development – continuity and change in human capabilities over a lifespan. › physical ›...
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Human Development:Cognitive Development
How to people learn to think, reason, communicate & remember
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Understanding Human Development
Development – Continuity and change in human capabilities over a lifespan.› Physical› Cognitive› Social› Emotional
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Issues in Developmental Psychology
Issue Details
Nature/Nurture
How do genetic inheritance (our nature) and experience
(the nurture we receive) influence our behavior?
Continuity/StagesIs developmental a gradual,
continuous process or a sequence of separate stages?
Stability/Change
Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as
we age.
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Cognitive Development
Theories of Cognitive Development:› Stagelike vs. continuous development
Stage Theorists - These psychologists believe that we travel from stage to stage throughout our lifetimes.
› Domain-general vs. domain-specific › Physical exploration vs. social interaction
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Childhood Cognitive Development
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The Piaget Revolution
Until Jean Piaget came along, children were generally thought to be idiot versions of adults
His studies (although they have undergone much scrutiny over the years) changed psychological theory
Kids learn differently than adults
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The Piaget Revolution
Was intrigued by consistency in children’s wrong answers
Child’s brain is not mini-adult’s brain
Child development occurs through series of stages
Motivation: allows child to make sense of experiences
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The Piaget RevolutionPiaget believed that the driving force behind
intellectual development is our biological development (maturation) amidst experiences
with the environment. Our cognitive development is shaped by the errors we
make . . . but also by our active attempts to make sense of
the world
Scale Errors
18-24monts
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Schemas Schema: specific mental representation (molds)
a personal develops from our experiences› Theory or model of how world works› Adjusted by:
Assimilation Accommodation
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Schemas• Children view the
world through schemas (as do adults for the most part).
• Schemas are ways we interpret the world around us.
• It is basically what you picture in your head when you think of anything.
Right now in your head, picture a model.
These 3 probably fit into your concept (schema) of a model.
But does this one?
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Assimilation and Accommodation
•The process of assimilation involves incorporating new experiences into our current understanding (schema). The process of adjusting a schema and modifying it is called accommodation.•When you first meet somebody, you will assimilate them into a schema that you already have.
If you see two guys dressed like this, what schema would you assimilate them into?•Would you always be right?
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Accommodation Changing an
existing schema to adopt to new information.
If I tell someone from the mid-west to picture their schema of the Bronx they may talk about the ghetto areas.
But if I showed them other areas of the Bronx, they would be forced to accommodate (change) their schema to incorporate their new information.
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Assimilation Assimilation: interpret our new experiences in
terms of existing schemas
Horse
Horse
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Accommodation
Accommodation: adapt current understanding of schemas to incorporate new info
Horse
Horse
“Lumpy Horse”
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HORSE!
~
HORSE!
Striped Horse!
Accommodation
Assimilation
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• Complex Classification
• Mental Reps
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Piaget’s Stages:
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
2 YRS
7 YRS
11 YRS
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Piaget’s stages of cognitive development
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Stages of Cognitive Development:Sensorimotor Stage
Click Mom to see a baby with no object permanence.
Infant experiences world through movement & senses 0-2 Years (Roughly) Milestone: object permanence
› Objects continue to exist even if they are not visible› Advance to next stage (more like 6 months)
CLICK
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Stages of Cognitive Development:Preoperational Stage
Children learn to use language & represent things with symbols• Around 2-7• Have object permanence• Begin to use language to represent objects and ideas• Egocentric: cannot look at the world through anyone’s eyes but their own.• Use intuition, not logic
Milestones:• Animistic thinking• Lack understanding of conservation• Egocentric thinking• Irreversibility• Perceptually Bound• Magical thinking
Click
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Preoperational Stage
DeLoache (1987) showed that children as young as 3 years of age are able to use metal operations. When shown a model of a dog’s hiding place behind the couch, a 2½-year-old could not locate the stuffed dog in an actual room, but the 3-year-old did.Mental Representations are fully formedHence language development and pretend play
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Preoperational
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Theory of Mind
Preschoolers, although still
egocentric, develop the ability to understand
another’s mental state when they begin forming a theory of mind.
The problem on the right probes such ability in children.
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Conservation Conservation: properties
such as mass, volume, & number remain same despite changes in form of object› Exhibit centration› Lack reversibility
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Animistic thinking Animistic thinking: inanimate objects have
lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, feelings, wishes, & intentions
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Egocentrism
Egocentric: difficulty taking another person’s point of view; lack theory of mind› False belief task
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Think logically about concrete events; grasp concrete analogies & basic arithmetic operations› Way the world appears isn’t necessarily the way
the world is Can demonstrate concept of conservation. Learn to think logically
Stages of Cognitive Development:Concrete Operational
Click
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Concrete Operational StageIn concrete operational stage, given concrete materials, 6- to 7-year-olds
grasp conservation problems and mentally pour liquids back and forth into
glasses of different shapes conserving their quantities.
Children in this stage are also able to transform mathematical functions. So, if 4 + 8 = 12, then a transformation, 12 – 4
= 8, is also easily doable.
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Around age 12, our reasoning ability expands from concrete thinking to abstract thinking. We can now use symbols and imagined realities to systematically reason. Piaget called this formal operational thinking.
Suppes et al (82’) showed that rudiments of such thinking begin earlier (age 7) than what Piaget suggested, since 7-year-olds can solve the problem below
If John is in school, Mary is in school. John is in school. What can you say about Mary?
Stages of Cognitive Development:Formal Operational
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Formal operational Thinking transforms from
concrete (about actual experience) to abstract (involving imagined realities & symbols)› Solves non-physical problems› If-then reasoning› Conceptualization of love,
freedom, etc.
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Formal Operational Stage
What would the world look like with no light?
What is religion’s role?
What way do you best learn?
Abstract reasoning Manipulate objects
in our minds without seeing them
Hypothesis testing Trial and Error Metacognition Not every adult gets
to this stage
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Criticisms of Piaget Piaget believed children in the
sensorimotor stage could not think, however, recent research shows that children in the sensorimotor stage can think and count. • Some say he underestimates the
abilities of children.• Information-Processing Model says
children to not learn in stages but rather a gradual continuous growth.
• Studies show that our attention span grows gradually over time.
Develop skills earlier than he suggested Acquisition of these skills is much less
abrupt Focused too much on interaction with
physical environment; what about social environment?
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Criticisms
Children can also count. Wynn (1992, 2000) showed that children stared longer at the wrong number of objects than the right ones.
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Reflecting on Piaget’s Theory
Piaget’s stage theory has been influential globally, validating a number of ideas regarding growth and development in many cultures and societies. However,
today’s researchers believe the following:
1. Development is a continuous process.2. Children express their mental abilities
and operations at an earlier age.3. Formal logic is a smaller part of
cognition.
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Focus on social/cultural influences› Noted parental influence on learning› Ideas remained hidden as they were controversial in
Soviet Union › Study of Play - through play the child develops abstract
meaning separate from the objects in the world, which is a critical feature in the development of higher mental functions.
Rejected previous theories (Construction, behaviorism, gestalt) Showed that through the assistance of a more capable person, a child is able to learn skills or aspects of a skill that go beyond the child’s actual developmental or maturational level. (ZPD)
Head of Vygotsky Circle Scaffolding
› Parents provide initial assistance in children’s learning and gradually remove structure as children become able to do it on their own
Lev Vygotsky
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Learning period where children benefit from assistance (make use of caregivers)
Different zones for different skills
Ex: learning to ski
Zone of Proximal Development
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Piaget’s Theory› Stagelike or Continuous?› Domain-General or Domain-Specific?› Physical or Social Interactions?
Vygotsky’s Theory› Stagelike or Continuous?› Domain-General or Domain-Specific?› Physical or Social Interactions?
Piaget vs. Vygotsky
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Cognitive Development
Adolescence and Adulthood
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Adolescent Cognitive Development
The return of egocentrism › Focused different, belief that others are
preoccupied with him or her as the adolescent is changing
› Teen also believes they are unique and invincible Recent research suggest maybe not in all
circumstances (death)› Believe others observe them way more than is
the case› From pimples to performances.
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Cognition in Adulthood
Cognitive abilities believe to peak around same time as physical
Realistic, Pragmatic Thinking sets in If you want to keep cognitive abilities, you got to keep
them all in tune Perceptual speed decreases along with numerical
ability Crystallized Intelligence (Vocab) and fluid intelligence
(inductive reasoning) peak during middle adulthood. Memory declines in late adulthood as does speed
processing Wisdom over practical aspects of life shows
importance of experiences