term that indicates the leading edges of a pair of wheels angle slightly toward each other. Front-drive cars are often aligned with slight toe-in to compensate for the effects of torque steer, or the tendency of the front wheels to pull to the side under hard acceleration.

Toe-out


A wheel-alignment term that indicates the leading edges of a pair of wheels angle slightly away from each other.

Top-Fuel Dragsters

The fastest of drag racing vehicles, these have a characteristicly long body and use top fuel which accounts for the tremendous speeds these vehicles can attain.

Torque

A measure of twisting force, given in foot-pounds (abbreviated as lb.-ft.) or Newton-meters (N-m). In the case of an automobile, it is the twisting or rotational force the engine exerts on the crankshaft. Vehicle specifications often include the maximum torque an engine produces at a specific number of revolutions. An engine that produces 200 lb.-ft. of torque at 3,000 revolutions per minute, or 200 lb.-ft.@ 3,000 rpm, accelerates better at low speeds than an engine that provides 200 lb.-ft.@5,000 rpm.

Torque Converter

In an automatic transmission, a fluid coupling or electronic control that transmits power from the engine to the wheels. It allows the transmission to remain in gear while the vehicle is stopped. The fluid absorbs power and prevents the engine from stalling.

Torque Steer

The tendency of the front wheels on a front-drive vehicle to pull to the side under hard acceleration.

Torsion Bar

A simple, rugged type of suspension spring that twists as it is compressed or stretched.

Torsional Stiffness

A vehicle body's resistance to twisting motions.

Total Loss

Any loss of sufficient size where there is nothing left of value of the property.

Towing & Labor

Pays for towing and labor at the site of an automobile breakdown.

Towing Capacity


The amount of weight a vehicle can tow behind it.


Track

Vehicle width, measured from the center of one tire's contact patch to the center of the opposite tire's contact patch.

Traction

The amount of friction between the tire and the ground.

Traction Control

A system for limiting wheel slip under acceleration, thus maintaining each wheel's contact with the road surface. Traction-control systems generally use the anti-lock braking system to stop wheel spin and reduce power from one or more engine cylinders when an electronic sensor detects wheel spin.

Trade-in Value

The amount a dealership credits you for the used vehicle you provide as partial payment for another vehicle. The amount credited is often about 5 percent below the vehicle's wholesale market value.

Trading Down

Buying a less expensive vehicle than the one currently owned.

Trading Up

Buying a more expensive vehicle than the one currently owned.

Transaxle

A combined transmission and differential on front-drive vehicles.

Transfer Case

On four-wheel drive vehicles, a gearbox that allows power to be delivered to front and rear wheels.

Transmission

The gearbox that delivers power from the engine crankshaft to the drive axle or drive shaft. Most modern cars have a five-speed manual or a four-speed automatic transmission.

Transportation Expense


Pays for car rental expenses if the vehicle is not driveable.

Tread-Wear Index

A tire rating consisting of a number followed by two letters, such as 300AB. The number indicates the useful life of the tire, the first letter (A, B, or C, A for best, C for worst) indicates its traction in wet conditions, and the second letter (A, B, or C, A for best, C for worst) its resistance to heat buildup.

Tri-Link Suspension

A fully independent rear suspension featuring a single fiberglass or composite leaf spring.

Trim Level

The level of options or features added to a model (Ford Mustand GT, Chrysler LeBaron XL).

Truth in Leasing

Also known as the Consumer Leasing Act of 1976, this act was designed to protect consumers against inadequate and misleading lease information.

Tune-up

A regularly scheduled maintenance to check normal operation of the vehicle.

Turbine

An integral piece of the turbocharger, this small fan drives the compressor.

Turbo Lag

The time it takes the turbocharger to kick in after the driver accelerates; the lag results because a turbocharger compressor is spun by exhaust gases in the exhaust manifold.

Turbocharged, Turbocharger

Device that compresses and forces extra air into the intake manifold to produce extra power. Both turbochargers and superchargers are used to produce more power without increasing engine displacement, but neither are particularly fuel efficient and both can require costly maintenance as vehicles age.

Turbocharger

By forcing fuel through the engine, this system allows the car to gather more speed.

Twist-Beam Axle



A semi-independent rear axle often used on front-drive vehicles. The horizontal beam, which connects the two rear wheels, can twist to reduce the effect of one wheel's motion on the other. Less expensive and more compact than fully independent suspension.

Twisting

Trying to induce a policyholder under false pretense to terminate an existing policy to take a new one.

Two-Seater

A vehicle that can only accommodate the driver and one passenger.

Two-Wheel Drive (2WD)

A vehicle drivetrain which distributes power to two wheels.

USAC

United States Auto Club, governs most auto racing in North America. An all inclusive organization that includes Indy Car, Sprint Cars, Silver Crown Cars, and midgets.

Umbrella Liability Policy

A liability coverage that goes above and beyond the normal coverage.

Umpire

Brought in if the agency and policyholder don't agree on the amount of loss or damage to a property.

Understeer

Occurs when the front wheels have lost adhesion or the driver is turning the steering wheel too sharply for the vehicle's speed. In understeer, the front wheels do not follow the steering wheel angle, and the car refuses to turn and pushes ahead. In motorsports, this is called push. The driver can regain traction by reducing speed. Also may be called plow.

Underwriter

A person who is trained to evaluate risks and determines rates for policies based on those risks.

Underwriting

The process of verifying data and approving a loan.


Unearned Premium

The portion of an advanced premium that has not been used for coverage.

Unidirectional Tire

Tire whose tread pattern is designed to get optimum traction only when the tire is mounted to roll in one direction.

Uninsured Motorist Coverage

Insurance which pays for costs resulting from a hit-and-run or an accident with an uninsured motorist.

Upside-down

A situation which occurs when the value of your vehicle is lower than the outstanding balance on your vehicle loan. Also called negative equity.

V-Type Engine

In a V-6, V-8 or V-12 engine, the cylinders are divided into two banks, each of which is angled away from the other at the top, forming a 'V.' Typically, this angle is 60 degrees on V-6 engines and 90 degrees on V-8 engines.

V6

A vehicle with six cylinders. The cylinders are divided into two banks, each of which is angled away from the other at the top, forming a 'V.' Typically, this angle is 60 degrees on V-6 engines.

V8

A vehicle with eight cylinders. the cylinders are divided into two banks, each of which is angled away from the other at the top, forming a 'V.' Typically, this angle is 90 degrees on V-8 engines.

Valve Train

The valves and camshaft(s) within an engine, and any parts attached to the valves, such as rockers and pushrods, to move them up and down.

Valves

Many overhead-cam engines, particularly multi-valve models, are described by the total number of intake and exhaust valves in the cylinder head. A 24-valve V-6 engine would have four valves per cylinder: two intake and two exhaust valves. A 16-valve V-8 engine has only the standard single exhaust and single intake valve for each of its eight cylinders.



Van

A box-shaped truck with a forward cab and a cargo area to the back bumper.

Vandalism

The willful physical damage to a property.

Variable-Assist Steering

A power-steering system that varies the amount of assistance it provides according to driving conditions. It provides maximum assistance at low speeds for maneuvers such as turning into a parking space or turning a corner after leaving a stop light. It provides minimum assistance at cruising or highway speeds to provide greater vehicle stability.

Vehicle Identification Number (VIN)

A seventeen-digit identification number, unique to each vehicle, which includes codes for the manufacturer, year, model, body, and engine specifications.

Vented Disc Brakes

A seventeen-digit identification number, unique to each vehicle, which includes codes for the manufacturer, year, model, body, and engine specifications.

Void

A term used to describe a policy contract that is free of all legal effect.

Waiver

The agreement to forego premium payment during a period of disability.

Walk-Away Lease

Another name for a closed-end lease. A leasing contract in which the residual value, or final value, of the vehicle at the end of the term, has been specified. The lessee is not required to buy the vehicle, or make up any shortfall in its residual value.

Water Pump

The pump that circulates coolant through the engine block, cylinder head and radiator. It is driven by the engine crankshaft.

Wear and Use

Normal depreciation of a vehicle under average daily use.


Wheel Size

Determined by the diameter and width of the wheel on which the tire is mounted. A 15-inch wheel has a diameter of 15 inches. A 15 X 7 wheel has a 15-inch diameter and a 7-inch width.

Wheelbase

A mainstay in drag races, this refers to when the front end of car lifts up during a race. It is also known as a wheelie.

Wholesale Value

The price that the retailer expects to pay for a vehicle.

Winston Cup

The creme de la creme of NASCAR racing, the drivers are going for all the marbles in this race that spans the entire season as drivers accumulate points at each of 31 events. The driver that accumulates the most points, not the most wins, becomes the eventual Winston Cup winner.


Background:

The Perkins reauthorization of 2006 put in place the following definition of Articulation Agreement:

ARTICULATION AGREEMENT—The term ‘articulation agreement’ means a written commitment—

(A) that is agreed upon at the State level or approved annually by the lead administrators of—

(i) a secondary institution and a postsecondary educational institution; or (ii) a subbaccalaureate degree granting postsecondary educational institution and a baccalaureate degree granting postsecondary educational institution; and

(B) to a program that is:

(i) designed to provide students with a nonduplicative sequence of progressive achievement leading to technical skill proficiency, a credential, a certificate, or a degree; and (ii) linked through credit transfer agreements between the 2 institutions described in clause

(i) or (ii) of subparagraph (A) (as the case may be).


Based on the requirements above, it is necessary for all Colorado CTE Programs to review articulation agreements annually. An annual review encourages:

1. Keeping agreements current.

2. Awareness of & updates to agreements if curricula/courses have been changed or dropped at either institution.

Agreement Review Verification:

Agreement Name: Automotive. Auto Service Technology/Collision ____

Original Approval Date: June 1, 2008 ____ Effective for School Year: 2011-2012 __

The attached articulation agreement has been reviewed with all courses found to be in alignment. The agreement is verified as current and valid.

Boulder Valley School District Joan Bludorn, CTE Administrator 5/20/2012

Secondary Institution CTE Administrator and/or Coordinator Signature Date

Boulder Tec Automotive/Collision Repair Todd Hetherington/William Uttich/Linn Long 5/24/2012

Secondary Institution CTE Program Liaison and/or Instructor Signature Date

FRCC ____________

Post-Secondary Institution Administrator Signature Date

FRCC ____________

Post-Secondary Institution CTE Program Liaison and/or Instructor Signature Date

(Electronic signatures & email verifications are acceptable forms of annual review verification.)

Tire and Wheel

V86

Within the CIP Code, students focus on hand skills, wheel and tires, car inspections, basic electrical, basic brakes, advanced wheel and tires, diagnostics, suspension, wheel alignment, and customer relations.


Students practice hands-on skills while repairing vehicles to industry standards. This is a beginning class of specifics of the automotive field. Students learn to test, diagnose and repair complex automotive systems. Lessons cover principles associated with shop tools, procedures and safety, basic operation of automotive braking systems, tire and wheel balancing and steering and suspension sytems. Tire & Wheel Tech Certification available upon successful completion of course. Students explore career pathways, post-secondary options, and career search techniques such as applications preparations, resume/letter writing, and interviewing in the Career Pathways Center. Programs under the Automotive Technician Program Umbrella are as follows: There are no pre-requisites to any of the programs below:Tire and WheelBraking Systems TechnicianSteering and Suspension Systems Technician

1 Semester

50

10

Elective

Active

Practical Experiences3f004630-5d6c-4887-872b-25f522f904ad

8/1/2015

[Expiration Date]

[NCAA]

[Hear]

CTE9498be78-e329-44d0-a0d3-1ac6e162a0cb

Blank - Regular

[StateID]


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