: development of selection criteria as designated (special
TRANSCRIPT
Proposed Waste Classification Criteria of Chemicals released from Chemical Accidents
: Development of Selection Criteria as Designated (Special Care) or Non-designated Chemicals
Distinguished Professor Byeong-Kyu Lee, Ph.D.Ryeo Gyeong Youn, Sang Yong Jang, Yongsun Im
Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
Chemicals in Daily Life
http://www.pressian.com/news/article.html?no=121215
4
Seveso, Italy, 1976• Manufacture of a bactericide• Runaway reaction • Emission of TCDD with dioxin• No fatalities, 447 burns, 737 long term
evacuations• Severe environmental damage• Lack of information, no proper emergency
plan
Source: Ike Van der Putte, Overview of Seveso Directive and Safety Report Requirement, EUROTOX (2014)
Major Industrial Disaster
Bhopal UC plant, 1984• Pesticide (carbaryl) production.• Water entered a tank containing 42 tons of
MIC. • The resulting exothermic reaction increased T
inside the tank to over 200 C and raised P. The tank vented releasing toxic gases into the Atmosphere.
• Estimates vary on the immediate death toll (3000-15000)
- A series of explosions occurred on November 13, 2005 at the Number 101 Petrochemical Plant in Jilin City, China. - The chemical plant’s explosions occurred for over an hour and affected hundreds of thousands of people throughout
the Jilin province and the rest of Asia.
- The blast and the subsequent fire killed at least six people and injured around 70 people.- Released into the river about 100 tons of benzene.
- The explosion eventually created an 80 km long toxic chemical slick made up of benzene, nitrobenzene, and aniline. - The chemical slick made its way up the Songhua River, affecting large parts of China and eventually made its through
the Amur River and where it made its way through Russia.
2005 Jilin Chemical Plant Explosion, China
https://disasteropedia.wikispaces.com/2005+Jilin+chemical+plant+explosions
Kumi
Kumi Nat’l IC
Chemical Accidents in Korea, 2012
2012. 09. 27, 15:43
HVG in Kumi Nat’l Ind. Complex
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) release (8 T)
During charging from 20T- HF tank lorry
to storage tank in HVG, 8T HF was released. Damage : 5 died, 18 injury
HF Release in Kumi
Characteristics of Chemical Accidents
Toxic gas DiffusionHazardous chem. Leaks
Environ. Pollution
Suffocation by Combustion Gases
Radiative HeatBuilding Collapse
Simple Fire => Physical Treatment
Simple Fire => Physical Treatment
Chemical Disaster => Comprehensive Treatment
Chemical Disaster => Comprehensive Treatment
▶ Complicated damages → Multiple agency involved▶ Improper initial response → Fatal environ. disaster▶ Direct costs < indirect costs▶ Specialized response
5-year Study Scope and Goals
• 1st year : Development of Management and Control Strategies of Chemicals released from Chemical Accidents, Fire, and Explosions in industries and during Chemical Transports
• 2nd year : Analysis of Information, Damage, and Control Strategies of Hazardous Chemicals associated with Chemical Terrors
• 3rd year : Analysis of Accident features, Damage, and Control Strategies of Agricultural Chemicals during their Transports and Manufacturing
• 4th year : Survey of contaminated facilities/wastes and their treatments of hazardous chemicals (69 hazardous, terror and agricultural chemicals)
• 5th year : Proper prevention materials against chemicals (69 hazardous, terror and agricultural chemicals) from chemical accidents and disposal methods of chemicals and contaminated facilities
Total Chemical Emissions in Korea (Air: 99.3%, PRTR Data, 2014, http://ncis.nier.go.kr/triopen/)
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Tota
l Em
issi
ons
(Ton
e/yr
)
Year
No.
of C
hem
ical
Acc
iden
ts
Year
Number of Chemical Accidents in Korea
Damage from Chemical Accidents in Korea
Year Classification Casualty and cost
2012human damage
death 11 people
injury 47 people
material damage 55.4 M US$
2013human damage
death 11 people
injury 70 people
material damage 5.1 M US$
2014human damage
death 4 people
injury 234 people
material damage 0.18 M US$
2015human damage
death 9 people
injury 97 people
material damage 0.16 M US$
2016human damage
death 5 people
injury 120 people
material damage 0.37 M US$
No.
of C
hem
ical
Acc
iden
ts
출처: 이지윤, 우리나라 화학물질관리 정책방향, 한국화학물질관리협회, (2014)
1990~2009: Total 1,487 cases (Average: 74 cases/year)
Release (478 cases: 32.5%), Fire (396 cases: 26.9%), Explosion (360cases: 24.5%),
Miscellaneous (116 case: 7.9% Release +Fire + Explosion)
Analysis of Chemical Accident Types in Korea
Release Fire Explosion
No.
of A
ccid
ents
MiscellaneousManufacturing
In use
Storage
TransportSale
Business Types of Chemical Accidents in Korea
Source Analysis of Chemical Accident in Korea
Work processes
Storage tanks
Road Vehicles
Sea
Miscellaneous
Cause Analysis of Chemical Accidents in Korea
Improper management of facilities
Worker’s carelessness
Vehicle accidents
Miscellaneous
No wearing Safety Gears Ignorance of work procedure Worker fatigue
HF Release case in Kumi (5 died)
∵ No mask/safety clothes worker
HF Release in SS (1 died)∵ No mask worker
HF Release case in Cheongju
∵ During checking without using ladder,
worker fell down and cracked pipes,
then released HF
To make shorten the term of work in D
(6 died) ∵ Excessive work
(DOL Survey: Ind. Regulation violation)
Ignorance of safety manuals
Causes of Chemical Accidents in Korea
Easiness/Economy Consideration Lack of Chemical Knowledge Old Facilities
handy/low price valves use H2SO4 corroded H2O2 Pipes»Mixing acids, produced persulfuric acidsame as TATP explosives raw materials
(triacetone triperoxide, primary high explosive)
Pipe corrosion/abrasion
Inappropriate Handling
Causes of Chemical Accidents in Korea
Inappropriate Loading Lack of driver’s knowledge Difficulty transport tracking
Dangerous Transport Habits
Causes of Chemical Accidents in Korea
Excessive/Open/Untided Loading
Dangerous/ExplosiveChemicals/s
Tap water resource area/Residential area parking
Class MSDS characteristic Score
E1
Explosiveness +
Flammability +
Reactivity with water +
pH (0 - 5)
0 -10 (extremely) +
0 – 5 (extremely) ) +
0 – 5 (extremely) +
0 – 5 (extremely acidic or basic)
E2
E1 +
Self reactivity +
Self exothermic +
Oxidative (explosive) +
Carcinogenesis
E1 +
0 – 5 (extremely) +
0 – 5 (extremely) +
0 – 7 (extremely) +
0 – 5 (extremely)
Classification by Scoring of MSDS Characteristics
Q = Amount of waste (kg)D = Small amount standard for hazardous chemical substance
(Daily handling, kg)
Analysis of E1, E2 score
Generation of wastes contaminated by chemicals
Max score in E1
Max score in E2
Designated waste
≧E1 ≧ 10 ≧E2 ≧ 15
Designated waste
General waste
Q<D
Yes
Q≧D
Q≧D
Q≧2D
Q<2D
Q<DQ<D/2
Classification by MSDS Scores (Designated vs. General)
Q≧D/2
Yes
Yes Yes
Yes
N0N0
N0 N0
National Fire Protection Association : NFPA(NFPA 704 Marking System)
건강
위험성반응성
화재
위험성
특수
위험성
4
2
0
₩OX
National Fire Protection Association : NFPA
scorecheck
NFPAcode
4 (one or
more)
4 (one or more)
Or 3 (two or more)
3 +3 (one) +Special hazard
General waste
Designated waste
N N
Y Y
Classification by NFPA Code Score (Designated vs. General)
Class Score of Solution pH
Class pH Criteria Score
1 pH≧12.5 pH≦2 4
2 11≦pH<12.5 2<pH≦3 3
3 10≦pH<11 3<pH≦4 2
4 9≦pH<10 4<pH≦5 1
5 8≦pH<9 5<pH≦6 0
▪ NFPA Code Class +pH
▪ Korean regulation: Designated Waste STD (pH ≧ 12.5, pH ≦ 2)
Classification by pH Score to fit NFPA Code (Designated vs. General)
scorecheck
NFPA codeand pH
4 (≥ 1 item) Or 3 (≥ 2
items)
3 (1 item) +3 (1 item) +Special
hazard Or ∑(NFPA+pH)
≥9)
General waste
Designated waste
N
N
Y Y
Classification by NFPA Code and pH Scores(Designated vs. General)
scorecheck
NFPA codeand pH
4 (≥ 1 item)Or 3 (≥ 1 items) ∑ )
3 (1 item) + Special hazard
Or ∑(NFPA+pH)≥9)
General waste
Designated waste
N N
Y Y
Type of chemical accident
Explosion/Fire Leakage
Q≥D Q≥D/2
Y YN N
Q = Amount of waste (kg)D = Small amount standard for hazardous chemical substance
(Daily handling, kg)
Classification by NFPA Code and pH Scores + Waste Quantity to be disposed (Designated vs. General)
Accident causing material Health Fire Reactivity Specific Designated pH Condition
(more than)
1 acrolein 4 3 3 ㅇ
2 acrylic acid 3 2 2 ㅇ 2
3 acrylonitrile 4 4 2 ㅇ
4 acrylyl chloride 3 3 0 ㅇ
5 allyl alcohol 3 3 1 ㅇ
6 allyl chloride 3 3 1 ㅇ
7 ammonia 3 1 1 ㅇ 3
8 Ammonium nitrate 1 0 3 ㅇ 3
9 Arsine 4 4 2 ㅇ
10 benzene 2 3 0 ㅇ 3
11 benzyl chloride 3 2 1 ㅇ 3
12 butylamine 3 3 0 ㅇ
13 carbon disulfide 3 4 0 ㅇ
14 carbon monoxide 4 4 2 ㅇ
15 chlorine 3 0 0 OX ㅇ
16 chlorine dioxide 3 0 4 OX ㅇ
17 chlorosulfonic acid 4 0 2 \,OX ㅇ
18 Cyanogen chloride 4 0 2 ㅇ
19 diborane 3 2 0 ㅇ 3
20 ethyl acetate 4 4 3 ㅇ
Accident causing material Health Fire Reactivity Specific Designated pH Condition (more than)
21ethyl methyl ketone perox
ide2 4 0 ㅇ
22 ethylene oxide 3 4 3 ㅇ
23 ethylenediamine 3 3 0 ㅇ
24 ethyleneimine 4 3 3 ㅇ
25 fluorine 4 0 4 \,OX ㅇ
26 formaldehyde 3 4 0 ㅇ
27 formic acid 3 2 1 ㅇ 3
28 Hexamine 1 1 0 ㅇ 4
29 hydrogen chloride 3 0 1 ㅇ 3
30 hydrogen cyanide 4 4 1 ㅇ
31 hydrogen flouride 4 0 1 ㅇ
32 hydrogen peroxide 3 0 2 OX ㅇ
33 hydrogen sulfide 4 4 0 ㅇ
34 isophorone diisocyanate 2 1 1 \ ㅇ 3
35 meta-cresol
36 methanol 1 3 0 ㅇ 3
37 methyl acrylate 3 3 2 ㅇ
38 methyl chloride 2 4 0 ㅇ
39 methyl vinyl ketone 1 3 0 ㅇ 3
40 methylamine 2 2 4 OX ㅇ
Classification by NFPA Code and pH Scores (Designated vs. General)
Accident causing material Health Fire Reactivity Specific Designated pH Condition (more than)
41 methylethylketone 4 3 2 ㅇ
42 methylhydrazine 4 3 2 ㅇ
43 nitric acid 3 4 0 ㅇ
44 Nitric oxide 4 0 1 OX ㅇ
45 Nitrobenzene 3 0 3 OX ㅇ
46 nitrobenzene 3 2 1 ㅇ 3
47 phenol 2 3 4 ㅇ
48 phosgene 3 1 1 ㅇ 3
49 phosphine 3 2 0 COR ㅇ
50 phosphorus oxuchloride 4 0 1 ㅇ
51 phosphorus trichloride 4 4 2 ㅇ
52 p-nitrotoluene 4 0 2 \ ㅇ
53 Potassium chlorate 4 0 2 \ ㅇ
54 Potassium perchlorate 2 3 0 OX ㅇ
55 Potassium perchlorate 1 0 0 OX ㅇ 3
Accident causing material Health Fire Reactivity Specific Designated pH Condition (more than)
56 Potassium permangante 1 0 1 OX ㅇ 3
57 propylene oxide 2 0 0 OX ㅇ 3
58 Sarin 3 4 2 ㅇ
59 sodium 3 3 2 \ ㅇ
60 Sodium chlorate 2 0 3 OX ㅇ
61 sodium cyanide 4 0 0 ㅇ
62 Sodium nitrate 1 0 0 OX ㅇ 3
63 sulfuric acid 3 0 2 \ ㅇ
64 toluene 2 3 0 ㅇ 3
65 toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate 3 1 2 ㅇ 3
66 triethylamine 3 3 0 ㅇ
67 trimethylamine 3 4 0 ㅇ
68 vinyl chloride 3 4 2 ㅇ
69 zinc phosphide 3 3 1 ㅇ
Classification by NFPA Code and pH Scores (Designated vs. General)
Consideration of Current Laws or Regulations with Q
( )4 ( ≥ 1 item)
Or 3 ( ≥ 2 items)
Accident Type
Explosion ReleaseQ = Contaminant QuantityD = Small Quantity of Haz. Mat.
(Daily Handling STD, Kg)
Waste (Chemical, Facility)
Waste Management
Ind. Safety and Health Law
NFPA code
Waste Classification
Q≥D Q≥D/2
NFPA Code, pH Score Check
GeneralDesignated
NONOYES
YES
∑( p ) )3 (≥ 1 item) + Special Hz
∑(NFPA+pH) ≥ 9)
YES
NOYES NO
Regulations of Waste Management LawLarge Category Medium Category Small Category Memo
1. Specific site waste
․Waste Polymers․Waste resin
ExcludeSolidstate․Waste rubber
․Sludge : Moisture [(<95%or Solid content (<5%)]
․Wastewater sludgeDefined in Appendix I
․ Process sludge
․ Waste agricultural chemicals Generated from Manufac./Sale ofagricultural chemicals
2. Corrosive waste․ Waste acids (pH≤2.0)
Liquid state․ Waste bases (pH≥12.0)* NaOH, KOH included
3. Hazardous containingwaste
․ Slag (ExcludedblastfurnaceslagusingIronOres)
Containing in Appendix 1
․ Dust (Collected Air Pollution Device)* Excluded generated from incineration facility․Waste foundry san and waste sand blast․Waste refractory, Ceramics with glaze․ Incineration ash․Stabilization/Solidification solid (disposal) waste․Waste catalysts․Waste adsorbents/Absorbents․Waste earth and sand for animal oil purification
4. WasteSolvent․halogens Defined in Appendix I․Other waste solvents Excludedhalogens
4 (≥ 1 item)Or 3 (≥ 2 items)
Accident Type
Explosion Release
Waste (Facility, Contaminant)
Waste ManagementInd. Safety and Health Law NFPA code
Waste Classification
NFPA Code & pH Score Check
General WasteDesignated Waste
3 (≥ 1 item) + Special Hzdor ∑(NFPA+pH) ≥ 9)
YES NO
Consideration of Current Laws or Regulations without Q
NO
4 (≥ 1 item or 3 (≥ 2 items)
Inflammability
Inflammability by MSDS or NFPA Class
Waste (Facility, Contaminant)
gWaste
ManagementInd. Safety and
Health Law NFPA code
NFPA Code & pH Score Check
General Waste C/D
Designated Waste C/D
3 (≥ 1 item) + Special Hzdor ∑(NFPA+pH) ≥ 9)
YES
NOClassification/Disposal (C/D) by Currents laws
YESCurrent LawsCurrent Laws
YES
NO
Consideration of Current Laws or Regulations with Inflammability
WASTE (Chemical & Facility)
Designated Waste General Waste
Acid pH ≤ 2.0Base pH ≥ 12.5
FlammabilityNFPA ≥ 3
Reactivity(Instability)NFPA ≥ 3
Health HazardNFPA ≥ 3
∑NFPA ≥ 6∑NFPA ≥ 5 & 1SH*∑NFPA ≥ 4 & 2SH*
RadioactiveBiohazard
YES YES YES YES YES
NO NO NO NO NO
*SH : Specific Hazard
OX : Oxidizer W : Use NO WATER
COR : Corrosive
Specified in Waste Control Act
NO YES
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