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The Greek World
Geography Greece – rugged, rocky
________, ________ rainfall amounts – unpredictable ________ conditions
Only 10% of land is ________, and it must be ________ often. Poor, chalky, acidic ________.
Heavy reliance on the “Mediterranean Triad” – ________, ________, ________ – specifically, beans, barley, and wheat.
Maritime Culture No place in the islands or the
southern mainland is more than 32 miles from the ________
Relatively ________ waters and inlets along the coast make sailing relatively safe and ________.
This means that ________ becomes important.
This combination of terrain, weather, and soil conditions leads to the formation of separate, small, farming ________ that are periodically forced to trade amongst each other – early forms of ________ ____________
The history of settlement in Greece can be divided into 8 distinct periods:
____________ – 1000,000 – c3500 BCE
____________ ____________(Cycladic) – c3500 BCE – 2000BCE ____________ ____________(Minoan) – c2000 BCE – 1600 BCE ____________ ____________ (Mycenaean) - 1600 BCE – 1100 BCE ____________– 1100 BCE – 700 BCE ____________– 700 BCE – 480BCE ____________– 480 BCE – 323 BCE ____________– 323 – 31 BCE
Stone Age Divided into three eras – Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic ____________– hunting and gathering, no permanent settlements and stone tools.
____________– agriculture begins – gradual formation of permanent settlements – Francthi
____________– agricultural revolution is complete, permanent settlements begin to form, social stratification develops, political class is formed, public works indicate civic organization – palaces
The Bronze Age There are three dominant Bronze Age cultures found in
ancient Greece: ____________– 2500 BCE to 1900 BCE ____________– 2000 BCE to 1400 BCE ____________- 1600 BCE to 1100 BCE
Early Bronze Age Development of ____________- Bronze multiplier effect – a single event that
triggers a ____________ ____________ of developments in a society
____________ begins and trade follows – city-states fight and trade for new innovations in weaponry
Social changes – Early Bronze Age Craft ____________ – trade skills for staples
allows for specialized craftsmen in urban centers.
New ____________ New ____________ ________________shifts ____________ distribution of settlements
change – fewer, larger settlements that control larger areas - markets
Social stratification becomes more ____________
Accumulations of ____________occur As ____________becomes more important,
certain settlements along the coast become more important than others.
____________increases ____________emphasized The cities begin to rise – Aegean Sea and the
west coast of Turkey - ____________
Cycladic Period Centered in the scattered, rocky islands in
the Eastern ____________: Ios, Naxos, Melos Skilled ____________and craftsmen Not ____________in towns, not ____________–
had no defences for their settlements Religion focussed on ____________deities
No emphasis on ____________– all art is small, figurines, etc.
Cycladic culture Early Cycladic settlements prominent with
____________and ____________ Linear A style develops from the ____________ needs
of the local central palace Ends with the
Indo-European invasions c2000BCE – only surviving culture from this time is on the island of ____________– Minoans
Middle Bronze Age Cycladic society faded slowly but had great
____________ on the cultures that would follow. Gradually pushed out from an ____________
from the north - Indo-European tribes – linguists show that this infiltration was gradual and ____________– they blended with local populations to form Achaeans (proto-Greeks)
Only the ____________ survive on Crete Eventually, Minoans ____________ the mainland – ____________ flourishes/spreads ____________ style found - simplified form of Egyptian ____________ – indicating
trade and contact Emphasis on animals and nature loving in ____________
Minoan Centered on the island of ____________ – last of the Cycladic islands, resisted the
Indo-European invasion Remarkably ____________ culture – largely unknown until 1899 Arthur Evans – Discovered a massive palace at Knossos – held 6000 people, over
800 rooms, no organized ____________ – palace appears to have been added to over time – ____________
Minoan Culture Assumed to be the palace of King ____________ from Homeric poetry.
Some walls still had ____________ on them depicting bulls – the bull figured prominently in Minoan culture – ____________
Prominent ____________ – Crete lies along trade routes between mainland ____________, ____________, and the ____________.
Other large centers have been ____________ on Crete at Phaestus and Hagia Triada. Depictions of Cretan life showed a ____________ people with a fully developed and
prosperous ____________ class. Women were depicted topless, indicating they held a high status.
Their style of their art emphasized ____________, ____________, and ____________ over idealized and essential in Egyptian art. ____________ rather than stylized
Minoan Religion Minoan religion was centred on
worship of the ______. Young females were often shown “bull vaulting” – presumably showing ____________ and ____________ of the savagery and power of nature.
No depictions of the ____________ class, no walls or ____________ for major cities, there are no ________ depictions of the ruler and the cult of the king is absent – possibly due to the high status of ________ in the culture
There is, however, some evidence of child ____________
Linear A/B Minoans developed their own style of writing called ____________ –this indicated a
____________ class that controlled trade and taxation. Well developed ____________ systems crossed the island. Towns had ____________,
____________, and ____________ show a social stratification between upper and lower classes. First flush ____________ are found in Knossos
____________ and ____________ were paid in the form of goods and flowed through regional centers before ending up at Knossos.
A second style of writing ____________, was found at Knossos, this later style indicated to Evans that Knossos Palace had ____________ hands.
Minoan Collapse Beginning around 1450 BCE, Minoan civilization began to die out with the final
____________ of Knossos in 1375 BCE. There are several theories as to the cause: Eruption of the ____________ at Thera
– causing massive devastation all over the Cyclades
Invasion from ____________ Greeks – Mycenaeans
Late Bronze Age ____________ capture Knossos – conquer ____________ in c1450 BCE ____________ pottery becomes ____________ as Minoan influence ends Greece becomes divided into loose ____________ of city-states subject to federal
capital at Mycenae Development of ____________ style Accumulation of ____________ as capital gains Control of trade routes through ____________ /____________
Mycenae Dominated the eastern ____________ from
1600 BCE to 1100 BCE – become one of the three dominant Mediterranean cultures: 1) ____________2) ____________3) ____________
Dynasty founded in c1600 BCE Perseus (?) City is named in ____________ epics –
Agamemnon, Odysseus, Atreus
Mycenaean culture The Mycenaean economy was based on
small scale ____________, including the “Mediterranean Triad” as well as ____________ and ____________. The most important industry was ____________ – wool and linen.
Above all, while the Minoans were based on ____________ and ____________, the Mycenaeans were based on ____________ and ____________.
The palace was the ____________ center for the surrounding countryside. It would house the ____________ king and their ____________ as well as the service craftsmen required to run the capital.
Land surrounding the palace was either owned by the king and worked by ____________ or leased to free farmers.
Mycenaean religion Classical Greek ____________ begin to arise – Poseidon, Zeus-Hera Role of women is ____________ Borrowed heavily from ____________ culture Priest class ____________ to the king ____________ found at Mycenae for a snake-goddess
Mycenae Reached the peak of it’s power after it came to dominate the ____________ trade
routes from Eastern Europe 1400’s – construction of the ____________:
Massive “Lion’s Gate” above the main entrance to the city ____________ walls – massive stone block construction ____________ dug under the city – water supply could withstand long sieges
Mycenaean burials Peribolos walls surround a series of ____________ – 2 circles Capital city discovered in 1870’s by Heinrich Schliemann He thought he had found the grave of ____________ himself due to the amount of
gold it contained. 2 grave circles contained ______ bodies – 8 men, 4 women,
7 children – men were all wearing gold, approx. 6ft. Tall- indicating high ____________, ____________, and good ____________ throughout their lives.
Mycenaean burials – Tholoi By 1400 Tholos _______ become
common – Treasury of Atreus Just outside the walls of
Mycenae Circular beehive construction -
corbel – largest interior dome for the next _________ years
Lintel stone over 118 tonnes Used for multiple burial but the
treasures were __________ – obvious, not hidden.
Mycenae 2500 BCE – earliest evidence of _________ at Mycenae 1600 BCE – _________ comes to Mycenae, probably result of _________ activity hired
by _________ 1200 BCE – economic _________, loss of markets, force Myceneans to attack
northern allies – _________ 1180 BCE – according to Homer – _________, a Mycenaean priestess and wife of
Menelaus, brother of Agamemnon is abducted by Paris of Troy – sparking the ________.
Mycenaeans Mycenaeans are _________, but have eliminated an _________ on their northern
frontier and have exhausted the royal _________ in the process. 1125 BCE – Mycenaeans are overrun by the _________ invasion.
Bronze Age Ends Trojan War develops 1180 – begins the _________ in power of Mycenae as
settlements are raided and destroyed - eg. Palace of Nestor at Pylos – 1200 BCE Mycenaean _________ – 1100 BCE
Dark Ages - c1200 BCE to 480 BCE After the fall of Mycenae – a _________ begins in Greece. No _________ surviving, no written _________ Federal system is _________ – palaces burned, Knossos, Mycenae, Pylos _________ drops significantly, very few historical records exist because ___________
stopped sometime between 1100 and 1000 BCE
Dark Age society ___________ Age – heroes, great men honour becomes ___________ focus and prime
motivation. Stress of the type not the individual. Trade ___________ – produces closed household ___________. Each household
aims to ___________ all it ___________. Exceptions – iron, salt Social stratification ___________ – becomes more simple Similar to Egyptians, ___________ conceptual art dominates the Greek world. ___________ design develops.
Population Collapse Eg. Pylos – population falls to ____% of Late
Bronze Age levels ___________ government, ___________,
___________, ___________, all disappear from Greek life for 400 years
Exact cause is still ___________Possible Causes?
___________ Invasion from the north – possible but not sufficient to _________ the entire culture
Decline in ___________ and ___________ kingdoms – would disrupt ___________ networks that made Mycenae so powerful
Volcanic or other natural ___________ – could have caused agricultural failures
Historians now think that the Mycenaean Collapse was internal: Fragile culture based on ___________ elites dominating maritime commerce ___________ in a land that could not support too many people ______________ on certain cash crops like sheep and wheat ___________ among city states lead to mutual ___________ of city palaces
Father will have no common bond with son Neither will guest with host, nor friend with friendThe brother-love of past days will be gone...Men will destroy the towns of other men...
Hesiod (c800 BCE) What kind of society is depicted here? How reliable is this as a source?
The Greeks scatter across the Mediterranean Evidence of ___________ service in the Egyptian military Many turned to ___________. Many migrated out of mainland Greece to the islands and west coast of Asia Minor
(___________) Each of these migrations develops a separate ___________ for their region. Different
___________ of Greek is spoken: ___________ - Peloponesse ___________ – West coast of Asia Minor and islands ___________ – Attica and scattered mainland settlements
Technology _______ replaces bronze as copper and tin become difficult to ___________. Quality
of iron tools begins to improve as ___________ are mastered over time. Pottery quality ___________, decoration is ___________ and ___________ Pictorial representations of humans and animals almost ___________ and there is
little to no ___________ items being produced. What _____ from this period that has been found dates from the ___________ Period
and was probably ___________ from original ___________.
Cultural contributions All that is known from this period comes from ___________
and from epic ________: ___________ – older poem, dating from the 8th c BCE ___________ – dating from c750 BCE Both are ______ ___________ that originate in the previous
Late Bronze Age Mycenaean period – harkening back to the “______ ___ ______” where society was in a more perfect state.
These oral histories transmit a desire to ___________ to previous culture from ___________ to ___________.
The societies depicted in ___________ poetry are not truly ___________, but more ___________ ___________
Literature Literature __________ in the Dark Ages – essential in formation of Greek
___________. _________ of _________, historical accounts passed on from Mycenean ages as
___________ in an effort to ___________ the past. ___________ poetry – Homer: Illiad and Oddessy – Trojan War and Odysseus’ return
to Ithica – becomes the first exploration of human _______ and the human ___________
Philosophy emerges… ___________ poetry – Hesiod – ___________ /_______ ___________ first attempt to explain/understand the world around them Near the end of the period, the realization that ___________ and epic ___________
are ___________ for this purpose. More is needed
Social Structure Social distinctions were based on ___________ and ___________ prowess. ___________ would own farmland and engage in combat with their own weapons
and horses in ___________ with other aristocrats. Petty kings would ___________ small populations of farmers, herders, kin and
military alliances. Tensions were indicated in literature between emerging ___________ class peasants
and ___________ warrior classes.
Change begins… Beginning in the 11th century – ___________ from beyond the ___________ of Greek
civilization begin to appear. Geometric pottery designs – ___________? Iron works that have no ___________ in mainland or island Greek culture Greek forms of ___________ burial change and ___________ becomes common Changes in ______ forms throughout the Dark Ages begins to indicate that it is
coming to an ________:
Geometric Period – 900-700 BCE ___________ style dominates ___________ and ___________ appear for the first time Depictions of humans in ___________ and ___________
Orientalising Period – 700 – 600 BCE Rendering of human form becomes more ___________ Egyptian influence prominent in ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________
2 styles – ______ – mythological/fantastic stories__________ – imaginary/mythological animals
Development of Doric and Ionic ___________ styles
What it means to be Greek….
Awakening of Greek ___________ – Dorian, Ionian, Minoan, Aeolian While a different dialect is used, their ___________ experience is Greek and they are
all unified by the oral ___________ First pan-hellenic ___________ Games – 776 BCE at the festival of ___________ at
___________ ___________ emerge at the end of the period – ___________ and ___________
dominate – ___________ and ___________
Archaic Period - c700 BCE– c500 BCE Out of the Dark Age social ___________ of farmers and herdsmen loosely ruled by
petty kings develops a ___________ new social structure New ___________ organization New ___________ organization New ___________ traditions New ___________ approaches New ___________
C800 BCE – Archaic Period begins Population begins to ___________, this stresses the land capacity. ___________ appears – money. This ___________ social stratification, slavery appears Growing sense of ___________ emerges – manifested in the appearance of ________
poetry – Sappho, _________ characters and __________ poetry is in stark contrast to male dominated ________ poetry
____________ appears as well. Artwork _________ increases, figures become more ___________ and less ___________.
3 dimensional
Emphasis on the ___________ as ___________ and ___________ from their social role or position
More ___________ and ___________ allowing for ___________ intellectual pursuits – ___________ and ___________.
All of these developments become major ___________ in the development of Western Civilization
Signs of a rapid change in Greek society Huge ___________ increase – in some regions
(Attica – 7x) Shift in ___________ to stable ___________ Increased ___________, larger settlements
Population soon outstrips carrying ___________ of arable land Increased division of ___________ The old social structure of ___________ and ___________ becomes inadequate for this
more ___________ society These changes, combined with the ___________ of the region lead to a broad social
class with the ___________ and ___________ time to pursue ___________ innovation – included outside influences through trade.
2 kinds of political organization emerge: ___________ – Peloponnesian/oligarchy ___________ – Aegean/ democracy
Polis Polis – ___________, ___________, ___________ group. The city-state arises out of these.
Organized ___________ separated by landforms and connected by the sea and trade. The result is a grouping of small ___________ – the city state, dominated by a large central permanent ___________.
Like a large extended family: ___________ – 1000 sq miles, ½ the size of P.E.I. ___________ – 3000 sq miles, 43 different poleis ___________ – 6 different poleis Winnipeg would have 4 ___________ for its size Each polis would have its own ___________, ___________, ___________, social
___________, its own ___________, regional ___________, system of ______ and ___________ and its own ___________.
Polis – root of the word politics
Social Hierarchy These populations got even ___________ – only adult males were given full
___________. Women – ___________ to males ___________ – resident aliens, also don’t count. ___________ from one polis to another ___________ – did not have citizenship. ___________
The Emergence of Political Life Athens – 250,000 __________ – 20,000 free adult _________ By far the biggest polis Overall, Greek life takes place in a very small __________. Everything occurs on a
__________ setting/__________ setting. Out of this environment comes __________ life – a new development
Social Stratification Vast wealth accumulations were __________ in Greece – gap between rich and poor
is very __________. With the climate, there is an abundance of __________ time – a totally new development this leading to “__________ __________ ” – interaction among relatively __________ members of small __________, political life develops.
Small farms, a focus on __________ cultivation, no __________ agriculture is possible – __________ not agriculture.
Silver mines are one of the only large scale __________ – Laurium – just outside of Athens – worked by __________.
Average lifespan of a slave was one ___ year in the mines
Ostracism __________ – some individuals’ personal characteristics warrant extreme social
__________ and __________; people could be “voted off the polis” Ostracism becomes necessary to maintain social __________ and to reduce
__________. There may not be crime or guilt involved, simply social __________ could warrant ostracism.
Aristotle – man is a __________ animal Ostracised individuals would be __________ from their home polis and would be
forced to live in __________ or try to join another __________.
All of these developments lead to political and social __________ – normal flows of political life are blocked. Tensions begin to build
Solutions:o __________ – killing of the less desirable young to curb population growth.o __________ – finding new breathing spaces to support higher numbers – up to
1500 are established all over the Mediterranean and parts of Persia – brings Greeks into new __________.
Colonization period – 750 BCE to 550 BCEo __________ – someone who forces their way into power from outside the social
structure, a sudden and radical political change from one order to anothero __________ – when faced with difficult social pressures, religion begins to
pervade daily life more and more.
Social Development Frederick Jackson Turner – American frontier historian – developed the Turner
Thesis of social development The frontier is where __________ take place in a society – social, technological,
political, etc. The frontier __________ and __________ make the best laboratory for these kinds of
developments. They are then passed into the __________ culture. This effect is exhibited in ancient Greek civilization in the ______ ____ as population
pressures lead to colonization and the creation of a frontier culture in the western Mediterranean and the Southern Balkans
Greek religion during the Dark Ages – polytheistic spectrum Apollo – calm acceptance: “__________ thyself”
Vs Dionysius- Abandon self control: “__________ thyself”
Dionysian approach to religion – rooted in the notion of life cycle – __________ Dualistic religion like the __________ Based on mystery and religious __________. Acceptance into the religion was
granted only after __________ and included ceremonies that were kept __________. This created a mechanism for __________ for de-individualization of economically
strained eras Eleusinian Mysteries – based in the temple of Dionysus in Eleusis – place where
mysterious rites were __________ that were fabled to grant eternal life.
Classical Greece (480 BCE – 323 BCE)
This period lasts through the creation of a Greek __________, by __________ the Great.
Characterized by most of the __________ wonders that we associate with ancient Greece.
The period of the height of __________, the flowering of Greek __________, and the __________ marvels at Athens.
Begins either with the __________ of the Athenian tyrant Hippias, in 510 B.C., or the __________ Wars, which the Greeks fought against the Persians in __________ and __________ Minor from 490-479 B.C.
When you think of the movie __________, you're thinking of one of the battles fought during the __________ Wars.
This period ends with the __________ of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C.
The Rise of Democracy Democracy didn’t happen overnight. The process __________ and __________ over
time. Besides war and conquest, in the Classical period the Greeks produced great
__________, __________, __________, __________, and __________. the genre of __________ was first established. It also produced the institution we know of as Athenian __________. Democracy lasted beyond the Classical period and had its roots in the earlier
time, but it still __________ the Classical age.
Oligarchy vs. Democracy In the Archaic Age, __________ and __________ had followed different paths. Sparta
had two kings and an oligarchic (rule by a few) government
Oligarchy oligos “__________” + arche “__________”
Democracy demos “ ______ ___ _____ ________” + krateo “________”
A Spartan woman had the right to own __________, whereas in Athens, she had few __________. In Sparta, men and women served the __________; in Athens, they served the __________ 'household/family'.
Economy Economy = oikos “________” + nomos “_________________________________”
Men were trained in Sparta to be laconic __________ and in Athens to be public __________.
Persian Wars Despite an almost endless series of differences, the __________ from Sparta, Athens,
and elsewhere fought __________ against the monarchical __________ Empire. In 479 they repelled the __________ mightier Persian force from the Greek
__________.
Peloponnesian and Delian Alliances For the next few decades after the end of the Persian Wars, relations between the
2 major Poleis'_______________’ deteriorates The __________, who had earlier been the unquestioned __________ of the Greeks,
suspected __________ (a new naval power) of trying to take control of all of Greece. Most of the poleis on the Peloponnese __________ with Sparta. Athens was at the head of the __________ in the Delian League. Its members were along the coast of the __________ Sea and on islands in it. The Delian League initially had been formed against the __________ Empire, but
finding it __________, Athens transformed it into its own empire.
Public Office __________, foremost statesman of Athens from 461-429, introduced payment for
__________ offices so more of the __________ than just the rich could hold them. Pericles initiated the building of the __________, which was supervised by the famed
Athenian sculptor Pheidias. Drama and philosophy flourish
The Aftermath of Peloponnesian War Tensions between the Peloponnesian and Delian alliances __________ The Peloponnesian War breaks out in _____ BCE and lasted for _____ years. Pericles, along with many others, dies of __________ early in the war. Even after the end of the Peloponnesian War, which __________ lost, Thebes,
Sparta, and Athens continued to take turns as the __________ Greek powers Instead of one of them becoming the clear __________, they __________ their
strength and fell prey to the empire-building __________ king Phillip II and his son Alexander the Great.
Alexander the Great Philip II and his son Alexander (of Macedonia) put an end to the power of the
__________ city-states and spread the __________ of Greece all the way to the __________ Sea.
Born around July 20, _______ B.C.E. Tutored by __________ (possibly his uncle) and the great Greek philosopher
__________. During his youth, Alexander showed great __________ powers when he tamed the
wild horse __________. In 326, when his beloved horse died, he renamed a __________ in India/Pakistan, on
the banks of the Hydaspes (Jhelum) river, for Bucephalus. In 340 B.C., while his father Philip went off to fight __________, Alexander was made
__________ in Macedonia. During his regency, the Maedi of northern Macedonia revolted. Alexander put down
the revolt and renamed their city after __________. In 336 after his father was __________, he became ruler of Macedonia.
The Gordian Knot One legend about Alexander the Great is that when he was in __________, Turkey, in
333, he undid the Gordian Knot. This knot had been tied by the legendary, fabulously wealthy King __________. The prophecy about the Gordian knot was that the person who untied it would rule
all of __________. Alexander the Great is said to have undone the Gordian Knot not by __________ it,
but by __________ through it with a sword.
Death In 323, he returned to __________ and becomes suddenly ill and dies. cause is unknown.
o It could have been __________ or __________.o It might have had to do with a __________ inflicted in India.
Hellenistic Period – 323 – 31 BCE This period precedes the __________ of the Greek empire within the __________
Empire in 146 B.C.E. During this period the __________ and __________ of Greece spread throughout the
world. It usually officially starts with the death of __________ in 323 B.C. Archaic and Classical Greece produced a culture which in the __________ age
spreads throughout the __________ world. Because of the __________ of Philip and Alexander, the realm of Greek influence
spread from __________ to __________.
The Death of Alexander When Alexander the Great died, his empire was divided in _____ parts:
1. __________ and __________, o ruled by Antigonus, founder of the Antigonid dynasty
2. The __________ East, o ruled by Seleucus, founder of the Seleucid dynasty
3. __________, ruled by General Ptolemy who started the Ptolemid dynasty.
The empire was __________ thanks to the conquered Persians. With this wealth, __________ and other __________ programs were established
in each region. The most famous contribution of Ptolemy was Library at __________
Cultural Achievements of the Hellenistic Age While the culture of ancient Greece was __________ East and West, the Greeks
__________ elements of eastern culture and religion, especially Zoroastrianism and Mithraism.
Attic Greek becomes the __________ __________.
Scientific innovations Eratosthenes computed the __________ of the earth Archimedes calculated __________, Euclid compiled his __________ text
Philosophy Zeno and Epicurus founded the moral __________ of Stoicism and Epicureanism.
Literature New __________ evolved the pastoral idyll form of poetry associated with Theocritus, and the personal
__________ a movement in sculpture to represent people as they __________rather than as
__________ (with exceptions- most notably the hideous depictions of Socrates, although even they may have been idealized, if negatively)